QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

SPEED, DISTANCE AND TIME

1. km/hr to m/s conversion:

5
a km/hr = a x m/s.
18

2. m/s to km/hr conversion:

18
a m/s = a x km/hr.
5

3. Formulas for finding Speed, Time and Distance

4. Time taken by a train of length l metres to pass a pole or standing man or a signal post is
equal to the time taken by the train to cover l metres.
5. Time taken by a train of length l metres to pass a stationery object of length b metres is
the time taken by the train to cover (l + b) metres.
6. Suppose two trains or two objects bodies are moving in the same direction at u m/s and v
m/s, where u > v, then their relative speed is = (u - v) m/s.
7. Suppose two trains or two objects bodies are moving in opposite directions at u m/s and v
m/s, then their relative speed is = (u + v) m/s.
8. If two trains of length a metres and b metres are moving in opposite directions at u m/s
and v m/s, then:

(a + b)
The time taken by the trains to cross each other = sec.
(u + v)

9. If two trains of length a metres and b metres are moving in the same direction at u m/s
and v m/s, then:

(a + b)
The time taken by the faster train to cross the slower train = sec.
(u - v)

10. If two trains (or bodies) start at the same time from points A and B towards each other
and after crossing they take a and b sec in reaching B and A respectively, then:

(A's speed) : (B's speed) = (b : a)

TIME AND WORK

 Work from Days:

1
If A can do a piece of work in n days, then A's 1 day's work = .
n
 Days from Work:

1
If A's 1 day's work = ,then A can finish the work in n days.
n

 Ratio:

If A is thrice as good a workman as B, then:

Ratio of work done by A and B = 3 : 1.

Ratio of times taken by A and B to finish a work = 1 : 3

MIXTURES AND ALLIGATIONS

PROFIT AND LOSS

SIMPLE INTEREST AND COMPOUND INTEREST

RATIO AND PROPORTION
CALENDER

 1 ordinary year has 1 odd day

Explanation : In an ordinary year, there are 365 days, which means 52 x 7 + 1, or 52 weeks and
one day. This additional day is called an odd day.

 1 leap year has 2 odd days

Explanation: A leap year has 366 days. There are 29 days in February in a leap year. There are
52 weeks and 2 odd days in a leap year.

 100 years has 5 odd days

Expalnation : Odd days in a leap year = (52 weeks +2) days .In 100 years , there will be 24 leap
years and 76 non-leap years. So odd days in 100 years will be (76 x 1 + 24 x 2) which is 124 odd
days. This can also be written as 17 weeks + 5 days. So every 100 years will have 5 odd days.

 200 years has 3 odd days

Expalnation: 100 years give us 5 odd days as calculated above. 200 years give us 5 x 2 = 10
.Hence , 7 days (one week) = 3 odd days.

 300 years has 1 odd day

Expalnation: 300 years give us 5 x 3 = 15.Hence, 14 days (two weeks) = 1 odd day.

 400 years has 0 odd day

Expalnation: The number of odd days in 400 years will be ( 5 x 4 + 1) because 400 is itself a leap
year and that is why it has one odd day extra. Thus odd days in 400 will be 0.

 Similarly, all the 4th centuries 800 years, 1200 years, 1600 years, 2000 years etc. have
0 odd day.
  Mapping of the number of odd day to the day of the week

Sunday Tuesda Wednesda Thursda Frida Saturda

Days Monday
y y y y y
Number 1
0 2 3 4 5 6
of odd days

HCF AND LCM

Property 1 – LCM x HCF = Product of two numbers

H.C.F. and L.C.M. of Fractions:

H.C.F. of Numerators
1. H.C.F. =
L.C.M. of Denominators
L.C.M. of Numerators
2. L.C.M. =
H.C.F. of Denominators

Property 2 – LCM ≥ Numbers ≥ HCF

Property 3- LCM is a multiple of HCF

Property 4 – If the HCF of two numbers is 1 then they are Co-Primes.

How to calculate LCM and HCF, is given below later on this page.

 What are Multiples –

Multiple are series of numbers that are exactly divisible by a particular number. e.g. 8, 12, 16, 20
…. are the multiples of 4.

 What are Factors –

Factors for a given number are the list of numbers that would divide the larger number without
leaving any remainder(Except 1 and number itself) eg. for 12 the factors would be 2, 3, 4, 6

For 6 – 12, 18, 24, 30 will be called as multiple of 6.

For 24 – 6 and 12 are Factors of 24.

 What is LCM Lowest Common Multiple –

As the name suggests LCM is the lowest common multiple of two or more Natural Numbers for
e.g. for 15 and 20, 60 is LCM(Don’t worry we will explain how we calculated this)

 What is HCF Highest Common Factor or Greatest Common Divisor(GCD) –

The Largest(Highest) common Factor of two or more numbers will be called as HCF of the
number. e.g. for 12 and 15. 3 will be the HCF.

 Prime Factors –

These are unique list prime numbers that divide the greater number e.g. for 20 – 2, 5 are the
prime Factors(Don’t worry below you will find how to get these)

PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION

BOATS AND STREAMS

 Downstream/Upstream:

In water, the direction along the stream is called downstream. And, the direction against the
stream is called upstream.

 If the speed of a boat in still water is u km/hr and the speed of the stream is v km/hr, then:

Speed downstream = (u + v) km/hr.

Speed upstream = (u - v) km/hr.

CLOCKS

Minute Spaces

The face or dial of clock is a circle whose circumference is divided into 60 equal parts, named
minute spaces.

