Two-way slabs: rectangnlar panels: loads on beams
(common values) 2.52 Triangularly distributed loads
13.7 TRIANGULARLY DISTRIBUTED LOADS From Table 2.53, for panel type 4 with I, /1, = 5/4 = 1.25, the
147
Panels supported along four edges Panels unsupported along one edge maximum bending moments are as follows:
In the design of rectangulal tanks, storage bunkers and some
Unsupported Unsupported retaining structures, conditions occur of wall panels spanning Horizontal negative moment at corners
k>l: Rl=R3=*wl~ R,=O
rn rn rn rn
in two directions, and subjected to distributions of pressure m, = 0.050 X 9.81 X 4' = 31.4 kNmlm
R, = R. = !(k - t)wl~ R2 = R4= !(k-~)wL~
varying linearly from zero at or near the top to a maximum at
a={i=lj2k R3=±w/~ Horizontal positive moment (at about 0.51, = 2 m above base)
the bottom. For liquid-retaining structures, with no provision
k= 1: RI =R1 =R)=R4 =iwl: (i= 1/2k for additional protection in the form of an internal lining or m, = 0.022 X 9.81 X 4' = \3.8 kNmlm
external tanking, an elastic analysis is normally necessary as a Vertical positive moment (at about 0.31, = 1.2 m above base)
basis for checking serviceability cracking. In other cases, an m, = 0.021 X 9.81 X 4 3 = 13.2 kNmlm
~" ~'8
k-l:4/3: R, =!wP'(min.) a = l/2k(min.J k:}2: R,=R,=tk(l-!klwl,;
[ R, = R. =!(k -~)wl;
R3 = nwl~ (max.) (i = 516k(max.) -- :, 08:
I ::::>~
Unsupported
:~
,0
--
:"
, 0
:, §::
+ \
0
R,=O
R4 =tk2wl~
.p = k/2
analysis based on collapse methods may be justified.
13.7.1 Elastic analysis
The coefficients given in Table 2.53 enable the maximum
13.7.2 Yield-line method
A feature of the collapse methods of designing two-way slabs
is that the designer is free to choose the ratios between the
values of bending moments and shealing forces on vertical and total moments in each direction, and between the positive and
~
k';'4f3: R, =~R,approx.(min.)
~
a = 3/8 (min.) R, =0 Ii = 5/8k
horizontal strips of unit width to be determined for panels of negative moments. In the case of liquid-retaining structures,
jl = 5/8 (max.) Rz = tR4 (min.) .p =5/8
different aspect ratios and edge conditions. The latter ale taken where it is important to ensure that the formation of cracks
Rz=R4=l6k2 wl; .p=!;=3k/8 R3 =i\wl;
as fixed at the sides, hinged or fixed at the bottom and hinged under service load is minimised, the ratios selected should
R,=ik(1-ik)w/!approx.(max.) R. = ilk - fo)wl~ (max. 1
or free at the top. The coefficients, which ale taken from ref. 32, correspond approximately to those given by elastic analysis.
were derived by a finite element analysis and include for a The following design procedure is thus suggested:
RI = R3 =n-wl~
[]
Poisson's ratio of 0.2. For ratios less than 0.2, the moments
~"
R, =tR.(min.) k:}8/5: R, =!R,(min.) R,=O 1. Obtain maximum positive and negative service moment
,"
," could be adjusted in the manner described in section 13.2.2.
coefficients from Table 2.53.
R. = ilk - j)wl; (max.) 0 R, =fk(l- fok)wl;(max.) The maximum negative bending moment at the bottom edge
.=jl=3/8k .p=i{max.)
-- :' 08: R4=nk2wl; ,,= 3/8k (min.) 2. Determine p., i l (= i3 ), and i4 , where ).t = lXmh,pos!amz,pos,
and the maximum sheal forces at the bottom and top edges
I ::::>~ 1/1 = 5kl8 (mai) i l = i3 = iXmh,neiiXmh,pos and i4 = lXrnz,neg/arnz,pos'
occur halfway along the panel. The other maximum moments
occur at the positions indicated in the following table. 3. Calculate 1M and ~" if the top edge is unsupported, from
R, =t.wp'(min.) a = 3/8k(min.)
rn
R, =iR.(min.) jl = 5/8k (max.) I, 21y
[2
I,,=_~ Iy,=[_~ _~]_r
R J =nw1;(max.)
