Q3.

1 (a) A pump forces 1 m3 /min of water horizontally from an open well to a

closed tank where the pressure is 0.9 MPa. Compute the work the pump must do
upon the water in an hour just to force the water into the tank against the pressure.
Sketch the system upon which the work is done before and after the process.
(Ans. 5400 kJ/h)
Flow rate ¿ 1 m3 /hr .
Pressure of inlet water ¿ 1 atm=0.101325 MPa
Pressure of outlet water ¿ 0.9 MPa
Power=△ pv KJ /s

¿ 13.31 KJ /s

(b)If the work done as above upon the water had been used solely to raise the same
amount of water vertically against gravity without change of pressure, how many
meters would the water have been elevated?
So that pressure will be 0.9 MPa
∴ hρg=0.9 MPa

(Ans. 91.74 m)
(c)If the work done in (a) upon the water had been used solely to accelerate the
water from zero velocity without change of pressure or elevation, what velocity
would the water have reached? If the work had been used to accelerate the water
from an initial velocity of 10 m/s, what would the final velocity have been?
1
ṁ ( V 22−V 21 ) =△ pv where ṁ=vρ
2
V 2=41.2 m/ s

The piston of an oil engine, of area 0.0045 m2, moves downwards 75 mm,
drawing in 0.00028 m3of fresh air from the atmosphere. The pressure in the
cylinder is uniform during the process at 80 kPa, while the atmospheric
pressure is 101.325 kPa, the difference being due to the flow resistance in the
induction pipe and the inlet valve. Estimate the displacement work done by
the air finally in the cylinder.
Volume of piston stroke

¿ 0.0045 ×0.075 m 3

¿ 0.0003375 m3

∴ ΔV =0.0003375 m3
as pressure is constant=80 kPa

So work done=pΔV

¿ 80 ×0.0003375 kJ

¿ 0.027 kJ =27 J

An engine cylinder has a piston of area 0.12 m3and contains gas at a pressure of
1.5 MPa. The gas expands according to a process which is represented by a straight

line on a pressure-volume diagram. The final pressure is 0.15 MPa. Calculate the
work done by the gas on the piston if the stroke is 0.30 m.
Initial pressure( p1)=1.5 MPa

Final volume ( V 1 ) =0.12 m2 ×0.3 m=0.036 m3

Final Pressure( p 2)=0.15 MPa

As initial pressure too high so the volume is neglected.

Work done= Areaof pV diagram
1
¿ ( p1 + p 2 ) × V =29.7 KJ
2
A mass of 1.5 kg of air is compressed in a quasi-static process from 0.1 MPa to 0.7
MPa for which pv = constant. The initial density of air is 1.16 kg /m3. Find the work
done by the piston to compress the air.
For quasi-static process
v2
dV V p
Work done=∫ pdV = p1 V 1∫
v
V 1
( )
V1 ( )
= p1 V 1 ln 2 =p 1 V 1 ln 1
p2
Given pV =C ∴ p 1 V 1= pV =p 2 V 2=C
pV p V m
p= 1 1 , 1 = 2 ,V 1 = 1
V p2 V 1 ρ1
A mass of gas is compressed in a quasi-static process from 80 kPa , 0.1 m3
¿ 0.4 MPa , 0.03 m 3. Assuming that the pressure and volume are related by p v n=C ,
find the work done by the gas system.
Given initial pressure ( p1 )=80 kPa
Initial volume(V 1 )=0.1 m3
Final pressure( p 1)=0.4 MPa=400 kPa

Final volume (V 2)=0.03 m3

As p−V relation p v n=C

p1 v n1= p2 v n2

taking log e . both side

ln p1 +n ln V 1=ln p2 +n ln

¿ n [ ln V 1−ln V 2 ] =ln p 2−ln p1

ln ( p 2 / p1 )
¿ n=
ln ( V 1 /V 2 )
p1 V 1 −p 2 V 2
∴ Work done ( W )= =¿
n−1
A steam turbine drives a ship’s propeller through an 8: 1 reduction gear. The
average resisting torque imposed by the water on the propeller is 750 ×103 MN and
the shaft power delivered by the turbine to the reduction gear is 15 MW. The
turbine speed is 1450 rpm. Determine (a) the torque developed by the turbine, (b)
the power delivered to the propeller shaft, and (c) the net rate of working of the
reduction gear.
Power on turbine shaft ¿ 15 ×1000
2 π ×1450
Turbine Speed ( ω)=
60
Torque developed by the turbine=P/ω

