Transport Phenomena
Curriculum
1
CEP 501 MASS, MOMENTUM AND ENERGY TRANSPORT
3 Hours/week, 3 Credits
Momentum transport: Viscosity and the mechanism of momentum transport, Shell
momentum balances and velocity distributions in laminar flow, the equations of
change for isothermal systems, Velocity distributions with more than one
independent variable, Interphase transport in isothermal systems, Macroscopic
balances for isothermal flow systems. Energy transport: Thermal conductivity and
the mechanisms of energy transport, Shell energy balances and temperature
distributions in laminar flow, The equations of change for nonisothermal systems,
Temperature distributions with more than one independent variable. Mass
transport: Diffusivity and the mechanisms of mass transport, Concentration
distributions in solids and laminar flow, The equations of change for multicomponent
systems, Concentration distributions with more than one independent variable,
Interphase transport in nonisothermal mixtures, Macroscopic balances for
Multicomponent systems
References:
R. Byron Bird, Warren E. Stewart, Edwin N. Lightfoot, Transport Phenomena, 2nd Edition.
Publisher: Wiley.
Interphase Transport in Isothermal Systems
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L11: Engineering flow problems
Two broad categories:
Flow in channels
Examples:
i) pumping of oil through pipes,
ii) flow of water in open/closed channels, and
iii) extrusion of plastics through dies
.
Flow around submerged objects
Examples:
i) motion of air around an airplane wing (Mech. Engg or Aeronautical Engg)
ii) motion of fluid around particles undergoing sedimentation (Chem/Environ.
Engg) and
iii) flow across tube banks in heat exchangers (Chem/Mech Engg.)
M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena
Interphase Transport in Isothermal Systems
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L11: Engineering flow problems
Main object:
In channel flow: relationship between the volume rate of flow and the
pressure drop and/or elevation change
In flow around submerged objects: relation between the velocity of the
approaching fluid and the drag force on the object
If the velocity and pressure distributions in the system are known, then the
desired relationships for these two cases may be obtained.
For many systems the velocity and pressure profiles cannot be easily
calculated, particularly if the flow is turbulent, flow through a packed
column, or the geometry is complicated, for example: the flow in a tube in
the shape of a helical coil.
For such systems we can take carefully chosen experimental data and then
construct "correlations" of dimensionless variables that can be used to
estimate the flow behavior in geometrically similar systems.
M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena
Interphase Transport in Isothermal Systems
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L11: Engineering flow problems
Definition of Friction Factors
Assumption: steadily driven flow of a fluid of constant density
Two systems:
(a) the fluid flows in a straight conduit of uniform cross section;
(b) the fluid flows around a submerged object
There will be a force Ffs, exerted by the fluid on the solid surfaces. It is
convenient to split this force into two parts: Fs the force that would be exerted
by the fluid even if it were stationary; and Fk, the additional force associated
with the motion of the fluid.
And Friction Factors is defined in term of this force, Fk
In systems of type (a), Fk points in the same direction as the average
velocity <v> in the conduit, and in systems of type (b), Fk points in the same
direction as the approach velocity v.
M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena
Interphase Transport in Isothermal Systems
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L11: Engineering flow problems
Definition:
Fk =AKf
f is called the friction factor, A is the characteristic area A (m2) and K is the
characteristic kinetic energy K per unit volume (J/m3). This is not a law of fluid
dynamics, but only a definition for f.
This is a useful definition, because the dimensionless quantity f can be given as a
relatively simple function of the Reynolds number and the system shape. Clearly,
for any given flow system, f is not defined until A and K are specified.
For flow in conduits:
A = wetted surface, and
Specifically, for circular tubes of radius R and length L we define f by
M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena
Interphase Transport in Isothermal Systems
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L11: Engineering flow problems
For flow in conduits: Generally, the quantity measured is not Fk, rather
the pressure difference po - pL and the elevation difference ho - hL. A force
balance on the fluid between 0 and L in the direction of flow gives for fully
developed flow:
From definition of friction coefficient:
Elimination of Fk between the last two equations then gives
The quantity f is sometimes called the Fanning friction factor
M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena
Interphase Transport in Isothermal Systems
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L11: Engineering flow problems
For flow around submerged objects
A = the area obtained by projecting the solid onto a plane perpendicular to the
velocity of the approaching fluid,
and where v is the approach velocity of the fluid at a large
distance from the object
For example, for flow around a sphere of radius R, the friction coefficient f is
described by the equation
If it is not possible to measure Fk then we can measure the terminal velocity of the
sphere when it falls through the fluid (in that case, v has to be interpreted as the
terminal velocity of the sphere). What logic works here?.
