Chapter 12

NANO AND BIOMATERIALS

Group 6: Legaspi. Muyargas. Orgino.
BIOMATERIALS
Presented by: Keith Ian H. Orgino
BIOMATERIALS
Biomaterial is a material intended to interface with biological
systems to evaluate, treat, augment, or replace any tissue,
organ, or function of the body.
Types of BIOMATERIALS
• Metallic Biomaterials
• Polymers
• Ceramics
• Natural Biomaterials
Metallic BIOMATERIALS
Metals are extensively used as materials for biomedical
implants, devices, and surgical tools. In general, metals used
for biomedical applications should exhibit the following
properties:

• high corrosion resistance,

• biocompatibility,
• high wear resistance,
• excellent mechanical properties.
Metallic BIOMATERIALS
Metallic biomaterials include:
• Titanium and its alloys
• Stainless steel
• Cobalt-Nickel Alloys
• Nitinol (Nickel-Titanium)
• Tantalum
• Magnesium and its alloys
Titanium and its alloys
Properties:

• light weight
• excellent corrosion resistance; and
• enhanced biocompatibility

Alloys:

Pure Ti (cp-Ti) Titanium–6Aluminum–

4Vanadium
Stainless steel
Properties:

• good radial strength (due to its high

elastic modulus of ~190 GPa)
• low recoil
• good expandability, sufficient
flexibility
• Austenitic stainless steels possess
excellent cryogenic properties, high-
temperature strength, oxidation
resistance, and formability.
Cobalt-chromium alloys
Properties:

• These alloys possess superior

mechanical properties with high
resistance to corrosion, wear, and
fatigue
• The biocompatibility and blood
compatibility of these alloys have
also been well demonstrated
• Excellent corrosion resistance even
in chloride environments
Nitinol (nickel-titanium)
Properties:

• plastically deformed at a low

temperature but return back to their
original pre-deformed shape when
exposed to a high temperature

Applications:

• self-expanding vascular stents,

• medical staples,
• blood clot filters, and
• orthodontic wires
tantalum
Properties:

• excellent corrosion resistance and

biocompatibility because of a stable
surface oxide layer

Applications:

• coronary stents,
• vascular clips,
• cerebral covering for cranial defects,
• fracture fixation, and
• dental implants
MAGNESIUM AND ITS ALLOYS
Properties:

• light weight; and

• biodegradability

Applications:

• orthopedic applications
• making biodegradable coronary
stents
polymers
Polymers are materials made of long, repeating chains of
molecules. The materials have unique properties, depending
on the type of molecules being bonded and how they are
bonded. The use of polymers as biomaterials has increased
significantly over the past 75 years as advances in polymer
science have yielded a variety of polymers
polymers
Polymers include:
• Polyethylene
• Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)
• Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Polyglycolic Acid (PGA)
• Polycaprolactone (PCL)
• Polyanhydrides
• Polyurethane
• Silicone
• Hydrogel
• Nanopolymers
POLYETHYLENE (pet)
Variation:

• ultrahigh molecular weight

polyethylene (UHMWPE)

Properties:

• superior wear properties compared

to other polymers, tough and ductile
POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE (pmma)
Properties:

• Lightweight, easier to handle,

process, and less expensive than
polycarbonate
• It has great mechanical properties
and low toxicity
• Slow degradation
POLYLACTIC AND POLYGLYCOLIC ACID
Variation:

• Polylactic Acid (PLA)

• Polyglycolic Acid (PGA)

Properties:

• Biodegradable
POLYCAPROLACTONE (pcl)
Properties:

• biodegradable

Applications:

• often used for tissue applications as

well as for drug delivery devices
POLYANHYDRIDES
Properties:

• possess high hydrolytic instability

• highly reactive materials which
degrade by surface erosion

Properties:

• used primarily for drug

• delivery
POLYURETHANE
Properties:

• good mechanical properties and

blood biocompatibility

Applications:

• used for a number of biomedical

applications including leads for
pacemakers, catheters, heart valves,
and ligament reconstruction
SILICONE
Properties:

• Have good blood compatibility

Applications:

• used for many cardiovascular

applications including catheters
• used for prostheses to replace finger
joints, carpal bones, and toes
HYDROGEL
Properties:

• they provide comfort for the user and

also have better oxygen permeability
in comparison to the hard lenses
made from PMMA
NANOPOLYMERS
Properties:

• particles are small enough to pass

through the leaky vasculature found
in many tumors and penetrate the
walls of malignant cells where they
can deliver their payload of drug in a
very efficient manner leading to a
high efficacy
ceramics
Bioceramics is given to ceramics that are used in medical
applications. Today, a wide range of ceramic and glass
materials are used for biomedical applications, ranging from
bone implants to biomedical pumps.
ceramics
Ceramics include:
• Alumina
• Carbon
• Calcium phosphates
• Calcium sulfate
• Bioactive glass
• Nanoceramics
ALUMINA Properties:

• inertness,
• biocompatibility; and
• excellent wear resistance

Applications:

• commonly used in orthopedics and

dentistry
• used in hip and knee prostheses
𝐀𝐥𝟐 𝐎𝟑 • aluminous porcelain is a major
ingredient in the fabrication of
crowns
CARBON
Properties:

• excellent strength,
• wear resistance and durability; and
• thromboresistance

Applications:

• widely used for implant fabrication

and surface coatings
• fabrication of small joint implants
such as fingers and spinal inserts
CALCIUM PHOSPHATES
Properties:

• fabrication of medical devices

Hydroxyapatite

Properties:

• healing tissue and acts as a

template for the cells to use and
grow
Tricalcium phosphate
CALCIUM SULFATE
Properties:

• complete and rapid resorption, and

biocompatibility.
• Aka “Plaster of Paris”
Applications:

• Bone regeneration
BIOACTIVE GLASS
Properties:

• These glasses bond to the tissue

and are biocompatible

Applications:

• used in dentistry
NANOCERAMICS
Properties:

• greater surface area

• greater surface area to volume ratio
• increase in grain boundaries,
• greater porosity
• increased surface roughness
increased hydrophilicity; and
• increased surface reactivity
Natural biomaterials
Natural biomaterials possess most of the properties stated
below because they are found in biological systems and work
well within their respective environments.
• being non-toxic,
• being non-inflammatory,
• being non-allergenic,
• having satisfactory mechanical properties,
• being capable of inducing cell attachment and
differentiation if needed, and
• having low cost.
natural BIOMATERIALS
Natural biomaterials include:
• Collagen
• Elastin
• Silk
• Chitosan
• Cellulose
• Alginate
• Hyaluronan
• Chondroitin sulfate
• Coral
COLLAGEN
Properties:

• offers unique structural properties

• has advantage of mimicking many
features of extracellular matrix
• can be resorbed into the body
• non-toxic; produces minimal immune
response
elastin
Properties:

• ability to stretch and relax and high

stability with a half-life of 70 years

Applications:

• Used in vascular stents, repairing

skin, bladder intestine, fallopian
tubes, etc.
• Used for cosmetic implantation as in
breast implants
silk
Properties:

• biocompatibility
• slow degradation
• excellent mechanical properties

Applications:

• fabrication of medical and non-

medical products
• long used as biomaterial for medical
sutures
chitosan
Properties:

• elicits minimal foreign body reaction

• dissolved in water
• possesses available side groups for
attachment of molecules, depending
on pH
• mechanical ang biodegradation
properties are controllable through
polymer length/porosity
cellulose
Properties:

• insoluble in water
• properties are dependent of its chain
length
• tasteless
• odorless
• hydrophilic
• possess exceptional strength
alginate
Properties:

• fairly non-toxic
• non-inflammatory
• easily processed in water, absorbs
water quickly
• biodegradable
• controllable porosity
• can be linked to biologically active
molecules
• good mucoadhesive agent due to
presence of carboxyl end groups
hyaluronan
Properties:

• ability to swell in the presence of

water
• solutions is highly viscoelastic
• highly hydrophilic (as a polymer)
Chondroitin sulfate
Properties:

• ability to bind and modulate growth

factors and cytokines
• inhibits proteases
• involved in cell adhesion, migration,
proliferation and differentiation
• non-immunogenic
• degrade to non-toxic
oligosaccharides
coral
Properties:

• natural coral is biocompatible and

osteoconductive
• mechanical properties are
comparable to those of cancellous
bone
Examples of biomaterials
Presented by: Kathrine Rose E. Muyargas
Examples of biomaterials
• Intraocular Lenses • Kidney Implants
• Heart Valve • Artificial Heart
• Dental Implants • Pacemaker
• Vascular Grafts • Contact Lens
• Hip-replacements • Artificial Tissue
• Knee Implants • Bone Cement
Intraocular lenses

These are made of PMMA, silicone,

elastomer and other materials.
Heart valve
• fabricated from carbons, metals,
elastomers, fabrics and natural
valves. It must not react with
chemicals in body. It is attached by
polyester mesh.
• tissue growth is facilitated by polar
oxygen-containing groups
Dental implants
• Small titanium fixture that serves as
the replacement for the root portion
of a missing natural tooth.
• Implant is placed in the bone of the
upper or lower jaw and allowed to
bond with the bone
• It should be bio-inert; there is no
reaction in tissue and no rejection or
allergenic reactions
Vascular grafts
• It must be flexible, good structure
retention, adequate burst length,
high fatigue resistance, good
handling properties and biostable
• Designed with open porous structure
• It is made of poly (ethylene
terephthalate) PET or Dacron
Hip-replacements
• Most common medical practice using biomaterials
• Made of corrosion-resistant, high-strength metal alloys or
very high molecular weight polymers
Knee implants
• This piece replaces the joint
9sometimes also the ligaments),
allowing the movement of the
knee and mobility of the leg
• Materials used are plastic and
metal as they help in the
performance of prosthesis
Kidney implants
• Artificial kidney is a device that works like a normal
kidney – it is divided into several parts, where it enters
the blood and is filtered after absorbing nutrients and
discarding waste substances
Artificial heart
• Artificial hearts are
mechanical devices typically
used in order to bridge the
time to heart transplantation,
or to permanently replace
the heart It is formed by
synthetic materials and
power supplies
• A possible consequence
could be the body’s
rejections
pacemaker
• Medical device which uses electrical
impulses delivered by electrodes
contacting heart muscles
• Consists of pager-sized housing
device that contains a battery and
the electronic circuitry that runs the
device
• Implanted below the skin in the
shoulder area
Contact lens

• Corrective lens placed in the

cornea of the eye
• Made of pliable hydrophilic
plastics called hydrogels
Artificial tissue

• It should be biodegradable
• Polymer result of condensation of
lactic acid and glycolic acid
Bone cement

• Used very successfully to

anchor artificial joints
nanoMATERIALS
Presented by: Kathrine Rose E. Muyargas
nanomaterials
Nanomaterials are materials where the sizes of the individual
building blocks are less than 100 nm, at least in one dimension.
Nanomaterials have properties that depend inherently on the
small grain size;
May be zero-dimensional (e.g. nanoparticles), one-dimensional
(e.g. nanorods/nanotubes), or two-dimensional (thin films/stacks)

Au nanoparticle Buckminsterfullerene Ti nanoflower FePt nanosphere

Carbon based materials
• These nanomaterials are
composed mostly of carbon,
most commonly taking the
form of hollow spheres,
ellipsoids, or tubes
• Spherical and ellipsoidal
carbon nanomaterials are
referred to as fullerenes
while cylindrical ones are
called nanotubes
metal based materials
• These nanomaterials include quantum dots, nanogold,
nanosilver and metal oxides, such as titanium dioxide
• A quantum dots is a closely packed semiconductor crystal
comprised of hundreds/thousands of atoms
dendrimers
• These nanomaterials are nanosized polymers built from
branched units
• Its surface has numerous chain ends, which can be tailored
to perform specific chemical functions and can also be used
for catalysis
• Three-dimensional dendrimers contain interior cavities into
which other molecules could be placed
composites
• Composites combine nanoparticles with other nanoparticles
or with larger, bulk-type materials
• There are three types of nanocomposite:
• Zero-dimensional particles in matrix, ideally the
individual particles do not touch each other
• one-dimensional nanocomposites consisting of
nanotubes or nanopods distributed in a matrix
• Two-dimensional nanocomposites built from stacks
of thin films made of two or more different
materials
composites

