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Mathematics for Physicist

Adhi Harmoko Saputro

Mathematics for Physicist

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Complex Numbers and Functions

Complex Differentiation
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Complex Numbers
• complex numbers
z= x + iy z = ( x, y )
• imaginary unit
i = ( 0,1)
• x: real part
• y: imaginary part

i 2 = −1

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Addition & Multiplication

• Addition of two complex numbers
z1 + z2 = ( x1 , y1 ) + ( x2 , y2 ) = ( x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 ).
( x1 + iy1 ) + ( x2 + iy2 ) = ( x1 + x2 ) + i ( y1 + y2 )

• Multiplication
( x1 , y1 )( x2 , y2 ) =
z1 z2 = ( x1 x2 − y1 y2 , x1 y2 + x2 y1 )

( x1 + iy1 )( x2 + iy2 ) = x 1 x2 + ix1 y2 + iy1 x2 + i 2 y1 y2

=( x1 x2 − y1 y2 ) + i ( x1 y2 + x2 y1 )

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Subtraction & Division

• Subtraction and division are defined as the inverse operations of addition and
multiplication, respectively
z= z1 − z2
z1= z − z2
z1 − z2 = ( x1 − x2 ) + i ( y1 − y2 )

z1
=z , ( z2 ≠ 0 )
z2
z1 = zz2

x1 + iy1 ( x1 + iy1 )( x2 − iy2 ) x1 x2 + y1 y2 x1 x2 − y1 y2

=z = = + i
x2 + iy2 ( x2 + iy2 )( x2 − iy2 ) x2 2 + y2 2 x2 2 + y2 2

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Commutative, Associative, Distributive Laws

• Complex numbers satisfy the same commutative, associative, and distributive laws
as real numbers

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Complex Plane
• The point z in the complex plane

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Addition and subtraction

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Complex Conjugate Numbers

• The complex conjugate

z= x − iy

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Complex Conjugate Numbers

• to switch from complex to real

1 1
Re z= x= (z + z ) Im z= y= (z − z )
2 2i

( z1 + z2 ) =z1 + z2 ( z1 − z2 ) =z1 − z2

 z1  z1
( z1 z2 ) = z1 z2  =
 z2  z2

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Example

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Example

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Polar Form of Complex Numbers

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Polar Form of Complex Numbers

• The polar coordinates r, θ

x = r cos θ y = r sin θ

• r is called the absolute value or modulus of z and is denoted by |z|

z= x + iy =z r ( cos θ + i sin θ )

z =r = x 2 + y 2 = z z

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Polar Form of Complex Numbers

• |z| is the distance of the point z from the origin
• θ is called the argument of z and is denoted by arg z

θ = arg z

y
tan θ =
x

• θ is the directed angle from the positive x-axis to OP

• all angles are measured in radians and positive in the counterclockwise sense

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Multiplication and Division in Polar Form

• Let =z1 r1 ( cos θ1 + i sin θ1 ) =z2 r2 ( cos θ 2 + i sin θ 2 )

• Multiplication z1 z2 r1r2 cos (θ1 + θ 2 ) + i sin (θ1 + θ 2 ) 

=

• The absolute value of a product equals the product of the absolute values of the
factors
z1 z2 = z1 z2

• The argument of a product equals the sum of the arguments of the factors

arg ( z=
1 z2 ) arg z1 + arg z2

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Multiplication and Division in Polar Form

z1 z1
• Division =
z2 z2

 z1 
• The argument arg =  arg z1 − arg z2
 z2 

z1 r1
• The polar form = cos (θ1 − θ 2 ) + i sin (θ1 − θ 2 ) 
z2 r2

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Example

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Roots
• If z = wn (n = 1,2,3,…) then to each value of w there corresponds one value of z.
• Each of these values is called an nth root of z

w= n z

• De Moivre’s formula
 θ + 2kπ θ + 2kπ 
=n
z n
r  cos + i sin 
 n n 
• where k = 0, 1, ... , n – 1
• n values are called the nth roots of unity

2kπ 2kπ
=1 cos n
+ i sin
n n

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Example

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Derivative. Analytic Function

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Circles and Disks

Unit Circle Circle in the Annulus in the

z =1 complex plane complex plane

ρ
z−a = ρ1 < z − a < ρ 2

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Concepts on Sets in the Complex Plane

• A point set in the complex plane we mean any sort of collection of finitely many or
infinitely many points
• A set S is called open if every point of S has a neighborhood consisting entirely of
points that belong to S
• A set S is called connected if any two of its points can be joined by a chain of
finitely many straight-line segments all of whose points belong to S
• An open and connected set is called a domain
• The complement of a set S in the complex plane is the set of all points of the
complex plane that do not belong to S
• A set S is called closed if its complement is open
• A boundary point of a set S is a point every neighborhood of which contains both
points that belong to S and points that do not belong to S
• A region is a set consisting of a domain plus, perhaps, some or all of its boundary
points
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Complex Function
• A complex function f (z) is equivalent to a pair of real functions u(x,y) and v(x,y)

= ( z ) u ( x, y ) + iv ( x, y )
w f=

• z varies in S and is called a complex variable

• The set S is called the domain of definition of f or, briefly, the domain of f.

