PLANNING, ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF

A HIGH RISE BUILDING

A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by

SAKTHI.V (610515103320)
VIGNESH.V (610515103326)
YAKESH KUMAR.S (610515103328)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

DHIRAJLAL GANDHI COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, SALEM

ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025

OCTOBER 2018
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “PLANNING ANALYSIS AND DESGIN OF A

HIGH RISE BUILDING”is the bonafide work of “SAKTHI.V, VIGNESH.V
AND YAKESH KUAMR.S”who carried out the project work under the
supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

[Link].M.E., [Link] KUMAR,M.E

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
Dhirajlal Gandhi College of Technology Dhirajlal Gandhi College of
Salem. Technology
Salem.

Submitted for the Project Via-voice Examination held on __________

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my great pleasure that I record my deep sense of gratitude to the

Chairman Shri. DHIRAJLAL A GANDHI, Vice Chairman [Link]
KUMAR, M.S.,(US) and to SMT. ARCHANA MANOJKUMAR, M.E.,
Secretary, Dhirajlal Gandhi College of Technology for providing the necessary
facilities to carry out this project.

I express my heartiest thanks to [Link], M.E.,Ph.D

Principal, Dhirajlal Gandhi College of technology for approving this report.

I wish to thank [Link], M.E., Head of the Department

of Civil Engineering, Dhirajlal Gandhi College of Technology for his tremendous
support during the course of my project work.

I have immense pleasure in expressing my heartfelt thanks to my guide

[Link] KUMAR,M.E, Department of Civil Engineering, Dhirajlal
Gandhi College of Technology for his valuable guidance, timely suggestions and
constant encouragement during the project.

Further we express our hearty thanks to [Link],M.E, who

supported us in many ways, encouraged and boosted our enthusiasm to continue
and complete this project with great success.

I have immense pleasure in expressing my heartfelt thanks to our project

Co-Ordinator [Link], M.E.,(Ph.D) Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering, Dhirajlal Gandhi College of Technology, for
his valuable comments and suggestions during the periodic project reviews.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT I

LIST OF FIGURES II

LIST OF SYMBOLS IV

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 General 1
1.2 Objective 2
1.3 Specification
3

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

3 DRAWINGS

3.1 Ground floor plan 9

3.2 Typical floor plan 10

3.3 Cross section 11

3.4 Elevation 12

4 ANALYSIS

Staad pro analysis 13

5 STRUCTURAL DESGIN

5.1 Design of continuous two way slab 33

5.2 Design of beam 40

5.3 Design of column 43

5.4 Design of isolated footing 46

5.5 Design of lintel 52

5.6 Design of sunshade 56

5.7 Design of staircase 60

5.8 Design of septic tank 66

7 CONCLUSION 69

8 REFERENCE 70
ABSTRACT

Buildings are classified as Commercial buildings, Hospital buildings,

Office buildings, Bank buildings and residential building etc, according
to their functioning and purposes. The development of any city or town
mainly depends on the effective administration system and this could be
achievement by an efficient administration and well planned building.

In our project the high rise building is designed with eight floors
including ground floor [G+8]. The built-up area is about 570.36Sq.m.
good ventilation and lighting is obtained by providing sufficient number
of windows and ventilators as per NBC. Also, the building to be
designed as framed structure. Our project procedure will be as follows
The plan, section and elevation of each floor will be prepared by
AutoCAD. The structure will be fully designed and analyzed by using
software STAAD PRO with reference to IS 456-2000, To prepare
standard structural designing and detailing IS 1893-13920 will be
referred , IS 875 : 1987 Part 3 – wind load also considered.

i
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Content [Link]

1.1 High rise building front view 1

3.1 Ground floor plan of building 9

3.2 Typical floor plan of building(G+8) 10

3.3 Cross section of building 11

3.4 Elevation of building 12

4.1 Top view of beam and column marking 13

4.2 Front view of beam and column marking 14

4.3 3D view of building 15

4.4 Section member 16

4.5 Wind load acting at x-direction 17

5.1.0 Cross section of slab 39

5.1.1 Reinforcement details of slab 39

5.2 Cross section of Tee beam 42

5.3 Reinforcement of column 45

ii
5.4.0 Plan of isolated footing 51

5.4.1 Cross section of isolated footing 51

5.5.0 Cross section of lintel 55

5.5.1 Front view of lintel 55

5.6 Cross section of sunshade 59

5.7.0 First flight of reinforcement 65

5.7.1 Second flight of reinforcement 65

5.8 Detail drawing of septic tank 68

iii
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

ax Moment co efficient along x direction

ay Moment co efficient along y direction

Ix Effective length in x direction

IY Effective length in y direction

Mux Bending moment along x direction

Muy Bending moment along y direction

D Overall depth(mm)

D Effective depth

Mu(Limit) Limiting moment of resistance in N – m

Mфu Ultimate moment of resistance in N - m

Ast Area of steel in mm2

Xu Depth of neutral axis (mm)

Qu Nominal shear stress (N/mm2)

fck Characteristics compressive strength of concrete (N/mm2)

fy Characteristics tensile strength of steel (N/mm2)

LL Live load

DL Dead load

c/c Centre to center distance

iv
ƮC Nominal shear stress (N/mm2)

ƮV Permissible shear stress (N/mm2)

Ф Diameter of steel bar

# Diameter of high strength steel bar

BV Basic value of slab

M.F Modification factor

K Constant

Vu Shear force in KN

B Breadth of the beam (or) slab

D Depth of the beam (or) slab

D Over all depth of the beam (or) slab

Fck Characteristics strength of concrete

Fy Characteristics strength of steel

L Length of column (or) beam

M Bending moment

P Axial load on compression member

T Wall thickness

Vu Shear force

ƮC Shear stress in concrete

v
ƮV Nominal shear stress

Ф Diameter of bar

tbd Design bond stress

Vus Design shear force

aX Co-efficient of shorter span

aY Co –efficient of longer span

Mu Actual bending moment

Mu(limit) Limiting bending moment

Ast Area of tension steel

Asc Area of compress steel

Ast(min) Area of minimum steel

Asv Area of 2 – legged vertical stirrups

BV Basic value

M.F Modification factor

Lex Effective length about xx axis

Ley Effective length about yy axis

vi
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General

A high-rise building is a tall building, as opposed to a low-rise

building and is defined by its height differently in various jurisdictions.
It is used as a residential, office building, or other functions
including hotel, retail, or with multiple purposes combined. A residential
high-rise building is also called tower block and may be referred to as an
"MDU", standing for "Multi Dwelling Unit". A very tall high-rise
building is referred to as a skyscraper.

