70 IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 13, No.

1, March 1998

E TION UNIT SIZING AND COST ANALYSIS FOR STAND-ALONE

IND, PHOTOVOLTAIC, AND HYBRID WINDPV SYSTEMS
W.D. Kellogg", M.H. Nehrir, G. Venkataramanan, and V. Gerez
Department of Electrical Engineering
Montana State University
Bozeman, Montana 59717

Abstract: This paper presents the results of investigations on This paper discusses the development of a simple iterative
the application of wind, photovoltaic (PV), and hybrid wind/PV technique for the design of a hybrid windPV generating system,
power generating systems for utilization as stand- alone systems. which is based on energy balance. The algorithm is then used for
A simple numerical algorithm has been developed for generation the design of a generating system for a small ranch home
unit sizing. It has been used to determine the optimum generation assumed to be located in a remote area in south-central Montana
capacity and storage needed for a stand-alone, wind, PV, and between Broadview and Townsend. In this area an anemometer
hybrid windPV system for an experimental site in a remote area and a pyranometer have been installed on the 500 KV
in Montana with a typical residential load. Generation and transmission line crossing Montana for the purpose of obtaining
storage units for each system are properly sized in order to meet wind speed and insolation data, A data acquisition system is
the annual load and minimize the total annual cost to the used to record the information every 30 seconds. The data are
customer. In addition, an economic analysis has been performed then averaged over 15 minute intervals.
for the above three scenarios and is used to justify the use of
renewable energy versus constructing a line extension from the The annual average hourly load profile of a typical residential
nearest existing power line to supply the load with conventional home in the northwestern United States has been used [12].
power. Annual average hourly values for load, wind speed, and Based on the available hourly average data on wind speed,
insolation have been used. insolation, and the power demand, the generation capacity is
determined to best match the power demand by minimizing the
I. INTRODUCTION difference between generation and load (LIP) over a 24-hour
period. The capacity of the storage needed to make the system
Global environmental concerns and the ever increasing need for operate independently as a stand-alone system is determined
energy, coupled with a steady progress in renewable energy from the hourly information obtained from dp. However,
technologies are opening up ncw opportunities for utilization of because annual average hourly wind and insolation data are used,
renewable energy resources. In particular, advances in wind and periods of time (days) with no wind andlor solar generation,
PV generation technologies have increased their use in wind- which do occur in real-life situations, do not show up in this
alone, PV-alone, and hybrid wind/PV configurations. Moreover, study. To account for these situations, a backup diesel generator
the economic aspects of these renewable energy technologies are is also used as a part of the system to respond to the emergency
sufficiently promising at present to include the development of cases where windholar generation and stored energy are not
their market [l-31. Several design scenarios have been proposed sufficient to supply the load.
to design Integrated Renewable Energy Systems, [4-10, 151
where a combination of wind, solar, and in some cases other A cost comparison is given for the hybrid windPV system as
renewable resources have been used. well as for wind-alone and solar-alone configurations. In this
comparison, an economic analysis is performed for realizing the
* Presently with Advanced Silicon Materials, Inc., Moses Lake, WA advantage of the stand-alone system versus constructing a line
extension from the nearest existing distribution line for supplying
PE-247-EC-0-05-1997 A paper recommended and approved by the
the load with conventional power. Such analysis can be found
lEEE Energy Development and Power Generation Committee of the helpful to &e individuals considering installing windPV
IEEE Power Engineering Society $or publication in the IEEE generation on their property.
Transactions en Energy Cenversian. Manuscript submitted March 28,
2997; made available for printing May 15, t997. It should be noted that when comparing the energy supplied by
a stand-alone system with that supplied by a utility grid
extension, in addition to a cost comparison, the "quality of
energy supply" from the two sources should also be studied.
Such a study should include issues such as power quality,
reliability, protection, and ability for electric motor starting. A
study of these issues is beyond the scope of this paper.

