& Grammar reference El primer condicional El segundo condicional ‘+ usamos el primer condicional para expresar situaciones posibles y sus consecuencias probables * para formar oraciones en primer condicional Uusamos if+ sujeto + present simple (en la condicién) y sujeto + will | won't + infinitivo sin to (en la consecuencia) * sila condici6n va primero, le ponemos una coma detrés Ifthe weather is good, I'l go to the beach. Si hace buen tiempo, iré ala playa * nousamos la coma sila consecuencia va primero PUl go to the beach ifthe weather is good. Ira la playa si hace buen tiempo El orden de la condicién y la consecuencia no es importante: el significado de la oracién no cambia will y might + usamos will o won't cuando tenemos la certeza de que algo ocurriré en el futuro Global warming will change all of our lives. El calentamiento global cambiara nuestras vidas. We won't like the corisequences. No nos gustarén las consecuencias. + might (not) se usa cuando creemos que es posible que algo ocurra en el futuro, aunque no estamos seguros del todo We might find new ways to recycle rubbish, Tal vez descubramos nuevas maneras de reciclar la basura, We might not be os wasteful Alo mejor no producimos tantos desechos. 92 condicién consecuencia condici6n consecuencia IFdontt win, won't give up. ifthad abike, would cycle to school consecuencia condicion consecuencia condicién We'll winsome money _| if our predictions are correct. ‘Some countries would if sea levels increased by disappear fone metre, * usamos el segundo condicional para hablar sobre situaciones hipotéticas y sus consecuencias + para formar oraciones en segundo condicional usamos if+ sujeto + past simple (en la condici6n) y sujeto + would / wouldn't + infinitivo sin to (en la consecuencia) © cuando ta condicién va primero, le ponemos una coma detras Ifwe were famous, we'd buy a big house. Si fuéramos famosos, nos comprariamos una casa grande. ‘+ no usamos la coma si la consecuencia va primero We would buy a big house ifwe were famous. Nos comprariamos una casa grande si fuéramos famiosos * las preguntas se forman con una particula interrogativa + would + sujeto + infinitivo sin to + if + sujeto + past simple La proposici6n subordinada con if puede ir tanto ena primera como en la segunda parte de la oracién interrogativa What would you do if you had an argument with your best friend? {Qué harias si te pelearas con tu mejor amigo? Ifyou had an argument with your best friend, what would you do? Site pelearas con tu mejor amigo, qué harias?Grammar 1 First conditional [situation Fase if t study every day, I'l (will) pass my exams. resut Til pen oe If + present simple iff study every day. ‘subject + will won't + infinitive without to 1 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. fyou_do__ (¢o) your homework, you'll pass your exams. 4 Ifyou {not go) o school, you won't, find a job easly. 2 Iwe (ed up late, we won't be able to see the football match. 3 Il travel by bike, | (save) money. 4 Ifthey recycle the plastic bottles, they (get) money for charty 2 Circle the correct verbs. If hel be {at the party dance with him 4 We'll go / goto the beach tomorrow fits sunny. 2 I"lltake / take my car to the beach if there isn'ta bus 3 They create / ‘Ul create more rubbish if they. don't recycle bottles. 4 Ifyou "Ul use / use the air conditioning, you'll use alot of electricity. ‘3 Match sentence beginnings and endings, 4 Ifyou behave, a 2 Look at those clouds! i 3 Welllbring ourjackets ‘4 You might fail your exem 2) think tl rain tomorrow. b)ityou don't study more. Oits col. <) you might be able to go out tonight. 4 Complete the sentences with the words in the bx in the correct form. we /artive theteacher#be I/bring you / promise you / do If you don't goto school today, he tcher wl ‘be very angry aif the exam. 2 ___ the shoppingif make dinner later? +3 Will you invite me o your party i some food? late, we won't be able to do not to 4 Mitell you the secret tell anyone, 5 Circle the correct verbs. Wel) won't go on holiday this year ifwe have enough money. 4 If we don't do our homework again, our teacher will / won't get angry 2 Our grandmother won't will come and stay with us next week ifshe's stil in hospital 3 If she doesn't do as her mather tells her, she ‘won't / willbe able to come out tonight Complete the sentences so they are true for you. 1 If haven't got any homework tonight 2 Ifmy mums tired 3 Ifl go out at the weekend 4 If don’t goto university. | Lneeeenen @Grammar 2 Second conditional subject + would | wouldn't + infinitive e- ed (would) buy a palace | if had lots of money. 