Unit-1 Chapter 1 Beta and Gamma Functions Q.2.To Show that B(m, n)  (m)(n) for m  0, n  0 .

1  ( m  n)
0 x
m 1
1. The definite integral (1  x) n1 dx for m  0, n  0 is called
(m) 
the Beta function, denoted by B(m, n) and alternative form of Beta Sol: We know that m
  e  xy y m1dy
x 0
 x m 1 
function is B (m, n) 
 dx, m  0, n  0 . or (m)  x m  e xy y m1dy …..(1.5)
0 (1  x) m  n 0
x n 1
Multiplying both sides of equation (1.5) by e x
2. The definite (improper) integral


e x x n 1dx for n  0 is called and integrating
with respect to x with limit 0 to  , we get
 
0
the Gamma function, denoted by (n) .   
0 (m)e  x x n 1dx  0 e  x x n 1 x m 0 e  xy y m 1dy dx
dx    
3. Some important properties of Gamma function are   
(i) (n  1)  n(n) (ii) 1  1 (iii) (1/ 2)   (m) 0 e  x x n 1 e  (1 y ) x x m  n 1dx y m 1dy
or
0 0

n  0 (v) (nn )   e ax x n 1dx .

 or (m)(n)   (m  n) y m1dy
(iv) (n  1)  n! , for 0 (1  y)mn
a 0

4. The relation between Beta and Gamma Functions is defined as (Using definition of Gamma function)
(m)(n) for m  0, n  0 . or (m)(n) 
 y m1
(m  n) 0 (1  y) mn
B(m, n)  dy
( m  n)
5. Some special properties of Beta and Gamma Functions are: or (m)(n)  B(m, n) (Using definition of Beta function)
(i) (n)(1  n)   , where 0  n 1  ( m  n)
sin n Hence B (m, n)  (m)(n) .
 /2  m  1  n  1  ( m  n)
  
(ii) 
0
cosm  sin n  d
 
2   2  for all the values of m
  .
m  n  2
 e  x dx 
2
Q.3 To prove that
2   0 2
 2 

and n such that m  1, n  1 . Sol. Let I   e  x dx
2

0
6. The duplication formula is (m) m  1    (2m), m  0 . 1 (1/ 2)1
Put x  t  x  t so that dx 
2 1/ 2
 2  2
2 m 1 t dt
2
x m1  1 (1/ 2)1
dx, m  0, n  0 .
1 


Q.1.To Show that B(m, n) 
0 Now we have I  e t t dt   e t t (1/ 2)1dt
(1  x) mn 0 2 2 0
Sol: Using the definition of Beta function, we have

1 1
    .
2 2
(1/ 2)   
B(m, n)   x
1
m1 n1
(1  x) dx 2
0
dx
  log x 
1
Put x  1 1 Q.4 Prove that 
 dx   dy 0
1 y (1  y ) 2
dx
Also when x  0 , y   and x 1, y  0   log x  
1 1 / 2
Sol. Let I  dx 1 1
   log 
1
0 dx
 x
1/ 2
Now we have  0
 1 
0
m1 n1 log 
0  1   1   1    x 
B(m, n)     1     dy
1  y   y   y) 2 
  Put log 1   t  1  e t or x  e so that dx  e dt
1 (1 t t
n1
 1 y dy  x x

0 m1 n1
(1  y) (1  y) (1  y) 2 When x  0, t   and x  1, t  0
  b
a
f ( x)dx   b f ( x)dx
a
 Now we have I    t 1 / 2 e t dt   t 2 e t dt

0
1   .
  

0
1
1

 y n1 2
 dy
0 (1  y) mn x (1  x ) 
2
1 4
Q.5 Show that
0dx  .
  f (x)dx   f (t)dt (1  x)
n1 10
126
 x

b b
dx
(1  x) mn Sol. Let I  x (1  x )dx 

2 4  x2  x6
0 (1  x)10 0 (1  x)10 dx
0 a a

0 (1  x)10 dx 
By symmetrical we know that B(m, n)  B(n, m)
 x m1
 x 31  x 71
So we have B(m, n) 
 0 (1  x) mn
dx 
0 (1  x) 37
dx  0 (1  x)73 dx
 x m1dx  x n1
dx , for m  0, n  0 .
 B(3, 7)  B(7, 3)  2B(3, 7)
Hence B(m, n) 
 0 (1  x) m n

0 (1  x) mn
(3)(7) 2!.6! 1
2 2  .
10  9! 126
  m 1  n 1  /2 dt 1  / 2
3 3 0
 /2     cos4 t sin 2 2t  cos4 t sin 2 2t dt
cos  sin  d   2   2  for all the values
m n
Q.6. 0

mn2
0
2  1  /2
   cos4 t (2 sint cost ) 2 dt
 2  3 0
of m and n such that m  1, n  1 . 4  /2
 /2  0 cos6 t sin 2 t dt
Proof: Let I   0
cosm  sin n  d 3
 m 1  n 1
 /2    
 cos m1
 sin  (cos sin  )d
n1
Using  / 2 cos m  sin n  d  1  2   2 
0 0
  mn2
m1 2
1  /2  
2 

0
1  sin 2  sin n1  (2 cos sin  )d  2 
Put sin   x so that 2 sin  cos d  dx
2    
7 3
  
4  2 2
1 1
I   1 x
m1
 n1
x dx    
3  10 
2 0
2 
m1 n 1 m1 n1
1 2
  1  x  2 x 2 dx   1  x  2 x 2 dx
1 1 1 1 1
531 1
2 0 2 0 4222
  5
 m 1  n 1  2  .
1  m  1 n  1  1    3 2.(4!) 192
 B ,   2   2 
Q.9 Show that 1 1  x 4 dx  ( 1 / 4 ) .
2
2  2 2  2 mn2
  0
6 2
 2 
1 1
 dx Sol. Let I   1  x 4 dx  0 (1  x 4 )1 / 2 dx
Q.7 Evaluate  0 1  x4
. 0

Put x  sin   x  sin1/ 2 

4 2
 dx
Sol. Let I 

1
so that dx 
1 2
0 1 x4 sin  cos  d
2
x4  t  x  t
1/ 4 1
Put so that dx  t 3 / 4 dt Now we have
4 1  /2 2
 cos  sin  d
1 / 2
3 / 4
I
1  t dt 1  t (1 / 4)1dt 2 0
4 0 1  t
Now we have I   3 1
4 0 1  t 14  34   
1 2 4

1  1 3  1 (1 / 4)(3 / 4) 2 7
 B ,  2 
4 4 4  4 1 3 4
  
  
1 1
4 4
1  1 
12 4
  1   2 3 3
1 4  4 1 1  1 2.  
    1   4 4
4 (1) 4 4  4 2

1      1 
     
  (n)(1  n)     4 
4   sin n  
sin 1 3
4 6.  
1   4 4
 . 
 .

2
 1 
4 1/ 2 2 2   
 4

1  1
6. 1  
4  4
 /6 2
Q.8 Evaluate 
0
cos 4 3 sin 2 6 d .   1 
   
 /6
   4 
Sol. Let I  0
cos4 3 sin 2 6 d
6.


Put 3  t  3d  dt so that d  1 dt sin
3 4
2
 /6   1 
Now we have I   cos 3 sin 6 d  4  
4 2

    
 
0
 (n)(1  n)  
6 2  sin n 