___________________________________________
MODULE 4. Integrals of Hyperbolic Functions
Overview
This chapter deals with the integrals of Hyperbolic
functions. There are some connections with trigonometric
functions and exponential functions.
These functions can be used to describe the motion of
waves in elastic solids, the shape of hanging cables, and the
temperature distributions in metal cooling fins. Note that the
definitions of tanh, coth, sech, and csch, match the definitions of
the corresponding trigonometric functions, and identities are
similar.
The first systematic consideration of hyperbolic functions
was done by Swiss mathematician Johann Heinrich Lambert
(1728 – 1777).
Intended Learning Outcomes __________________________________
65
1. Define, state, and illustrate properties of hyperbolic
functions;
2. Evaluate the indefinite integrals of hyperbolic functions.
Topics
4. Integrals of Hyperbolic Functions
4.1 Elementary Properties
4.2 Definition
4.3 Graphs of Hyperbolic Functions
4.4 Applications
Pre-test ____________________________________________________________
66
Name: ______________________________________ Date: ______________________
Section: _____________________________________ Score: ______________________
Integrals of Hyperbolic Functions
Evaluate the following integrals:
dx
1. ∫ sech x ( 3+5 sinh x )
dx
2. ∫ csch x ( 5+3 cosh x )
dx
3. ∫ ( csch )3 x
4. ∫ msinh m dm
x
e dx
5. ∫ csch x
cosh x dx
6. ∫ e−2 x
dx
7. ∫ sinh x−cosh x
dy
8. ∫ 3 sinh y−5 cosh y
67
Lesson Proper_________________________________________________________________
Module 4. Integrals of Hyperbolic Functions
Definition of Hyperbolic Functions
Before proceeding to the integrals of hyperbolic functions, the six
hyperbolic functions are defined as follows:
1
cosh x= ( e x +e− x )
2
1
sinh x= ( e x −e−x )
2
sinh x e x −e−x
tanh x=¿ = ¿
cosh x e x + e−x
1 e x + e−x
coth x= = x −x
tanh x e −e
1 2 1 2
csch x= = x − x sech x= = x −x
sinh x e −e cosh x e +e
Substituting −x for x in the definitions,
sinh (−x )=−sinh x
cosh (−x )=cosh x
tanh (−x )=−tanh x
With these relations the graphs are shown below,
Figure 4.1
68
y=cosh x
Figure 4.2
y=sinh x
Figure 4.3
y=tanh x
Properties of Hyperbolic Functions
1. cosh 2 x – sinh 2 x=1
2. tanh 2 x +sech 2 x =1
3. coth 2 x−csch 2 x=1
4. sinh 2 x=2 sinh x cosh x
5. cosh 2 x=cosh 2 x+ sinh2 x
6. cos h x – sin h x=e− x
7. cos h x +sin h x=e x
69
8. s∈h(x + y )=sin h x cos h y+ sin h y cos h x
9. cos h(x+ y)=cos h x cos h y + sin h x sin h y
1+cos h x
10. cos h2 x=
2
cosh x−1
11. sinh 2 x=
2
Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions
The formulas for the derivatives of the hyperbolic sine and hyperbolic
cosine functions may be obtained by applying the definitions and
differentiating the resulting expressions involving exponential functions.
d d e x −e−x e x +e− x
1.
dx
sinh x=
dx (2
=
2 ) =cosh x
d d e x +e−x e x −e−x
2.
dx
cosh x =
dx ( 2
= )
2
=sinh x
d d sinh x cosh 2 x−sinh 2 x 1
3.
dx
tanh x= (
dx cosh x
= ) 2
cosh x
= 2
cosh x
2
=sech x
d d 1 −sinh x
4.
dx
sech x = (
dx cosh x
= )
cosh 2 x
=−sech x tanh x
d d 1 −cosh x
5.
dx
csch x= (
dx sinh x
= )
sinh 2 x
=−csch x coth x
d d 1 −sech2 x
6.