4 Circle the correct answers. IF lived by the sea, 1 a big boat. Dbuy EDD 3 raya you forgot my birthday. a) was b) would be 2 He would be happy if he ® a) could fly) flew 3 ffl you, | wouldn't give her money. a)were —b) would be 44 Ifwe won the lottery, we. to the USA, a)'dgo by went 2 Complete the sentences with the correct phrases from the box. woridbe rank would you do didr'thaveto wouldn't go Ir there were fewer cars, there _would be. less pollution 4 What ifyou lost your laptop? 2 If everybody in the word ‘water, people would be healthy, 3 |____to school today if didn't have an exam. 4 Ifshe. work, she'd go on holiday. ‘3 Match sentence beginnings and endings. 4 If hada lot of money, 2 If she had aig family, a 3 What would you tell your parentsif 4 They'd go to Disneyland a a) buy a big car. b)you failed all your exams? © she'd buy lots of Christmas presents every year @)iF they wanted to see Mickey Mouse 4 Order the words to make questions. 4 What /in your school /if you found would you do / 50 euros ? Whet would you do if you found 50 euros in your school? 2 would / What / you do / won /ifyou J the lottery? 3 If] Where / you | go / a private plane J would / e youhad? 4 about yourtown or city / you change / What would / if you could? 5 Match questions 1-4 in exercise 4 with answers ad. a) Pd fly to Australia, ee ) Fé ouy everyone in my class an ice cream! )'é buy my family @big new house. a 4) bul a cycle way, = EXPRESS YOURSELF 6 Answer the questions in exercise 4 so they: true for you.| First conditional 1 Write sentences in the first conditional, If_she.alls_ (al) off her horse, she'Lfwt (hurt) herself. 1 The supermarket bags if they. plastic bags. 2 Ifthe government (use) paper (cost) less than {not recycle) more waste, the landfill site (continue) to grow. 3 Ifyou (leave) broken glass in the countryside, animals, (hurt) themselves. 4 1____ecycle) more things, if (remember) not to throw them in the bin, 5 Ifthe world (not act) soon, the pollution problem (not improve). will and might 2 Circle the correct word to complete the sentences. Scientists@il)Y might not invent more biodegradable materials in the future. a The government might / will not introduce ‘anew law about recycling more household waste. The Green party is putting a lot of pressure on them 2 We might / will see a rare species of butterfly on our walk this afternoon, 3 Iwill / won't try to persuade my parents to recycle more at home. I'll show them my latest school project about recycling. 4 They will / won't stop the new building project going ahead, Work has already started. 5 It might / might not be too late to stop the damage. Let's hurry. ‘3 Order the words to make questions. Go / this summer / on holiday / will you ? Wil you go on holiday this summer? 4 your family / recycle / organic waste / Will /its ? 2 have / a cold winter / we / Will / this year ? 3 the government / vote / measures / Will / new recycling / to enforce 7 Second conditional 4 Complete the second conditional sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. ‘fl wanted to help a charity, 'dvolunteer to do something. (volunteer) 4 He would reduce his carbon footprint ithe the bus more often. (take) 2 It would be better if people rubbish in the countryside. (leave) 3 Il were rich, 1 to help as many charities as possible. (try) 4 \Fpeople didn't buy ivory, hunters. elephants for their tusks. (kil) their 5 Order the words to make second conditional questions. What would you do phone / if / found / someone's / mobile / you ? ityou found someones mobile phone? 4 Ifyou could meet anyone, meet / you / who / would? 2 What would you do / found / if/ £100 / you / inthe street? 3 If you forgot an important meeting, you / do / would / what? “ext Puze © Macmilan Publishers Limited 2035 ) ne QaFirst conditional 4. Write complete sentences. Use the first conditional. IFL/ have a party / | / invite Sam and Lucy . It hove a party I! invite Sam and Lucy. 4 We cycle /to school /ifwe / get bikes / for Christmas . 2 Ifthe sea / get / warmer / the water level / rise +3, The school / provide / recycling bins /ifyou / ask . 4 Tara / not reduce / her carbon footprint /if she [fy to Australia . 55 IfJack / run / the marathon / |/ donate / £100 tohis charity . will and might 2 Complete the sentences and questions with will | will not or might | might not and the correct form of the verbs in the box. notbe beabletohelp beable to donate melt notthink not win When the sea gets warmer, the ice caps wil melt 4 The Green party election because its policies are too extreme. 2 We______ reduce our electricity bill by not leaving items on standby. 