Fig:1.1 High rise building front view

1
A building is an enclosed structure that has walls, floors, a roof, and
usually windows. “ A ‘ tall building ’is a multi-story structure in which
most occupants depend on elevators [lifts] to reach their destinations.
The most prominent tall buildings are called ‘ high-rise buildings ’in
most countries and ‘ tower blocks ’in Britain and some European
countries.

We have selected high rise building as our project . The works consists
of planning, designing and analysis under eight floor(G+8) with build up
area 570.36 Sq.m , total area of land is 800sq.m.

1.2 OBJECTIVES

1.“ Any structure where the height can have a serious impact on
evacuation ” ( The International Conference on Fire Safety in High-Rise
Buildings ).

2. The high rise building should above 15m as per NBC 2005 and build
up area should be above 500Sq.m.

3. “ Generally, a high-rise structure is considered to be one that extends

higher than the maximum reach of available fire-fighting equipment.

4. To know the Indian standard rules for planning and designing.

5. To analyze the structure as per IS 1893.

2
6. To construct an high rise building building with economical manner.

1.3 SPECIFICATION

CLEANING THE SITE

Before starting the earthwork , the whole area of construction is to be cleared

of trees , grass, roots of trees , stones etc…. The excavation shall be done in
accordance with the dimensions of trench shown in the working diagram . The
bottom of the trench shall be watered and compacted by ramming.

EARTHWORK EXCAVATION:

The proposed area is to cleaned off and all the loose stonesplants and trees ,
materials, rubbish of all kinds etc…. Shall be [Link] excavation is
made for foundations.

FOOTING:

The footing is provided as the isolated footings of sizes are as per NBC.
Below the ground level of like 4.4m. The concrete bed consists of PCC [Link] mix.

COLUMNS

The column is provided in RCC 1:1.:2 mix having the size at 300 x
450mm and the column is plastered with CM 1:3 of 12mm thick

PLINTH BEAM:

The plinth beam of size 300 x 450 mm in M25(1:1.:2) is laid below GL The
basement is filled with the excavation soil to the required depth is layer by
compacting each layer and is watered. The consolidated depth of sand fill is
450mm

3
FLOORING:

Flooring shall be finished with mosaic tiles of 200 x 200 x 15 mm using

CM 1:4, 25mm thick for cement milk .

SAND FILLING:

From ground level to the height of plinth beam river sand is to be filling to a
depth of 100 mm over filled excavated soil of depth 250mm.

SUPER STRUCTURE:

All the walls in super structure will be of well burned bricks in CM 1:5 mix
above floor level to third floor . The main walls are of 230mm thick. The height of
the super structure is 3.3m for each floor.

CENTERING:

Centering is done for all RCC works before placing the concrete the top
being level and the sides vertical providing whenever necessary. Well seasoned
wooden planks or steeds are to be used for shuttering work.

The complete centering work shall be assembled so that it can be removed

on the completion of the specified period easily without causing any damage to the
concrete surfaces and edges

LINTEL CUM SUNSHADE:

Lintels are provided over opening of doors and windows for further construction .
The sunshade will be projected 600mm from the free wall. The thickness at the
free end is 150mm provided with suitable reinforcement as per design and drawing
for all RCC works will be [Link]mix is used.

4
ROOF SLAB:

Roofing shall be of RCC with [Link] mix with necessary reinforcement as per
design and detailing thickness of roof slab is 180mm .

WEATHERING COURSE:

A weathering coarse of brick jelly concrete is to be laid over RC slabs

when there is no story over it , to protect the slab against alternative shrinkage and
expansion on the 15 days of laying of slab. After 6 days or after the concrete is laid
has hardened on course of tiles of size 200 x 200 x 20mm shall be laid in CM 1:3
and rubbed smooth.

PLASTERING:

The interior and exterior face of wall is plastered with CM 1:5 , 12mm thick
and ceiling plastering with CM 1:3 ,10mm thick .

WHITE WASHING:

The interior and exterior face of the walls are white washed with two coats
of self-cleaning paint .

PAINTING:

All the frames of shutters of doors , gates , windows, and ventilators

are painted with 2 coats of self-cleaning paint over one prime coat.

5
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE STUDY

Author: Patil( Iacsit international journal of engineering and

technology, 2014)

• A study of Pune city’s housing needs, demands, market, and type

of structures being built, reveal that tall buildings of 11 floors are
being developed on the city’s urban fringe.

• The research paper indicates that fly ash concrete can be used to
reduce the cost of construction and has the potential to minimize
the damage caused due to high temperature.

Author: U.M. Winter(journal ofwind engineering and industrial

aerodynamics,1990)

• A structural design for a 800 meter high super tall building in the
india width of building is 100 meters.

• Foundation depth 120m using deep foundation.

• They are consideration to design wind load(Horizontal load) and

seismic load.

• Wind load refer IS:875(part 3) and seismic load IS:1898(part 1)

codes
6
SATHYANARAYANA

According to sathyanarayana (1987), housing is an element of materials

culture, is one such device to overcome threads against physical
elements or security t olives and serves as an important purpose by
making provision for shelter. It provides a place for the operation of
many human activity irrespective of place and time man is using a place
of accommodation which is called house. These are the various policy
considered in high rise or tall buildings.

In this buildings to considered the first fire provision should be provided

for each floor.

WILHELM JAKOBSSON(1998)

High-rise buildings are exposed to both static and dynamic loads.

Depending on the method used and how the structure is modelled in
finite element software the results can vary.

Some of the issues and modelling techniques, introduced below, are

investigated in this Master’s thesis. Dynamic effects such as resonance
frequencies and accelerations are considered. The variation in static
results from reaction forces, overturning moments, deflections, critical
buckling loads, forces between prefabricated elements and force
distributions between concrete cores are investigated with different
models. The models are evaluated by different elements and methods,

7
such as construction stage analysis, to study the impact these have on the
results.

In this tall buildings to considered the dynamic load and effect are
developed, so we need to design under the dynamic consideration.