0885-8969/98/$10.00 0 1997 IEEE

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 71
11. HYBRID SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

A block diagram of the proposed integrated windlPV generating

system is shown in Fig. 1. This configuration can be used for the
study of stand-alone systems as well as network-connected
systems. For the network-connected configuration, the backup
generator is not needed, and for the stand-alone system, the
switch connecting the AC bus to the generating unit is off. In this
case, If the demand is greater than the sum of generation and
storage, then power must be supplied by the backup generator.
Furthermore, if the total generated power is greater than the
demand, and the storage is full, then the excess generation is
dumped to an external voltage-controlled resistive load. The
purpose of incorporating a dumped load into the system is to
preserve the stability of the system frequency and voltage. If the I I I
excess energy cannot be dissipated usefully, then it must be
disposed as heat by a controlled resistor [ 161. The Peak Power
Trackers will keep the wind and PV generators operating at their
maximum power operating points. Fig. 1. Integrated windRV generating system

ID. SIZING OF WINDPV GENERATION

In this section, an iterative algorithm is described for determining
the wind generator capacity and the number of PV panels needed
for the stand-alone system of Fig. 1. The algorithm uses the
hourly average wind, insolation, and power demand to determine
the wind/PV generation capacities required to meet the demand
while minimizing an objective function which will be the total where P , and P, are the power generated by a specified wind
annual cost to the customer (Fc). Fc is the sum of the annual turbine and a single PV panel, respectively. K, and K,represent
cost of the capital (Cc)over the life of the generating system and the number of wind turbines and PV panels used, n is the
its annual maintenance cost (Cm). sampling time (hour of day), and AT is the time between the
samples (in this case one hour).
Fc=Cc+Cm (1)
In order for generation and load to balance over a given period
of time, the curve of dP versus time must have an average of
These costs can be broken up into the annual costs of the wind zero over the same time period. Note that positive values of d p
turbine, PV array, storage, and backup generation, as follows: indicate the availability of generation and negative d p indicates
generation deficiency. An equation of energy versus time (dw)
can be obtained by integrating AP.
cc= ccpv+CCw,nd CCytore+
+ cc,c,p (2)
AW= [APdt = Wgen- Wdem (7)
c m = cmpv+cmwin, + qrore+
Cmbahp (3)
The energy curve of equation (7) can be used to find the required
storage capacity for the windlPV system. On an average day, the
The objective function Fc is also constrained to minimize the battery is required to cycle between the positive and negative
magnitude of the difference between the generated power (P,,,) peaks of the energy curve. Therefore, the battery should at least
and the demand (P,,,) over a given period of time. have a capacity equal to the difference between the positive and
negative peaks of the energy curve (see Fig. 7). For this type of
- Pdem
A P = pgcn (4) application, batteries designed specifically for cycling should be
used. These batteries have a life time of about 1500 cycles, and
in order to obtain this life time, they should not be cycled through
The total generated and demanded energy (Wxtn,Wdt,,,)over a 24- more than 80% of their rated capacity [ 171. Hence, the number
hour period can be written in terms of the generated wind and of batteries required for the needed storage capacity can be found
solar power and the power demand as follows: as follows:

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 72

A pyranometer was also installed at the site in 1995 to record

s -'I
Required Sioruge Cupuciry=Mux APdt Min APdi (8)
insolation data. An hourly average curve of insolation (over one
year) obtained from the measured data is shown in Fig. 4. This
N u d e r c,fbatreries;L required ''Pacity curve compares well with an average curve obtained from the
(9)
(O.S)(raredcupacity of each buttery) data available for a site 20 miles away from the site under study
for the years 1977-1982 [ll].

The iterative procedure adopted for selecting the wind turbine The rating and capital cost of the system components chosen for
size and the number of PV panels needed for a stand-alone this study have been taken from [ 141 and are shown in Table 1.
system to meet a specific load is as follows: In addition, a 3.2 KW backup generator has been considered for
1. Select commercially available unit sizes for wind turbine, PV use during periods of time when there is not sufficient wind or
panel, and storage battery. solar generation and the storage batteries are low. An estimated
2. Since the rating for the wind turbine far exceeds that of a cost of $2000 has been used for the backup generator.
single PV panel, keep the number of turbines (Kw)constant Furthermore, a maintenance cost of 2 cents per kwh has been
and increase the number of PV panels (Ks)until the system used for the wind turbine and 0.5 cents per kwh for the PV array.
is balanced, i.e. the curve of AP versus time for the system 3, I
has an average of zero over a given period of time.
3. Repeat step 2 for different number of wind turbines, i.e.
K-0, 1,2,3,... as needed.
4. Calculate the total system annual cost for each combination
of Kw and K, that satisfies the requirements in step 2.
5. Choose the combination with the lowest cost.

