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1604.7 Preconstruction load tests. Materials and methods of
construction that are not capable of being designed by
approved engineering analysis or that do not comply with the
applicable material design standards listed in Chapter 35, ot
alternative test procedures in accordance with Section 1711,
shall be load tested in accordance with Section 1714.
1604.8 Anchorage.
1604.8.1 General, Anchorage of the roof to walls and col-
‘umns, andof walls and columns to foundations, shall be pro-
vided to resist the uplift and sliding forces that result from
the application of the prescribed loads.
160482 Concrete and masonry walls. Concrete and ma-
‘sony walls shall be anchored to floors, roofs and other strc-
tural element that provide lateral support forthe wall. Such
anchorage shall provide a postive direct connection capable
of resisting the horizontal forces specified inthis chapter but
not less than a minimum strength design horizontal force of
280 pif (4.10 kN/m) of wall, substituted for “E” in the load
‘combinations of Section 1605.2 or 1605.3. Walls shall be de-
signed to resist bending between anchors where the anchor
spacing exceeds 4 feet (1219 mm). Required anchors in ma-
sonry walls of hollow units or cavity walls shall be embedded
in a reinforced grouted structural element of the wall. See
Sections 1609,6.2.2 and 1620 for wind and earthquake design
requirements.
160483 Decks. Where supported by attachment toan exterior
‘wall, decks shall be positively anchored tothe primary struc-
ture and designed for both vertical and lateral loads as applica
bie, Such attachment shall not be accomplished by the use of
toenails ornails subject to withdrawal. Where positive connec
tion tothe primary building structure cannot be verified during
inspection, decks shal be self-supporting. For decks with can-
tilevered framing members, connections to exterior walls or
other framing members shall be designed and constructed to
resist uplift resulting from the full ive load specified in Table
1607.1 acting on the cantilevered portion ofthe deck.
‘SECTION 1605
LOAD COMBINATIONS
1608.1 General. Buildings and other structures and portions
thereof shall be designed to resist the load combinations speci-
fied in Section 1605.2 or 1605.3 and Chapters 18 through 23,
‘and the special seismic load combinations of Section 1605.4
where required by Section 1620.2.6, 1620.2.9 or 1620.4.4 or
Section 9.5.2.6.2.11 or 9.5.2.6.3.1 of ASCE 7. Applicable
loads shall be considered, including both earthquake and wind,
in accordance with the specified load combinations. Each load
combination shall also be investigated with one or more of the
variable loads set to 2er0,
1605.2 Load combinations using strength design or load
and resistance factor design.
11605.2.1 Basic load combinations. Where strength design
‘or load and resistance factor design is used, structures and
portions thereof shall resist the most critical effects from the
following combinations of factored loads:
14D (Equation 16-1)
12D+1.6L+0.5(L,orSorR) (Equation 16-2)
2003 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE®
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
1.2D+1.6(L,orSorR)+(Lor0.8W) (Equation 16-3)
1.2D+16W+fL+05(LorSorR) Equation 16-4)
12D+LOE+fL+hS (Equation 16-5)
0.9D+(1.0E0r1.6¥) (Equation 16-6)
where:
fy = 10 for floors in places of public assembly, for live
loads in excess of 100 pounds per square foot (4.79
kim), and for parking garage live load.
fy = 05 for other live toads.
‘f; = 0.7 for roof configurations (such as saw tooth) that
do not shed snow off the structure.
fy = 0.2 for other roof configurations.
Exception: Where other factored load combinations are
specifically required by the provisions of this code, such
combinations shall take precedence.
1605.22 Other loads. Where F, H, P or T'is to be consid
cred in design, each applicable load shall be added to the
above combinations in accordance with Section 2.3.2 of
ASCE 7. Where F, is to be considered in design, the load
‘combinations of Section 2.3.3 of ASCE 7 shall be used,
1605.3 Load combinations using allowable stress design.
1605.3.1 Basic load combinations. Where allowable sess
design (working stress design), as permitted by this code, is
"used, structures and portions thereof shall resist the most criti-
cal effects resulting from the following combinations of loads:
D (Equation 16-7)
D+L (Equation 16-8)
DsL+(L,orSorR) (Equation 16-9)
D+(Wor0.7E)+L+(L,orSorR) (Equation 16-10)
06D+Ww (Equation 16-11)
06D+07E (Equation 16-12)
Exceptions:
1. Crane hook loads need not be combined with roof
live load or with more than three-fourths of the
snow load or one-balf of the wind load.
