Ethyl Alcohol Extracted from Ripe Banana Peelings through Fermentation

as a Biofuel

A Research Paper Presented to

College of Engineering Architecture and Fine Arts

Batangas State University

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements

In General Chemistry

First Semester A.Y. 2020 – 2021

By:

Bisa, Maria Angelica B.

Delen, Jade Anjoe G.

Harina, Mark Angelo H.

Mangilit, Jennifer L.

Pasia, Mark Renuell D.

i
 ABSTRACT

The research is entitled “Ethyl Alcohol Extracted from Ripe Banana

Peelings through Fermentation as a Biofuel”. The researchers purposed was to

discover banana peelings as an alternative biofuel. The study was supported by

different related studies and literature that was connected to the study itself. The

researchers used the descriptive method to determine the ripe banana peelings

as an alternative source of biofuel. The collected data were based on other

related studies allocated by different researchers. The results show that ripe

banana peelings can be an effective and alternative biofuel that contains similar

qualities to others.  It was also found out that through this we can save depleting

petroleum deposits and can help reducing wastes such as banana peelings

through fermentation. Furthermore, extracted fuel from banana feelings has many

significant uses and creates a new way of developing the world. However, it was

found out that this study could serve as a basis and guide in setting the raw

material parameters at those engaged in proving the Ethyl Alcohol Extracted from

Ripe Banana Peelings through Fermentation as a Biofuel.  All in all, the study

conducted and the studies gathered from sources proves that Ethyl Alcohol

Extracted from Ripe Banana Peelings through Fermentation can serve as a

Biofuel.

Keywords: Ethyl Alcohol, Ripe Banana Peelings, Biofuel

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………………… i

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………. ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………… iii

LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………... v

CHAPTER

I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction……………………………………………………… 1-2
Background of the Study………………………………………. 2-5
Objectives………………………………………….................... 6
Significance of the Study………………………………………. 7-8
Scope and Limitations………………………………………….. 8
Definition of Terms……………………………………………… 9
Conceptual Framework Paradigm…………………………….. 10-11
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Research Literature……………………………………………... 12-17
Synthesis…………………………………………………………. 18-20
III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Methodology…………………………………………………....... 21-22
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Physical Characteristics of Experimental Ethyl
Alcohol……………………………………………………………. 23
The effect of nutrients inoculum size and temperature on ethanol
production from acid hydrolyzed banana
peel……………………………………………………………….. 23-24
The materials and methods used in conducting the Ethyl Alcohol
Extracted from Ripe Banana Peeling through Fermentation as a
Biofuel…………………………………………………………….. 25-31

iii
 The effectiveness of Ethyl Alcohol Extracted from Ripe Banana
Peelings through Fermentation as a Biofuel…………………. 31-34
V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Conclusion………………………………………………………. 35-36
Recommendation……………………………………………….. 36

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A…………………………………………………………… 37-40

BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………. 41-43

CURRICULUM VITAE……………………………………………………….... 44-48

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page

1 Physical Characteristics of Experimental Ethyl

Alcohol………………………………………………….23
2 Effect of nutrients, inoculum size and temperature
3 on ethanol production from acid hydrolyzed banana peel.
……………………………………………………. 23-24

3.1 Physicochemical characteristics of banana peel…. 25

3.2 Process parameter for hydrolysis……………………26

3.3 Experimental Design Formulation for Acid

Hydrolysis. 27

3.4 Design summary of Hydrolysis……………………… 27

LIST OF FIGURES

Table No. Title Page

1 Concepual Framework Paradigm……………… 10-11

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 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter includes the background of the study, the statement of the

problem, the conceptual framework, the significance of the study, the scope and

limitations, as well as the definition of terms of the study.

Introduction

The overall well-being of the world, mechanical competitiveness, and the

function of society are all subordinate to safe, sustainable, and reasonable

energy. Energy provides fundamental control for the essence of all human

activities. It gives us services for cooling, heating, lighting, prosperity, food

production, transportation, industrial production, and such. Ethanol is one of the

most important biofuels produced from bioenergy crops and biomass, it is also

the most utilized liquid biofuel as a gasoline enhancer and even as an alternative

fuel source owing to its high oxygen content, high octane rating, non-toxicity, and

reduced emissions that help to promote a cleaner environment. The advantage of

biofuel over fossil fuels is that they are renewable and sustainable. Furthermore,

as an alternative source of energy, it received special attention worldwide since it

depicts a promising alternative fuel or gasoline enhancer in our nation.

There are various sources that can be used to produced bioethanol and it

is ordinarily fulfilled by chemical synthesis of petrochemical substrates and

microbial change of carbohydrates present in agricultural products. Owing to the

1
depleting reserves and competing for the mechanical needs of petrochemical

feedstocks, there is a global accentuation in ethanol production by a fermentation

process that involves agricultural wastes, fruit wastes, and industrial wastes using

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker’s yeast). Ethanol production through the

fermentation process may provide an economically competitive source of energy

by its consolidation into gasoline.

Banana peel, an agro-waste can be used as a substrate for ethanol

production owing to its rich carbohydrate, crude proteins, and reducing sugars.

Moreover, banana peels are affordable and renewable low-cost raw material

which makes it a potential feedstock for ethanol production (Bhatia and Paliwal,

2015). Extracting banana peeling through fermentation is really beneficial for

using as an alternative biofuel since every fruit generates 50% of its weight after

its consumption. In addition, banana peeling is a low-cost source of alcohol that

makes as an advantage upon using this as a substitution. Using banana peelings

as a substitution can lessen the chemical used in society, maintain a greener

environment, and save money by simply putting into operation these alternatives.

It would be a big help in our society not only solving the problem of energy

security but can also contribute to solving the problem of waste management.

Thus, bioethanol can solve the problem of pollution and weigh as fuel for the

future.

Background of the Study

Bioethanol is a type of fuel with vitality determined from organic carbon

obsession. It has been around for a long time but the disclosures of colossal

2
petroleum stores made it largely forgotten. Be that as it may, with the recent rise

in oil prices, support from government subsidies, and developing concern about

global warming, biofuels have been regaining notoriety. Banana is one of the

main feedstocks for biofuels and owing to its easy maintenance and high sugar

content that makes a great potential in the industry and act as much cheaper

alternative fuel sources.