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Limit
• A function f (z) is said to have the limit l as z approaches a point z0

lim f ( z ) = l
z → zo

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Continuity
• A function f (z) is said to be continuous at z = zo if f(zo) is defined

lim f ( z ) = f ( zo )
z → zo

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Derivative
• The derivative of a complex function f at a point zo is written f’(zo) and is defined by

f ( zo + ∆z ) − f ( zo )
f ' ( zo ) = lim
∆z → 0 ∆z

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Differentiation Rules
• for any differentiable functions f and g and constant c

( cf ) ' = cf ' (f + g ) ' =f '+ g '

 f  f ' g − fg '
( fg=
)' f ' g + fg '  ' =
g g2

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Analytic Functions
• A function f(z) is said to be analytic in a domain D if f (z) is defined and
differentiable at all points of D.

• The function f (z) is said to be analytic at a point z = zo in D if f (z) is analytic in a

neighborhood of zo.

• Also, by an analytic function we mean a function that is analytic in some domain

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Rational Functions
• The quotient of two polynomials g(z) and h(z)
g (z)
f (z) =
h(z)
• This f(z) is analytic except at the points where h(z) = 0
• The nonnegative integer powers 1, z, z2, … are analytic in the entire complex plane

f ( z ) = co + c1 z + c2 z 2 + ... + cn z n

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Cauchy–Riemann Equations
Laplace’s Equation
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Cauchy–Riemann Equations
• One of the pillars on which complex analysis rests
• A criterion (a test) for the analyticity of a complex function

= ( z ) u ( x, y ) + iv ( x, y )
w f=

• f is analytic in a domain D if and only if the first partial derivatives of u and satisfy
the two Cauchy–Riemann equation

ux = vy u y = −vx

• everywhere in D
∂u ∂u
=ux = uy
∂x ∂y
∂v ∂v
=vx = vy
∂x ∂y
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Cauchy–Riemann Equations
• Let be defined f ( z ) u ( x, y ) + iv ( x, y )
=

• and continuous in some neighborhood of a point z = x + iy and differentiable at

z itself.

• Then, at that point, the first-order partial derivatives of u and v exist and satisfy the
Cauchy–Riemann equations

• Hence, if is analytic in a domain D, those partial derivatives exist and satisfy the
equation at all points of D.

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Cauchy–Riemann Equations
• If two real-valued continuous functions u(x,y) and v(x,y) of two real variables x and
y have continuous first partial derivatives that satisfy the Cauchy–Riemann
equations in some domain D, then the complex function

f ( z ) u ( x, y ) + iv ( x, y )
=

• is analytic in D.

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Polar form

=z r ( cos θ + i sin θ ) f ( z ) u ( r , θ ) + iv ( r , θ )
=

1
ur = vθ
r
1
vr = − uθ
r

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Laplace’s Equation
• Both the real part and the imaginary part of an analytic function satisfy Laplace’s
equation  the most important PDE of physics
• occurs in gravitation, electrostatics, fluid flow, heat conduction, and other
applications

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Laplace’s Equation
f ( z ) u ( x, y ) + iv ( x, y ) is analytic in a domain D, then both u and v satisfy
• If=
∇ 2 u = u xx + u yy = 0

∇ 2 v = vxx + v yy = 0

• in D and have continuous second partial derivatives in D

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Harmonic Functions
• Solutions of Laplace’s equation having continuous second-order partial derivatives
are called harmonic functions and their theory is called potential theory
• The real and imaginary parts of an analytic function are harmonic functions
• If two harmonic functions u and v satisfy the Cauchy–Riemann equations in a
domain D, they are the real and imaginary parts of an analytic function f in D.
• v is said to be a harmonic conjugate function of u in D.

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Example

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Exponential Function
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Exponential Function
• The complex exponential function
ez exp z
• in terms of the real functions
=e z e x ( cos y + i sin y )

• e z = e x for real z = x
• e z is analytic for all z
• The derivative form

(e ) ' =(e
z x
cos y ) + i ( e x sin y ) = e x cos y + ie x sin y = e z
x x

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Entire Function
• The functional relation

e z1 + z2 = e z1 e z2

• Euler formula (z = iy)

eiy cos y + i sin y

=

• The polar form of a complex number

=z r ( cos θ + i sin θ ) z = reiθ

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Example

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Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions

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Euler’s Formula
• Extended the real ex to the complex ez

eix cos x + i sin x

= e − ix cos x − i sin x
=

• Real cosine and sine

1 ix 1 ix − ix
cos
= x
2
( e + e − ix ) sin x
=
2i
( e −e )

• The complex z

1 iz 1 iz
cos
= z
2
( e + e − iz ) sin z
=
2i
( e − e − iz )

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Trigonometric

sin z cos z
tan z = cot z =
cos z sin z

1 1
sec z = csz z =
cos z sin z

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Derivatives

( cos z ) ' = − sin z ( sin z ) ' = cos z ( tan z ) ' = sec2 z

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Euler’s formula
• Euler’s formula is valid in complex
eiz cos z + i sin z
=

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General formulas

cos ( z1 ± z2 ) =
cos z1 cos z2  sin z1 sin z2

sin ( z1=
± z2 ) sin z1 cos z2 ± sin z1 cos z2

cos 2 z + sin 2 z =
1

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Hyperbolic Functions
1 z 1 z
cosh
= z
2
( e + e −z
) sinh
= z
2
( e − e −z
)
sinh z cosh z
tanh z = coth z =
cosh z sinh z

1 1
sech z = cszh z =
cosh z sinh z

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Hyperbolic Functions
• Complex Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions are Related

cosh iz = cos z sinh iz = i sin z

cos iz = cosh z sin iz = i sinh z

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ALogarithm, General Power & Principal

Value
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Natural Logarithm
• The natural logarithm of z= x + iy denoted by

z ln r + i ln θ
ln= ( r =>
z 0, arg z )
θ=

• The principal value of ln z

Ln
= z ln z + i Arg z

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Example

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Terima Kasih
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