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Writing Study Strategies

Specific Strategies
Introduction
Writing Task 1
Writing Task 2
Practice Tests
What should I do to prepare for the IELTS General
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks
Training Writing Test
The weeks before the test
The weeks before the test you should do some general writing practice as well as specific practice for Task 1.

General writing practice

Write something in English every day. Even the physical activity of holding a pen and writing on a piece of paper is important
because we spend so much time using a keyboard to write.
Here are some writing activities to help you:

Look in a newspaper for an issue or a problem which interests you and about which you have an opinion. Write a letter
to the Editor, suitable for the Letters and Opinion page (usually in the middle pages of most newspapers).
Practise doing a dictation with a friend. Ask your friend to read a text slowly. Write what your friend dictates to you.
When you have finished writing, correct your mistakes.
Practise speed writing to help you write more quickly. Write about anything you like and as quickly as you can. After you
have finished, check your writing and count the words you have written.

Keep a diary with this information. As you practise, you will find that the number of errors you make will decrease and the
number of words you write will increase.

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Specific writing practice
Specific Strategies
Writing Task 1 You should practise writing Task 1 every day. Think about the different kinds of letter you may be
Writing Task 2 asked to write.
Practice Tests to a newspaper/employer/friend
Question Bank to your local government or council about a local issue
Assessment Tasks to a person you met at a conference or meeting
to an organisation such as a railway company or airline or a hotel or similar business
the manager of a store where you have bought something

You can build your vocabulary by:

taking notes from articles, looking up words that you do not know
looking up synonyms and antonyms to words
keeping a vocabulary book

You can check how effective your letter is by:

reading a letter to a friend and then asking them to write down the question ( if they guess the question right then you
have done what you have been asked to do!)
reading the letter out loud to ensure that there is a logical progression and the tone is appropriate.
checking your letter and making a note of errors. When you do this you may find a pattern.

You can do work on errors that you constantly make by revising the grammar and practising.

 
   

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Step 1: Introduction to IELTS General Training
Step 1
Introduction to Writing Task 1
Writing Task 1
FAQs This is the first of 7 steps that introduce you to General Training (GT) Writing Task 1 and strategies you need to successfully
complete the IELTS Writing task.
Revising information
How should I organise my time for Task
1?
Time Plan in detail Outcomes
Review quiz
At the end of Step 1, you will be able to:
Summary
Step 2 understand what GT Task 1 is
Step 3 cover frequently asked questions about GT Task 1
understand how to organise your time for Task 1
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
What is General Training Writing Task 1?
Writing Task 2 In GT Task 1 you need to write a letter responding to a given problem or situation.
Practice Tests
The letter may be formal, semi-formal or informal, but it is in a standard format.
Question Bank
You may be asked to request information, make suggestions, express opinions or make complaints.
Assessment Tasks The situations are common, so that anyone can complete them.
You should do this in at least 150 words and in about 20 minutes.

The question for this task will have three sections:

Task background: From here, you will be able to see the purpose of the letter and who your reader is.
Task requirements: These will help you develop your ideas.
Task instructions: These are the overall instructions for your task.

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
FAQs
Step 1 Does it matter if I don’t meet the word limit?
Introduction to Writing Task 1 The instructions tell you to write at least 150 words, and you will lose marks if you don’t! When you practise for the test,
count the number of words you write on each line, so that you only have to count the number of lines you have to write
FAQs to reach 150 words.
Revising information
How should I organise my time for Task Can I leave out some of the bullet points?
1? No.  Each bullet point should be covered in sufficient detail.  You should give about the same amount of space for each
point.
Time Plan in detail
Review quiz Is it better to write a lot more than the word limit?
Summary Writing a very long letter does not rate you higher and leaves less time to check the letter. The most important thing is
to cover all 3 bullet points in sufficient detail.
Step 2
Step 3 Should I concentrate on Task 2 and leave Task 1 till last?
Step 4 You can, but make sure you do not run out of time – the content of Task 1 and 2 are not the same.
Step 5 Is Task 1 worth less than Task 2?
Step 6 Yes.  Task 1 is worth 1/3 and Task 2 is worth 2/3 of the final mark for Writing - but rushing the letter, or not checking it,
Step 7 will still affect your overall mark.
Writing Task 2 If it is a letter to a friend, can I use casual language?
Practice Tests You may use some less formal language, but an informal or semi-formal tone does not include slang like wanna or
Question Bank gonna", or SMS language like "c u later" – these would rate lower in both Lexical Resource ( errors in spelling ) and
Task Achievement ( tone ).
Assessment Tasks
Does it matter if my handwriting is hard to read?
Examiners do not assess the quality of your handwriting. However, if they cannot read the words this may affect your
rating.