Bioethanol is produced from renewable energy sources and it is one of the

most promising biofuels for the future. Mainly, it is produced by the sugar

fermentation process although it can also be manufactured by the chemical

process of reacting ethylene with steam. The main sources of sugar required to

produce ethanol come from fuel or energy crops. These crops are grown

specifically for energy use including corn, maize and wheat crops, waste straw,

willow, and poplar trees, sawdust, reed canary, grass, cord grasses, Jerusalem

artichoke, miscanthus, and sorghum plants. Moreover, bioethanol is currently

used in fuel industry as an additive for petroleum and has high octane fuel that

replaced lead as an octane enhancer in petrol. Mixing ethanol with petrol

oxygenates the fuel mixture so that it burns completely and reduces harmful

emissions. The common blend is 90% petrol and 10% ethanol. In spite of the fact

that bioethanol can be made using the chemical reaction between ethylene and

stream, it is mainly produced through the fermentation of sugars from crops

containing starch, such as corn, wheat, sugar cane, banana peel, sorghum

plants, etc.

3
 Banana peel is being utilized because first, it is agricultural waste, second,

it is easy to find, third, the advantage of being able to grow banana trees easier in

the Philippines unlike in other western countries such as America that produces

bio-ethanol, fourth, the component of the variable can be compared to the plants

that are used to produce bio-ethanol. Both fermentation and burning of ethanol

release large amounts of carbon dioxide. This CO2 is exactly balanced by the

carbon fixed by the feedstock plants during photosynthesis. So, to the extent that

ethanol displaces fossil fuel, such as gasoline, there can be a net reduction in

their release of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.

The potential of banana peels as a source of fermentable sugars for

ethanol production was assessed using two yeasts: Saccharomyces cerevisiae

commercial strain and Kluyveromycesmarxianus thermotolerant strain isolated

from Agave honey. Different process configurations: simultaneous

saccharification and fermentation (SSF), as well as presaccharification,

simultaneous saccharification, and fermentation (PSSF) at high solid loading (up

to 25% w/w), were studied. Similar ethanol production 13 g/L and 11g/L was

achieved at 10-12 h on SSF for Saccharomyces cerevisiae and

Kluyveromycesmarxianusat 35 and 41 degree Celsius, respectively with 10%

(w/w) banana peel. The highest ethanol concentration (32.6 g/L) was reached on

PSSF process (at 64 h) using commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain with

25% (W/V) banana peel, while ethanol can production was inhibited in the case

of Kluyveromycesmarxianusunder same assay conditions. Banana peel is a

suitable source for an alternative bioethanol production.

4
 The conversion of agricultural waste materials and plant materials to

energy is one way that countries can combat anthropogenic climate change and

enjoy both economic benefits and a reduction in fuel dependency - particularly

true for developing countries. The advantage of biofuels over fossil fuels are that

they are renewable and sustainable. On the other hand, bioethanol has been

identified as one of the key biofuels. The needs of these are rising due to its

usage which is to reduce fuel imports and the air quality will improved than before

since it has clean, renewable, and has a proper burning quality. In addition,

ethanol can be produced through fermentation of biological raw materials, such

as agricultural wastes using baker’s yeast. According to Wierzbick et al., (2015),

the biofuels to be considered as relevant technologies by both developing and

industrialized countries are due to a number of factors, including energy security

reasons, environmental concerns, foreign exchange savings and socioeconomic

issues related to the rural sector. Increasing use of biofuels for energy generation

purposes is of particular interest nowadays because they allow mitigation of

greenhouse gases, provide means of energy independence and may even offer

new employment possibilities.

The researchers found it important to come up with this study on Ethyl

Alcohol Extracted from Ripe Banana Peelings through Fermentation as a Biofuel

in a way that it provides us knowledge and it could help to lessen the chemical

used in society, and maintain a greener environment. As an alternative, it is cost-

efficient, eco-friendly, and can solve the problem of pollution and weigh as fuel for

the future.

5
 Objectives

This study aims to focus on utilizing waste for energy generation which is

banana peelings by hydrolyzing to obtain the maximum of fermentable sugar by

the use of experimental series to createa renewable source of energy that is not

harmful to any aspect of life. It is sought to meet the following objectives:

1. To determine the physical characteristics of ethyl alcohol extracted

from ripe banana peelings

2. To discover the effect of nutrients inoculum size and temperature on

ethanol production from acid hydrolyzed banana peel

3. To determine the materials and methods used in conducting the Ethyl

Alcohol Extracted from Ripe Banana Peeling through Fermentation as

a Biofuel

4. To determine the effectiveness of Ethyl Alcohol Extracted from Ripe

Banana Peelings through Fermentation as a Biofuel

6
Significance of the Study

This study focuses on the Ethyl Alcohol Extracted from Ripe Banana

Peelings through Fermentationas a Biofuel that could be useful in many ways.

This study will also show how it differs from other research studies related to the

Effectiveness of Ethyl Alcohol from Ripe Banana Peelings through Fermentation

as a Biofuel.

The results of this research study can be beneficial to the following:

For the Petroleum Engineering students. As this would help them

understand the importance of learning and hard work and to establish knowledge

with the said study and development of the topic fulfilment;

For Batangas State University. This study would contribute to the

enrichment of both faculty and students.

For the researchers, as this study would allow them to apply all the

different theories they have learned in their studies and would be able to evaluate

the best option in enhancing the quality.

For the community. The results of this study can help the community

save our environment by making use of biodegradable items like ripe banana

peelings as a biofuel and at the same time, save money from buying cooking fuel

and it can be used for energy generation.

For the Future Researchers. As this would allow them to apply all the

different theories they have learned in studies and would be able to evaluate the

best option in enhancing the quality.

7
 Alongside, the results of this study could serve as a basis and guide in

setting the raw material parameters at those engaged in proving the capability of

ethyl alcohol extracted from banana peeling through fermentation as biofuel.

Scope and Limitations

This research study spans on the production of ethyl alcohol extracted

from ripe banana peelings. It will observe the physical characteristics and the

experimental alcohol that is being tested.

The researchers considered working on this study to find out if the

Extracted Ethyl Alcohol can be used as a biofuel. The data that will be gathered

is limited only to the characteristics and elements present in ripe banana

peelings, the effects of this in any aspect of life, the process of extracting ethyl

alcohol from ripe banana peelings and the discussion of ethyl alcohol and biofuel.

This study includes the advantages and disadvantages of extracting ethyl

alcohol from ripe banana peelings and the discussion of ethyl alcohol and biofuel.

The study looked into whether the people are affected in a positive or negative

way.

This research is intended for the students who have knowledge about

experiments and innovation, especially those students who are aligned in

Engineering courses.