METHODOLOGY

LITERATURE COLLECTION

DRAFTING OF PLAN, ELEVATION & AUTO

SECTION CADD

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS STADD

PRO

STRUCTURAL DESIGN

REINFORCEMENT DETAILING

CONCLUSION

8
 CHAPTER 3

DRAWINGS

3.1 GROUND FLOOR PLAN

Fig:3.1 Ground floor plan

9
3.2 TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN

Fig:3.2 Typical floor plan

10
3.3 CROSS SECTION

Fig:3.3 Section

11
3.4 ELEVATION

Fig:3.4 Elevation

12
 CHAPTER 4

STAAD PRO ANALYSIS

Fig:4.1 Top view of beam and column marking

13
Fig:4.2 Front view of beam and column marking

14
Fig:4.3 3d view of building

15
Fig:4.4 Section member

16
Fig:4.5 Wind load actiing at x driection

17
COLUMN NO.1 DESIGN RESULTS

M25 Fe500 (Main) Fe500 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 4400.0 mm CROSS SECTION: 450.0 mm X 300.0 mm COVER:

40.0 mm

** GUIDING LOAD CASE: 5 END JOINT: 57 TENSION COLUMN

REQD. STEEL AREA : 2484.00 [Link].

REQD. CONCRETE AREA: 132516.00 [Link].

MAIN REINFORCEMENT : Provide 8 - 20 dia. (1.86%, 2513.27 [Link].)

(Equally distributed)

CONFINING REINFORCEMENT : Provide 10 mm dia. rectangular ties @ 75

mm c/c

over a length 735.0 mm from each joint face towards

midspan as per Cl. 7.4.6 of IS-13920.

2 number overlapping hoop along with crossties

are provided along Z direction.

(Clause 7.3.2 of IS-13920)

TIE REINFORCEMENT : Provide 8 mm dia. rectangular ties @ 150 mm c/c

----------------------------------------------------------

Puz : 2422.31 Muz1 : 96.24 Muy1 : 161.36

INTERACTION RATIO: 0.97 (as per Cl. 39.6, IS456:2000)

----------------------------------------------------------

WORST LOAD CASE: 7

END JOINT: 57 Puz : 2432.95 Muz : 95.51 Muy : 160.79 IR: 1.46

18
COLUMN NO.2 DESIGN RESULTS

M25 Fe500 (Main) Fe500 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 4400.0 mm CROSS SECTION: 450.0 mm X 300.0 mm COVER:

40.0 mm

** GUIDING LOAD CASE: 5 BRACED LONG(Z) /SHORT(Y)

REQD. STEEL AREA : 2674.24 [Link].

REQD. CONCRETE AREA: 132325.75 [Link].

MAIN REINFORCEMENT : Provide 16 - 16 dia. (2.38%, 3216.99 [Link].)

(Equally distributed)

CONFINING REINFORCEMENT : Provide 10 mm dia. rectangular ties @ 75

mm c/c

over a length 735.0 mm from each joint face towards

midspan as per Cl. 7.4.6 of IS-13920.

4 number overlapping hoop along with crossties

are provided along Z direction.

(Clause 7.3.2 of IS-13920)

TIE REINFORCEMENT : Provide 8 mm dia. rectangular ties @ 150 mm c/c

----------------------------------------------------------

Puz : 2491.51 Muz1 : 113.07 Muy1 : 191.24

INTERACTION RATIO: 0.99 (as per Cl. 39.6, IS456:2000)

----------------------------------------------------------

WORST LOAD CASE: 7

Puz : 2688.93 Muz : 118.81 Muy : 202.71 IR: 1.47

19
COLUMN NO.3 DESIGN RESULTS

M25 Fe500 (Main) Fe500 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 4400.0 mm CROSS SECTION: 450.0 mm X 300.0 mm COVER:

40.0 mm

** GUIDING LOAD CASE: 9 BRACED LONG(Z) /SHORT(Y)

REQD. STEEL AREA : 3227.41 [Link].

REQD. CONCRETE AREA: 131772.59 [Link].

MAIN REINFORCEMENT : Provide 12 - 20 dia. (2.79%, 3769.91 [Link].)

(Equally distributed)

CONFINING REINFORCEMENT : Provide 10 mm dia. rectangular ties @ 75

mm c/c

over a length 735.0 mm from each joint face towards

midspan as per Cl. 7.4.6 of IS-13920.

3 number overlapping hoop along with crossties

are provided along Z direction.

(Clause 7.3.2 of IS-13920)

TIE REINFORCEMENT : Provide 8 mm dia. rectangular ties @ 150 mm c/c

----------------------------------------------------------

Puz : 2692.72 Muz1 : 72.66 Muy1 : 120.81

INTERACTION RATIO: 0.93 (as per Cl. 39.6, IS456:2000)

----------------------------------------------------------

WORST LOAD CASE: 9

Puz : 2890.06 Muz : 88.79 Muy : 151.42 IR: 0.71

20
COLUMN NO.6 DESIGN RESULTS

M25 Fe500 (Main) Fe500 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 4400.0 mm CROSS SECTION: 450.0 mm X 300.0 mm COVER:

40.0 mm

** GUIDING LOAD CASE: 9 BRACED LONG(Z) /SHORT(Y)

REQD. STEEL AREA : 2873.60 [Link].

REQD. CONCRETE AREA: 132126.41 [Link].

MAIN REINFORCEMENT : Provide 16 - 16 dia. (2.38%, 3216.99 [Link].)

(Equally distributed)

CONFINING REINFORCEMENT : Provide 10 mm dia. rectangular ties @ 75

mm c/c

over a length 735.0 mm from each joint face towards

midspan as per Cl. 7.4.6 of IS-13920.

4 number overlapping hoop along with crossties

are provided along Z direction.

(Clause 7.3.2 of IS-13920)

TIE REINFORCEMENT : Provide 8 mm dia. rectangular ties @ 150 mm c/c

----------------------------------------------------------

Puz : 2564.02 Muz1 : 66.98 Muy1 : 110.68

INTERACTION RATIO: 1.00 (as per Cl. 39.6, IS456:2000)

----------------------------------------------------------

WORST LOAD CASE: 7

Puz : 2688.93 Muz : 118.32 Muy : 201.81 IR: 1.47

21
COLUMN NO.7 DESIGN RESULTS

M25 Fe500 (Main) Fe500 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 4400.0 mm CROSS SECTION: 450.0 mm X 300.0 mm COVER:

40.0 mm

REQD. STEEL AREA : 2700.00 [Link].