2. Flat roof snow loads of 30 psf (1.44 kN/m#) or less
rnced not be combined with seismic loads. Where
flatroof snow loads exceed 30 psf (1.44 kN/m!),20
percent shall be combined with seismic loads,
1605.3.1.1 Load reduction. It is permitted to multiply
the combined effect of two or more variable loads by
0.75 and add to the effect of dead load. The combined
load used in design shall not be less than the sum of the
effects of dead load and any one of the variable loads.
‘The 0.7 factor on E does not apply for this provision.
Increases in allowable stresses specified in the appro-
‘priate materials section of this code or referenced stan-
dard shall not be used with the load combinations of
Section 1605.3.1 except that a duration of load increase
shall be permitted in accordance with Chapter 23. STRUCTURAL DESIGN
1605.3.1.2 Other loads. Where FH, Por Tare tobe con-
sidered in design, the load combinations of Section 24,1
of ASCE7 shall be used. Where F, isto be considered in
design, the load combinations of Section 2.4.2 of ASCE,
7 shall be used,
1605.3.2 Alternative basic load combinations. In lieu of
the basic load combinations specified in Section 1605.3.1,
structures and portions thereof shall be permitted to be de:
signed forthe most critical effects resulting from the follow-
ing combinations. When using these alternate basic load
combinations that include wind or seismic loads, allowable
stresses are permitted tobe increased or load combinations
reduced, where permitted by the material section of this
code or teferenced standard. Where wind loads are caleu-
lated in accordance with Section 1609.6 or Section 6 of
ASCE 7, the coefficient in the following equations shall
betakenas 1.3. Forother wind loads shal be taken a 1.0
D+L+(L,orSorR) (Equation 16-13)
D+L+(oW) (Equation 16-14)
D+L+oW+S/2 (Equation 16-15)
D+L+S+oW2 (Equation 16-16)
D+L+S+ENL4 (Equation 16-17)
O9D+ENA (Equation 16-18)
Exceptions:
1. Crane hook loads need not be combined with roof
live load or with more than three-fourths of the
snow load or one-half of the wind load,
2. Flat roof snow loads of 30 pounds per square foot
(1.44 kN/m?) or less need not be combined with
seismic loads. Where flat roof snow loads exceed
30 psf (1.44 kN/m?), 20 percent shall be combined
with seismic loads,
1605.3.2.1 Other loads. Where FH, Por Tare tobe con-
sidered in design, 1.0 times each applicable load shall be
‘added o the combinations specified in Section 1605.3.2.
1605.4 Special seismic load combinations. For both allow-
able stress design and strength design methods, where specifi
cally required by Sections 1613 through 1622 or by Chapters
18 through 23, elements and components shall be designed to
resist the forces calculated using Equation 16-19 when the
effects of the seismic ground motion are additive to gravity
forces and those calculated using Equation 16-20 when the
effects of the seismic ground motion counteract gravity forces.
L2D+fib+Eq (quation 16-19)
09D+E, (quation 16-20)
where:
E, = Themaximumeffect of horizontal and vertical forces
as set forth in Section 1617.1,
24
Ji = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly, for live
loads in excess of 100 psf (4.79 kN/m#) and for park-
ing garage live load.
fy = OS for other live loads,
1605.5 Heliports and helistops. Heliport and helistop landing
‘or touchdown areas shall be designed for the following loads,
‘combined in accordance with Section 1605:
1. Dead load, D, plus the gross weight of the helicopter,
‘Dy, plus snow load, 5.
2. Dead load, D, plus two single concentrated impact
loads, L, approximately 8 feet (2438 mm) apart ap-
plied anywhere on the touchdown pad (representing
each of the helicopter’s two main landing gear,
whether skid type or wheeled type), having a magni-
tude of 0.75 times the gross weight of the helicopter.
Both loads acting together total 1.5 times the gross
‘weight ofthe helicopter.
3, Dead load, D, plus a uniform live load, L, of 100 psf
(4.79 Kin),
SECTION 1608
DEAD LOADS.