N. EXAMPLE 1i:
1 2
, ' . : : : '
5 7
, : : ' ' :

9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
: I : ,'

HOUR OF DAY
The iterative optimization procedure discussed above has been Fig. 2 Hourly average demand of a typical residence [ 121.
used for component sizing for a stand-alone hybrid (windIPV) 7 , 1
system to supply the electrical power needs of a house on a ranch
assumed to be located at a sight in a remote area in South-Central
Montana. The annual average hourly load profile for the house
is shown in Fig. 2. This data, taken from [12], is a good
representation of the electrical demand of a typical residential
home in the Pacific Northwest. Note that the curve of Fig. 2 ,
being an average hourly demand curve, is shown as a continuous
plot. Therefore, the wind, insolation and energy curves are also
shown as continuous plots. If the hourly demand data is assumed 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
to be discontinuous (constant during each hour), then all of the HOUR OF DAY

curves will be stair case plots. Fig. 3. Hourly average wind profile.

Fig. 3, shows the hourly average wind speed data over two years 90.6 1 I
recorded by a data acquisition system installed in 1993 at the site $
y o 4
where the house is assumed to be located. These data were taken 2
at a height of four meters. However, the wind turbine hub height 0
$02
was assumed to be 30 meters, thus, the wind data was corrected -I

using the power law expression below [13]. Sz o I

0 6 12 18 24
HOUR OF DAY
Fig. 4 Hourly average insolation.

Table 1. System component ratings and costs

where, H,,, H = 4, 30 meters and 8 , S = wind speed at 4, 30 I
I Component Ratmg Price($)
I
I BOS cost*
I
I
meters, respectively.
Wind Turbine 10 kW 20,000 25% of price
The exponent ct is a measure of surface fnction and was taken as
Solar Panel 53 w 350 50% of price
0.13, as suggested in [13], and was confirmed through
experimental measurements. Deep Cycle Banery 0.21 kWh 170 0

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 73

Fig. 5 shows graphically the iterative procedure for sizing the 1. Obtain the curves of AP=P,,,- Pd,, versus time for the three
components of a stand-alone hybrid generating system for the system configurations under study as shown in Fig. 6 .
house under study on the example site. The number of PV panels
(53-W panels) was increased from zero, and in each. iferation the
Y
2. Obtain the energy curves AW = LIP dt versus time for the
three configurations, as shown in Fig. 7. Note from these
difference between the hourly average generation and demand curves that for the solar-alone and the hybrid system, the
(AP=P,,,- Pdrm)was calculated over a 24-hour period. The energy is balanced over 24 hours, meaning generation
number of PV panels (Ks) required to meet the demand is at a matches the demand. However, for the wind-alone
point where the average of LIP over the period under study is configuration (with Kw=2), the average of the energy curve
zero. For the example under study, only two cases had to be is positive, meaning that generation exceeds the demand.
analyzed: a) solar panels alone and no wind turbine (Kw=O)and 3. Obtain the storage capacity required by taking the difference
b) hybrid wind/PV (Kw=I).As shown in Fig. 5, the number of between the positive and negative peaks of each energy curve
PV panels needed to make d p = O over a 24-hour period are: through which the battery cycles. For example, for the hybrid
Ks=72 for the hybrid configuration and Ks-158 for the solar- system, this difference in energy is 18 kWh (see Fig.7), and
alone configuration. For the wind-alone configuration, two 10- the number of batteries needed is 18/[(0.8)(2.1)]=11.
kW wind turbines had to be used (Kw=2) because generation
from one wind turbine was not sufficient to supply the house
demand. However, when two wind turbines were used, the
40 ,
generated power exceeded the demand over a 24-hour period.
Therefore, for this configuration dp is positive without using any
PV panels. This case is shown on Fig. 5 by one point at Ks = 0.

