Each volume of this series of companions to major philoso-
phers contains specially commissioned essays by an interna-
tional team of scholars, together with a substantial bibliogra-
phy, and will serve as a reference work for students and
nonspecialists. One aim of the series is to dispel the intimi-
dation such readers often feel when faced with the work of a
difficult and challenging thinker.
Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) is one of the most im-
portant, influential, and often-cited philosophers of the twen-
tieth century, yet he remains one of its most elusive and
least accessible. The essays in this volume address central
themes in Wittgenstein's writings on the philosophy of
mind, language, logic, and mathematics. They chart the de-
velopment of his work and clarify the connections between
its different stages. The authors illuminate the character of
the whole body of work by keeping a tight focus on some key
topics: the style of the philosophy, the conception of gram-
mar contained in it, rule-following, convention, logical ne-
cessity, the self, and what Wittgenstein called in a famous
phrase, "forms of life." A final essay offers a fundamental
reassessment of the status of the many posthumously pub-
lished texts.
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THE CAMBRIDGE COMPANION TO
WITTGENSTEIN
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OTHER VOLUMES IN THE SERIES OF CAMBRIDGE
COMPANIONS:
AQUINAS Edited by NORMAN KRETZMANN and
ELEANORE STUMP (published)
BACON Edited by MARKKU PELTONEN (published)
BERKELEY Edited by KENNETH WINKLER
DESCARTES Edited by JOHN C O T T I N G H A M
(published)
EARLY GREEK PHILOSOPHY Edited by
A. A. LONG
FICHTE Edited by GUENTER ZOELLER
FOUCAULT Edited by GARY G U T T I N G (published)
FREGE Edited by T O M RICKETTS
FREUD Edited by JEROME NEU (published)
GALILEO Edited by PETER MACHAMER
HABERMAS Edited by STEPHEN K. WHITE
(published)
HEGEL Edited by FREDERICK BEISER (published)
HEIDEGGER Edited by CHARLES G U I G N O N
(published)
HOBBES Edited by TOM SORRELL (published)
HUME Edited by DAVID FATE NORTON (published)
HUSSERL Edited by BARRY SMITH and
DAVID WOODRUFF SMITH (published)
WILLIAM JAMES Edited by RUTH ANNE PUTNAM
KANT Edited by PAUL GUYER (published)
KIERKEGAARD Edited by ALASTAIR HANNAY and
GORDON MARINO
LEIBNIZ Edited by NICHOLAS JOLLEY (published)
LOCKE Edited by VERE CHAPPELL (published)
MARX Edited by TERRELL CARVER (published)
MILL Edited by JOHN SKORUPSKI
NIETZSCHE Edited by BERND MAGNUS and
KATHLEEN HIGGINS (published)
OCKHAM Edited by PAUL VINCENT SPADE
PEIRCE Edited by CHRISTOPHER HOOKWAY
PLATO Edited by RICHARD KRAUT (published)
PLOTINUS Edited by LLOYD P. GERSON (published)
ROUSSEAU Edited by PATRICK RILEY
SARTRE Edited by CHRISTINA HOWELLS (published)
SPINOZA Edited by DON GARRETT (published)
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The Cambridge Companion to
WITTGENSTEIN
Edited by Hans Sluga David G. Stern
University of California, Berkeley University of California, Berkeley
• CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS
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CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/0521460255
© Cambridge University Press 1996
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 1996
Reprinted 1997, 1999
A catalogue recordfor this publication is available from the British Library
ISBN-10 0-521-46025-5 hardback
ISBN-10 0-521-46591-5 paperback
Transferred to digital printing 2005
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CONTENTS
Contributors
Abbreviations ix
Ludwig Wittgenstein: Life and work
An introduction i
HANS SLUGA
1 Wittgenstein's critique of philosophy 34
ROBERT J. FOGELIN
2 Pictures, logic, and the limits of sense in
Wittgenstein's Tractatus 59
THOMAS RICKETTS
3 Fitting versus tracking: Wittgenstein
on representation 100
DONNA M. SUMMERFIELD
4 Philosophy as grammar 139
NEWTON GARVER
5 A philosophy of mathematics between two camps 171
STEVE GERRARD
6 Necessity and normativity 198
HANS-JOHANN GLOCK
7 Wittgenstein, mathematics, and ethics: Resisting
the attractions of realism 226
CORA DIAMOND
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vi Contents
8 Notes and afterthoughts on the opening of
Wittgenstein's Investigations 261
STANLEY CAVELL
9 Mind, meaning, and practice 296
BARRY STROUD
10 "Whose house is that?"