1606.1 Weights of materials and construction. In determin-
ing dead loads for purposes of design, the actual weights of
‘materials and construction shall be used. In the absence of defi-
nite information, values used shall be subject tothe approval of
the building official
1606.2 Weights of fixed service equipment. In determining
dead loads for purposes of design, the weight of fixed service
‘equipment, such as plumbing stacks and risers, electrical feed-
crs, heating, ventilating and air-conditioning systems (HVAC)
and fire sprinkler systems, shall be included,
‘SECTION 1607
LIVE LOADS
1607.1 General. Live loads are those loads defined in Section
1602.1.
1607.2 Loads not specified. For occupancies or uses not desig-
nated in Table 1607-1, the live load shall be determined in
accordance with a method approved by the building official
1607.3 Uniform live loads. The live loads used in the design of
buildings and other structures shall be the maximum leads
expected by the intended use or occupancy but shall in no case
be less than the minimum uniformly distributed unit loads
required by Table 1607.1
1607.4 Concentrated loads. Floors and other similar surfaces
shall be designed to support the uniformly distributed live loads
prescribed in Section 1607.3 or the concentrated load, in
pounds (kilonewtons), given in Table 1607.1, whichever pro-
duces the greater load effects. Unless otherwise specified, the
indicated concentration shall be assumed to be uniformly dis-
tributed over an area 2.5 feet by 2.5 feet [6.25 ft2(0.58 m?)] and
shall be located so as to produce the maximum load effects in
the structural members.
2003 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE® STRUCTURAL DESIGN
: TABLE 1607.1
‘unin UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LIVE LOADS AND MINIMUM CONCENTRATED LIVE LOADS*
Tara [ence coaronu | conccireaeD]
occine onuse ‘| cccumancyonuse se [ore
7, ARETE ie rein) = = 25. Oficebuldiags
Ree lend compte om shall
‘Othoswe 50 "2,000. ‘designed for heavier loads based on
Computer use 100 2,000 sepetont sooo.
Lotteedfistfercomidon | 100 | 2060
Armor and dil ooms 10 a Ofte | 20m,
— Goris hove ft Boe a | 26m
ede (hsened 0) “ 7. Pea iiaons
tones ito Gal cts « ~
Mowble seas 100 eh Sans iso
Spes end plaonnt is Them
ae ee a ‘One- and two-family dwellings
mien “© “inabiabe sie without orgs | 10
Uamabiae ans witmage’ | 20
3 Baxi (eter) 10 Hiab cs and epingaeas | 20
Ononrmitwoimiy esac | 6D ‘Abeer aan xpi :
‘only, and not exceeding 100 ft? ‘and decks 0
Motels tnd fay tings
5 Same as ‘Private rooms and corridors
Deets exeamaney | — caving 0
seve abe a nd comiors
1. Bowing ey 75 = sen te 100
1 Cages © = 26 Reviewing sands gundsandsand | wgee | —
lest
|| 9._Comidts, except as otherwise indicated 100 =
29, Roe See Seaion 16071
10, Dang hal and balloos 100 =
20. Schools
11 Dining oon an 10 = oe ‘6 1000
12. Ditlings ee side = = Conor above fst or | im
aa Fseiow ead to__| the
Gentdn) = 300 31, Seutles, skylight ribs and accessible _ a
cat
1A. Finish ight lor ple constction pri =
coumattin’ = 32 Sidevas, ear arvewseand | gar | gon
15. Fire escapes 100, — a a
Ganinlefaniy évelingsoaly | 0. 7 28, Sang inks 100 =
16, Ganges (meng vtec i Nowe 34, Stains and eeas
“Trucks and buses See Section 1607.6. Bleacher oF
Fined seat fanned loo) oo
17 Ganado std a
‘menlener) = oe 35. Si and exe 100 | Nowe
‘One and worl Svelings o
18 Onis mins a = ree 8
36 Storage warouses al be Second
cents Sa Stn aman enor tab
2, Howls sess ae i
‘Opering ons, brates, «© | 100 2
Pion oom ® | tom Hey 230
Wah wo | tom 7. Stores
onion sve fir oer no too a
am = = ‘ie four 10 | 1000
2 Hussl ee a “Upper floors 1S 1,000
22. Lites, i m7 whoa oo ts_| tio
eaig ome s& | 2 3 sicie tare SecGen 1.7
anid ahve it oor | tom 39. Walkways ad eleva pao a 7
7B. Manfctsing . cnet ba tes
‘Light Bs 2,000 40. Yards and terraces, pedestrians 100 =
Bary eo | tno
A Manges 75 =
(continued)
2003 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE® STRUCTURAL DESIGN
[Notes to Table 1607.