The total annual cost (F,) for each configuration is obtained -60 4 I. , I J
using equations (1)-(3), the price for each component, and the 0 50 100 1-50 200
installation and other costs known as "balance of system cost"
(BOScost), given in Table 1. In this study the BOS cost is taken
as 25% of the cost of wind turbine and 50% of the cost of PV
-
1
Solar alone(Kw0)
Wind alone(Kw2)
NUMBER OF PV PANELS
I HyDnd Wind/PV(Kw;l)

panels. Therefore, to account for this cost, the cost of the wind
turbine is multiplied by 1.25 and that of the PV panel by 1.5. Fig. 5 Average daily AP versus # of PV panels.
5
To obtain the compound interest factor needed for calculating the 4
annual cost [18], an interest rate of 6% was used. Also, a life
z3
expectancy of 20 years was assumed for the wind turbine and the 5 2
PV panels [ 141 and a life expectancy of 4 years for the batteries. 2 1
5
W
0
FC,, = [2(1.25)($20,000hindturbine) i (9 bnneries)[(5 installments of 4- a -1
year duration)($l7O/buttey)+ $2000,,,,,, ](0.08718 compound interest -2
factor) + $0.02(2)(25.63kWturbine/day)(365days) = $5,574 (1 1) -3
1 3 5 7 9 11 1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9 2 1 2 3
HOUR OF DAY
Fclrybe [(1)(1.25)($20,oooL.,,,j+ (72~(1.5)~$350),,,+
I I (5)($170),,=+
$2000b,cJ(0.08178)+[$.02(25.63kWhj+($.005)(72)(0.298)] (365 days) = *Wind alone --Solar alone
.tHybnd \Nind/PV
$6,691 (12)

FCs,,,=[(158 P V p a n e r r ) ( I . 5 ) ( $ 3 j e l )+ (16)(5)(5170),,,+ ].$,20

,0,0, Fig. 6 Average daily AP.
(0.087 18)+($.005)(158)(0.298k Wh/duy/punel)(365) = $8,677 @) I

-15
v ,
1 3 5 7 9 11131517192123
HOUR OF CAY
Wind Alone 2-10kW 0 9 $5.574 * W n d alone -+Solar alone

I Hybrid I 1-10kW I 72 I 11 I $6,691 I -rt-!yond 'JVindlPV

Fig. 7 Average daily d W .

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 74

Note that a backup generator has been considered to supply Table 3. Results of the break-even analysis.
power during the periods where there is no renewable generation. Configuration Price per kWh Break-even distance
If it is desired to have a stand-alone wind/PV system (without a
backup generator) that could supply power without interruption, Wind Alone $0.23 1.45 miles
then the battery storage capacity would have to be increased
significantly. For example, if one day of storage is sufficient and Hybrid $ 0.29 1.78 miles
an average daily load of 50 kWh is assumed, then the number of
batteries should be increased by an amount given by 50 kWhl2.1 Solar Alone $0.38 2.41 miles
kWh, or 24 batteries.
VI. CONCLUSIONS