R. = ilk - t)wl,; (max.)
.p = 518 (max.)
- :
k ;;'815: R, = nwl; (min.) R,=O
R, =!wp.
R. = (k - ~)wli (max.)
Distance from bottom of panel to position of
maximum horiwntal moments (negative/positive)
V I + i,
and
V I + i, + V I + i3 V!L
and, if the top edge is freely supported, from
': a=.3/5k Ii = Ilk Type of
panel
Heightllz for values of Ix lIz
IH = 21,
and
21y
~,= ,..--:c=~--'-==-=
k -I: 514: R, = R, = fowl; a={i=5/8k 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 4.0 _~
[v'l+i; + Vf+i,]v'P-
~
1+ vl+i4
R, = ~R. (min.) .p = 5/8 (max.) I, longer span
Ix k=- 1 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
R. = ilk - i)wl;tmax.) I. shorter span 4. Obtain M, if the top edge is unsupported, from the chart on
Shorter 2 0.3 0.5 0.7/1.0 0.9/1.0 1.0
span
Table 2.54 and, if the top edge is supported, from the scale
3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
w= intensity of uniformly distributed on Table 2.49 according to the values of 1 (or n = fl2), I,
0.4 0.5/0.6 0.9/1.0 0.9/1.0
k 4 0.4
J
service load per unit area (or 1M ), Iy, and i4 . The basis of this approach is given below.
--
R,
"'0
H analysis due to ultimate loads is
undertaken. substitute n for w in
Distance from bottom of panel to position of
Top edge of slab unsupported. In ref. 25 Johansen derives
~
R R, § • maximum vertical positive moment
k.;, 5/4: R, = R, =lk(l-tk)wI; a.= p= 1/2
R2 = fc;k2wl;(min.)
I 3
...l ~ appropriate formulae
Type of Heightllz for values of IJlz
the following 'exact' formulae according to the failure mode.
Rl ,R 2, R3 • R40 = total load carried by
R. =!k' wl~ (max.) ';=k/2 each support of panel panel For failure mode I:
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 4.0
('= 3kll0
Condition of supports 1 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 M= It;
------- no sUJ)J)Ort 2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
12k
rn
Rl = ll;wl~ (min.) a.=3/1Ok(min.) freely supported 3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 where k is obtained by solving the quadratic equation
R2 = R4 =f(k -t)wl; continuity or fixity 4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4
R3 =tw1!{max.) {i = 1/2k (max.) Loads marked (min.) apply if panel is entirely freely supported
along edge indicated: if partially restrained, load will be slightly
(::YJk' - 4[i.(1 + i
4[ I + i4 + 4) + (6 + 4i4) ( : ; ) ' }
greater than given and load marked (max.) on opposite edge For a complete map of bending moment values, at intervals of
will be correspondingly reduoed. one-tenth of the panel height and length, see ref. 32. The + ii[1 + + 4(::.)'J 0
~
i4 =
.,rnJ
R, = R, = iowl~ (min.) moments obtained for an individual panel apply directly to a
R, = R. =!(k - fo)w/; (maL) square tank with hydrostatic loading. For a rectangulal tank, For failure mode 2:
[~
a = jl= 3/1Ok(min.) a further distribution of the unequal negative moments at the
:comers is needed (see Tables 2.75 and 2.76). 112
M = 9~ (6 - 8~ + 3e)
PlyL
~
Determine, due to internal hydrostatic loading, the where ~ is obtained by solving the following cubic equation:
H: 5/3: R, = R, =nwl;(min.) :Illlax:im'"m service moments in the walls of a squale tank that
i-j 1-11-1
R2 = R. =1(k -i)wl;(max.) "'Ix
be considered as free along the top edge and hinged along
~Iy
"'Ix
a = fJ = 5/6k(min.) bottom edge. The tank is 5 m squale X 4 m deep, and the
level is to be taken to the top of the walls.