ForSk iach = 254 mm, | square inch «645.16 ma, 1 pound per
square foot= 0.79 kN, pound = 0008448 KN.
1 pound per cubic foot = 16 kgm?
‘Floors ingzages or porns of bllings wed forthe stocageof motor vei
‘les shall be designed forthe uniformly dtrbutd lve loads of Table
1607.1 othe following concentrated loa: (1) for gages recited i ve.
hits accommodating not moc than nie passengers, 3,000 pounds acting
‘onan atesof 45 inches by 4S inches; (2) fr mechanical parking erties
without slab or deck which are used for storing passenger veces only,
2,250 pounds per wheel,
‘The Joaing applies to sack room floors that support nonmbile, dou
be-face library booksacs, subject tthe following litations.
1. The pominalbookstack unt height shall not exced 90 inches
2. The nominal shelf depth shall no exceed 12inces foreach face, and
3. Palle rows of double-faced bookstacs shall besepratedty sles
‘not ss tan 36 inches wide
«Design in accordance withthe ICC Standard on Bleachers, Folding and
Telescope Seating and Grandstand
44 Other uniform loads in accordance with a sproved metho which contains
‘provisions for ruck loadings shall slo be considered whete appropiate
The concentated wheel load shallbe applied onan area o20 square inch
‘Minimum concenrated load on stair weds (on area of square inches) i
300 pounds,
1 Where snow loads occu that are in exces ofthe design conditions, the
structure shal be designed to supprt the load duet the increased loads
‘caused by driftbuldup ora greater snow design determined by the bailing
‘official (Gee Section 1608). For special-purpose roots, see Section
1607.11.22,
1 See Section 1604.83 for decks atached to exterior walls
1607.5 Partition loads. In office buildings and in other build-
ings where partition locations are subject to change, provision
for partition weight shall be made, whether or not partitions are
shown on the construction documents, unless the specified live
load exceeds 80 psf (3.83 kN/m*). Such partition load shall not
be less than a uniformly distributed live load of 20 psf
(0.96kNm).
1607.6 Truck and bus garages. Minimum live loads for
‘garages having trucks or buses shall be as specified in Table
1607.6, but shall not be less than 50 psf (2.40 kN/mm), unless
other loads are specifically justified and approved by the build-
ing official. Actual loads shall be used where they are greater
‘than the loads specified inthe table.
1607.6.1 Truck and bus garage live load application. The
‘concentrated load and uniform load shall be uniformly dis-
tributed over a 10-foot (3048 mm) width on a line normal to
the centerline of the lane placed within a 12-foot-wide
(3658 mm) lane. The loads shall be placed within their indi-
vidual lanes so as to produce the maximum stress in each
structural member. Single spans shall be designed for the
uniform load in Table 1607.6 and one simultaneous concen-
{rated load positioned to produce the maximum effect. Mul-
tiple spans shall be designed for the uniform load in Table
1607.6 on the spans and two simultaneous concentrated
Joads in two spans positioned to produce the maximum neg-
ative moment effect. Multiple span design loads, for other
effects, shall be the same as for single spans,
1607.7 Loads on handrails, guards, grab bars and vehicle
barriers. Handrails, guards, grab bars as designed in ICC
‘A1I7.1 and vehicle barriers shall be designed and constructed
to the structural loading conditions set forth in this section.
26
‘TABLE 16075
UNIFORM AND CONCENTRATED LOADS,
‘CONCENTRATED LOAD
UNIFORM LOAD Leper:
toxpina | (poundsninear | Formoment | For shear
cuasse | “Toot o tae) ‘sign design
120-4 and
mena 40 18,000 26,000
HIS-44 and
nasa 480 13,500 19,500
ForSt: 1 pound per linear foot = 0.01459 N/m, 1 pound = 0.004448 KN,
on = 8 90 KN.
4 AnH loading class designates atvo-anle ruck witha semitiler, An HS
loading clas designates iractr truck with senatalee The mmibers fol
lowing the leer clasiication indicat the gost weight in tons ofthe st
dar rock and the year the outings were instited
See Section 1607.61 fr te loading of multiple spans.