2. Hour hand and minute hand

A clock has two hands. The smaller hand is called the hour hand or short hand and the larger one
is called minute hand or long hand.

3. In 60 minutes, minute hand gains 55 minute spaces over the hour hand.

(In 60 minutes, hour hand will move 5 minute spaces while the minute hand will move 60 minute
spaces. In effect the space gain of minute hand with respect to hour hand will be 60 - 5 = 55
minutes.)

4. Both the hands of a clock coincide once in every hour.

5. The hands of a clock are in the same straight line when they are coincident or opposite to each
other.

6. When the two hands of a clock are at right angles, they are 15 minute spaces apart.

7. When the hands of a clock are in opposite directions, they are 30 minute spaces apart.

8. Angle traced by hour hand in 12 hrs = 360°

9. Angle traced by minute hand in 60 min. = 360°.

10. If a watch or a clock indicates 9.15, when the correct time is 9, it is said to be 15 minutes too
fast.

11. If a watch or a clock indicates 8.45, when the correct time is 9, it is said to be 15 minutes too
slow.

12. The hands of a clock will be in straight line but opposite in direction, 22 times in a day.

13. The hands of a clock coincide 22 times in a day.

14. The hands of a clock are straight 44 times in a day.

15. The hands of a clock are at right angles 44 times in a day.

16. The two hands of a clock will be together between H

and (H+1) o' clock at

PROBABLITY

i. 
 When we throw a coin, then either a Head (H) or a Tail (T) appears.

ii. A dice is a solid cube, having 6 faces, marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 respectively. When we

throw a die, the outcome is the number that appears on its upper face.
iii. A pack of cards has 52 cards.

It has 13 cards of each suit, name Spades, Clubs, Hearts and Diamonds.

Cards of spades and clubs are black cards.

Cards of hearts and diamonds are red cards.

There are 4 honours of each unit.

There are Kings, Queens and Jacks. These are all called face cards.

 Sample Space:

When we perform an experiment, then the set S of all possible outcomes is called the sample
space.

Examples:

1. In tossing a coin, S = {H, T}

2. If two coins are tossed, the S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}.
3. In rolling a dice, we have, S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.

 Event:

Any subset of a sample space is called an event.

 Probability of Occurrence of an Event:

Let S be the sample and let E be an event.

Then, E S.

n(E)
P(E) = .
n(S)

 Results on Probability:

i. P(S) = 1
ii. 0 P (E) 1
iii. P( ) = 0
iv. For any events A and B we have : P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A B)
 v. If A denotes (not-A), then P(A) = 1 - P(A).

AREA SHAPES AND PERIMETER

Area Aptitude Concepts and Formulas

(A) Triangle:

(i) Area of triangle = × Base × height

(ii) If a, b, c are the lengths of the sides of a triangles and s = (a+b+c):

(iv) Area of equilateral triangle= ×(side)2

Perimeter of an equilateral triangle = 3 × side

(B) Quadrilaterals:
(i) Area of a rectangle = Length x Breadth

Length of rectangle = Breadth of rectangle=

(Diagonal) 2 = (Length) 2 + (Breadth) 2
Perimeter of a rectangle = 2(Length + Breadth)

(ii) Area of Parallelogram:

If a, b, c, and d are the lengths of a parallelogram,

(iii) Area of a square: (side)2 = (diagonal)2

Perimeter of a square = 4 x side

Area of Rhombus = × (Product of diagonals)

When d1 and d2 are the two diagonals, then the side of rhombus =

(v) Area of 4 walls of a room = 2 x (Length + Breadth) x Height.

(vi) Area of Parallelogram = (Base x Height).

(vii) Area of trapezium = (sum of parallel sides perpendicular distance between them)

= (a+b)h

Where a, and b are the parallel sides of the trapezium and h is the perpendicular distance between
the sides 'a' and 'b'.

Where k = (a-b), i.e., the difference between the parallel sides and c and d are the two non-
parallel sides of the trapezium. Also,
(C) Circles
(i) Circumference of a circle = 2πr

(ii) Area of Circle = πr2

(iii) Arc AB = , where ∠AOB= θ and O is the center.

(iv) Area of sector AOB =

(v) Area of Sector AOB = × arc AB × r

Some Quicker Methods:

1. Carpeting a Floor:

(i) Length of the carpet required =

(ii) Amount Required = Rate per meter ×

2. Paving with tiles:

(i) Number of tiles required =

(ii) The side of the largest possible square tile = HCF of length and breadth of the room.

3. Path around a garden, verandah around a room.

(i) When verandah is outside the room, surrounding it
Area of verandah = 2 (width of verandah) x [length + breadth of room + 2(width of verandah)].

(ii) When the path is within the garden, surrounded by it

Area of path = 2(width of path) x [length + breadth of garden - 2(width of path)].

(iii) When the area of the path is given, to find the area of the garden enclosed (the garden is
square in shape).

Area of square garden =

4. Rhombus

(i) Area of a rhombus = 1/2 * (product of diagonals)

5. If the length and breadth of a rectangle is increased by x and y percent respectively, the area is

increased by .

6. If all the measuring sides of any two-dimensional figure is changed by x%, its area changes by

7. If all the measuring sides of any two-dimensional figure are changed (increased or decreased)
by x%, its perimeter also changes by x%.

8. If all the sides of a quadrilateral are increased by x%, its corresponding diagonals also
increased by x%.

9. If the area of a square is x cm2, the area of the circle formed by the same perimeter is given by

10. Area of a square inscribed in a circle of radius r is 2r2.

11. The area of the largest triangle inscribed in a semi-circle of radius r is r2.