GEWORLD - the direction where an international political actor’s plan or

choices are leaning towards which has a highly specified agenda

Global Society - The decisions governing authorities make to realize international
- chaotic, dynamic, ever changing, uncertain goals
- as social beings we inculcate values and reflect on our own social
identities influenced by people/environment around us International Relations - relationships that exist between parts or
- reproductions of factors that shaped how we view things among groups of global actors

Importance of Contemporary International Politics - the study of how global actors’ activities
- inherent differences among actors, groups, etc entail the exercise of influence to achieve and defend their goals and
- different contexts ideals, and how it affects the world at large
- abstraction of the truth/event and interpretation of his/her story
Nation - a collective of people that share a commonality under the
Scholars guises of ethnicity, culture and language and here they identify
– investigate patterns of behavior themselves as part of the group that constitutes their identity
- recognize relative ____
Nation-state - “convergence of states and the identification of
Actors - an individual, group, state, or organization that plays a people with them
major role in politics whereas the most basic unit of World Politics is Politics - the study of who gets what, when, how and why” (Harold
the individual Laswell)

Non-state actors State

- intergovernmental orgs altered how people view IR - the modern conception of the state= Peace of Westphilia (1648)->
- groups that go beyond the identity of a state time when the world chose to subvert papal rule by recognizing the
Pushes particular agenda in intl affairs territorial integrity of each power with the absence of a superior
entity to govern them that has also created the idea of “state
intergovernmental orgs – united nations sovereignty”
international non-governmental orgs - corporations

Foreign Policy LEVELS OF ANALYSIS

  Individual Level - psychological and perceptual variables in - actors are essentially utility maximizers that are dead set in
motivating people such those who are making foreign policy attainting relative goals in a zero-sum game environment (you win
choices someone loses and vice versa)
 State level - how the internal attributes of states influence - Expanding the military as the most basic denomination for
their foreign policy behavior national security and as integral factors on their affairs
 Global level - To achieve = self help
- impact of worldwide conditions on foreign policy behavior
and human welfare Liberalism
- help funding, efforts to address problems
- anarchy exists in international affairs
Micro level - looks at the individual actors in the global environment
- People are rational actors and inherently good
to be later used as an analytical base for the understanding of world - Not only the state is a major player in international affairs but also
politics as a whole institutions and orgs
Macro level - looks into the bigger picture of global intersection - Favors and sees the value of cooperation for mutual benefits rather
which takes the birds-eye view on how these shifts affect the totality than the war, conflict or intimidation in realizing their goals
of international relations
Constructivism
- the international system emanates from the actors themselves
down to the individuals who ascribe to the system
- Believes everything in intl affairs are motivated by the factors that
are made arbitrarily by someone, somewhere
- Norms and values are constructed and are not infallible belief
structures that will exist forever
Realism, Liberalism, Constructivism
- Even “anarchy in IR” is a concept that is created by the actors
themselves
Theories - statements that propose a casual description of a
phenomena - Impermanent
Realism
Postmodernism
- assumes anarchy exists in intl affairs
- the state is the central transnational actors - questions what has been established
- Deconstruct the truths into another idea or another concept - Civilian and military death= 15M
- Tanks, machine guns, airplanes for military use, poision gas and
Neo-liberalism chemical weapons
- cooperation as an economic power play between actors and
institutions in parallel with state to state interaction in both levels Central powers:
of govt and non-govt realms specially with the public and private - Austria Hungarian – Germany Bulgaria Ottoman
dynamic Allied powers:
- British, France, Russian, Italy, USA
Neo-realism Causes:
- the perspective that the intl structure is a regulative body that
- Growing power of Germany
influences the behavior and the goals of actors such as states
- System of alliances designed to protect great powers
Modernization/Westernization - Industrialization = social changes
- age of discovery and exploration - Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman and Austro Hungarian empire
- peace of Wesphalia (peace treaties signed between May and - Race of colonies
October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and - Cult of offensive
Münster, largely ending the European wars of religion) Consequences:
- Renaissance and the Enlightenment - Germany Ottoman and Austro Hungarian divided into smaller
states
Age of Imperialism - USA remains an isolationist
- Scramble for colonies - Ion created and failed
- Industrialization - Versailles treaty (demilitarization of Germany, responsible for
- Initial stages of globalization (economic, social, cultural) reparation)
- Great Depression (economic downturn in the history of the
THE (SHORT) 20TH CENTURY industrialized world)
- Intense competition among different states = progress/decline of - Rise of Hitler
great powers= instability in the system
WORLD WAR II
WORLD WAR I - Civilian and military death= 40-60M
- Atomic bombs, jet engine, radar Security council – United Nations' most powerful body, with
"primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace
Axis powers: and security
Germany, Japan, Italy (changed sides in ‘41
Veto power - the power or right vested in one branch of a
Allied powers: government to cancel or postpone the decisions, enactments, etc.
USA, France, Britain, USSR Permanent 5 - members of the UN