1607.7.1 Handrails and guards, Handrail assemblies and
guards shall be designed to resist a load of 50 pif (0.73
eN/m) applied in any direction atthe top and to transfer this
load through the supports to the structure,
Exceptions:
1. For one- and two-family dwellings, only the sin-
gle, concentrated load required by Section
1607.7.1.1 shall be applied,
2, InGroup -3,F, Hand S occupancies, for areas that
are not accessible to the general public and that
hhave an occupant load no greater than 50, the mini-
‘mum load shall be 20 pounds per foot (0,29 kN/m),
1607.7.1.1 Concentrated load. Handrail assemblies and
guards shall be able to resist single concentrated load of
200 pounds (0.89 KN), applied in any direction at any
point along the top, and have attachment devices and sup-
porting structure to transfer this loading to appropriate
structural elements of the building. This load need not be
assumed to act concurrently with the loads specified in
the preceding paragraph,
1607.7.1.2 Components. Intermediate rails (all those
except the handrail), balusters and panel fillers shall be
designed to withstand a horizontally applied normal load
of 50 pounds (0.22 KN) on an area equal to 1 square foot
(0.093m?), including openings and space between rails,
Reactions due to this loading are not required to be super-
imposed with those of Section 1607.7.1 or 1607.7.1.1
1607.7.1.3 Stress increase. Where handrails and guards
are designed in accordance with the provisions for allow-
able stress design (working stress design) exclusively for
the loads specified in Section 1607.7.1, the allowable
stress for the members and their attachments are permit-
ted to be increased by one-third,
1607.7.2 Grab bars, shower seats and dressing room
bench seats. Grab bars, shower seats and dressing room
bench seat systems shall be designed to resist a single con-
Centrated load of 250 pounds (1.11 KN) applied in any direc-
‘tion at any point.
1607.7.3 Vehicle barriers. Vehicle barrier systems for pas-
‘senger cars shall be designed to resist a single load of 6,000
pounds (26.70 kN) applied horizontally in any direction to
2003 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE® the barrier system and shall have anchorage or attachment
capable of transmitting this load tothe structure. For design
of the system, the load shall be assumed to act at a minimum
height of 1 foot, 6 inches (457 mm) above the floor or ramp
surface on an area not to exceed 1 square foot (305 mm),
‘and is not required to be assumed to act concurrently with
any handrail or guard loadings specified in the preceding
paragraphs of Section 1607.7.1. Garages accommodating
‘trucks and buses shall be designed in accordance with an ap-
proved method that contains provision for traffic railings.
1607.8 Impact loads. The live loads specified in Section,
1607.2 include allowance for impact conditions. Provisions
shall be made in the structural design for uses and loads that
involve unusual vibration and impact forces.
1607.8.1 Elevators. Elevator loads shall be increased by
100 percent for impact and the structural supports shall be
designed within the limits of deflection prescribed by
ASME AIT7.L
1607.8.2 Machinery. For the purpose of design, the weight
‘of machinery and moving loads shall be increased as follows
toallow for impact: (1) elevator machinery, 100 percent; (2)
light machinery, shafi- or motor-driven, 20 percent; (3)
ciprocating machinery or power-driven units, 50 percent;
(4) hangers for floors or balconies, 33 percent. Percentages
shalt be increased where specified by the manufacturer.
1607.9 Reduction in live loads. The minimum uniformly dis-
tributed live loads, Z,, in Table 1607.1 are permitted to be
reduced according to the following provisions.
1607.9.1 General. Subject to the limitations of Sections
1607.9.1.1 through 1607.9.1.4, members for which a value
of K,Aris 400 square feet (37.16 m?) or more are permitted.
tobe designed for areduced live load in accordance with the
following equation:
(Equation 16-21)
where:
L__ = Reduced design live load per square foot (meter) of
area supported by the member,
L, = Unreduced design live load per square foot (meter)
of area supported by the member (see Table
1607.1).
Ky, = Live load element factor (soe Table 1607.9.1).
Ay = Tributary area, in square feet (square meters). Lshall
not be less than 0.50L., for members supporting one
floorand Z shall notbe less than 0 40L, for members
supporting two oF mote floors.