REQD. CONCRETE AREA: 132300.00 [Link].

MAIN REINFORCEMENT : Provide 16 - 16 dia. (2.38%, 3216.99 [Link].)

(Equally distributed)

CONFINING REINFORCEMENT : Provide 10 mm dia. rectangular ties @ 75

mm c/c

over a length 735.0 mm from each joint face towards

midspan as per Cl. 7.4.6 of IS-13920.

4 number overlapping hoop along with crossties

are provided along Z direction.

(Clause 7.3.2 of IS-13920)

TIE REINFORCEMENT : Provide 8 mm dia. rectangular ties @ 150 mm c/c

----------------------------------------------------------

Puz : 2500.88 Muz1 : 112.66 Muy1 : 190.75

INTERACTION RATIO: 1.00 (as per Cl. 39.6, IS456:2000)

----------------------------------------------------------

WORST LOAD CASE: 7

END JOINT: 63 Puz : 2688.93 Muz : 118.84 Muy : 202.76 IR: 1.32

22
BEAM NO.1001 DESIGN RESULTS

M25 Fe500 (Main) Fe500 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 3530.0 mm SIZE: 450.0 mm X 300.0 mm COVER: 40.0

mm

SUMMARY OF REINF. AREA ([Link])

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SECTION 0.0 mm 882.5 mm 1765.0 mm 2647.5 mm 3530.0 mm

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

TOP 907.61 448.79 194.31 364.55 904.53

REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)

BOTTOM 1109.27 539.30 194.31 294.64 710.22

REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY OF PROVIDED REINF. AREA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SECTION 0.0 mm 882.5 mm 1765.0 mm 2647.5 mm 3530.0 mm

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

TOP 4-20í 4-20í4-20í4-20í4-20í

REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

BOTTOM 10-12í 5-12í 4-12í 4-12í 7-12í

REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

23
 SHEAR 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í

REINF. @ 140 mm c/c @ 140 mm c/c @ 140 mm c/c @ 140 mm c/c @ 140
mm c/c

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT DISTANCE d (EFFECTIVE DEPTH) FROM

FACE OF THE SUPPORT

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 400.0 mm AWAY FROM START SUPPORT

VY = -51.42 MX = -0.10 LD= 5

Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 140 mm c/c

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 400.0 mm AWAY FROM END SUPPORT

VY = -51.42 MX = -0.10 LD= 5

Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 140 mm c/c

===========================================================

24
 BEAM NO.1002 DESIGN RESULTS

M25 Fe500 (Main) Fe500 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 3530.0 mm SIZE: 450.0 mm X 300.0 mm COVER: 40.0

mm

SUMMARY OF REINF. AREA ([Link])

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SECTION 0.0 mm 882.5 mm 1765.0 mm 2647.5 mm 3530.0 mm

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

TOP 588.92 274.41 195.07 351.01 748.19

REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)

BOTTOM 727.24 333.36 195.07 288.89 605.43

REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY OF PROVIDED REINF. AREA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SECTION 0.0 mm 882.5 mm 1765.0 mm 2647.5 mm 3530.0 mm

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

TOP 8-10í 4-10í 4-10í 5-10í 10-10í

REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

BOTTOM 10-10í 5-10í 4-10í 4-10í 8-10í

REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

25
 SHEAR 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í

REINF. @ 140 mm c/c @ 140 mm c/c @ 140 mm c/c @ 140 mm c/c @ 140
mm c/c

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT DISTANCE d (EFFECTIVE DEPTH) FROM

FACE OF THE SUPPORT

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 400.0 mm AWAY FROM START SUPPORT

VY = 41.93 MX = -0.90 LD= 9

Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 140 mm c/c

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 400.0 mm AWAY FROM END SUPPORT

VY = -37.99 MX = -0.90 LD= 9

Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 140 mm c/c

===========================================================

26
BEAM N O.1003 DESIGN RESULTS

M25 Fe500 (Main) Fe500 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 3530.0 mm SIZE: 450.0 mm X 300.0 mm COVER: 40.0

mm

SUMMARY OF REINF. AREA ([Link])

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SECTION 0.0 mm 882.5 mm 1765.0 mm 2647.5 mm 3530.0 mm

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

TOP 641.32 294.39 195.07 388.27 831.15

REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)

BOTTOM 793.98 357.68 195.07 319.29 670.17

REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY OF PROVIDED REINF. AREA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SECTION 0.0 mm 882.5 mm 1765.0 mm 2647.5 mm 3530.0 mm

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

TOP 9-10í 4-10í 4-10í 5-10í 11-10í

REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

BOTTOM 4-16í 4-16í4-16í4-16í4-16í

REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

27
 SHEAR 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í

REINF. @ 140 mm c/c @ 140 mm c/c @ 140 mm c/c @ 140 mm c/c @ 140
mm c/c

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT DISTANCE d (EFFECTIVE DEPTH) FROM

FACE OF THE SUPPORT

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 400.0 mm AWAY FROM START SUPPORT

VY = -43.75 MX = -0.03 LD= 5

Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 140 mm c/c

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 400.0 mm AWAY FROM END SUPPORT

VY = -49.03 MX = -1.17 LD= 9

Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 140 mm c/c

===========================================================

28
BEAM NO.1004 DESIGN RESULTS

M25 Fe500 (Main) Fe500 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 5230.0 mm SIZE: 450.0 mm X 300.0 mm COVER: 40.0

mm

SUMMARY OF REINF. AREA ([Link])

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SECTION 0.0 mm 1307.5 mm 2615.0 mm 3922.5 mm 5230.0 mm

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

TOP 1313.89 222.06 195.07 268.61 1297.92

REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)

BOTTOM 570.14 293.48 879.10 300.52 465.46

REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY OF PROVIDED REINF. AREA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SECTION 0.0 mm 1307.5 mm 2615.0 mm 3922.5 mm 5230.0 mm

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

TOP 17-10í 4-10í 4-10í4-10í 17-10í

REINF. 2 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 2 layer(s)