The application of wind-alone, solar-alone, and hybrid windIPV

A comparison of the annual cost figures given in Table 2 show generation for utilization as stand-alone generating systems, for
that for the site under study and the period of time considered, use at the residential customer level was investigated. A simple
wind generation alone is the best configuration to use and numerical algorithm, taking into account economic factors, was
requires minimum storage capacity. However, considering the developed for finding the optimum component size for the three
unpredictable nature of wind and solar energy resources and the configurations to supply a known load pattern at a given site As
small increase in cost involved for using a hybrid windAV an example, the algorithm was used to find the generation and
system, this configuration is recommended for the present storage capacity needed to supply the hourly average load profile
example. The hybrid combination would certainly reduce the of a typical ranch home assumed to be located at a site in a
probability of having no wind or solar generation, and would remote area in Montana.
make the system more reliable.
Furthermore, a minimum distance between the nearest existing
In this section the results of a break-even cost analysis for each distribution line and the load was calculated for each of the three
of the three configurations are presented for detennining how far configurations that would justify the cost of installing a stand-
the load can be away from an existing distribution line so that the alone generating system as opposed to constructing a line
advantages of a stand-alone system could be realized. For this extension and supplying the load with conventional utility power.
analysis the life expectancy of the wind turbine and the PV Such analysis is essential in determining the potential benefits of
panels is considered to be 20 years [14]. Also, a five-year installing windPV generation at a site.
depreciation deduction is used for calculating the tax credit for
investing in renewable generation. For example, for the hybrid
generating system with a cost of $74,150 (see the appendix), ACKNOWLEDGMENT
each year the deduction from the gross income would be
($74,150)(0.3)/5=$4,449.The present value of the benefit for This work was supported by the Department of Energy,
depreciation over five years, assuming an interest rate of 6%, has DOEEPSCoR program, The Montana Power Company,
a compound interest factor of 4.213 [18]. Hence, the present Montana Electric Power Research Affiliate program (MEPRA),
value of the tax deduction benefit is ($4,449)(4.213)=$18744. and Montana State University-Bozeman.
The Montana Power Company's (MPC) figures are used for the
cost comparison of windPV generation with conventional power. REFERENCES
MPC charges an average of six cents per kWh and does not
charge the new customers for a line extension if the load to be J. Douglas, "Renewables on the Rise," EPRI Journal, vol.
served is less than 400 feet from the power line. However, if the 16, no. 4, pp. 16-25, June 1991.
load is farther than 400 feet from the power line, the power R. W. Larson, F Vignola, and R. West, Eds. Economics of
company charges $5.10/ft for overhead line extension. For each Solar Energy Technologies, Boulder, Colorado. American
of the three configurations studied, the present value of 20 years Solar Energy Society, December 1992.
worth of generated electrical energy was determined. A detailed R. Ramakumar, et al., "Economic Aspects of Advanced
analysis of this study is given in the appendix. The factors Energy Technologies," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 8 1,
considered in the analysis were the capital cost of the windRV no. 3, pp. 318-332, March 1993.
generators, storage batteries, and the backup generator; the R. Ramakumar, P. S. Shetty and K. Ashenayi, "A Linear
balance of system cost (which was considered as a part of the Programming Approach to the Design of Integrated
capital cost), maintenance cost, and depreciation. The results of Renewable Energy Systems for Developing Countries,"
the break-even analysis for the three configurations studied are IEEE Trans. on Energy Conv., vol. EC-1, no 4, pp. 18-24,
given in Table 3. December 1986.
K. Ashenayi and R. Ramakumar, "IRES - A Program to
Design Integrated Renewable Energy Systems," Enerw,
vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 1143-1152, 1990.

