ALJ HOSPITAL
SPEAKER:
AHMED DABET
§ INTRODUCTION TO FIRST AID
§ SHOCK
§ WOUND AND BLEEDING
§ EYE AND EAR INJURY
§ FRACTURES/HEAD/SPINAL INJURIES
§ BITES AND STINGS
§ BURNS AND SCALDS
§ HEAT STROKE
§ POISONS
•To preserve life
•To limit the effects of the condition.
•To prompt recovery.
HUMAN BODY
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
ARTI VAI
RY N
NON-
PREPHERAL OXYGENTED PULMONARY
OXYGENTED
CAPILLARIES BLOOD CAPILLARIES
BLOOD
1 4
HUMAN BODY
§ COUNTDOWN FOR BRAIN
SURVIVAL .
§ 0-4 MINUTES=DAMAGE TO
THE BRAIN IS UNLIKELY .
§ 4-6 MINUTES=DAMAGE IS
POSSIBLE.
§ 6-10
MINUTES=UNREVERSABL
E TO THE BRAIN IS
LIKELY.
§ MORE THAN 10 MINUTES
=BRAIN IS DEAD.
1 5
CH . 3
PIRIORITIES OF CARE
1 6
PRIORITIES OF CARE
§ GOLDEN RULES .
§ DO NOT MOVE AVICTIM
UNLESS THERE IS AN
IMMEDIATE DANGER.
§ REMEMBER=YOUR SAFTY
IS FIRST.
§ TRY TO HELP THE VICTIM
WITHOUT CAUSING HIS
CONDITION TO BECOME
WORSE.
§ TRY TO HELP THE VICTIM
WITHOUT CAUSING MORE
CAULTIES.
1 7
PRIORITIES OF CARE
§ STEP 2 : PRIMARY SURVEY .
§ DETERMINE IF ANY CONDITION EXIST
THAT COULD BE AN IMMEDIATE
THREAT TO THE VICTIMS LIFE.
§ -TO DO THIS WITHOUT ANY
CONFUSSION CHECK SEQUANCELY TO
SEE IF THE VICTIM.
§ IF NOT CALL 997
§ *HAS AN OPEN AIRWAY.
§ *IS BREATHING
§ *HAS APULSE.
§ *IS BLEEDING SEVERELY.
1 8
PRIORITIES OF CARE
§ DETERMINING
CONSCIOUSNESS
§ - GENTLY TAB HIM ON THE
SHOULDER AND ASK (ARE YOU
OK.)
§ -TRY NOT TO MOVE THE
VICTIME THAN NECESSARY .
§ -AVICTIM WHO CAN SPEAK IS
CONSCIOUS,
» HAS OPEN AIRWAY
» IS BREATHING
» HAS APULSE
1 9
PRIORITIES OF CARE
§ CALL FOR HELP .
§ AFTER DETERMINING THE LOSS OF
CONSCIOUSNESS CALL 997.
§ IF YOU ARE ALONE CALL 997 BY YOUR
SELF BUT AFTER DOING RESCUE
BREATHING AFTER CALL COME BACK
TO CONTINUE YOUR CARE.
1 10
PRIORITIES OF CARE
§ CHECK TO SEE IF THE VICTIM HAS OPEN
AIRWAY IS BREATHING .
• FEEL LISTEN LOOK
FOR FIVE SECONDS
INCASE THE AIR WAY IS CLOSED OR BREATHING
1 11
LESSNESS THEN ACT IMMIDIATLY
PRIORITIES OF CARE
§ CHECK THE PULSE
CAROTID ARTERY FOR NOT
MORE THAN 10 SEC.
IN CASE -CARDIAC ARREST
OR SERVE BLEEDING THEN
ACT IMMIDIATLY.
1 12
PRIORITIES OF CARE
§ STEP 3 : SUMMON
ADDITIONAL PERSONAL EMS
§ -IF THE VICTIM IS
CONSCIOUS CALL 997 AFTER
COMPLETING PRIMARY
SURVEY .