If I run out of time should I just make notes?

Remember not to leave your letter until the last minute! If the text is written in note form, bullet points or numbered lists,
you will lose marks.

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Activity – Revising information about GT Writing task 1
Writing Task 1
Step 1
Introduction to Writing Task 1
Answer true or false to the following statements about the FAQs.
FAQs
Revising information  
How should I organise my time for Task
I should leave the letter until last and just complete it, if I have time.
1?
Time Plan in detail
True
Review quiz No! You must complete both tasks and devote 20 minutes to the letter, as
Summary recommended.
Step 2
Step 3 False
Step 4 Correct! Even though the letter is only worth 1/3 of the total mark, a poor letter will
reduce your final score.
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7 The bullet points in the questions are just guidelines, you do not have to cover them all.
Writing Task 2
Practice Tests True
No! Not covering all bullet points will cost you marks!
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks
False
Correct! If you do not cover the bullet points, you will
lose marks.

There is no point in writing too much over the word limit as it does not achieve a higher band score.

True
Correct! Although there are penalties for answers that are underlength, there are no
extra marks for very long letters – and this takes time that you could use for checking.

False
No! Writing too much over the word limit does not get any extra marks and it takes time
that you could use for checking your work.

My handwriting must be neat or the task is not marked.

True
No! Examiners mark all scripts – but if your handwriting is difficult to read, they may not
be able to assess your grammar and punctuation as easily.

False
Correct! However, if your writing is difficult to read, it may be hard to assess if your
grammar and punctuation are correct.

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
How should I organise my time for Task 1?
Step 1 You have one hour to do Task 1 and Task 2. It is very important that you spend only 20 minutes on Task 1. Leave 40 minutes to
Introduction to Writing Task 1 do Task 2 as it requires more time and is worth more marks.
FAQs
Revising information
How should I organise my time for Task Time plan for Writing Task 1
1? Let’s look at a possible time plan to follow when you do Writing Task 1.
 
Time Plan in detail Suggested time
Review quiz Stage (Total 20 minutes)
Summary
Step 2 1 Read and analyse the task to understand what is
Step 3 expected in your answer
Step 4 1 minute
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7 2 Plan what you are going to write
Writing Task 2 2 minutes
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

3 Write your answer

15 minutes

4 Check your writing

2 minutes

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Time Plan in detail
Step 1
Introduction to Writing Task 1
FAQs
Stage 1
Revising information Read and analyse the task to understand what is expected in your answer (about 1 minute)
How should I organise my time for Task
1? Understand:
Time Plan in detail the topic or situation described in the instructions 
Review quiz the function of the letter (complaint/request/enquire etc.)
Summary the details (what/ where/ when/ how)
the instructions in each bullet point
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Stage 2
Step 6 Plan what you are going to write (about 2 minutes)
Step 7
Plan:
Writing Task 2
Practice Tests the appropriate opening salutation (Dear...)  and closing salutation (Yours...)
Question Bank the appropriate tone (who are you writing to?)
how many paragraphs to cover all the bullet points
Assessment Tasks

Stage 3
Write your answer (about 15 minutes)

Make sure:

the purpose of your letter is clear

you have covered all three bullet points in enough detail
your layout is correct, with clearly marked paragraphs
your handwriting is clear and legible

Stage 4
Check your writing (about 3 minutes)

Check that:

you have included an appropriate opening salutation and matching closing salutation
you have included your name after the closing salutation (full name for formal letters, first name for informal)
your spelling is accurate
your grammar is accurate
your letter is easy to read and there is an overall progression
you have used a range of grammar structures
you have used a range of vocabulary