8
Definition of Terms

For better understanding, the researchers defined the following terms

conceptually and operationally

Innovation. In its modern meaning is "a new idea, creative thoughts, new

imaginations in form of a device or method'' (Bhasin, 20o12). In this study, the

innovation of the biofuel from ethyl alcohol extracted ripe banana peelings

through fermentation is observed.

Ethyl Alcohol. This term refers to a substance which is important for

industrial chemicals. It is a solvent, within the mixture of other organic

compounds. It is an added substance to automotive gasoline, shaping a mixture

known as gasohol. (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2020)

Biofuel. This term refers to fuel that comes from the biomass, plants,

algae, and any [Link] is also considered as a source of energy, a renewable

energy, far from fossil fuels such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas which is

non-renewable energy. (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2020).

Renewable energy. Is energy that is collected from renewable resources,

which are naturally replenished on a human timescale (Frede, 2014). The

renewable energy was being conserved throughout the study.

9
 Conceptual Framework Paradigm

Input Process Output

 Determine the  Extracting ripe  Proposed

physical
characteristics of banana peelings alternative source
ethyl alcohol
extracted from ripe to produce ethyl of energy which is
banana peelings
 Discover the effect alcohol as a ethyl alcohol
of nutrients
biofuel. extracted from ripe
inoculum size and
temperature on banana peelings.
ethanol production
from acid  Research related
hydrolyzed banana
peel studies and

 Determine the literature from

effectiveness of
ethyl alcohol different sources
extracted from ripe
banana peelings
through  Find credible
fermentation to as
a biofuel. information about
 Determine the
the current study.
materials and
methods used in
conducting the
Ethyl Alcohol
Extracted from
Figure 1
Conceptual Framework Paradigm
Ethyl Alcohol Extracted from Ripe Banana Peelings through Fermentation
as a Biofuel

10
 Figure one shows the input, process, and output that are used by the

researchers in the study. The first box refers to the input that is used to answer

the statement of the problem. It is the Ethyl Alcohol Extracted from Ripe Banana

Peelings through Fermentation as a Biofuel. It includes the effectiveness of the

ethyl alcohol as a biofuel and making it as an alternative source of energy.

Meanwhile, the second box presents the process outdone to the present

study to gain credible findings. This includes: planning and process for effective

data gathering, researching about the related literature and studies which can be

used as a supporting data for the present study. The process includes the

extraction of the ripe banana peelings to come up with the output.

The third box displays the desired output which is the extracted ethyl

alcohol from the ripe banana peelings. The researchers conducted the study to

create alternative source of energy as a biofuel.

11
 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the literature and studies related to the study. This

part also tackles relevant ideas which are related to the study to provide as the

foundation needed on the proposed study.

Related Literature

Biofuels are combustive fuels made from recently harvested plants. They

work much like fossil fuels; they burn when ignited, releasing energy that can be

converted to motion in a car, or heat a house, can be used to be a fuel to cook

food and may be a substitute to fossil fuel for energy generation (Dilthey, 2019).

Biofuels are designed to replace gasoline, diesel fuel and coal, which are made

mostly from fossil fuels that came from buried animals and plants that dried

millions of years ago. Biofuels are somehow helpful in different aspects of

human's everyday lives. Some of those good benefits of biofuels are; it is good

for the development of our environment, it is renewable. and it is better for air

quality ([Link], 2019).

Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) is the most employed liquid biofuels used as a fuel

or as a gasoline enhancer. Given that ethanol has a higher oxygen content that

another liquid biofuel, a smaller amount of the additive is required. The increased

percentage of oxygen allows a better oxidation of the gasoline hydrocarbons with

the consequent reduction in the emission of CO and aromatic compounds.

Ethanol is another word for alcohol made from organic and biodegradable

12
agricultural products (Science Direct, 2018). According to the [Link] (2019),

Ethanol is the often-used biofuel and in most countries, it is mixed in the gasoline

to create a blend and sometimes referred to as "gasahol". In the United States,

the mixture is usually 10 percent of ethanol and 90 percent of gasoline. This is

referred to as E10 and it can be used to flexible fuel vehicles or flex fuel for short,

that cars or car can burn the gasoline mixed with ethanol. These cars can use a

gasoline that contains up to 80 percent of ethanol. In Brazil, some cars can run

on 100 percent of ethanol, which is widely available in that country, thanks to its

abundant supply of sugarcane.

Ethanol is produced from biomass mostly via a fermentation process using

glucose derived from sugars (sugar cane, sugar beet. and molasses), starch

(corn) and may also be wheat and grains. or cellulose (forest products) as raw

materials. In this form, renewable synthetic ethanol can also be produced from

non-renewable sources like coal and gas. In Australia, ethanol is made from

waste products as sugar cane. The waste from starch production and red

sorghum. This means that ethanol production does not interfere with productions

at all. Innovations in ethanol continue with the development of other

feedstockssuch as algae. cellulosic biomass, trees and grasses (Biofuel

Association, 2016).

In making the ethanol, it is important to know the proper and chronological

order of the instruction but before that, the types of how the fermentation will be

done is more important. Fermentation processes utilize microorganisms to

convert to break down solid or liquid substrates used into various products. The

13
substrates used vary widely, any potential substrate. Similarly, fermentation-

derived products show tremendous variety (Chisti, 2015).

Helmenstine (2019) defined that "fermentation is a metabolic process in

which an organism converts a carbohydrate, such as starch or as sugar, into an

alcohol or an acid". For example, yeast performs fermentation to obtain energy

by converting sugar into an alcohol. Bacteria perform fermentation, converting

carbohydrates into lactic acid.

"Fermentation is a natural process. People applied fermentation to make

products such as wine, mead, cheese and beer, long before the biochemical

process was understood." (Helmestine, 2019). In the 1850's and 1860s, Louis

Pasteur became the first zymurgist or scientist to study fermentation when he

demonstrated fermentation was caused by living cells. However, Pasteur was

unsuccessful in his attempts to exact the enzyme responsible for fermentation

from yeast cells. In 1897, German Chemist, Eduard Buechner ground yeast,

extracted fluid with them, and found the liquid that could ferment a sugar solution.

Since the ethanol to be created is organic, the raw material to be used is

the peelings of banana. Banana peelings are used because it is an abundant

plant and fruit in Southern Asia. MusaSapientuis the common term for banana or

the scientific name of it. The fruit grows a hanging cluster, with 20 fruits to a tire

and 3-20 tiers to a bunch. The fruit is protected by its peel which is discarded as

waste after the inner freshly portion is consumed or eaten. But banana peelings

are unknown to have a pack of nutrients and other components that can be used

to utilize it as a biofuel. (Hossain,2017).