2008 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE®
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
‘TABLE 160791
LIVE LOAD ELEMENT FACTOR, Ky,
ELEMENT on
hatetior columns
[Exterior columns without cantilever labs
[Edge columns with cantilever slabs
[Bdge beams without cantilever slabe
4
4
3
|Comer cokumns with cantilever slabs 2
2
limerior beams 2
|All other members not identified above including:
Bdge beams with cantilever slabs
Cantilever beams
‘Two-way slabs
“Members without provisions for continuous shear
‘wansfer normal to their span
1607.9.1.1 Heavy live loads. Live loads that exceed 100 pst
(4.79 kN/n) shall not be reduced except the live loads for
‘members supporting two or more floors are permitted to be
reduced by a maximum of 20 percent, but the live load shall
‘not be less than L as calculated in Section 1607.9.1.
1607.9.1.2 Passenger vehicle garages. The live loads
shall not be reduced in passenger vehicle garages except
the live loads for members supporting two or more floors
are permitted to be reduced by a maximum of 20 percent,
‘but the live load shall not be less than L as calculated in
Section 1607.9.
1607.9.1.3 Special oceupancies. Live loads of 100 pst
(4.79kN/m?) or less shall note reduced in public assem-
bly occupancies.
1607.9.1.4 Special structural elements. Live loads
shall not be reduced for one-way slabs except as permit-
ted in Section 1607.9.1.1. Live loads of 100 psf (4.79
KdN/m:) or less shall not be reduced for roof members ex
cept as specified in Section 1607.11.2.
1607.9.2 Alternate floor live load reduction. As an alter-
native to Section 1607.9.1, floor live loads are permitted (0
be reduced in accordance with the following provisions.
‘Such reductions shall apply to slab systems, beams, girders,
columns, piers, walls and foundations.
1. A reduction shall not be permitted in Group A occu-
pancies.
2. A reduction shall not be permitted when the live load
exceeds 100 psf (4.79 kN/m?) except that the design
live load for columns may be reduced by 20 percent.
3. Forlive loads not exceeding 100 psf (4.79 kN/m#), the
design live load for any structural member supporting,
150 square feet (13.94 m?) or more is permitted to be
reduced in accordance with the following equation:
R=r(A-150) (Equation 16-22)
For SI: R =r (A~ 13.94) ‘STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Such reduction shall notexceed 40 percent for hor
zontal members, 60 percent for vertical members, nor
Ras determined by the following equation:
R=23.1(1+D/L,) (Equation 16-23)
where:
A. = Area of floor or roof supported by the mem-
ber, square feet (m).
D = Dead load per square foot (m?) of area sup-
To = Unreduced live load per square foot (m) of
area supported.
Reduction in percent.
r= Rate of reduction equal to 0.08 percent for
floors.
1607.10 Distribution of floor loads. Where uniform floor live
loads are involved in the design of structural members arranged
so as to create continuity, the minimum applied loads shall be
the full dead loads on all spans in combination with the floor
live loads on spans selected to produce the greatest effect at
‘each location under consideration. It shall be permitted to
reduce floor live loads in accordance with Section 1607.9,
1607.11 Roof loads. The styuctural supports of roofs and mar-
‘quees shall be designed to resist wind and, where applicable,
‘snow and earthquake loads, in addition to the dead load of con-
struction and the appropriate live loads as prescribed in this
section, or asset forth in Table 1607.1. The live loads acting on,
‘a sloping surface shall be assumed to act vertically on the hori-
‘zontal projection of that surface.
:1607.11.1 Distribution of roof loads. Where uniform roof,
live loads are involved in the design of structural members
arranged s0 as to create continuity, the minimum applied
loads shall be the full dead loads on all spans in combination
‘with the roof live loads on adjacent spans or on alternate
spans, whichever produces the greatest effect. See Section
1607.11.2 for minimum roof live loads and Section 1608.5
for partial snow loading.
1607.11.2 Minimum roof live loads. Minimum roof loads
shall be determined for the specific conditions in accor-
600 square feet
(5.74 m)
20.0014,
For SI: 1.200014,
(Equation 16-27)
where:
A, = Tributary area (span length multiplied by effec-
tive width) in square feet (m*) supported by any
structural member, and
F = forasloped,oof, the number of inches of rise per
foot (for SI: F = 0.12 x slope, with slope ex-
pressed in percentage points), and
F = foran arch or dome, rise-o-span ratio multiplied
by 32, and
forF<4 Equation 16-28)
.2-005F ford