For the steady-state fall of a sphere in a fluid
M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena
Interphase Transport in Isothermal Systems
L11: Engineering flow problems
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Friction Coefficient
M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena
Interphase Transport in Isothermal Systems
L11: Engineering flow problems
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For non-circular tube, mean hydraulic radius is defined as
in which S is the cross section of the conduit and Z is the wetted perimeter. Then
EXAMPLE 6.2-1
Pressure-drop required for a Given Flow Rate
What pressure gradient is required to cause diethylaniline to flow in a horizontal,
smooth, circular tube of inside diameter D = 3 cm at a mass rate of 1028 g/s at
20°C? At this temperature the density of diethylaniline is = 0.935 g/cm3 and its
viscosity is = 1.95 cp. What is the theoretical pressure-drop without friction?
For this Reynolds number the friction factor f = 0.0063 for smooth tubes.
Hence the pressure gradient required to maintain the flow is
M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena
Interphase Transport in Isothermal Systems
L11: Engineering flow problems
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EXAMPLE 6.2-2: Flow Rate for a Given Pressure Drop
Determine the flow rate, in pounds per hour, of water at 68 F through a 1000-ft
length of horizontal 8-in. schedule 40 steel pipe (internal diameter 7.981 in.) under a
pressure difference of 3.00 psi. For such a pipe use Fig. 6.2-2 and assume that k/D
= 2.3 X10-4
Hints: We have to calculate: flow rate or average velocity, <v>
To apply the formula
we have to know the friction coefficient f, which is available in Fig. 6.2-2 as a
function of Reynolds number.
For calculating Reynolds number, we have to know the average velocity! How
would you come out of the vicious circle?
M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena
Interphase Transport in Isothermal Systems
L11: Engineering flow problems
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Friction factors for packed columns
The friction factor for the packed column is defined as follows:
in which L is the length of the packed column, Dp is the effective particle diameter
(defined presently), and v0 is the superficial velocity; this is the volume flow rate
divided by the empty column cross section, v0 = w/pS.
The pressure drop through a representative tube in the tube bundle model is given
by
Remember?
in which the friction factor for a single tube, ftube, is a function of the Reynolds
number Reh = 4Rh<v>/.
and vo = <v>/
M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena
Interphase Transport in Isothermal Systems
L11: Engineering flow problems
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Friction factors for packed columns
The hydraulic radius can be expressed in terms of the void fraction and the wetted
surface a per unit volume of bed as follows:
The quantity a is related to the "specific surface" av, (total particle surface per
volume of particles) by
M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena
Interphase Transport in Isothermal Systems
L11: Engineering flow problems
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Friction factors for packed columns
…..( Eq. 6.4-1) …..( Eq. 6.4-7)
For laminar flow in tubes:
ftube = 16/Reh. This is exact for circular tubes only.
To account for the non-cylindrical surfaces and tortuous fluid paths
encountered in typical packed-column operations, it has been found that
replacing 16 by 100/3 allows the tube bundle model to describe the
packed-column data. When this modified expression for the tube friction
factor is used, Eq. 6.4-7 becomes
When this expression for f is substituted into Eq. 6.4-1 we get
Blake-Kozeny Equation
M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena
Interphase Transport in Isothermal Systems
L11: Engineering flow problems
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Friction factors for packed columns
…..( Eq. 6.4-1) …..( Eq. 6.4-7)
For highly turbulent flow:
for highly turbulent flow in tubes with any appreciable roughness, the friction factor
is a function of the roughness only, and is independent of the Reynolds number. If
we assume that the tubes in all packed columns have similar roughness
characteristics, then the value of ftube may be taken to be the same constant for all
systems. Taking ftube = 7/12 proves to be an acceptable choice. When this is
inserted into Eq. 6.4-7, we get
When this is substituted into Eq. 6.4-1, we get
which is the Burke-Plummer equation
M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena
Interphase Transport in Isothermal Systems
L11: Engineering flow problems
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Friction factors for packed columns
…..( Eq. 6.4-1) …..( Eq. 6.4-7)
For the transition region
we may superpose the pressure drop expressions for Blake-Kozeny
Equation and Burke-Plummer equation to get
For very small vo, this simplifies to the Blake-Kozeny equation, and for very
large vo, to the Burke-Plummer equation. Such empirical superpositions of
asymptotes often lead to satisfactory results. Equation 6.4-12 may be
rearranged to form dimensionless groups:
This is the Ergun equation:
M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena
Mass, Momentum and Energy
Transport
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THANKS FOR ATTENDING THE
LECTURE 9 !
DATE: SEPTEMBER 29, 2020
ENVIRONMENT: ZOOM
PROFESSOR DR. MD AKHTARUL ISLAM
DEPT. OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND
POLYMER SCIENCE