14
 According to the New Book of Knowledge, bananas are considered as the

best sources of potassium, phosphorus, and carbohydrates.  Banana is an

annual seed plant that produces edible fruit and it is found in tropical [Link]

using banana peelings, not only we can make use of unneeded agricultural waste

but we can also avoid using food that is consumed by people and share and

interrupt the food production (Moschini, 2015). It is good to create something

useful without affecting or threatening the beneficial side of life (Herlainous,

2016). If the food supply is going to be affected, then it is not beneficial.

 As stated in Webster Third New International Dictionary, yeast is creamy

or yellowish surface fruit sediments occur especially in saccharin liquids (as fruit,

juices or malt worts) in which it promotes alcoholic fermentation that consists of

suspension of al the fungus of the family saccharomycetaceae and that is use

especially in making alcoholic liquors and as leaven in baking. 

All fuel combustion regardless of how "eco - friendly" it is - generates

dangerous emissions that harm the earth's atmosphere. However, the burning of

ethanol, especially when it is used for monitoring a car, has fewer emissions than

gasoline or coal (Gable, 2019). There are many environmental benefits to

replacing oil with plant-based biofuels, like ethanol and biodiesel. For one, since

such fuels are derived from agricultural crops, they are inherently renewable. And

our own farmers typically produce domestically, reducing our dependence on an

unstable foreign source of oil (Beadury, 2019). It burns cleaner than gasoline,

producing less soot and emissions. In releasing long-stored carbon from beneath

the earth, the cycle of carbon in ethanol is much shorter. When farmers replant

15
crops to grow new fuel, they help absorb some of the carbon dioxide released

during production and combustion (Kazmeyer, 2017).

As ethanol is made with organic materials, it is highly biodegradable

making spills less worrisome than petroleum spills. According to the UnitedStates

Energy Information Administration (2019), unlike gasoline, pure ethanol is non-

toxic and biodegradable, as it quickly breaks down into harmless substances if

spilled.

Bioethanol is already being used in many countries - particularly in Brazil -

as an additive or even substitute conventional fuel (Phillai, 2018). In addition,

countries that do not have access to crude oil resources can grow crops for

energy use and gain some economic freedom and self-reliance in matters of

energy demands.

All in all, the whole benefit of bioethanol can help for reducing air pollution

which emits less greenhouse gas which is about reducing greenhouse gases by

up to 3.9% (Ngee Ann, 2018). It is known to come from plants that are rich in

starch and sugar like corn and sugar canes, in which it can be produced in every

country. Corn, which is the primary crop used in the production of biofuel, was

one of the primary sources of food and because of it, there are many negative

effects on it.

According to Phillai (2018), "the most widely used argument against

biofuels is that they would take up harvest of crops that are used as a primary

food source all over the world, especially corn. With hunger and malnutrition

16
issues already at the fore of the global conscience it is worthwhile to debate

whether the bigger need is to fuel or to feed." He added, "more corn is grown

annually than any other grain in the world - more than 800 million tons. Massive

amounts of water and pesticides, for a start, are required to sustain (or increase

by the smallest degree) such as large figures. The water used in the production

of corn puts undue pressure on the concerned water source and may lead to

water shortage in the surrounding communities. Pesticides, most of which are

chemical, are known to cause irreparable damage to the soil and eventually the

water source they flow into."

Banana is one of the major constituent food resources in the world and

occupies the fourth world rank of the most significant food stuffs after rice, corn

and milk. Most of the fruit peels/residues are dried, ground, pelletized, and sold to

the feed's manufacturers at a low price which is not considered a highly viable

proposition. Though banana peel is a fruit residue, it accounts for 30-40% of the

total weight (Emaga et al., 2016) and contains carbohydrates, proteins and fiber

in significant [Link] peelings are waste material but by using it in a

very life-changing and useful way, we can both provide renewable fuel for the

world and our needs and we can also solve the problem for disposal waste

materials without threatening crops for food supply, and emitting harmful

substances to our environments.

17
Synthesis

This part of the chapter presents the similarities and differences from the

collated literature and studies to the study being conducted and states how they

could assist the researchers in making the study better.

The above-mentioned book reviewed by the researchers has direct

bearing and relevance to the present study because they similarly discussed the

Ethyl Alcohol Extracted from Ripe Banana Peelings through Fermentation as a

Biofuel.

The present study is similar to the study of Hossain, (2017) and Bio-

[Link], (2019) stating that since the ethanol to be created is organic, the raw

material to be used is the peelings of bananas. Also, they stated that biofuels are

somehow helpful in different aspects of human's everyday lives and it is really

good for the development of our environment. They also said that it is renewable

and it is better for air quality. In connection with the present study, banana

peelings really contain a pack of nutrients and are very beneficial in terms of

utilizing it as a biofuel. Moreover, it is also taught that ethanol to be created is

organic then the best raw material that can be used is banana peelings.

The study of Moschini, (2015) and Herlainous, (2016) are related to the

current study because they discussed how effective and beneficial banana

peelings can give to us. Furthermore, they also stated the advantages of using

these banana peelings for alternative biofuel. In connection with the study, we

18
used banana peelings not only because of its benefits but also, we can avoid

using food that is consumed by any people.

According to Helmenstine, (2019) there are differences between biofuels

and ordinary gas or oil. One of the differences between biofuel and ordinary oil is

the complexity of biofuel. Bio fuels are intended to replace gasoline, diesel fuel

and coal, which are made commonly from fossil fuels. Ethanol is the most

employed liquid biofuels used as a fuel or as a gasoline enhancer and it is highly

biodegradable creating spills less bothersome than petroleum spills. This also

made from biomass mostly via a fermentation process in which an organism

converts a carbohydrate, such as starch or sugar and corn, which is the primary

crop use in the production of biofuel and we all know that it was one of the

primary sources of food and because of it, there are many negative effects into

an alcohol or an acid. Moreover, ethanol was made from organic, the raw

material to be used is the peelings of bananas. Banana peelings are used since it

is a plentiful plant and fruit. Banana peelings are excess material but by using it in

a very useful way, we can both provide renewable fuel for the world and our

needs and we can also solve the problem for disposal waste materials without

threatening crops for food supply, and emitting harmful substances to our

environments. Through the use of this we can avoid using food that is consumed

by people and share and interrupt the food production.

It was also mentioned that there are many environmental benefits when

replacing oil with plant-based biofuels, like ethanol and biodiesel. For one, since

such fuels are derived from agricultural crops, they are inherently renewable. The

19
entity benefit of bioethanol can help to lessen air pollution which release less

greenhouse gas which is about reducing greenhouse gases by up to 3.9% (Ngee

Ann, 2018).