3 Mum____ some money to the African fund, but 'm not sure. She's also a supporter of animal welfare groups. 4 It___agood idea to put in sotar panels but I'm not sure ifthe house gets enough sun, 5 People the next about saving the planet until the situation is very serious. 6 _______ the charity ____ to clean the river next month? Second conditional ‘3 Complete the second conditional sentences so they are true for you. 'd be in the school orchestra if_l could play an Instrument weal 1 IF donated a million pounds to a charity, 2 If had the opportunity to visit the North Pole, 3 Iwould reduce my carbon footprint, 4 Ifthe government invested more in recycling plants, 5 If we grew our own vegetables, Cumulative exercise 4 Complete the dialogue with suitable words. Joe: What (4) ____2fe_you doing? Lisa: | (2) an article for the school magazine. Joe: What's the topi Lisa: Climate change and what we can do to help. (3) that there’s an Island of plastic the si inthe Pacific Ocean? of Spain floating Joe: What? That is frightening. Ifwe (@ ——______throwing plastic into the ocean, there (6) ______no ocean left Lisa: Exactly. Also, you (6) _____of global warming, haven't you? Of course. (7) has. ight. Well, ve read that ifthe Earth's temperature increased, cities like London (@) —______ flooded. Joe: OK. think we need some solutions! Joe: lisGrammar exercises First conditional 1 Circle the correct words. Lam / Cbd surprised if you€njop/ ‘ll enjoy that film. 1 If Lucy comes / will come, there aren't / won't be enough seats. 2 If they work / "ll work hard, they pass / "ll pass thelr exams. 3. We have / ‘Il have a barbecue if it doesn’t rain / won't rain, 4 Ifl go / "ll go to London, | send / Il send you a postcard. 5. Mum and Dad are / will be really angry if they see / will see that mess! 2 Write first conditional sentences. you recycle rubbish / you help the planet If you recycle rubbish, you'll help the planet. 1 plastic gets into the oceans / sea animals die 2. we don't look after our planet / living conditions be terrible 3. we recycle plastic / we create less waste 4 we save energy at home / we spend less money 5. we use bags more than ance / we save plastic will and might B Look at the chart. Complete the sentences with will, won't, might and might not. Inten years’ time people recycle everything we waste plastic important cities disappear Tore animals become endangered things be very different =Is)=)=]= fa fale]s x people drive as often People___wil__ recycle everything. We________waste plastic. Important cities disappear. 3, More animals, become endangered. 4 Things 5 People very different, drive as often. 4 Complete the text for Ellie, Use will / won't and might | might not. My thoughts about the future by Ellie Sanders I think that in the future, some things will get better and some things will get worse, People need cars so they _wont _ stop driving them. However, petrol is getting more expensive 0 I think that people (1) drive as much in the future, Who knows? People (2) discover that teavelling on buses and trains ie fun! On the other hand, birth rates are rising, There @) be many more people in the world in ten years’ time. It definitely (4) be casy to cut down on pollution when we have ‘more people using the Earth’s resources. I think education is really important. We (5) be able to prevent some of the problems by giving people the right information! Second conditional 5 Complete the sentences with would / wouldn't and the verbs in brackets. IFI didn’t work hard, |_wouldn't pass_(not pass) my exams. 4. IfJohnny played a musical instrument, it (be) the saxophone. 2 Where__you live) if you moved to another country? 3 Ifl didn't go to school, I learn) anything! 4 My dad university 5 Ifyou had €10,000, what (spend) it on? (not (be) happy if went to you Complete the first half of the sentences with the past simple or would / wouldn't + infinitive. Then match the sentence halves. 