BOTTOM 6-12í 4-12í 8-12í 4-12í 5-12í

REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

29
 SHEAR 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í

REINF. @ 140 mm c/c @ 140 mm c/c @ 140 mm c/c @ 140 mm c/c @ 140
mm c/c

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT DISTANCE d (EFFECTIVE DEPTH) FROM

FACE OF THE SUPPORT

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 400.0 mm AWAY FROM START SUPPORT

VY = 123.72 MX = 0.20 LD= 9

Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 140 mm c/c

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 400.0 mm AWAY FROM END SUPPORT

VY = -123.37 MX = 0.20 LD= 9

Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 140 mm c/c

===========================================================

30
BEAM NO.1005 DESIGN RESULTS

M25 Fe500 (Main) Fe500 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 3530.0 mm SIZE: 450.0 mm X 300.0 mm COVER: 40.0

mm

SUMMARY OF REINF. AREA ([Link])

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SECTION 0.0 mm 882.5 mm 1765.0 mm 2647.5 mm 3530.0 mm

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

TOP 670.49 319.47 195.07 357.78 793.69

REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)

BOTTOM 830.60 388.15 195.07 294.88 641.99

REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY OF PROVIDED REINF. AREA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SECTION 0.0 mm 882.5 mm 1765.0 mm 2647.5 mm 3530.0 mm

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

TOP 4-16í 4-16í4-16í4-16í4-16í

REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

BOTTOM 11-10í 5-10í 4-10í 4-10í 9-10í

REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

31
 SHEAR 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í

REINF. @ 140 mm c/c @ 140 mm c/c @ 140 mm c/c @ 140 mm c/c @ 140
mm c/c

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT DISTANCE d (EFFECTIVE DEPTH) FROM

FACE OF THE SUPPORT

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 400.0 mm AWAY FROM START SUPPORT

VY = 47.91 MX = 0.84 LD= 9

Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 140 mm c/c

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 400.0 mm AWAY FROM END SUPPORT

VY = -43.72 MX = -0.07 LD= 5

Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 140 mm c/c

===========================================================

32
 CHAPTER 5

STRUCTURAL DESIGN

5.1 DEIGN OF CONTINUOUS TWO WAY SLAB

DATA:

LY x LX = 5.3 x 3.53

Width of support = 230mm

Concrete grade = M25

Steel grade = Fe500

SOLUTION:

d=span/basic value x modification factor

=8230/26 x 1.3(assume)

=250mm

Using 15mm clear cover and using 10mm bars

D= d + clear cover +dia/2

=250+20+10/2

D=275mm

EFFECTIVE SPAN:

Effective span along shorter span=clear span + d (or) c/c of supports whichever is
less

33
 = clear span + width of the support

= 8230+230 = 8460mm

Clear span + depth of the slab= 8230+250

= 8480mm

LOADING

Imposed load = 3.5kN/sq.m.

Self-weight (dead load) =0.27 x 25

=6.75kN/m2

Load due to floor finish =1kN/m2

Total load =11.25kN/m2

FACTORED BENDING MOMENT:

Ly/lx =3640/3600

=1.375

Less than two therefore two way slab

ᾳx=0.052

ᾳy=0.0695

Factored BM along shorter span Mux= ᾳx * fd *lx2

= 0.0695 x 16.875 x 8.462

= 83.94 kNm

34
Factored BM along longer side

Muy=ᾳy*fd*lx2
= 0.047 x 16.875 x 8.462.

= 56.765kNm

FINAL DEPTH:

Mud (max) = Qubd2.

d =√83.94 x 106/3.32 x 1000

d= 159mm that is d=160mm

But d required for stiffness is more

Therefore final depth d=160mm

The depth required for stiffness is more so provide,

d= 250mm

D= 270mm

TYPE OF SECTION:

Mu (limit) = Qubd2.

= 3.32 x 1000 x 2502.

=207.5x106kNm

Mu<mu (limit)

Therefore under reinforced section.

35
REINFORCEMENT:

[Link] along shorter span

Mud = 0.87 x fy x ast x d x (1-fyast/fck x bd)

62.80x106 = 108.75x103-7.49Ast2

Ast= 606.74 say 607> 324 mm2.

Using 10mm dia,

Spacing = (78.54/607) x 1000

= 130mm c/c < 3d

[Link] along longer span

Mud = 0.87 x fy x ast x d x (1-fyast/fck x bd)

42.271x106 = 104.4x103Ast-8.7Ast2

Ast= 415.27 say 420> 324 mm2.

Using 10mm dia,

Spacing = (78.54/420) x 1000

= 187mm say 180mm c/c < 3d

[Link] along shorter span (mid span)

Mud = 0.87 x fy x ast x d x (1-fyast/fck x bd)

83.94x106 = 108.75x103-8.7Ast2

Ast= 827 mm2.

36
Using 10mm dia,

Spacing = (78.54/827) x 1000

= 100mm c/c < 3d

[Link] along longer span

Mud = 0.87 x fy x ast x d x (1-fyast/fck x bd)

104.4x106 = 104.4x103Ast-8.7Ast2

Ast = say 570> 324 mm2.

Using 10mm dia,

Spacing = (78.54/570) x 1000

= 138mm say 135mm c/c < 3d

Middle strip and Edge strip:

[Link] strip for shorter span= 3/4lx

= 3/4 x 8230

= 6172.5mm

[Link] strip for shorter span = l/8x8230

= 1028.75 mm

[Link] strip for longer span= 3/4lx

= 3/4 x 11410

= 8557.5mm

37
[Link] strip for longer span= l/8x11410

= 1426.25mm

TORSION REINFORCEMENT:

Torsion steel= ¾(420)

= 315mm2

Spacing= 50.27/315(1000)

= 160mm c/c

Size of mesh=lx/5 = 8230/5 = 1646mm

No. of bars on one

direction of the mesh = (size of mesh/spacing)+1

= (1646/160)+1

= 12 nos

CHECK FOR DEFLECTION:

Ast = (78.54x1000)/827= 95mm2

% of ASt= (100x95)/(1000x250) = 0.038 %

d = (8230+230)/(26x2)

= 163 < 250mm

Safe in deflection.