20
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This portion of the research paper discusses the techniques and

procedures that the researchers used in the study. This part of the research

includes the subject of the study, and the research method used.

The researchers used the descriptive method in this study since it intends

to determine the Ethyl Alcohol Extracted from Ripe Banana Peelings through

Fermentation as a Biofuelwhich can be used as alternative energy. The

researchers used this method because it is more appropriate process for this

study in order to determine the effectiveness of biofuel from extracted ripe

banana peelings.

Descriptive research is a research method that describes the

characteristics of the population or phenomenon studied. This methodology

focuses more on the “what” of the research subject than the “why” of the research

subject. Its value is based on the premise that problems can be solve and

practices improved through observation, analysis, and description. Simply, it

describes the subject of the research, without covering “why” it happens.

The researchers come up with the study entitled “Ethyl Alcohol Extracted

from Ripe Banana Peelings through Fermentation as a Biofuel”. The topic was

presented and proposed to the research adviser of Batangas State University-

Main I Campus. The proponent gathered different related studies to support the

above-mentioned study. The researchers spent a lot of time in seeking and

looking for different sources that serves as their basis in constructing the Review

21
of Related Literature. The researchers conducted their study about the Ethyl

Alcohol Extracted from Ripe Banana Peelings through Fermentation as a Biofuel.

22
 CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter includes the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data

gathered with regards to the effectiveness of Ethyl Alcohol Extracted from Ripe

Banana Peelings through Fermentation as a Biofuel. The researchers used

sources to prove the effectiveness of the bioethanol.

I. Physical Characteristics of Experimental Ethyl Alcohol

Physical Characteristics Experimental Ethyl Alcohol

Color Clear
Volatility Slow
Taste Like “Tuba”
Odor Like “Tuba”
Table 1
Physical Characteristics of Experimental Ethyl Alcohol
Table 1 shows the physical characteristics of experimental alcohol. The

experimental alcohol as reflected in the table has a clear color. The volatility is

slow and the taste and smell is like “tuba”.

II. The effect of nutrients, inoculum size and temperature on ethanol

production from acid hydrolyzed banana peel.

Parameters Ethanol Produces gL−1

Saccharomyces Pachysolentamophilus
cerevisiae MTCC MTTC 1077
178
Nutrients
Yeast Nitrogen Base 29.2 28.7
Peptone+ Yeast 24.6 21.5
Extract
Ammonium 28.5 22.6
sulphate+ Potassium
di hydrogen

23
 Phosphate + yeast
extract
Urea+ Potassium di 24.0 20.6
hydrogen
Phosphate+ yeast
extract

Inoculum level (%
w/v)
0.5 25.3 24.2
1.0 30.1 28.3
1.5 30.0 29.2

Temperature (˚C)
30 32.3 29.2
36 22.2 22.6
40 12.4 15.2
Table 2
Effect of nutrients, inoculum size and temperature on ethanol
production from acid hydrolyzed banana peel

Effect of variable inoculum levels of both the yeast in the fermentation

were studied. One percent inoculum of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MTCC 178

and 1.5% inoculum of Pachysolentannophilus MTCC 1077 was found optimum

for fermentation. This shows that the cell number added was sufficient to produce

highest amount of alcohol in 48h at 30±2oC. The variation in fermentation

temperature (30-40oC) was checked for alcohol production under lab conditions.

The optimum temperature for ethanol fermentation of hydrolysate by yeast was

30±2oC. The alcohol production declined about 31% at 37oC. This showed that

increase in temperature had an adverse effect on alcohol production.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae MTCC 178 is a better producer of ethanol in various

conditions provided. However, efficiency could be increased by various strain

improvement methods.

24
III. The materials and methods used in conducting the Ethyl Alcohol

Extracted from Ripe Banana Peeling through Fermentation as a

Biofuel

[Link] and methods

3.1. Material

3.1.1. Raw material

Banana peels (Royal red and Lacatan) were collected in plastic bags from

a juicing plant near the MIT campus and were washed before use. Analytical

grade chemical, sulfuric acid (H2SO4), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), yeast extracts

agar, urea, dextrose sugar (Mg SO4.7H2O), baker's yeast/yeast (Saccharomyces

cerevisiae maintained on YEPDA (1% yeast extract, 2% peptone, 2% agar) slant

stored at 4 C), distilled water, and benzathine penicillin G were used in the

experiment. The physicochemical characteristics of the banana peel are listed in

Table 3.1.

S. no Component % w/w
1 Cellulose 9.00
2 Crude fat 6.00
3 Dietary fiber 19.00
4 Glucose 2.00
5 Hemicellulose 8.00
6 Lignin 9.00
7 Other Solids 6.00
8 Pectin 11.00
9 Proteins 6.00
10 Starch 3.00
11 Water 20.00
12 Xylose 1.00
Table 3.1

25
 Physicochemical characteristics of banana peel
3.1.2. Experimental design

The Box-Behnken method has been selected for the optimization of three

variables (acid concentration (% v/v), temperature (C) and time (min)). The

variables, factors and level are referenced in Table 3.2. For the three variables,

17 runs were conducted to produce fermentable sugar which is referenced in

Table 3.3. The design summary for acid hydrolysis with three levels and three

factors is presented in Table 3.4. The central composite design has mostly been

used for fitting the second-order model. The second-order model is defined as

follows to facilitate calculations:

where Y is the predicted response, b 0 the constant coefficient, b i the linear

coefficients, b ii the quadratic coefficients, b ij the interaction coefficients, and x i, x j

are the coded values of the adsorption variables.