Causes: Security dilemma

- German, Italian, Japanese expansionism - The dilemma that arises from a build-up of military capacity for
- Emergence of extremist ideologies in Nazism and Fascism defensive reasons for defensive reasons by one state is always
liable to be interpreted as aggressive by other states
- Economic resurgence of Germany and Japan
Hegemonic Stability theory
- Harsh terms of Versailles Treaty
- Stability of the international system requires single dominant state
- Ineffective enforcement -> articulate and enforce the rules of interaction among the most
important members of the system
Consequences:
- Superpower rivalry between USA & USSR leading to Western vs COLD WAR (1945-1948)
Eastern blocs  Truman doctrine
- Propagation of Democracy and Decolonization - American foreign policy whose stated purpose was to
- LeN replaced by UN counter Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold
War
Terms of Peace: - Stop authoritarian government
- Guarantees against racial and religious discrimination
- Each nation had its share of reparation payment  Marshall Plan (Economic Recovery Act of 1948)
- Limit on the size of military power - proposed that the United States provide economic
assistance to restore the economic infrastructure of postwar
- Division of Germany
Europe

 Containment
- US policy using numerous strategies to prevent the spread of  Perestroika
communism abroad  Glasnost
- a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge its
communist sphere of influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, NEW WORLD ORDER (1991)
and Vietnam.  New World Order
- Stop communist  End of history
 Neo imperialism
Causes:  Clash of civilizations
- Traditional  War on terror
- Revisionist  Prominence
- Post-revisionist

CONFRONTATION (1949-1962)
 Soviet Acquisition of NT beginning of Arms Race
 NATO and Warsaw Pact Alliance formation
 Chinese Communist Revolution
 Korean War
 Cuban Missile Crisis

CO-EXISTENCE TO DENTENTE (1963-1978

 Recognition of MAD
 SALT treaties
 Breshnev Doctrine
 Vietnam War

RAPPROCHEMENT (1979-1991)
 Afghan war
 Carter Doctrine
 Reagan Doctrine
 - division based only loosely on geography
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL - terms increasingly replace 1st world, Soviet bloc, and 3rd world
- Coordinates economic social and related work of 14 UN - which have lost favor since the fall of communism
specialized agencies and functional commissions
 South – great diversity in size,
Genocide
 form of govt and level of economic development but
Ethnic Cleansing – target miortiy, preserve terriory
generally former global north colonies
 While democracy has been spreadin
War crimes – not limited to killing, anything that happens during
war
A global north-south comparison
Crimes of aggression – after UN charter, involves military forces
Crimes against humanity – happen at times of peace, scale
Discrepancy
(PHONE)

GLOBAL SOUTH VS GLOBAL NORTH IN HE 21ST

CENTURY

PROBLEM OF FAILED STATES

(TO SEND)

GLOBAL NORTH VS GLOBAL SOUTH