1 13
BREATHING EMERGENCY
1 14
BREATHING EMERGENCIES
§ RESCUE BREATHING
§ -IS A TECHNIQUE OF BREATHING AIR IN TO
VICTIM’S LUNGS TO SUPPLY THE OXYGEN NEEDED
TO SURVIVE IN THE ADVENT OF RESPIRATORY
ARREST .
§ REMEMBER THAT THE DAMAGE TO THE BRAIN
STARTS 4 MINUTES AFTER STOPPING OF OXYGEN
SUPPLY .
§ AIR WE IN HALE CONTAINS MORE THAN 21%
OXYGEN OUR EXHALED AIR IS ABOUT 16-18%
OXYGEN.
§ GAS MOVES FROM HIGHER CENTRATION TO THE
LOWER CONCENTRATION .
§ EXHALED AIR IS ENOUGH TO KEEP LIFE .
1 15
BREATHING EMERGENCY
§ RESCUE BREATHING
SECOND : PUT THE POCKET
MASK AND MAKE ASEAL
AROUND THE MOUTH AND
NOSE.
-BREATHING SLOWLY IN TO
THE VICTIM CHEST RISE.
NB. MOUTH TO MOUTH
BREATJING IS POSSIBLE BUT
TRANSMITED DISEAS IS ONE
OF MOST IMPORTANT
FIRST:OPEN THE AIRWAY
REASON TO AVOID IT
1 16
BREATHING EMERGENCY
§ RESCUE BREATHING
CHECK PULSE. No Pulse THIRD : IF YOU DO NOT
check for pulse, No pulse SEE THE VICTIM CHEST
RISE AND FALL WHILE
Start Chest Compression
ADMINSTERING RESCUE
30 : 2 Breaths for 5 cycles BREATHING,YOU MAY
NOT HAVE THE AIRWAY
Then check for pulse
OPEND .
-IF PERSON HAS PULSE BUT
-GIVE 1 BREATH EVERY
NO BREATHING =RESCUE
5SEC.
BREATHING +RECHECK
PULSE EVERY 2 MINUTE -EACH BREATH SHOULD
LAST FOR 1.5-2 SEC FOR
ADULT BUT 1.5SEC FOR
CHILD
1 17
BREATHING EMERGENCY
§ - DO NOT STOP RESCUE BREATHING UNLESS
ONE OF THE FOLOWING OCCURS .
§ 1) THE VICTIM BEGINS TO BREATH ON HIS
OWN.
§ 2) THE VICTIM HAS NO PULSE = BEGIN C P R .
§ 3)E M S TAKES OVER FOR YOU .
§ 4) SCENE BECOMES UN SAFE.
§ 5) YOU ARE TWO EXHOUSETED TO CONTINUE.
1 18
BREATHING EMERGENCY
§ 3) AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION:
§ THE MOST COMMON OBSTRUCTION
اﻟﻠﺳﺎ IN AN UNCONSCIOUS PATIENT IS THE
نﺟﺳم TONGUE.
§ FOREIGN OBJECT SUCH AS PIECE OF
ﻏرﯾب FOOD,A SMALL TOY,ESPECIALLY
FOR CHILDRN.
§ PARTIAL OBSTRUCTION,COMPLET
OBSTRUCTION.
§ DO NOT MISTAKE AN OBSTRUCTED
AIRWAY,YOU MIGHT BE SLOW TO
PROVIDE THE RIGHT KIND OFF CARE
OR EVEN GIVE IMPROPER CARE.
1 19
BREATHING EMERGENCY
§ COMPLETE AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION:
§ -UNABLE TO SPEAK,CRY,BREATH OR
COUGH EFFECTIVELY.
§ -NATURAL REACTION TO
CHOCKING=CLUCH AT THE THREAT WITH
ONE OR TWO HANDS(UNIVERSAL
CHOCKING SIGNAL).