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Writing Study Strategies

Activity – Review quiz
Writing Task 1
Step 1
Introduction to Writing Task 1
Answer the following questions about Writing Task 1.
FAQs
Revising information  
How should I organise my time for Task
1? How much time should you spend reading and understanding the task?
Time Plan in detail
Review quiz about 3 minutes

Summary
Step 2 about 1 minute
Step 3
You should spend about 1 minute understanding the topic and the
Step 4 function of the letter, as well as the instructions in each bullet point.
Step 5
Step 6
How much time should you spend planning your letter?
Step 7
Writing Task 2
about 2 minutes
Practice Tests
Question Bank
about 5 minutes
Assessment Tasks
Planning what you are going to write should not take more than 2
minutes.  You need to decide on the tone and level of formality of the
letter, the appropriate opening and closing salutations and how many
paragraphs you need, to cover the bullet points.

How much time should you spend writing your answer?

about 20 minutes

about 15 minutes

The writing should take about 15 minutes.  Make sure you have a plan
before you start to write, as you will not have time to adjust your letter in
any major way.

How much time should you spend checking your writing?

about 6 minutes

about 2 minutes

You will need at least 2 minutes to check your work and ensure that you
have covered all the points as well as the appropriate salutations. A
quick check over the grammar and vocabulary is also needed.

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Writing Task 1
Step 2: How will I be assessed?
Step 1
Step 2
How will I be assessed?
Introduction
The assessment criteria In Step 1 we looked at general information about Writing Task 1 and how to manage your time and practise for the test.
Task Achievement
In this step we will look at how the Examiner uses different criteria to assess your writing.
Coherence and cohesion
Lexical Resource
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
Summary
Outcomes
At the end of this step, you will be able to:
Step 3
Step 4 understand the main criteria that are used to rate your writing task
consider how a letter meets the criteria in a task
Step 5
understand how a letter can be improved.
Step 6
Writing Task 2
Practice Tests
Question Bank
 
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
The assessment criteria for GT Writing Task 1
Your IELTS Writing Task 1 is assessed according to four assessment criteria:
Step 1
Step 2
How will I be assessed? Assessment Criteria
The assessment criteria
Task Achievement
Task Achievement Coherence and Cohesion
Coherence and cohesion Lexical Resource
Lexical Resource Grammatical Range and Accuracy
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
Summary You can see the public version of the criteria in more detail.
Step 3
Now let's examine these four criteria in more detail.
Step 4
Step 5
 
Step 6
Writing Task 2
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Task 1
Task Achievement
Step 1 Task Achievement assesses the appropriacy, accuracy and relevance of your response in relation to the requirements of the
Step 2 task.
An appropriate response involves
How will I be assessed?
The assessment criteria covering all the bullet points
Task Achievement avoiding unnecessary or irrelevant information
using the correct format and layout
Coherence and cohesion making sure the purpose of the letter is clear
Lexical Resource using the tone required for the situation
Grammatical Range and Accuracy using your own words and not copying language from the instructions
Summary
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5 Activity – Assessing a task using Task Achievement.
Step 6
Writing Task 2
Let’s look at how the criterion of Task Achievement can be used to assess an IELTS Task 1 answer.
Practice Tests
Question Bank Look at the following Task 1 question.
Assessment Tasks

Some students have rented the apartment next to yours. Their parties are upsetting you, your
family and other tenants.
Write a letter to the owner of the apartment. In your letter:

describe the problem

explain how the problem is affecting you, your family and other tenants
say what you would like the owner of the apartment to do.

Write at least 150 words.

You do NOT need to write any addresses.
Begin your letter as follows:
Dear ... ,

Look and an attempted answer and how it meets the requirements of Task Achievement:

NO ADDRESS REQUIRED
Dear Sir/Madam,
How are you? I hope this letter finds you in good health.
I am writing to complain about the students who are renting your apartment. They have loud
parties that do not finish until late at night which are upsetting me my family and other
tenants. They leave rubbish and empty bottles in the public areas of the block. I talked to
them and they are rude and impolite.
This is an unhappy situation as my family cannot sleep and my son cannot do his
homework. This results in everyone feeling tired and unhappy. And this means that my son is
getting bad marks at school and he may fail his examinations at the end of term which
would be very sad.
Can you do something to stop this? I hope you can or I must go and talk to the police and
this will be bad for you and them.
I look forward to your cooperation in this matter.
Regards

Let’s consider the different aspects of Task Achievement

Task Achievement Yes No  

Does the letter cover all the points?

