Every scientific discipline tends to develop its own special language because it finds

ordinary words inadequate, and psychology is no different. The purpose of this special
jargon is not to mystify non-psychologists; rather, it allows psychologists to accurately
describe the phenomena they are discussing and to communicate with each other
effectively. Of course, psychological terminology consists in part of everyday words such
as emotion, intelligence, and motivation, but psychologists use these words somewhat
differently. For example, laymen use the term anxiety to mean nervousness or fear, but
most psychologists reserve the term to describe a condition produced when one fears
events over which one has no control.
2. The main topic of this passage is
___ (A) effective communication
__ (B) the special language of psychology
___ (C) two definitions of the word anxiety
___ (D) the jargon of science
Gifford Pinchot was the first professionally trained forester in the United States. After he
graduated from Yale in 1889, he studied forestry in Europe. In the 1890's he managed the
forest on the Biltmore estate in North Carolina (now Pisgah National Forest) and became
the first to practice scientific forestry. Perhaps his most important contribution to
conservation was persuading President Theodore Roosevelt to set aside millions of acres
in the West as forest reserves. These lands now make up much of the national parks and
national forests of the United States. Pinchot became the Chief Forester of the U.S. Forest
Service in 1905. Although he held that post for only five years, he established guidelines
that set forest policy for decades to come.
3. The passage primarily deals with
___ (A) Gifford Pinchot's work on the Biltmore Estate
___ (B) the practice and theory of scientific forestry
___ (C) the origin of national parks and national forests in the United States
___ (D) the contributions Gifford Pinchot made to American forestry
Off-Broadway theater developed in New York City in about 1950 as a result of
dissatisfaction with conditions on Broadway. Its founders believed that Broadway was
overly concerned with producing safe, commercially successful hit plays rather than drama
with artistic quality. Off-Broadway producers tried to assist playwrights, directors, and
performers who could not find work on Broadway. Off-Broadway theaters were poorly
equipped, had limited seating, and provided few conveniences for audiences. But the
originality of the scripts, the creativity of the performers, and the low cost of tickets made
up for these disadvantages, and off-Broadway theater prospered. However, by the 1960's,
costs began to rise and by the 1970's, off-Broadway theater was encountering many of the
difficulties of Broadway and had lost much of its vitality. With its decline, a experimental
movement called off-off-Broadway theater developed.
4. What is the main idea of this passage?
___ (A) After initial success, off-Broadway theater began to decline.
___ (B) Off-Broadway theaters produced many hit commercial plays.
___ (C) Theaters on Broadway were not well equipped.
___ (D) Off-Broadway plays were highly creative.
5. The paragraph that follows this passage most likely deals with
___ (A) the help off-Broadway producers provided directors, playwrights, and performers
___ (B) methods off-Broadway theaters used to cope with rising prices
___ (C) the development of off-off-Broadway theater
___ (D) the decline of Broadway theater
At the time of the ftrst European contact, there were from 500 to 700 languages spoken by
North American Indians. These were divided into some 60 language families, with no
demonstrable genetic relationship among them. Some of these families spread across
several of the seven cultural areas. The Algonquin family, for instance, contained dozens
of languages and occupied a vast territory. Speakers of Algonquin languages included the
Algonquins of the Eastern Woodland, the Blackfoots of the Plains, and the Wiyots and
Yuroks of California. Other language families, like the Zuni family of the Southwest,
occupied only a few square miles of area and contained only a single tribal language.
6. What is the main idea of this passage?
___ (A) Each of the cultural areas was dominated by one of the language families.
___ (B) The Zuni language is closely related to the Algonquin language.
___ (C) There is considerable diversity in the size and the number of languages in
language
families of the North American Indians.
___ (D) Contact with Europeans had an extraordinary effect on the languages of the Indian
tribes of North America.
Other major changes in journalism occurred around this time. In 1846, Richard Hoe
invented the steam cylinder rotary press, making it possible to print newspapers faster and
cheaper. The development of the telegraph made possible much speedier collection and
distribution of news. Also in 1846, the frrst wire service was organized. A new type of
newspaper appeared around this time, one that was more attuned to the spirit and needs
of the new America. Although newspapers continued to cover polities, they came to report
more human interest stories and to record the most recent news, which they could not
have done before the telegraph. New York papers and those of other northern cities
maintained corps of correspondents to go into all parts of the country to cover newsworthy
events.
7. The main purpose of the passage is to
___ (A) present a brief history of American journalism
___ (B) outline certain developments in mid-19th-century journalism
___ (C) explain the importance of the steam cylinder rotary press
___ (D) present some biographical information about Richard Hoe
8. What is the most probable topic of the paragraph preceding this one?
___ (A) Other types of rotary presses
___ (B) Alternatives to using wire services
___ (C) Newspapers that concentrated on politics
___ CD) Other developments in journalism
9. The tone of the passage could best be described as
__ (A) objective
___ (B) optimistic
__ (C) angry
___ (D) humorous
In the western third of North America, the conv<iluted folds of the Earth's surface and its
fractured geologic structure tend to absorb the seismic energy of an earthquake. Even if
an earthquake measuring 8.5 on the Richter scale struck Los Angeles, its force would fade
by the time it reached San Francisco, some 400 miles away. But in the eastern two thirds
of the continent the same energy travels more easily. The earthquake that struck New
Madrid, Missouri, in 1811, estimated at 8 on the Richter scale, shook Washington, D.C.,
about 800 miles away, and was felt as far as Boston and Toronto.