dx
coth x= (
dx tanh x
= )
tanh 2 x
2
=−csch x
Integrals of Hyperbolic Functions
For each of the differentiation formulas there is a corresponding
integral formula, they are the following:
1. ∫ cosh x dx=sinh x+ c
2. ∫ sinh x dx=cosh x+ c
3. ∫ sech2 x dx =tanh x +c
70
4. ∫ sech x tanh x dx=−sech x +c
5. ∫ csch x coth x dx=−csch x +c
6. ∫ csch2 x dx=−coth x +c
7. ∫ tanh x dx=ln cosh x +c=ln ( e x + e−x ) +c
Derivation:
sinh x
∫ tanh xdx=∫ ( cosh x)
dx
Let u=cosh x du=sinh x
du
∫ tanh x dx=∫ u
=ln u+c=ln cosh x+ c
¿ ln ( e x + e−x ) +c
8. ∫ coth x dx=ln sinh x +c=ln ( e x −e− x ) + c
9. ∫ sech x dx=¿ 2 tan−1 e x +c ¿
Derivation:
2 dx 2 e x dx
∫ sech x dx=¿∫ e x + e−x
=∫ e2 x +1 ¿
Let a=1 u2=e2 x u=e x du=e x dx
du
∫ sech x dx=¿ 2∫ a2 +u2 =2 tan−1 u+ c=2 tan−1 e x ¿
x −x
10. ∫ csch x dx=¿ ln ( coth x−cschx ) +c=ln ee x−e
+ e−x
+c¿
Derivation:
( coth x – csch x ) csch x
∫ csch x dx=¿∫ coth x – csch x
dx ¿
coth x csch x−csch2 x
¿∫ dx
coth x – csch x
d ( coth x – csch x )
¿∫ dx
coth x – csch x
¿ ln ( coth x – csch x ) +c
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e x −1
¿ ln +c
e x +1
x
¿ ln tanh
2
Example 1. Evaluate ∫ sinh 3 x dx
Solution:
1
∫ sinh 3 x dx= 3 cosh 3 x +c
3
Example 2. Evaluate ∫ tanh x dx
4
Solution:
3 4
∫ tanh 4 x dx= 3 ln ( e3 x + e−3 x )+ c
5x
Example 3. Evaluate ∫ csch 3
dx
Solution:
5x 3 5x
∫ csch 3
dx= ln tanh
5 6
+c
3 5x 5x
5 (
¿ ln coth
3
– csch
3 )
+c
sech √ x dx
Example 4. Evaluate ∫
√x
Solution:
∫ sech√√xx dx =2∫ sech2 √√xx dx
¿ 2 ( 2 arctan e √ x ) +c
¿ 4 ( arctan e √ x ) +c
−x
Example 5. Evaluate ∫ e sinh x dx
Solution:
72
e x −e−x
∫ e−x sinh x dx=∫ e− x ( −2 x
2
dx )
1−e
¿∫ dx
2
1 e−2 x
¿∫ −
2 ( 2
dx )
1 e−2 x
¿ ∫ dx−∫ dx
2 2
1 1
¿ x+ e−2 x + c
2 4
Example 6. Evaluate ∫ sinh ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
Solution:
1
Let u=tan x du=sec 2 x dxor du= 2 dx
cos x
∫ sinh ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
¿ cosh u+c
¿ cosh ¿ ¿
2
Example 7. Evaluate ∫ sinh x dx
Solution:
Use cosh 2 x=1+¿ 2 sinh 2 x ¿
1
∫ sinh 2 x dx= 2 ∫ ¿ ¿
1
¿
2∫
( cosh 2 x dx−∫ dx )
1 1 1
¿ ∙ sinh 2 x− x+ c
2 2 2
1 1
¿ sinh 2 x− x +c
4 2
Alternative solution, change sinh x into exponentials, giving
2
1 1
2
2 [ 4 ]
sinh x= ( e x −e−x ) = ( e 2 x −2+e−2 x )
73
1
∫ sinh 2 x dx=∫ 4 ( e 2 x −2+e−2 x ) dx
1 1 2x 1
¿
4 2 (
e −2 x + e−2 x + c
2 )
1
¿ ( e2 x −4 x +e−2 x ) +c
8
Check whether the two answers are identical,
1 2x
( e −4 x +e−2 x ) + c ≟ 1 sinh 2 x− 1 x+ c
8 4 2
1
≟ ¿
4
1 e x −e− x e x +e− x
≟ 2∙
4 ( 2
∙
2 )
+c
1 1 2 x −2 x
≟ ( e −e ) − 1 x +c
[ ]
4 2 2
1 2x