Variable Factors (X) Levels Levels Levels

unite
-1 0 1
Acidic Conc. A 0.5 1.5 2.5
Temperature B 70 90 110
Time (min.) C 10 20 30
Table 3.2
Process parameter for hydrolysis

Experimental Acid Temperature Time (min) Percent

run concentratio (˚C) weight of
n (%v/v) ethanol

26
 content
(%w/w to
original
sample)
1 2.5 90 30 43.56
2 1.5 90 20 45.10
3 2.5 70 20 44.01
4 1.5 90 20 45.00
5 0.5 110 20 44.27
6 2.5 90 10 42.40
7 1.5 90 20 45.00
8 2.5 110 20 42.98
9 1.5 90 20 45.00
10 1.5 90 20 45.15
11 1.5 110 10 42.96
12 0.5 70 20 43.21
13 0.5 90 30 43.00
14 0.5 90 10 42.56
15 1.5 70 10 42.20
16 1.5 70 30 43.85
17 1.5 110 30 43.40
Table 3.3
Experimental Design Formulation for Acid Hydrolysis

Response Name Units Minimum Maximum

Y1 Sugar %w/w 42.20 45.15
Factor Name Units Low Actual High Actual
A Acid Conc. %v/v 0.50 2.50
B Temperature Degree C. 70 110
C Time Minimum 10 30
Table 3.4
Design summary of Hydrolysis

3.2. Methods

3.2.1. Feed material

27
The gathered peels were chopped into small pieces approximately 2–4 cm in

length using a knife. The pieces were then sun dried under mild sunlight for two

days and then dried at 60 °C in an oven for one day. Next, the samples were

taken out of the drier once they were dry enough to be crushed. The cut pieces

were then crushed in the grinder. The ground sample was divided proportionally

into seventeen separate samples of 10 g of ground banana peels and another

two separate samples of 20 g of ground banana peels. A juice was prepared for

each sample by adding 10:1 (v/w) ratio of distilled water to the sample in

separate flasks. The lignocelluloses molecules must be broken down into free

sugars before the fermentation required for alcohol production.

3.2.2. Steam treatment

The separate samples capped with aluminum foil were autoclaved at 15psi

pressure for 30 min. After autoclaving the samples were allowed to cool and the

soluble portion was separated from the insoluble using filtration. The insoluble

portion was then allowed to hydrolyse, and the amount of sugar produced was

measured for each sample.

3.2.3. Acid hydrolysis

The first 25 ml of 0.5%–2.5% (v/v) diluted sulfuric acid was added to the insoluble

component from pretreatment steps. The fruit peels were hydrolysed in the

reactor between 70 and 110 °C for 10–30 min as the experimental design

required. After hydrolysis, pH adjustment was carried out with 1 M NaOH until the

pH reached a pH of 7. Insoluble particles were separated from the hydrolysate by

28
filtration. The soluble component was then added with the previously filtered

solution from the pretreatment step for the next procedure.

3.2.4. Measuring sugar content

The Brix method was used to measure the sugar content of each sample. Using

optimum conditions, hydrolysis was carried out for the remaining two samples

containing 20 g banana peel powder. Once again, the lignin was removed from

the soluble portion, and the remaining soluble solution was added into the

previously separated soluble portions. The residue and remaining samples were

discarded. Finally, these two samples were used to produce ethanol from banana

peels by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

3.2.5. Fermentation

The media was prepared for the fermentation process. Fermentation with S.

cerevisiae only and fermentation with S. cerevisiae and benzathine penicillin G.

100 ml from the in column was added to 0.5 g of yeast (5 g/L yeast), S.

cerevisiae, in 250-ml flask. The flask was covered with aluminum foil to prevent

air entrance (the growth was made anaerobically). The conical flask was then

placed in a shaking incubator for 24 h at temperature of 30 °C and 200 rpm,

which was used for the fermentation process. In the fermentation step, the two

samples were conditioned to a temperature of 30 °C before the fermentation step

started. This temperature was the working temperature throughout the entire

fermentation process. At this step the pH was set to 5.0–5.5 (which is the

optimum pH for the activity of S. cerevisiae) by the addition of 1 M NaOH. The 25

29
ml freshly prepared yeast culture was added into each of the flasks (1:4 (v/v) of

samples) and the flask's mouth was wrapped with aluminum foil. Next, 0.05 g of

benzathine penicillin G (0.5 g/L) was added into the second flask while the first

remains as it was. Finally, both samples were placed in shaker incubator at 200

rpm at 30 °C, for 3 days. The samples were checked every day by adjusting the

pH to between 5.0 and 5.5. Finally, the ethanol product from the banana peel

juice was distillated using a rotary evaporator.

3.2.6. Density measurement

The final products were evaluated for their ethanol content by measuring the

corresponding density using a pycnometer at room temperature. The specific

gravity of the produced alcohol was determined and the alcohol concentration

was determined from the relationship between the specific gravity and the

proportion of ethanol in alcohol solution at room temperature. The specific gravity

of the sample was calculated according to the formula given below.

Specific gravity of a sample = (W2 – W1)/(W3 – W1)

where: W1 = weight of empty pycnometer

W2 = weight of pycnometer plus sample

W3 = weight of pycnometer filled with distilled water

3.2.7. Equipment

30
The following pieces of equipment were used: plastic bags, a steel knife, oven,

grinder, electronic balance, digital pH meter (Model Hanna instruments), flasks

(Borosil), graduated cylinders of different volumes (Borosil), autoclave (Schimadu

UV-1700), filter (Whatman filter paper No.1), shaking incubator (UNIQUAC),

rotary evaporator (Knauer Eurokat), pycnometer (Merck Hitachi).

IV. The effectiveness of Ethyl Alcohol Extracted from Ripe Banana

Peelings through Fermentation as a Biofuel

The conversion of agricultural waste materials and plant materials to energy is

one way that countries can combat anthropogenic climate change and enjoy both

economic benefits and a reduction in fuel dependency - particularly true for

developing countries. The advantage of biofuels over fossil fuels is that they are

renewable and sustainable. On the other hand, bioethanol has been identified as

one of the key biofuels. This is in part because of high oxygen content, high

octane number, non-toxicity, and reduced emissions - which help promote a

cleaner environment. There are various sources that can be used to produce

bioethanol - but they all involve a fermentation process using microorganisms

such as yeast. 

It was discovered that inorganic nitrogen sources gave an adequate yield 

of ethanol, at inoculum level of 1% wt/vol, and a brooding temperature of 

30oC with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In order to make the fermentation method

cost-effective and to meet the great demand for ethanol, research studies are

now being directed in two areas namely, the production of ethanol from cheaper

raw materials and the study of new microorganisms or yeast strains efficient in

31
ethanol production (Favela-Torres et al., 2015; Pandey et al., 2016; Akin-

Osanaiye et al., 2018). In this respect, inexpensive raw materials such as

agricultural wastes, cellulosic wastes, fruit wastes, vegetable wastes, municipal

and industrial wastes can be used to produce ethanol cheaply (Park and Baratti,

2015; Schugerl, 2017; Joshi et al., 2019; Akin-Osanaiye et al., 2017). 

Banana peel, an agro waste can be used as a substrate for ethanol

production owing to its rich carbohydrate, crude proteins, and reducing sugars.