Power developed by the propeller shaft =T × ω

The net rate of working of the reduction gear

¿(15 – 14.235) MW
¿ 0.7647 MW

11. A fluid, contained in a horizontal cylinder fitted with a frictionless leak proof
piston, is continuously agitated by means of a stirrer passing through the cylinder
cover. The cylinder diameter is 0.40 m. During the stirring process lasting 10
minutes, the piston slowly moves out a distance of 0.485 m against the atmosphere.
The net work done by the fluid during the process is 2 kJ. The speed of the electric
motor driving the stirrer is 840 rpm. Determine the torque in the shaft and the
power output of the motor.

Considering mass of the working substance unity and applying first law of
thermodynamics to the process
Q=( u2 – u1 ) +W
2

The work done W =∫ pdv =0 as dv =0

1

∴ Q=(u 2 – u1)=cv (T 2 – T 1)

where c v =¿ Specific heat at constant volume.

For mass, m, of working substance
Q=U 2 – U 1=mcv (T 2 – T 1)

Considering unit mass of working substance and applying first law of

thermodynamics to the process
Q=( u2 – u1 ) +W
2

The work done W =∫ pdv =p (v 2 – v 1)

1

∴ Q=( u2 – u1 ) + p ( v 2 – v 1 )=( u2+ p v 2 )−( u1 + p v 1 ) =h2−h1

Q=h2−h1 =c p (T 2 – T 1)

whereh=¿ Enthalpy (specific), and

c p=¿ Specific heat at constant pressure.

Considering unit mass of working substance and applying first law to the process
Q=( u2 – u1 ) +W

¿ c v (T 2 – T 1 )+ W
¿ 0+W [∵ T 2=T 1 ]
v2
dV V p
Work done=∫ pdV = p1 V 1∫
v
1
V ( )
V1 ( )
= p1 V 1 ln 2 =p 1 V 1 ln 1
p2
Given pV =C ∴ p 1 V 1= pV =p 2 V 2=C
p1 V 1 p1 V 2 m1
p= , = ,V 1 =
V p2 V 1 ρ1

Reversible Adiabatic Process ¿):

An adiabatic process is one in which no heat is transferred to or from the fluid
during the process. Such a process can be reversible or irreversible. The reversible
adiabatic non-flow process will be considered in this section.
Considering unit mass of working substance and applying first law to the process
Q=( u2 – u1 ) +W

0=( u2 – u1 ) +W

or W =( u1 – u2 )for any adiabatic process

Above is true for an adiabatic process whether the process is reversible or not. In
an adiabatic expansion, the work done W by the fluid is at the expense of a
reduction in the internal energy of the fluid. Similarly, in an adiabatic compression
process all the work done on the fluid goes to increase the internal energy of the
fluid.
For an adiabatic process to take place, perfect thermal insulation for the system
must be available.
To derive the law p v γ =constant :
To obtain a law relating p and v for a reversible adiabatic process let us consider
the nonflow energy equation in differential form,
dQ=du+dW

For a reversible process

dW = pdv
∴ dQ=du+ pdv =0

(Since for an adiabatic process Q = 0)

Also, for a perfect gas
pv=RT ∨p=RT

Hence substituting,
RTdv
du+ =0
v
Also u=c v T ∨du=c v dT
RTdv
∴ c v dT + =0
v
Dividing both sides by T, we get
dT Rdv
cv +
T v
Integrating
c v log e T + R log e v=constant
pv
Substituting T = R
pv
c v log e + R log e v=constant
R
Dividing throughout both sides by c v
pv R
log e + log e v=constant
R cv
R R
Again c v = γ−1 ∨ c =γ−1
v