10. Which of the following best expresses the main idea of this passage?
___ (A) If a major earthquake strikes Los Angeles, it will probably damage San Francisco
as well.
___ (B) The New Madrid earthquake of 1811 was felt in Boston and Toronto.
___ (C) The geology of the western United States is much more complex than that of the
East.
___ (D) Earthquakes travel farther in the East than in the West.
There has never been an adult scientist who has been half as curious as any child
between the ages of four months and four years. Adults sometimes mistake this superb
curiosity about everything as a lack of ability to concentrate. The truth is that children begin
to learn at birth, and by the time they begin formal schooling at the age of five or six, they
have already absorbed a fantastic amount of information, perhaps more, fact for fact, than
they will learn for the rest of their lives. Adults can multiply by many times the knowledge
children absorb if they appreciate this curiosity while Simultaneously encouraging the
children to learn.
11. With which of the following statements would the author probably agree?
___ (A) Children lack the ability to concentrate.
___ (B) Young children have a much greater curiosity than adult scientists do.
___ (C) The first few years of school are the most important ones for most children.
___ (D) Adults can use children's intense curiosity to help children learn more.
12. The paragraph following this one most likely deals with
___ (A) ways in which adults can help children learn by stimulating their curiosity
___ (B) the learning habits of children over the age of four
___ (C) the methods adult scientists use to study the curiosity of young children
___ (D) ways in which adults can become as curious as children about their environments
Settlement houses were institutions established to improve living conditions in poor city
neighborhoods in the late 1800's and early 1900's. They offered health, educational,
recreational, and cultural activities. The first to open in the United States was University
Settlement in New York City. It was established by the social reformer Stanton Coit in
1886. The most famous example was Hull House, established by the well-known reformer
Jane Addams in Chicago in 1890. Settlement houses were usually staffed by idealistic
young college graduates who were eager to improve the condition of the poor.
13. The passage mainly discusses
___ (A) U.S. cities in the late nineteenth century
___ (B) the idealism of college graduates
___ (C) settlement houses in the late 1800's and early 1900's
___ (D) the life of several American social reformers
The dancer Isadora Duncan was a daring, dynamic innovator in dance. While she was not
very successful in teaching her highly personal style of dance to others, she taught a
generation of dancers to trust their own forms of expression. She rebelled against the rigid,
formal style of classical ballet. Inspired by the art of Greece, she usually danced barefoot
in a loose, flowing Greek tunic. She found further inspiration in nature and used dance
movements to mirror the waves of the sea and passing clouds. Isadora Duncan was born
in San Francisco in 1878. She gave her first performance in 1899. Early failures gave way
to triumphant performances in Budapest, Berlin, London, and [mally, in 1908, back in the
United States. She lived in Europe most of her life, establishing dancing schools for
children there. She died in 1927 near Nice, France, in a freak accident, her long scarf
being caught in the wheel of an open sports car in which she was riding.
14. The author's attitude toward Isadora Duncan could best be described as one of
___ (A) displeasure
___ (B) admiration
___ (C) compassion
___ (D) amazement
15. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
___ (A) The author first discusses Isadora Duncan's style of dance and then her life
history.
___ (B) The first paragraph deals with Isadora Duncan's role as a teacher, the second her
role as a performer.
___ (C) The author first discusses Isadora Duncan's shortcomings and then her positive
points.
___ (D) First there is an analysis of Isadora Duncan's influences and then of her lasting
contributions to dance.
Through the centuries, the dream of medieval alchemists was to discover how to turn lead
and other "base" metals into gold. Some were fakes, but many were learned men with
philosophical goals. Their quest was based on the ancient idea that all matter consists of
different proportions of just four substances-earth, water, fire, and air. They believed that it
was possible to adjust the proportions of the elements that made up lead by chemical
means so that it turned into gold, a process called transmutation. Their experiments were
concerned with finding the substance-which they called the philosopher's stone-that, when
added to lead, would cause this astonishing change to take place. Alchemists also
searched for the elixir of life, a substance that could cure diseases and prolong life. They
failed on both counts. However, their techniques for preparing and studying chemicals
helped lay the foundation for the modern science of chemistry.
16. Which of the following statements best summarizes the author's attitude toward
medieval alchemists?
___ (A) Although they were all fakes, they made important contributions to science.
___ (B) Their discovery of the philosopher's stone was more important than the
achievements of modern chemists.
___ (C) Although their theories were sound, they lacked the equipment needed to
accomplish their goals.
___ (D) They were unable to realize their goals, but they helped prepare the way for
modern
chemistry.