( e −4 x +e−2 x ) + c= 1 ( e 2 x −4 x+ e−2 x ) +c
8 8
Example 8. Evaluate ∫ ( coth 4 y−csch 4 y ) dy
Solution:
∫ ( coth4 y−csch 4 y ) dy=∫ ( coth2 y −csch2 y ) ( coth2 y+ csch2 y ) dy
¿ ∫ ( coth 2 y +csch 2 y ) dy
¿ ∫ ( csch 2 y +1+ csch2 y ) dy
¿ ∫ ( 2 csch2 y +1 ) dy
¿−2 coth y + y + c
2
−ln y
Example 9. Evaluate ∫ e cosh ¿ ¿¿
Solution:
Change cosh ¿ ¿ into exponentials
2
∫ e−ln y cosh ¿ ¿¿
1
¿ ∫ y−2 ( y 2+ y−2 ) dy
2
1
¿ ∫ ( 1+ y−4 ) dy
2
1
¿ ¿) + c
2
1 1
(
¿ y− 3 +c
2 3y )
74
Example 10. Evaluate
Solution:
du
Letu=2+ 3 sinh du=3 cosh x dx =cosh x dx
3
3
Example 11. Evaluate ∫ sech x tanh x dx
Solution:
Letu=sech x du=−sech x tanh x dx−du=sechx tanhx dx
∫ sech3 x tanh x dx=∫ sech2 x sechx tanhx dx
¿ ∫ u2 (−du)
u3
¿− +c
3
1
¿− sech 3 x +c
3
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Assessing Learning_________________________________________________________________
Activity 1
Name: _____________________ Score: _______________
Section: ____________________ Date: ________________
Integrals of Hyperbolic Functions
Evaluate the following:
1. ∫ tanh2 3 x dx
2. ∫ x sech2 x 2 dx
3. ∫ sin sinhx dx
4. ∫ sech √ x √tanh
x
√ x dx
dx
5. ∫ 2
( e +e− x )
x
coth 3 x
6. ∫ sinh 3 x dx
7. ∫ tanh 2 x csch2 x dx
8. ∫ sinh 3 x cosh 3 x dx
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Assessing Learning_________________________________________________________________
Activity 2
Name: _____________________ Score: _______________
Section: ____________________ Date: ________________
Integrals of Hyperbolic Functions
1. ∫ cothx ¿¿
2. ∫ sinh 2 x cosh 2 x dx
3. ∫ ( 1−tanh 2 2 x ) dx
dz
4. ∫ sinh z tanhz
5. ∫ sinh 3 z dz
6. ∫¿¿
7. ∫ sinh 2 z cosh 3 z dz
cosh z
8. ∫ cosh 2 z−1 dz
1 1
9. ∫ tanh2 3 z sech 2 3 z dz
77
10. ∫ x −2 /3 tanh √3 x dz
References:
Books:
Finley, T. Calculus and Analytic Geometry. Addison-Wesley Publishing
Company, 8th Edition, 1993.
Leithold, L. The Calculus with Analytic Geometry. Harper and Row Publishers,
1990.
Longley, W.R. Elements of Differential Calculus. Ginn and Company. New
Revised Edition, 1957.
Love, C. and Rainville, E. Differential and Integral Calculus. The Macmillan Co.,
6th Edition, 1970.
Mateo, R.A., Perez, A.P., Ymas Jr., S.E. Integral Calculus, Ymas Publishing
House. 2002.
Peterson, T.S. Calculus with Analytic Geometry. Harper Edition, 1968.
Internet:
Calculus - CliffsNotes
www.cliffsnotes.com/.../Calculus.topicArticleId-39909.html
Pauls Online Notes : Calculus I
tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcI/CalcI.aspx
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