Hence substituting
pv
log e + ( γ – 1 ) log e v=constant
R
pv
∴ log e +log e v ( γ – 1)=constant
R
 ( γ – 1)
pv
log e × v =constant
R
pvγ
log e =constant
R
p v γ =econstant

p v γ =constant
Expression for work W:
The work done is given by the shaded area, and this area can be evaluated by
integration.
v2

Work done=∫ pdV =¿

v1

Therefore, since p v γ =constant ,C , then

v2
dV p1 v 1− p 2 v2
W =∫ C =
v1 vγ γ−1

Relationship between T ∧v ,∧T ∧ p :

By using equation pv=RT , the relationship between T and v, and T and p, may by
derived as follows:
i. e ., pv=RT

∴ p=RT / v

Putting this value in the equation p v γ =constant

RT
× v γ =constant
v

T v γ −1 =constant
RT
Also v= p ; hence substituting in equation p v γ =constant

RT γ
p ( )p
=constant

T
γ−1
=constant
γ
(p)
Therefore, for a reversible adiabatic process for a perfect gas between states 1 and
2, we can write:
γ
p v
p1 v = p2 v ∨ 2 = 1
γ
1
p1 v 2
γ
2 ( )
γ−1
T v
T v γ−1
1 1 =T 2 v γ −1
2 ( )
∨ 2= 1
T 1 v2
γ −1
T1 T2 T 2 p1

( p1)
γ −1
γ
=
( p2 )
γ −1
γ
∨ = ( )
T 1 p2
γ

Change of volume = A L
π . d2 π .0.4 2 2 2
¿ × L=¿ × 0.485m =0.061m
4 4

As piston moves against constant atmospheric pressure then work done

¿ p ΔV

¿ 101.325 × 0.06 1kJ

¿ 6 . 175 4 kJ

Net work done by the fluid ¿ 2 kJ

∴ Net work done by the Motor ¿ 4.1754 kJ
4.1754 ×10 3
There for power of the motor ¿ W =6.96 W
10 × 60
P 6.96× 60
Torque on the shaft ¿ W = 2 π ×840 =0.0791 mN

Determine the total force, in kN, on the bottom of a 100 ×50 m swimming pool.
The depth of the pool varies linearly along its length from 1 m¿ 4 m. Also, determine
the pressure on the floor at the center of the pool, in kPa. The atmospheric pressure
is 0.98 bar, the density of the water is 998.2 kg /m3 , and the local acceleration of
gravity is 9.8 m/s 2.
Two tanks are connected by a valve. One tank contains 3 kg of an ideal gas at 70 ° C
. The other tank holds 5 kg of the same gas at 30 ° C and 1.5 bar. The valve is
opened and the gases are allowed to mix while receiving energy by heat transfer
from the surroundings. The final equilibrium temperature is 42 ° C
a) Determine the initial pressure (in bar) in Tank 1.
b) Determine the final equilibrium pressure (in bar).
Given: Volume of Tank 1 V =0.5 m3
kg
Molecular weight of the ideal gas M =28 kmol

j
Universal gas constant R=8.314 mol . K

For tank 1 m1=3 kg ,T 1=700 C V 1=0.5 m3

For tank 2 m2=5 kg ,T 2=300 C P2=1.5 ¯¿
Consider a piston-cylinder arrangement as shown below. The water in the cylinder
can be considered as a closed system.
State 1 is given by two properties: Temperature T =1200 C
Quality x 1=0.22
The water undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of three processes:
Process 1 - 2 Constant-specific volume process until a state of saturated vapour is
reached.
Process 2 - 3 Isothermal compression respectively condensation until a state of
saturated liquid is reached
Process 3 -1 Adiabatic expansion
a) Mark the three states and plot the three processes in the p-v diagram below.
b) Determine the properties of each state by using Moran/Shapiro tables and fill in
the table below. Linear interpolation not required. Rough estimates are sufficient.
c) For each process, determine the specific work, in kJ/kg, done either on the
system by the surroundings or by the system on the surroundings.