§ -GIVE AN ABDOMINAL THRUST (HEMILECH
MANOUVER)AS SOON AS POSSIBLE.
§ -FOR CONSCIOUS VICTIM USE STANDING
POSITION TO GIVE ABDOMINAL
THRUST(HEMILECH MANOUVER).
§ REPEAT THIS PROCEDURE UNTIL THE
OBJECT COMES OUT OR UNTILL THE HEMILECH
VICTIM BECOMEES UNCONSCIOUS MANOUVER
1 20
BREATHING EMERGENCY
§ COMPLETE AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION:
§ IF CONSCIOUS VICTIM BECOMES
UNCONSCIOUS.
§ LOWER THE VICTIM TO THE FLOOR ON HIS
BACK AND DO THE FOLOWING SEQUANCELY:
§ 1)CALL 997
§ 2)OPEN THE AIRWAY
§ 3)MAKE AFINGER SWEEP.
§ 4)RESCUE BREATHING
§ 5)IF BREATHS STILL DON’T GO IN =GIVE UP TO
5 ABDOMINAL THRUSTS(HEMILECH
MANOUVER).
§ 6)CONTINUE THIS SEQUENCES UNTILTHE
OBJECT IS EXPELLED.1 21
BREATHING EMERGENCY
§ COMPLETE AIR WAY OBSTRUCTION:
§ *IF YOU CAN’T REACH AROUND THE VICTIM TO
GIVE ABDOMINAL THRUST OR IF THE VICTIM IS
NOTICEABLY PREGNANT,GIVE CHEST THRUST.
§ *DO IT IN STANDING POSITION FOR CONCIOUS
VICTIMS.
§ *DO IT IN SUPINE POSITION FOR UNCONSCIOUSE
VICTIMS
1 22
The function of the circulatory system is
to distribute blood to al parts of the body,
so that the oxygen And Nutrients it
carries can pass through , or “Perfuse”
The tissues. When The system fails, and
insufficient oxygen reaches the tissues,
the medical condition known as shock
will develop.
Heart attack
External or internal bleeding or
loss of bodily fluids. Through
Severe diarrhea, vomiting,
burns…
At first a flow of Adrenaline Causes:
* A rapid pulse
* Pale , Gray Skin, Especially inside the lips.
* A Fingernail or earlobe, if pressed, will not regain its
color Immediately
* Swelling , and cold, clammy skin
As shock may develop, there may be:
* Weakness and giddiness
* Nausea and possibly vomiting
* Rapid shallow breathing
* A fast irregular pulse. When The pulse at the wrist
disappear , Fluid loss may equal half of the blood
volume
The casualty may become restless, anxious and
even aggressive.
The casualty may yawn and gasp for air(this is
known as air hunger).
The casualty will become unconscious.
Finally The heart will stop.
Treat Any cause of shock you can remedy (bleeding..)
Lay The casualty down, keeping his head low.
Raise And Support his leg. Be careful If you suspect a
fracture.
Loosen Tight Clothing, braces, belt to reduce constriction
at the neck, chest and waist.
Insulate The Casualty from cold
Call For ambulance
Check and record breathing, pulse and level of response.
Be Prepared to Resuscitate If necessary.
DO NOT let the casualty move
Unnecessarily , Eat or drink. If He
complaints of thirst, moisten his lips with
water.
DO NOT leave the casualty unattended .
Reassure him constantly
•The first aider should:
Control blood loss by applying pressure over
the wound and raising the injured part.
Take steps to minimize shock, which may be
caused by extensive blood loss.
Protect the wound from infection, and
promote natural healing, by covering it with
dressing.
Since germs can be present in body fluids, at
all times pay attention to hygiene, both to
protect the casualty and yourself.
FArterial
FVenous
FCapillary
Bleeding from inside the ear generally follows a
rupture( perforation) of the Eardrum. Causes
include a foreign body pushed into the ear, a blow
to the site of the head, or an explosion.
The Casualty may experience a sharp pain as the
ear drum ruptures, followed by ear ache and
deafness.