38
 Fig:5.1.0 CROSS SECTION OF SLAB

Fig:5.1.1 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF SLAB

39
5.2 DEIGN OF BEAM
Effective depth(d) =420mm
Bending moment(Bm) =135KNm
Slab thickness(Df) =250mm
Rib width (bw) =230mm
Steel grade(fy) =Fe500
Concrete grade(fck) =M25

SOLUTION:
A)FACTOREDMOMENT,Mud:
Mud = Qubd2
= 3.32x230x4202
= 134.699x106Nmm Say 135 kNmm
B) FLANGE WIDTH:
Flange width bf = le/6+ bw+6Df
= (4.45/6)+230+6x250
= 1430.74 mm
D = 450 mm
d = 420 mm
C)DEPTH OF ACTUAL NEUTRAL AXIS(XU):
Assume that the neutral axis lies with in the flange Xu<Df
Factored moment,Mud =Moment of resitance of the beam ,Mu

Mud =0.36 fck x bf x d₂x Xu/d[1-0.42Xu/d]

135x10⁶ = 0.36x25x1430.74x4202x(Xu/420)(1-0.42Xu/420)

135 x10⁶=5.408x10⁶Xu- 5.408x10₃Xu2

40
 Xu=24.17mm

Xu is less than Df=150mm

Hence the above assumption is found correct

C)DEPTH OF LIMITING NEUTRAL AXIS Xu(max)/d:

Xu(max)/d =0.42

Xu(max) =0.479x420

Xu(max) =176.4mm

D)TYPE OF SECTION:

Xu =24.17 mm

Xu(max)/d =176.4mm

Since Xu<Xu(max)

This section is under reinforced section

D)AREA OF STEEL BARS IN TENSION Ast:

Factored moment, Mud =Moment of resistance if the beam from

tensile force

Mud =0.87fy Ast[d-0.42 Xu]

135 x10⁶=0.87 x500 xAst[420-0.42 x24.17]

135 x10⁶=178247.60Ast

Ast =757.273 mm2

41
 Number of bars =Ast/ast

Using 20mmdia bars

Area of minimum steel= 314.16mm₂

Number of bars =757.273/314.16 =2.41 Say 4 Nos

Provide 4Nos 20# bars at tension reinforcement.

Hanger bars:

Assume 20% Ast = (20/100)x 757.373

= 151.475 mm2

Using 12#,

No of bars = 151.475/113.097

= 1.34 say 2 Nos.

Provide 2Nos of 12# at top as hanger bar at top.

Fig:5.2

42
5.3 DESGN OF COLUMN

DATA:

Length of column = 3300mm

Axial load = 1249.05 kN

Factored load = 1873.57 kN

SOLUTION:

[Link] find the slenderness ratio&emin:

Length of column= 3300mm

Effective length l e= 0.65l
= 0.65x3300
le =2145mm
slenderness ratio=le/d = (2145/300)
=7.15<12

[Link] eccentricity:

emin=l/500 + b/30

=21.6mm

0.05x450=22.5

Here,

emin< 0.05D & also the column is longer.

emin=l/500 + b/30

43
 =3300/500 + 300/30

emin=16.6mm

0.05b & the column is shorter.

Therefore, OK.

[Link] section:

Area of minimum steel = 0.8%Ag

= 0.8/100(300x450)

Areamin=1080mm2

Using 20# bars = Ast/ast

= 1080/201.06

= 5.37 say 6 Nos.

Provide 6 No’s, 20# as longitudinal bars.

4. Design of lateral ties:

Diameter greater as ¼ of largest Longitudinaldia bar, 20mm

=1/4 x 20

=5mmФ

Provide 6# ties

44
Spacing of Lateral ties,

a) Least lateral dimensions= 400mm c/c

b) 16 times of dia of bar
c) 300mm

Provide 6#-300mm c/c as transverse tiles.

REINFORCEMENT OF COLUMN

Fig:5.3

45
5.4 DEIGN OF ISOLATED COLUMN FOOTING
GIVEN:

Axial load = 1500kN

Size of column =300x450mm

Steel grade = Fe500

Concrete grade = M25

SBC of soil = 300kN/m2

SOLUTION:

1. Axial load(150kN)

Add 10% for selfweight of footing=150KN

Total load=1650kN

Area of footing =total load/SBC of soil

=1650/300

=5.5m2

Area of footing=b x d

Ratio of breadth and depth of column=300:450

=1:1.5

Let us use same ratio for the footing also

Length of footing =16.5b

46
 =16.5xb

bx1.5b=5.52

1.5b2=5.5

b2=√(5.5/1.5)

b=1.95m

d=1.5x1.95

d=2.925m

provide, 1.95x2.95m as size of footing.

2. Net upward soil pressure = total load/area of footing

= 1650/1.95x2.95

= 286.83<300

Hence Ok.

Factored upward soil pressure=1.5x286.83

=429kN/m2

3. FACTORED BENDING MOMENT

Max. BM occurs for design purpose, consider over hanged on both faces

Mud(xx)=429x2.95x0.825x(0.825/2)

=430.68kNm

Mud(yy)=429x1.95x1.25x(1.25/2)

47
 =653.55kNm

4. DEPTH OF FOOTING

Mu=Mu(limit)=Qubd2

Depth of footing required to resist Mud(xx)

d=√(430.60x106/3.32x2.95)

d= 209.67 say 210mm

Depth of footing required to resist factored BM along

Mud(yy) d=√(653.55x106/3.32x2.95)

d=410mm

This depth is not sufficient to resist the factored bending moment.

For the design purpose the depth can be multiple twice (or) three times.

D=2x410

d= 820-(10/2)-50

d=765mm

5. REINFORCEMENT
Since the depth is increased the section will be under reinforced section.
a) Reinforcement required to resist Mud(xx):

Mud(xx) = 0.87 x fy x ast x d x (1-fyast/fck x bd)

430.68x106 = 328.425x103Ast-2.949Ast2

Ast= 1327.229 say 1330 mm2.

48
Area of minimum steel = 0.12/100(1950x810)

Ast = 2867.4 > 1330 mm2.

So provide Ast as 2867 mm2.

Ast in central bond = 2Ast/(β+1)

β = length of footing/breath of footing

= 3460/1950

β = 1.77

Ast @ central bond = (2x2867)/(1.77+1)

= 2070 mm2.

Using 12# no. of bars = 2070/113

= 18.31 say 20 bars

Provide 20-12# @ central bond

Ast @ edge bond = (2867-2070)/2

= 398.5 mm2.