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 75
R. Ramakumar, I. Abouzahr, and K. Ashenayi, "A c,,,=Present value of the cost of batteries for the hybrid system for 20 years
Knowledge-Based Approach to the Design of Integrated = (1 1 batteries) ($170/battery)(5 installments over 20 years) = $9,350
Renewable Energy Systems," v - r
Conv., vol. 7, no. 4, pp 648-659, December 1992. CbckUp= Cost of the backup generator= $2000
E. S. Gavanidou and A. G. Bakirtzis, "Design of a Stand
Alone System with Renewable Energy Sources Using Ccapitn,=Present value of total capital cost=C,lnalPV+Cb.,~rry+Chucltup=
Trade Off Methods," n v , vol. 62,800+9,350+2,000=$74,150
7, no. 1, pp. 42-48, March 1992.
B. S. Borowy and Z. M. Salameh, "Optimum Photovoltaic Dep.= Present value of depreciation of the components of the hybrid system over
Array Size for a Hybrid WindRV System" m n 5 years assuming a 30% tax bracket and an interest rate of 6% =
m r g v Conv,, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 482-488, September 1994. [(C,,,,,,,)(4.213 compound interest factor)(0.3)]/5 = [(74,150)(4.213)(0.3)]/5 =
R. Yokoyama, K Ito, Y. Yuasa, "Multiobjective Optimal 18,744
Unit Sizing of Hybrid Power Generation Systems Utilizing
Photovoltaic and Wind Energy," 1 J- Cachlsl= Present value of actual cost of the hybrid system= C,,,,,,,+C,,,,-Dep.
,e- vo1.116, November 1994, pp.167-173. = $74,150 + $2,592 - $18,744 = $57,998
J. Castle, J. Kallis, S. Moite, and N. Marshall, "Analysis of
Merits of Hybrid WindPhotovoltaic Concept For Stand- Break even distance: Cactual = CMPc+(5.1$/ft) (X- 400 ft), or
Alone Systems," Proc. of the 1 5 t h IEEE PV Specialist 57,998 = 11,806 + 5.1(X - 400) X+ = 9,457 ft = 1.78 miles
Conference, pp. 738-743, 1981.
C. Fowlkes, Mon n al, Fowlkes ' c O S t / k w h = [C,,,,(annualized over 20 years)]/(annual average wind and PV
generation) = (57,998K0.087 18 compound interest factor)/
Engineering, Bozeman, Montana, 1982 ed.
J. Cahill, K. Ritland., and W. Kelly, DescriDtion of Electric K(25.63 kWh wind/day) + (72)(0.298 kWh PV/day)](365)] = 0.29 $/kWh
1
Ener c i h ii
, - N - 2 Office of Energy Resources, The same approach can be used for cost analysis of wind-alone
Bonneville Power Administration, December 1992, and solar-alone configurations. The results of the cost analysis
for the three configurations are given in Table 3.
Portland, OR.
P. Gipe, U in , Chelsea
Green Publishing Company, 1993, BIOGRAPHY
g- (Member) received the B.S. and M.S. degrees from the
J. Schaeffer, rc B k, Chelsea Green Department of Electrical Engineering at Montana State University, Bozeman in
Publishing Company, 1994. 1994 and 1996, respectively. He has worked as an electrician apprentice for the
B. S. Borowy and Z. M. Salameh, "Methodology for summers of 1990 through 1994 and started his engineering career with Advanced
Silicon Materials, Inc. in Moses Lake, WA. His primary areas of interest include
Optimally Sizing the Combination of a Battery Bank and power system design, modeling, and alternative energy resources.
PV Array in a WindPV Hybrid System," paper No. 95 SM
460-6 EC, Presented at the 1995 IEEE PES Summer Power M. Hashem Nehrir (Senior Member) received the B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees
Meeting, July 23-27, Portland, OR. form Oregon State University in 1969,1971, and 1978, respectively, all in
Electrical Engineering. From 1971 to 1986 he was with the Department of
R. Hunter, and G. Elliot, s,- Press Electrical Engineering at Shiraz University in Iran, where he became department
Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, - 1994. chairman in 1984. Since 1987, he has been with the Department of Electrical
, [ 171 D.Linden (Editor), : Engineering at Montana State University-Bozeman, where he is a Professor. His
McGraw Hill, Inc., New York, 1995. primary areas of interest are control and modeling of electric machinery and power
systems. Dr. Nehrir is a member of Eta Kappa Nu and Tau Beta Pi honor
[18] F. Stermole, and J. Stermole, Economic Evaluation and societies.
Investment Dec ision Methods, Investment Evaluation
Corporation, 1993. (Member) received the B.E. degree from the Government
College of Technology, Coimbatore, of the University of Madras, India, the M.S.
-
APPENDIX Cost Analysis
degree from the Califomia Institute of Technology, Pasadena, and the Ph. D.
degree from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, in 1986,1987, and 1992,
= Present value of 20 years worth of energy using MPC cost figures= respectively, all in Electrical Engineering. Currently he is an Assistant Professor
($0.06/kWh)(47 kWNday)(365 dayslyear) (1 1.4699 present worth of of Electrical Engineering at Montana State University, Bozeman. His interests
20years ~181)= $11,806 include modeling, design and control of power conversion systems and
introduction of pragmatism engineering education.

cwindmv=
Present value of 20 years of wind turbines and PV panels= (Senior Member) received the Engineering degree from the National
(1 turbine)(l.25)($20,000/Nrbine)+(72 PV panels) (1.5)($350/panel)= $62,800 University of Mexico and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of
Califomia at Berkeley in 1958, 1969, and 1972 respectively, all in Electrical
cmaint=Present value of 20 years of Maintenance of the hybrid system = Engineering. From 1958 to 1969 he was an electrical design engineer for several
Mexican companies. In 1973 he became chairman of the Mechanical-Electrical
[($.02/kWh)(25.63 wind-generated kWh/turbine/day) + $.005(72 panels)(0.298
Engineering Department at the National University of Mexico. In 1977 he became
PV-generated kWWpaneUday)K365 days/year)(ll.4699 years compound interest
the director of the power system division in Mexico's Electric Research Institute.
factor) = $2,595 He joined the Electrical Engineering Department at Montana State University in
1983, where he was chairman from 1984 to 1996. Dr. Gerez is the author of
Wind and PV generation have been obtained from the wind and insolation curves several articles on systems and power engineering and co-author of six electrical
of Fig. 2 and 3 for wind turbine and the PV panels used. and system engineering textbooks used in Spanish speaking countries.

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