If The bleeding follows a head injury, the blood
may appear thin and watery. This Is very serious,
as it indicates that fluid is leaking from around the
brain.
• Help the casualty into a half sitting
position, With The head inclined to
the injured side to let blood drain.
• Cover The ear with a sterile dressing
or clean pad, lightly held in place.
• Send Or take the casualty to the
hospital in treatment Position. ‘
These most commonly occur when blood vessels inside
the nostrils are ruptured , either by a blow to the nose,
or as result of sneezing , picking or blowing the nose.
Infection Such As Cold or flu makes the blood vessels
in the Nose More Fragile , Nose bleeds may occur also
as a high blood pressure. Where A nosebleed follows a
Head injury , The blood may appear thin and watery.
This Is very serious, as it indicates that fluid is
leaking from Around The Brain.
•Sit the casualty down with his head well forward.
Don’t let his head tip back; blood may run down
the back of throat, which can induce vomiting.
•Ask The casualty to breathe Through His mouth,
and to pinch his nose just below the bridge.
•Tell Him to try not to speak, Swallow, cough, Spit,
or Sniff as he may disturb blood clots. Give Him a
clean cloth or tissue to mop up dribble
•After 10 minutes, tell him to release the Pressure,
If the nose is still bleeding, reapply The pressure
for further periods of 10 minutes.
•If The nosebleed persists beyond 30 minutes,
Take or send the casualty to hospital in the
treatment position.
•Once The bleeding is under control , and with
casualty still leaning Forwards, gently Clean
around his nose and mouth with lukewarm
water.
•Advise The casualty to rest quietly for a few
hours, and To Avoid Exertion and in
Particular , Blowing The Nose, so As not to
disturb the clot.
The eye can be cut or bruised by direct blows or by sharps. All Eye
injuries are Potentially Serious .
There Will Be :
•Intense pain in the affected eye, With Spasm of The Eyelids.
There May be:
•A visible wound
•A bloodshot Appearance To the injured eye, even if there Is No Visible
wound.
•Partial Or total loss of vision.
•Leakage Of blood or clear fluid from a Wound, Possibly with
flattening of the globe’s normal contour
•Lay the casualty on his back, holding his
head to keep it as still as possible. Tell The
casualty to keep both eyes still.
•Cover the injured eye with an Eye pad or
sterile dressing, then , reassuring the casualty,
bandage both eyes firmly enough to prevent
movement.
•Take or send the casualty to the hospital In
the treatment position.
The first aid should:
•Establish your own safety before attempting to treat the
casualty.
•Stop the burning , by means of rapid cooling, in order to
prevent further damage to the tissues, to reduce swelling ,
minimize shock , and alleviate pain.
•Cover the injury . Burns are extremely susceptible to
infection , So they need protection from germs.
Except in the case of very minor burns, obtain appropriate
medical aid
l Dry burn: Flames, contact with hot objects, (cigarettes),
friction
l Scald : Steam, Hot liquid (tea ,coffee , hot fat)
l Electrical burn : Low-voltage current, lightning strike
l Cold injury: frostbite, Contact with freezing metals/
vapor (liquid oxygen/nitrogen)
l Chemical burn: Industrial chemical, chemical agents
strong acid alkali
l Radiation burn: Sunburn, over exposure to ultra-violet
lamp, exposure to radio active source.
Depth of Burn:
§ Superficial : involve only the outer layer of the skin,:
redness, swelling and tenderness (mild sunburn, splash
of hot tea or coffee) . usually heal well if prompt first aid
is given, and do not require medical attention.
§ Partial - Thickness: skin will look raw , and blisters will
form, requires medical treatment.
§ Full- thickness: All layers of the skin are burned. Skin
may appeal pale , waxy.