Moreover, banana peels are affordable and renewable low-cost raw material

which makes it a potential feedstock for ethanol production (Bhatia and Paliwal,

2015). Shredding of banana peels is easy and the drying temperature is not high.

Strain improvements can help in better yield of alcohol, making the large-scale

production more economic and more feasible. 

According to Bhatia and Paliwal(2015); Thankur et al. (2017), valuable

constituents like carbohydrates and crude proteins including reducing sugars are

found in banana peel and therefore, it can be exploited as a feedstock towards

bioethanol generation. Furthermore, banana peels are reasonable and

renewable-cost-effective raw feedstock. On the other hand, in view of the fact

that the ethanol to be created is organic, the best raw material to be used is the

peelings of banana. These are used because it is an abundant plant and fruit in

Southern Asia. Musa Sapientum is the common term for banana or the scientific

name of it. The fruit grows a hanging cluster, with 20 fruits to a tire and 3-20 tiers

to a bunch. The fruit is protected by its peel which is discarded as waste after the

inner freshly portion is consumed or eaten. But banana peelings are unknown to

have a pack of nutrients and other components that can be used to utilized as a
32
biofuel (Hossain, 2017). Extracting banana peeling through fermentation is really

beneficial and effective for use as an alternative biofuel owing to the fact that

every fruit generated 50% of its weight after its consumption. Furthermore,

ethanol has been used as a motor fuel since cars were first manufactured. It is a

fuel well-suited for petrol engines; it has a clean combustion process resulting in

lower emissions of particulate matter, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. The

greatest benefit of using bioethanol is the reduction in CO2 emissions based on

life-cycle processes. It is a perfect transportation fuel that has high compression

ratios to internal combustion engines because of its high-octane ratio compared

to petroleum. This low volatility enhances engine output per cycle and prevents

automobile engines from getting knocked. Although vehicles running on pure

ethanol have a high fuel consumption rate of one liter per kilometer that is 10-

20% less than petrol, the fact that the by-product of its combustion could be used

by plants for growth makes it a neutral carbon fuel (Johnson et al., 2017).

Bioethanol has been found to have a potential to decrease greenhouse gases,

depending on the production method. Bioethanol represents the best alternative

transportation fuel because it is projected to increase significantly and remain

high. Plant biomass when used as transportation fuel, it helps to keep engines

running smoothly without the need for lead or other chemical additives (Graeme

et al., 2015). On the other hand, banana peelings are waste but by using it in a

very life-changing and useful way we can both provide renewable fuel for the

world and the good advantage of it is we can also solve the problem of disposing

of waste materials without threatening crops for food supply and emitting harmful

substances to our environment.

33
 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

34
 This chapter presents a general overview of the study from the problem

andresearch objectives to the methods and procedure used ending up with a

conclusion of significant result, logicaland the valid consequence of findings and

recommendation drawn from the results intendin terms of existing knowledge.

Conclusion

Upon the completion of this study, the researchers concluded the

following:

1. Ethyl alcohol from ripe banana peelings was additionally recognized as an

alternative in contrast to diesel fuel. It surprised every individual who gets to know

about it because of its contribution, and the way how it worksappears to be

incomprehensible. Several people tried to use this as a replacement for biofuel.

2. Ethyl alcohol was not discovered for nothing. It contributes a great deal to

society and most particularly to individuals who live in rural areas that are

struggling cooking using the traditional way (cooking in tripod through burning

woods).

3. The researchers found out that the extracted alcohol from ripe banana

peelings is more efficient and cheaper than commercial fuels such as diesel,

gasoline, and kerosene even when mixed with the research ethanol.

4. Extracted alcohol produce lots of benefits not only in cooking but also in

different alternative ways and it can be utilized since it is produced from biological

raw materials.

35
5. Experimental alcohol that is extracted from ripe banana peelings can help to

conserve the petroleum deposit which helps the oil and gas industry to supply

petroleum and diesel fuel for upcoming generations.

Recommendation

From the findings and conclusions in the study, the following

recommendations are suggested:

1. The researchers highly commend to utilize a ready banana peelings as raw

materials for producing ethyl alcohol.

2. The researchers sturdily encourage future researchers to widen the coverage

Input
Process
of this study through using the experimental extracted alcohol as a fuel to a

 Determine
vehicle of thethe bioethanol using banana peeling extract
physical  Extracting ripe
characteristics
3. This of recommended to the community since there are many
study is also
ethyl alcohol banana peelings
extracted from ripe
houses that uses LPG gas as a fuel.
banana peelings to produce ethyl

4. The
Discover the effect
researchers recommend thisalcohol
research
as ato other professionals who have
of nutrients Output
muchinoculum
experience
sizeand
andknowledge in the field of chemistry
biofuel.
temperature on
ethanol
5. The production
researchers  for
propose to investigate, develop, and look Proposed
additional to
from acid
improve the Effectiveness  Research related alternative source
hydrolyzed banana of Ethyl Alcohol Extracted from Ripe Banana Peelings
peel
through Fermentation as a Biofuel. studies and of energy which is
 Determine the literature from ethyl alcohol
effectiveness of
ethyl alcohol different sources extracted from ripe
extracted from ripe
banana peelings APPENDIX A
banana peelings.
through
 Find credible
fermentation to as Conceptual Framework Paradigm
a biofuel.
information about
 Determine the
materials and the current study. 36
methods used in
conducting the
Ethyl Alcohol
 Figure 1
Conceptual Framework Paradigm
Ethyl Alcohol Extracted from Ripe Banana Peelings through Fermentation
as a Biofuel

Physical Characteristics Experimental Ethyl Alcohol

Color Clear
Volatility Slow

37
 Taste Like “Tuba”
Odor Like “Tuba”
Table 1
Physical Characteristics of Experimental Ethyl Alcohol

Parameters Ethanol Produces gL−1

Saccharomyces Pachysolentamophilus
cerevisiae MTCC MTTC 1077
178
Nutrients
Yeast Nitrogen Base 29.2 28.7
Peptone+ Yeast 24.6 21.5
Extract
Ammonium 28.5 22.6
sulphate+ Potassium
di hydrogen
Phosphate + yeast
extract
Urea+ Potassium di 24.0 20.6
hydrogen
Phosphate+ yeast
extract

Inoculum level (%
w/v)
0.5 25.3 24.2
1.0 30.1 28.3
1.5 30.0 29.2

Temperature (˚C)
30 32.3 29.2
36 22.2 22.6
40 12.4 15.2
Table 2
Effect of nutrients, inoculum size and temperature on ethanol
production from acid hydrolyzed banana peel.