(a) zero-dimensional particles in a matrix, (b) one-dimensional nanocomposites and (c)

two-dimensional nanocomposites
Properties of nanomaterials
Presented by: Katrina Mae M. Legaspi
Properties of nanomaterials
• Optical properties
• Electrical properties
• Mechanical properties
• Magnetic properties
Optical properties
• The optical properties of nanomaterials depend on
parameters such as feature size, shape, surface
characteristics and other variables including doping and
interaction with the surrounding environment or other
nanostructures
electrical properties
• Electrical properties of nanoparticles discuss about
fundamentals of electrical conductivity in nanotubes and
nanorods, carbon nanotubes, photoconductivity of
nanorods, and electrical conductivity of nanocomposites.
mechanical properties
• Deals with bulk metallic and ceramic materials, influence of
porosity, influence of grain size, superplasticity, filled
polymer composites, particle-filled polymers, polymer-based
nanocomposites filled with platelets, carbon nanotube-
based composites.
magnetic properties
• Bulk Au and Pt are non-magnetic, but at the nano size they
are magnetic.
• Actually, it should be possible that non-ferromagnetic bulk
materials exhibit ferromagnetic-like behavior when prepared
in the nano range.
Selected applications of
nanomaterials
Presented by: Katrina Mae M. Legaspi
microbial fuel cell
• Microbial fuel cell is a device in which bacteria consume
water-soluble waste such as sugar, starch and alcohols and
produces electricity plus clean water.
• this technology will make it possible to generate electricity
while treating domestic or industrial wastewater.
catalysis
• Higher surface area available
with the nanomaterial
counterparts, nano-catalysts
tend to have exceptional
surface activity.
• Catalysts assisting or
retarding the reaction rates
are dependent on the surface
activity, and can very well be
utilized in manipulating the
rate-controlling step.
Phosphors for High definition tv
• The resolution of a television or
a monitor depends greatly on
the size of the pixel.
• These pixels are essentially
made of materials called
“phosphors” which glow when
struck by a stream of electrons
inside the cathode rat rube
(CRT)
• The resolution improve with a
reduction in the size of the
pixel, or the phosphors.
Next-generation computer chips
• Nanomaterials help the industry
break these barriers down by
providing the manufacturers
with nanocrystalline starting
materials, ultra-high purity
materials, materials with better
thermal conductivity, and
longer-lasting, durable
interconnections
• E.g. nanowires for junctionless
transistors
Elimination of pollutants
• Due to their enhanced chemical
activity, nanomaterials can be
used as catalysts to react with
such noxious and toxic gases
as carbon monoxide and
nitrogen oxide in automobile
catalytic converters and power
generation equipment to
prevent environmental pollution
arising from burning gasoline
and coal.
Sunscreen lotion
• Sunscreen lotions
containing nano-TiO2
provide enhanced
sun protection factor
(SPF) while
eliminating
stickiness.
sensors
• Sensors rely on the highly active surface to initiate a
response with minute change in the concentration of the
species to be detected.
Disadvantages of nanomaterials
• Instability of the particles
• Fine metal particles act as strong explosives owing to their
high surface area coming in direct contact with oxygen
• Impurity
• Biologically harmful
• Difficulty in synthesis, isolation and application
• Recycling and disposal
Synthesis and processing
of nanomaterials
Presented by: Katrina Mae M. Legaspi
Synthesis and processing
Nanomaterials deal with very fine
structures: a nanometer is a billionth
of a meter. This indeed allows us to
think in both the ‘bottom up’ and ‘top
down’ approaches to synthesize
nanomaterials i.e. either to assemble
atoms together or to disassemble
bulk solids into finer pieces until they
are constituted of only a few atoms.
Methods for creating nanostructures
There are many different ways of creating nanostructures: of
course, macromolecules or nanoparticles or buckyballs or
nanotubes and so on can be synthesized artificially for certain
specific materials.