Using 12#,

[Link] bars = 398.5/113

= 3.5 say 4 Nos.

Provide 4- 12# @ edge bond(B)

b) Reinforcement required to Resist Mud(yy)

49
 653.55x106 = 328.425x103Ast-5.576Ast2

Ast= 2062 mm2> 1895.4mm2.

Using 12#,

[Link] bars = 2062/113

=18.24say19Nos.
Provide 19-12# bars at bottom

c)Area of minimum Ast,

Astmin = (0.12/100)1.950x8.10

= 1895.4mm2.

50
 Fig:5.4.0 PLAN OF ISOLATED FOOTING

Fig:5.4.1 CROSS SECTION OF ISOLATED FOOTING

51
 5.5 DEIGN OF LINTEL

GIVEN:

Door = 1.0m width

Height of wall above lintel h = 1.07m

Thick of wall = 230mm

Bearing of lintel = 200mm on either side

M25 & Fe500

SOLUTION:

1 : Design constants

Fck = 25N/mm2 fy =500N/mm2

2 : Effective span

Assume the width of lintel equal to width of wall = 300mm

Assume the thickness of lintel equal to width of wall as = 150mm

Assuming 8mm rods

Effective depth of lintel, d = 150 - 20 - 8/2 = 126mm

Effective span = c/c of support (or) L+D which ever is less = 1200+200 =
1400mm (or) 1200 + 126 = 1326mm

Effective span = 1.326m

3 : Height of equilateral triangle

Ht of equilateral triangle = 0.866xL

= 0.866 x 1.326

52
 = 1.15m

Height of wall above lintel = 1.80m > 1.15m

Therefore Masonry load within the equilateral triangle is considered for the
design.

4 : Design BM

Weight of Masonry in the triangular portion W1

W1 = 1/2 x 1.326 x 1.15 x 0.23 x 19

W1 = 3.33kN

Self weight of lintel, W2 = 1.326 x 0.23 x 0.15 x 25

= 1.14kN

Max. BM at mid span = W1xl/6 + W2xl/8

= ( 3.33 x 1.326 /6) + ( 1.14 x 1.326 /8)

= 0.91kNm

Design BM = 1.5 x 0.91 = 1.36kNm

= 1.36 x 106Nmm

5 : Area of steel,

Mu = 0.87fyAst [d - [Link] / fck . b]

1.36 x106= 0.87 x 500 x Ast [126 - (500 x Ast/ 25 x 230)]

1.36 x 106= 54810Ast – 37.41 Ast2

53
 = 37.41 Ast2 - 54810 Ast + 1.36 x 106

Ast= 25.248 mm2

Provide 2 nos of 8mm bars at bottom as tension reinforcement and 2 non of

6mm bars at top as hanger bars.

6: Result

Cross section

Size of lintel = 230mm x 150mm

Reinforcement = 2 Nos of 8mm at bottom as tension reinforcement

& 2 nos of 6mm at top as hanger bar.

54
Fig:5.5.0 CROSS SECTION OF LINTEL

Fig:5.5.1 FRONT VIEW OF LINTEL

55
5.6 DEIGN OF SUNSHADE
Given :
Clear span = 600mm

Impose load = 2kN/m

Fck = 25 N/mm2

Fy = 500 N/mm2

Mu limt = 2.79 bd2, BV = 7 for cantilever slab, M.F = 1.15

Solution :
1: Effective depth

D = span/[Link].F

= 600/(7x1.15) = 75mm

Eff depth d = 75-15-8/2 = 56mm

2: Calculation the load

Self weight = 0.075x25 = 1.88 kN/m2

Imposed load = 2.00 kN/m2

Total load = 3.88 kN/m2

Consider 1m width of loft slab

Load/m length of loft slab W = 3.88 kN/m

Design load/m length of loft slab Wu = 1.5xw

= 1.5x3.88

= 5.82 kN/m

56
3: Calculation factored moments

Effective span (l) = clear span + d/2

= 600 + 56/2 = 628mm

Mu = Wu.l2/2 = 5.82x0.6282/2

= 1.15kNm

4: Required depth

Mulim = 2.97 bd2

d = √(1.15x106)/(2.97x1000)

= 19.70mm

56mm > 19.70mm

dpro>dreqhence ok.

5: AST

Main steel reinforcement

Mu = 0.87 fyAst ((d –(fyAst)/(fck b))

1.15x106 = 0.87x250xAst(56- (250xAst/20x1000)

1.15x106 = 12180Ast – 2.72 Ast2

2.72 Ast2 – 12180 Ast + 1.15x106 = 0

Ast = 97 mm2

Min area of steel = 0.15 %bd

Min area of steel = (0.15/100)x1000x75 = 112.50mm2

Min Ast = 112.50mm2>Astreg = 97 mm2

Provide Ast = 112.50mm2

Using 6mm dia bars, spacing (S) = 1000ast/Ast

57
 = 1000x28.27/112.50 = 251mm

6: Calculation the spacing

The spacing should not exceed the followings

Max. permitted spacing is the least of

3d = 3x56 = 168mm

(or) 300mm

Max. permitted spacing = 168mm

Provide 6mm dia bars as main reinforcement @160mm c/c

Distribution bar:

Asr required = 112.50mm2

Length of slab = 112.50x0.60 = 67.50 mm2

Using 6mm dia bars

Spacing,S = 600ast/Ast = 600x28.27/67.50 = 251mm

Provide 6mm dia bars 250 mm c/c

7 : Check for deflection :

D= span/(BVxMF)

Fs = 0.58x250x112.50/177 = 92N/mm2

%Ast = 100x177/(1000x56) = 0.32

Fs = 92 N/mm2

%Ast = 0.32 from (IS 456 fig.4)

Dreq = 628/(7x2) = 44.85mm

Hence ok

58
Result:

D = 75mm , d=56mm

Main reinforcement : 6mm dia bars @160mm c/c

Distribution reinforcement : 6mm dia bars @ 250mm c/c

Fig 5.6CROSS SECTION OF SUNSHADE

59
5.7 DEIGN OF STAIRCASE
Vertical distance =3.3m

Thread =300mm

Rise =150mm

Concrete garde(fck) =M25

Steel grade(fy) =Fe500

Qu =3.32

Basic value =20

Modification factor =1.3(assumed)