1 |_deat (eat) plants and fish, f@ 2 What you (do), Qg 3 ifwe (watch) less TV, a 4 We (not waste) as much water] 2) if you were all alone? b) ifwe all had showers instead of baths. ©) we would save energy. &) if Iwas stranded on a desert island.unit & Vocabulary Rubbish and recycling bags bilsas_ bottles holettas eae Bakes [ep ca-ola,et) cardboard contin cartons canto nes glass weltvo jars jones metal metal ‘organic waste basco paper aap plastic textiles belo tins Maka (sodenon) The environment: Word families (verbs and nouns) create - creation Gar creauch destroy - destruction destinies -destuicerton disappear — disappearance desoparecer- desopaniacn emit emission Emi be em'sico pollute - pollution @akawinos - centaminevde recycle - recycling, redclor recieloye reduce reduction feduew - reducedhVocabulary 1 Rubbish and recycling 11 Find six rubbish and recycling words in the wordsquare, WPeLASTICNTCC YREYAMPZEGAA BCGAGAEZCZRR AG LASS TT AAT DI Gi SHNIERABOB STINSISLRLNO SVGEKDCXTRSA WNSMOFMWETER RDAHFQOPAYOD 2 Read the descriptions and circle the correct answers. Material for making lathes. adeatiles) ) cardboard @ 1 We use this for writing on, a) metal ») paper 12 We buy orange uice in these containers, notin glass boitles. a) cartons b) jars 3 Biodegradable material from animals and plants a) organic waste b) textiles 44 Very thick paper which can be used to make boxes. a)cardboard ——_b) cartons 'B Order the letters to make the words. ‘The TTILXEE tele industry is making lots of money from clothes. 4 We waste PAERP. both sides. 2 Those windows won't break because they're made of ASTPCLI by not writing on 3 I'm thirsty! 'm going to buy @ NCA lemonade, 44 We put our glass EOTBTLS. recycling bin every week. of inthe A Circle the correct words. (Gumby Cartons forlemonade are made of aluminium 1 We pull ou plastic / cardboard bottles in separate rubbish bags to recycle. 2 think all alass bags / bottles are melted down to make new recycled ones. 3 We have a special box in the garden to keep textiles / organic waste. 4 My mother always uses metal / plastic bags to carry her shopping from the supermarket. EXPRESS VOURSELF 'S Circle yes (¥) oF no (N) so that the sentences are ‘ue for you and your family. 1 You always reuse plastic shopping bags. YN 2 You have organic waste inthe garden. YN 3 You collect glass bottles for recycling. YN 44 You buy recycled paper and notebooks for school, yu 5 You only wear clothes made of natural textiles. yn ® wee waVocabulary 2 The environment: word families (verbs and nouns) 1 Circle the correct words. The dlsappear {asappearand@ot the cog is still mystery. 41 We need to reduce / reduction the rubbish in the streets in Spain. 2 Their discuss / discussion was really Interesting +3 Recycle / Recycling plastic bottles is useful 44 Toxic emit / emissions are destroying our planet. @ ‘2 Complete the table with the words in the box. ‘create cteation destruction disappear emission pollute recycling reduce Verb Noun Find seven environment words in the wordsquare. SA -4>man >a 4erroe -—maam oDe> omer =e amas me waoemeave cz0 >Rubbish and recycling 1 Complete the sentences with suitable words. Drink cans are made of _metal_. 4 Jats are made of. 2 Cereal boxes are made of 3 Ajuice cardboard and plastic. is made of a mixture of 4 Alot of drinks are sold in bottles these days. 5 Offices use a lot of. to send out letters, reports and publicity. 6 Clothes are made from different kinds of 2 Complete the text with suitable words. ‘Switzerland is very good at recycling rubbish There are ()__ 448s _ bottle banks at every supermarket. (2) is collected from houses once @ month and this includes old newspapers, letters and (3) such as cereal boxes. (1) such as garden rubbish is also collected. There are local places where you can take aluminium (5) and cartons to be recycled. The most successful recycling scheme is for (6) bottles. At least 80% of old bottles are recycled. Denmark is another country which has a high recycling rate. However, like other small countries, they have to send some of thelr waste abroad for recycling and this includes (7) from old tins, as well as batteries. The environment: Word families (verbs and nouns) 3 Complete the text with words related to the ‘words in the box. create destroy disappear disappear emit pollute recycle recycle reduce reduce Deforestation is the () destruction of woodland anywhere in the world. Itis @ major concen to environmentalist for various reasons. Itis believed that forests help reduce the amount ide (2) which we know can lead to global warming. It is also believed forests help to reduce the effects of (3) because they protect the soil. In addition, forests are home to numerous different species of animals and plants. Deforestation causes the @ they lose their habitat. Their extinction 6) more problems, such as lack of food for other animals. The Amazon Rainforest has been (6) at an alarming rate over the last thirty years or so. So much so, that Brazil set itself a target (7) deforestation by 80% by 2020, So far there has been a (8) of 76%. Deforestation occurs because people cut down the trees to make furniture, paper and other products. How can you help? Start by @ paper and buying (10) paper products. Every litte helps! of carbon di of some of these species because