Wittgenstein on the self 320
HANS SLUGA
11 The question of linguistic idealism revisited 354
DAVID BLOOR
12 Forms of life: Mapping the rough ground 383
NAOMI SCHEMAN
13 Certainties of a world-picture: The
epistemological investigations of On Certainty 411
MICHAEL KOBER
14 The availability of Wittgenstein's philosophy 442
DAVID G. STERN
Bibliography 477
Index 497
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CONTRIBUTORS
DAVID BLOORis Reader in Philosophy of Science at the University
of Edinburgh and Director of the Science Studies Unit. He is the
author of Knowledge and Social Imagery (1976), Wittgenstein: A
Social Theory of Knowledge (1982), and Scientific Knowledge, A
Sociological Analysis (1996).
STANLEY CAVELLis Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University.
He is the author of numerous books including Must We Mean What
We Sayl (1969), The Claim of Reason: Wittgenstein, Skepticism,
Morality and Tragedy (1979), This New Yet Unapproachable Amer-
ica: Essays after Emerson after Wittgenstein (1989), and Philosophi-
cal Passages: Wittgenstein, Emerson, Austin, Derrida (1994).
CORA D I A M O N D is Professor of Philosophy at the University of
Virginia. She is the author of The Realistic Spirit: Wittgenstein,
Philosophy and the Mind (1991) and the editor of Wittgenstein's
Lectures on the Foundations of Mathematics, 1939 (1976) and of
Intention and Intentionality (1979).
ROBERT j . FOGELIN is Professor of Philosophy at Dartmouth Col-
lege. He is the author of numerous books including Wittgenstein
(1976), Hume's Skepticism (1985), Philosophical Interpretations
(1992), and Pyrrhonian Reflections on Knowledge and Justification
(i994)-
NEWTON GARVERis Professor of Philosophy at the State University
of New York at Buffalo. He is the author of This Complicated Form
of Life: Essays on Wittgenstein (1994) and (with S. Lee) Derrida and
Wittgenstein (1994), and the editor of Naturalism and Rationality
(1986) and Justice, Law, and Violence (1991).
vii
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viii Contributors
STEVE GERRARD is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Williams
College and the author of several articles on Wittgenstein, ethics,
and the history of early analytic philosophy.
HANS-JOHANN GLOCKis Lecturer in Philosophy at the University
of Reading and the author of A Wittgenstein Dictionary (1995) as
well as of several articles on Wittgenstein, and the editor of Wittgen-
stein's Philosophical Investigations: Text and Context (1991).
MICHAEL KOBERis Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the Univer-
sity of Freiburg and the author of Gewissheit als Norm. Wittgensteins
erkenntnistheoretische Untersuchungen in "Uber Gewissheit."
THOMAS RiCKETTsis Associate Professor of Philosophy at the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania. He writes on Frege and Wittgenstein.
NAOMI scHEMANis Professor of Philosophy and Women's Studies
at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis. She is the author of
Engenderings: Constructions of Knowledge, Authority and Privilege
(1993) and the editor of Feminist Interpretations of Ludwig Wittgen-
stein (forthcoming).
HANS SLUGAis Professor of Philosophy at the University of Califor-
nia at Berkeley. He is the author of Gottlob Frege (1980) and of
Heidegger's Crisis: Philosophy and Politics in Nazi Germany (1993)
and the editor of The Philosophy of Frege (4 volumes 1993).
DAVID G. STERN is Assistant Professor of Rhetoric at the Univer-
sity of California at Berkeley. He is the author of Wittgenstein on
Mind and Language (1995).
BARRY STROUDis Professor of Philosophy at the University of Cali-
fornia at Berkeley. He is the author of Hume (1977) and The Signifi-
cance of Philosophical Scepticism (1984).
D O N N A M. SUMMERFIELD is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at
Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. She is the author of several
articles on Wittgenstein and of Wittgenstein: Mental Representa-
tion and Covariance Theories of Content (forthcoming).
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ABBREVIATIONS
AWL Wittgenstein's Lectures, Cambridge 1932-1935, ed. A.
Ambrose
BLBK The Blue Book
BRBK The Brown Book
BT Big Typescript
CV Culture and Value
LC Lectures and Conversations
LFM Lectures on the Foundations of Mathematics
LWI Last Writings on the Philosophy of Psychology, vol. I
LWII Last Writings on the Philosophy of Psychology, vol. II
LWL Wittgenstein's Lectures, Cambridge 1930-1932, ed. D. Lee
NB Notebooks 1914-1916
NL Notes on Logic
OC On Certainty
PG Philosophical Grammar
PI Philosophical Investigations
PO Philosophical Occasions, 1912-1951
PR Philosophical Remarks
PT Prototractatus
RC Remarks on Color
RFM Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics
RPPI Remarks on the Philosophy of Psychology, vol. I
RPPII Remarks on the Philosophy of Psychology, vol. II
TLP Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
WWK Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle
Z Zettel
IX
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THE CAMBRIDGE COMPANION TO
WITTGENSTEIN
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