They can also be arranged by methods based on equilibrium

or near-equilibrium thermodynamics such as methods of self-
organization and self-assembly
Methods for creating nanostructures
Methods include:
• Mechanical grinding
• Wet chemical synthesis
• Sol-gel process
• Gas phase synthesis
• Furnace
• Flame-assisted ultrasonic spray pyrolysis
• Gas condensation processing (GPC)
• Chemical vapor condensation (CVC)
• Sputtered plasma processing
• Microwave plasma processing
• Particle precipitation aided CVD
• Laser ablation
Mechanical grinding
Mechanical attrition is a typical
example of ‘top down; method of
synthesis of nanomaterials, where
the material is prepared bot by
cluster assembly but by the
structural decomposition of
coarser-grained structures as the
result of severe plastic
deformation.
Wet chemical synthesis
In principle, we can classify the wet chemical synthesis of
nanomaterials into two broad groups:
1. The top down method: where single crystals are etched
in an aqueous solution for producing nanomaterials
2. The bottom up method: consisting of sol-gel method,
precipitation etc. where materials containing the desired
precursors are mixed in a controlled fashion to form a
colloidal solution
Sol-gel process
This process involves the
evolution of inorganic
networks through the
formation of a colloidal
suspension (sol) and
gelation of the sol to form
a network in a continuous
liquid phase (gel).
Gas phase synthesis
The gas-phase synthesis methods are of increasing
interest because they allow elegant way to control process
parameters in order to be able to produce size, shape and
chemical composition controlled nanostructures.
furnace
The simplest fashion to
produce nanoparticles is
by heating the desired
material in a heat resistant
crucible containing the
desired material.
This method is appropriate
only for materials that have
high vapor pressure at the
heated temperatures that
can be as high as 2000˚C
Flame assisted ultrasonic spray
pyrolysis
In this process, precursors
are nebulized and then
unwanted components are
burnt in a flame to get the
required material, e.g. ZrO2
has been obtained by this
method from a precursor of
Zr(CH3 CH2 CH2O)4.
Gas condensation processing (GPC)
In this technique, a metallic
or inorganic material, e.g. a
suboxide is vaporized
using thermal evaporation
sources such as crucibles,
electron beam evaporation
devices or sputtering
sources in an atmosphere
of 1 – 50mbar He (or other
inert gas like Ar, Ne, Kr)
Chemical vapor condensation (CVC)

The evaporative
source used in
GPC is replaced by
a hot wall reactor in
the CVC process.
Sputtered plasma processing
In this method is yet again a
variation of the GCP method
excepting the fact that the
source material is a
sputtering target and this
target is sputtered using rare
gases and the constituents
are allowed to agglomerate
to produce nanomaterial.
microwave plasma processing
This technique is similar to the previously discussed CVC
method but employs plasma instead of high temperature for
decomposition of the metal organic precursors.

It uses microwave plasma in a 50mm diameter reaction

vessel made of quarts placed in a cavity connected to a
microwave generator.
Particle precipitation aided CVD
Colloidal clusters of materials are
used to prepare nanoparticles.
The CVD reaction conditions are
so set that particles form by
condensation in the gas phase
and collect onto a substrate,
which is kept under a different
condition that allows
heterogeneous nucleation.
Laser ablation
Laser ablation has been
extensively used for the
preparation of nanoparticles
and particulate films. In this
process a laser beam us used
as the primary excitation source
of ablation for generating
clusters directly from a solid
sample in a wide variety of
applocations.
 That’s all, thank
you for listening!
Chapter 12

NANO AND BIOMATERIALS

Group 6: Legaspi. Muyargas. Orgino.