The rules of nine: Extent is expressed in terms of a
percentage of the body’s total surface area :
ØHead 9%
ØFront Of Trunk 18%
ØBack Of Trunk 18%
ØArm 9%
ØCrotch 9%
ØFront Of Leg 9%
ØBack Of Leg 9%
•Any partial-thickness burn of one
per cent or more must be seen by
a doctor.
•A partial - thickness burn of nine
per cent or more will cause shock
to develop.
•A full thickness burn of any size
requires hospital treatment.
§DO NOT use adhesive dressings
or strapping.
§DO NOT break blisters or
interfere with the injured area.
§DO NOT apply lotions,
ointments, creams, or fats to the
injury.
Heatstroke is caused by a failure of
“Thermostat” in the brain, due either to
prolonged exposure to very hot surrounding.
The body rapidly becomes dangerously
overheated. The condition often occurs
suddenly and can cause unconsciousness in
minutes.
There may be:
•Headache, dizziness, and discomfort.
•Restlessness And confusion.
•Hot, Flushed, and dry skin.
•A Rapid Deterioration In the level of
response
•A full , bounding pulse
•Body Temperature Above 40 C
lMove the casualty quickly to a cool place.
Remove All outer clothing. call a doctor.
•Wrap The casualty in a cold , wet sheet, and
keep it wet. cool Him until the under tongue
temperature falls to 38 C
•When the Temperature Has fallen to a safe
level (38 C) , replace The Wet sheet with a
dry one. Continue To observe the casualty
carefully
•If the temperature rises again , repeat the
cooling process.
BITES
AND
STING
THE FIRST AIDER SHOULD DO :
l Having ensured your own safety,
remove the casualty from further
danger.
l Treat any visible wound or painful
symptoms, and minimize the risk
of further injury and infection.
l Obtain medical attention if
necessary.
l Note the time and nature of the
injury, if possible identify the
attacking creature. This enable
medical personnel to deal with the
injury itself and anticipate
possible complication, or to
establish the “Trigger for a severe
allergic reaction”.
Germs are harbored in the
mouth of all animals ( including
human ). Bites from sharp
pointed teeth cause deep
puncture wounds that carry
germs far into the tissue.
§ Wash the wound thoroughly, with
soap and warm water.
§ Pat dry and cover with an adhesive
dressing or small sterile dressing.
§ Advise the casualty to see his own
doctor.
Bees and wasps sting are
usually more painful and
alarming than they are
dangerous. An initial sharp pain
is followed by mild swelling and
soreness, which first aide can
relieved.
§ For a sting on the skin :
l Remove the sting. If it still there
remove by tweezers.
l Apply a cold compress to relieve
the pain and minimize swelling.
l Advise the casualty to see his own
doctor if pain and swelling persist
or increase over the next day.
§ For a sting on the mouth :
l Give the casualty a ice to suck, to
minimize swelling.
l Call for ambulance.
Snake bites are often not a
serious injury but it can be
frightening. Reassurance is vital
if the casualty keeps still and
calm, the spread of the venom
may be delayed.
§ Depending on the species, there
may be :
l A pair of puncture marks.
l Severe pain at the site of bite.
l Redness and marked swelling
around the bite.
l Nausea and vomiting.
l Labored breathing; in extreme
cases, breathing may stop
altogether.
l Increase salivation and sweating.
§ Lay the casualty down. Tell him to
keep calm and still.
§ Wash the wound thoroughly with
soap and water, if available.
§ Secure and support the injured part
and call for the ambulance.
NOTE: Do not apply a tourniquet; slash
at the wound with knife or
attempt to suck out the venom.
FRACTURES
THE FIRST AIDER SHOULD DO :
§ Find more permanent support for
the injured part, soft tissue
injuries will benefit from padding
and firm bandaging, while
fractures and dislocations may
need splinting. An uninjured part
of the casualty’s body provides a
natural form of support.
§ If a broken bone lies within a large
bulk of tissue ( for example the
thigh ), treat the casualty for shock.
§ Obtain medical attention. Hospital
treatment will be required for all.
§ Steady and support the injured part
with your hands.
THANK YOU