SOLUTION:

Double flight slab is designed

1. Effective span:

Effective span of the staircase =4.3m

2. Depth required for stiffness:

Depth for stiffness =span/Basic valuex modification factor

=4300/(20x1.3)=199.074mmSay200mm

Using10 mm bar and 15 mm clear cover

D=115+10/2+15 =135mm

[Link] per m2 on the slab:

60
 Consider 1m breadth for design purpose

a)self weight of slab:

=1.0 x 1.0 x0.220 x25 x√ (0.3₂ x0.15₂/0.3₂)

= 6.149KN/m

b)weight of steps:

=1/2 x0.3 x0.15 x1 x25 x1.0/0.3

=1.875KN/m

c)live load =3.5KN/m

Total load =11.524KN/m

Factored load=11.524 x1.5

=17.286KNm

4. Factored moment mud:

Mud=Fd x l₂/8

=17.286 x4.32/8 =39.952KN/m

5. Final depth:

Mu=Qubd₂

d=√(Mu/(Quxb)) = √(39.952 x10⁶/(3.32 x1000))

d=109.69mm

But d required for stiffness is more

61
 D=200mm

D=220mm

[Link]:

A)Main steel:

Mud(lim) =Qubd₂

=3.32 x1000 x2002

=132.8 KNm

Mu=39.952KNm<Mu(lim)=132.8KNm

Hence the section is under reinforced section

Mud = 0.87 fyAstd(1-fy Ast/fckbd)

39.952x10⁶= 0.87 x500 xAst x200 (1- 500Ast/20x1000x200)

39.52x10⁶ = 87x103 Ast-8.7 Ast2

Ast=482.49mm2 Say 485mm2

Spaing of 12mm bar =(113.1/485)x1000

=233.19mm say 230mm c/c <3d=3x200=600mm

b)Distribution steel:

Ast= 0.12%Ag

= (0.12/100)x1000x220

= 264mm2

62
Spacing of 8mm bar

= (50.27/264)x1000

=190.417mm Say 185mm c/c <5d =1000mm

CHECK FOR SHEAR:

Total shearforce,Vu =Fd.l/2 =17.286x4.3/2

=37.165KN

Nominal shear stress =Vu/bd =37.165x103/1000x200

=0.1858 N/mm2

Permissible shear stress

Ast=(113.1/230)x1000 =491.78mm2 Say 490mm2

%Ast=100Ast/bd=(100x490)/(1000x200) =0.24%

ƮC is taken from table – 19 of IS 456

K for 200mm thick slab 1.2

ƮC is taken from table 19 of IS 456

%Ast ƮC

0.15 0.28

0.25 0.36

0.24 0.29 + (0.07x0.05)/0.1

0.24 0.325N/mm2

63
 K ƮC = 1.2x0.325

K ƮC = 0.39N/mm2

Factored shear force Vu = fdx(l/2)

1/2ƮC(max) = 1/2x2.8 = 1.4 Since Ʈv<KƮc& 1/2ƮC(max)

Safe in shear

CHECK FOR DEFLECTION:

Ast = (78.54x1000)/827= 95mm2

% of ASt= 0.24%

M.F= 1.36

Depth required for stiffness = span/([Link].F)

= 4300/(20x1.36)

= 158.08mm

But ‘d’ actually provided 200mm>158.08mm

Hence safe in deflection.

64
 Fig:5.7.0 First flight reinforcement

Fig:5.7.1 Second flight reinforcement

65
5.8 DEIGN OF SEPTIC TANK
SOLUTION :

Population = 160 person

Assume rate of water = 120 l/p/d

Assume 80% of sewage water

Quantity of sewage produced = 19200 x 0.8

= 15360 l/day

Assume the detention time 24 hours

= 15360 x (24/24)

= 15360 liters

Assume rate of deposit sludge = 30 liter/capita/year

Assume the period of cleaning = 1 year

Volume of sludge deposit = 30 x 160 x 1

= 4800 liters

Total required capacity of tank

= capacity for sewage + capacity for sludge

= 15360 + 4800

= 20.16 m3

Assume 1.5 m depth of tank

Surface area of tank = 20.16/1.5

= 13.44m2

Ratio of length to width (3:1)

3x B2 = 13.44
66
 B = √(13.44/3) = 2.1m

Provide width = 2.1m

Provide length of tank = 6m

Area of cross section provide

= 6 x 2.1 = 12.6m2

Assume free board = 0.3m

Total depth of tank = 1.5 + 0.3 = 1.8m

Dimension of septic tank

6m x 2.1m x 1.8m

67
Fig:5.8 Detail drawing of septic tank
68
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

During this project we learn about, how to plan, analyses and design for
a high rise building with RCC roof slab.
We learn about planning using auto CAD about 570 Sq.m area, analysis
using staad pro under (G+8). At end of the project we are familiar with
reinforcement detailing and effective usage of IS 456 -2000 and SP-16.
We hope that the project work will given us enough confidence, while
we are going to execute similar project in future, after the end of our
degree project.

69
 CHAPTER 7

REFERENCES

[Link], A.V. and jangid, R.S. (2006). “Seismic analysis of structure

connected with friction dampers.” Engineering structures, pp. 690 -703

[Link], S.H , Son, D-I, Kim, J., and Min, K.w(2004) “Optimal design of
viscoelastic dampers using eigenvalue assignment.” Earthquake Engineering
and Structural Dynamics pp. 521-542.

3. Oosterhout van G.P.C, (1996). , Wind-induced dynamic behaviour of tall

buildings

4. Okada,H. and Kong,L . ,The Effect of Open Passage on Reducing Wind

Response of Tall Buildings

5. Taranath B.S.(1988) , Structural Analysis and design of tall buildings.

6. Moon, K., Connor, J. J. & Fernandez, J. E. (2007). Diagrid Structural

Systems for Tall Buildings: Characteristics and Methodology for Preliminary
Design , The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, Vol. 16.2, pp.
205-230.

7. ] MIYASHITA K. KATAGIRI J. NAKAMURA O. OHKUMA T.

Tamura Y. Itoh M. [Link] , WIND-INDUCED RESPONSE OF HIGH-
RISE BUILDINGS :Effects of Corner Cuts or Openings in Square Buildings,
Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 50 (1993) 319-328

70