S. no Component % w/w
1 Cellulose 9.00
2 Crude fat 6.00

38
 3 Dietary fiber 19.00
4 Glucose 2.00
5 Hemicellulose 8.00
6 Lignin 9.00
7 Other Solids 6.00
8 Pectin 11.00
9 Proteins 6.00
10 Starch 3.00
11 Water 20.00
12 Xylose 1.00
Table 3.1
Physicochemical characteristics of banana peel.

Variable Factors (X) Levels Levels Levels

unite
-1 0 1
Acidic Conc. A 0.5 1.5 2.5
Temperature B 70 90 110
Time (min.) C 10 20 30
Table 3.2
Process parameter for hydrolysis.

Experimental Acid Temperature Time (min) Percent

run concentratio (˚C) weight of
n (%v/v) ethanol
content
(%w/w to
original
sample)
1 2.5 90 30 43.56
2 1.5 90 20 45.10
3 2.5 70 20 44.01
4 1.5 90 20 45.00
5 0.5 110 20 44.27
6 2.5 90 10 42.40
7 1.5 90 20 45.00
8 2.5 110 20 42.98
9 1.5 90 20 45.00
10 1.5 90 20 45.15
11 1.5 110 10 42.96
12 0.5 70 20 43.21

39
 13 0.5 90 30 43.00
14 0.5 90 10 42.56
15 1.5 70 10 42.20
16 1.5 70 30 43.85
17 1.5 110 30 43.40
Table 3.3
Experimental Design Formulation for Acid Hydrolysis

Response Name Units Minimum Maximum

Y1 Sugar %w/w 42.20 45.15
Factor Name Units Low Actual High Actual
A Acid Conc. %v/v 0.50 2.50
B Temperature Degree C. 70 110
C Time Minimum 10 30
Table 3.4
Design summary of Hydrolysis

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CURRICULUM VITAE
MA. ANGELICA B. BISA
Sampaguita, Mabini, Batangas
Philippines, 4200
09391591879
bisamariaangelica.28@[Link]

43
PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Nickname : Angelica
Date of Birth : January 28,2002
Place of Birth : Bauan, Batangas
Age : 18
Gender : Female
Height : 155 cm
Weight : 42 kg
Civil Status : Single
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Father’s Name : Gregorio Bisa
Occupation : Unemployed
Mother’s Name : Loida Bisa
Occupation : Housewife

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

TERTIARY LEVEL : Batangas State University

Alangilan, Batangas City
2020 – Present

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL : Anselmo A. Sandoval Memorial NHS

P. Balibaguhan, Mabini, Batangas
2018 – Present

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL : Anselmo A. Sandoval Memorial NHS

P. Balibaguhan, Mabini, Batangas
2014 – 2018

ELEMENTARY : Pisa Elementary School

Pisa, Tingloy, Batangas
2008 – 2014
JADE ANJOE G. DELEN
Alangilan, Batangas City
Philippines, 4200
09155907599
ajdelen0915@[Link]

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

44
 Nickname : Jade
Date of Birth : August 9,2002
Place of Birth : Batangas City
Age : 18
Gender : Male
Height : 160 cm
Weight : 44 kg
Civil Status : Single
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Father’s Name : Joerald A. Delen
Occupation : Pipefitter
Mother’s Name : Grace Ann R. Gonzales
Occupation : Housewife

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
TERTIARY LEVEL : Batangas State University
Alangilan, Batangas City
2020 – Present

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL : University of Batangas

Hilltop, Batangas City
2018 – 2020

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL : University of Batangas

Hilltop, Batangas City
2014 – 2018

ELEMENTARY : Kumintang Elementary School

Kumintang Ilaya, Batangas City
2008 – 2014

MARK ANGELO H. HARINA

Balagtasin San Jose, Batangas, 4227
09053181401
markangeloharina@[Link]

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

45
 Nickname : Angelo
Date of Birth : March 18, 2002
Place of Birth : San jose, Batangas
Age : 18
Gender : Male
Height : 169 cm
Weight :          59 kg
Civil Status : Single
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Catholic
Father’s Name :          Alexander G. Harina
Occupation : Hog Raicer
Mother’s Name : Teresita H. Harina
Occupation : Housewife

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

TERTIARY LEVEL : Batangas State University

Alangilan, Batangas City
2020 – Present

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL : Grade 12- Holy Family Montessori

Makalintal Ave. Poblacion II San Jose
2019 – 2020
: Grade 11 - Lyceum of the
Philippines University
GulodLabac, Batangas City
2018-2019

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL : Holy Family Montessori

Makalintal Ave. Poblacion II San Jose,
Batangas   
2014 – 2018

ELEMENTARY : Taysan Elementary School

Taysan San Jose, Batangas
2008 – 2014 
JENNIFER L. MANGILIT
Tambo, Lipa City Batangas, 4217
0975-265-7295
mangilitjennifer@[Link]

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

46
 Nickname : Jennifer
Date of Birth : September 20,2001
Place of Birth : Lipa City, Batangas
Age : 19
Gender : Female
Height : 154cm
Weight : 48 kg
Civil Status : Single
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Father’s Name : Rey S. Mangilit
Occupation : Vendor
Mother’s Name : Mary Lee L. Mangilit
Occupation : Laundry woman

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

TERTIARY LEVEL : Batangas State University

Alangilan, Batangas City
2020-present

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL : STI College Lipa

C.M Recto Avenue., Brgy.6, Lipa City
2018 – 2020

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL : Fernando Air Base National High

School
Fernando Air Base, Lipa City Batangas
2014-2018

PRIMARY : Fernando Air Base Elementary

School
Fernando Air Base, Lipa City Batangas
2008 – 2014
MARK RENUELL D. PASIA
Sta. Rita Ibaba, Batangas City
Philippines, 4200
09106679009
pasiarenuell27@[Link]

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

47
 Nickname : Renuell
Date of Birth : November 27,2001
Place of Birth : Bauan, Batangas
Age : 18
Gender : Male
Height : 160 cm
Weight : 44 kg
Civil Status : Single
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Born Again Christian
Father’s Name : Rene M. Pasia
Occupation : Pipefitter
Mother’s Name : Marydith D. Pasia
Occupation : Housewife

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

TERTIARY LEVEL : Batangas State University

Alangilan, Batangas City
2020 – Present

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL : STI College Batangas

Kumintang Ibaba, Batangas City
2018 – 2020

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL : Bauan Technical High School

Pob. 1 Bauan, Batangas
2014 – 2018

ELEMENTARY : San Andres Elementary School

San Andres Bauan, Batangas
2008 – 2014

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