YES. The letter covers all the bullet points required but
more details about what the landlord should do are
necessary.

Is there any excess or irrelevant

information? NO. However, there is some extra information about the
son failing his exams, which means that bullet point 2
is more fully covered than the others.

Is the layout correct?

Is the purpose clear to the reader?
YES. The purpose is clearly set out in the second 
sentence.  However, there is some confusion because
of the inappropriate greetings in the first line.
Is the tone consistent and appropriate?
Does the candidate use all his/her own
words? NO. The candidate copies the situation from the input
material ( Their parties are upsetting you, your family
and other tenants. ). Copied phrases will not be
considered in the marking of the letter.

Is the letter at least 150 words long?

YES. The letter is 161 words long.  After taking away
the copied phrase (9 words) the letter is 152 words
long which is just long enough. Remember that
responses under 150 words will lose marks!

A suggested improved letter.

NO ADDRESS REQUIRED
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to complain about the students who are renting your apartment which is
situated next to mine. They invite a large number of people to the apartment almost every
evening. The noise level is unacceptable and it continues until early in the morning. What’s
more, they persistently leave rubbish in the public areas of the building. Although I have tried
to talk to the students, they have been uncooperative and the situation has not improved.
This situation is having a detrimental effect not only on the other occupants of the building,
but also on all of my family. I have to get up early to work, and I am constantly tired from lack
of sleep.  My son, who has exams soon, is finding it difficult to concentrate at school
because he is not getting enough sleep.
I would be grateful if you could talk to the students and convey my concern and remind them
of the noise regulations in the block. If the situation does not improve, further action may be
required.
I look forward to your cooperation in this matter.
Yours faithfully,
David Johnson

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Writing Task 1
Coherence and cohesion
Step 1 Coherence refers to how you organise information within the paragraphs and between the paragraphs so that it is easy for the
Step 2 reader to follow.
Cohesion refers to connecting sentences and ideas using a range of techniques including:
How will I be assessed?
The assessment criteria Reference words: pronouns (e.g. they ), adjectives and pronouns (e.g.; this , these ) which refer the reader backwards
Task Achievement or forwards to ideas in a text.
Signposts: words or phrases that show the relationship between parts of the text. Remember to show you have a variety
Coherence and cohesion of signpost words – try to avoid only using basic linkers (like firstly, secondly, thirdly ).
Lexical Resource
Grammatical Range and Accuracy Cohesion also refers to making sure that your ideas are consistent throughout the letter.
Summary
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5 Activity – Assessing a task using Coherence and Cohesion .
Step 6
 
Writing Task 2
Practice Tests Let s look at how the criterion of Coherence and Cohesion is used to assess an IELTS Task 1 answer. Look at the following
Question Bank Task 1 question.
Assessment Tasks

When travelling back home on the train last week you lost your wallet.  The wallet contains
some valuable things. In your letter, write to the Station Manager:

say when and where you left your wallet

describe the wallet and what was in it
say how you will collect the wallet

Write at least 150 words.

You do NOT need to write any addresses.
Begin your letter as follows:
Dear ... ,

Now look at an attempted answer and how it meets the requirements of Coherence and Cohesion:

Dear Sir/Madam,
How are you? I hope you are well. My address is 23 Lone Avenue Sydney.  Last week I was
travelling back from work and I had had a really bad day.  I was tired from work and cold
because it was raining outside. In addition, I think I had some really bad luck because I left
my wallet on the train.  Moreover I have some really valuable things there.  In addition it is
only valuable to me as the former has a photograph of my mother who has been ill recently
and has since died. However if you find that wallet it will be great and I will be really grateful.
Also my driver s licence is in the wallet. Could you send them back to me when you find it?
Yours sincerely,
Theresa Green

Let s consider the different aspects of coherence and cohesion.

Coherence and Cohesion Yes No  

Does the letter organise the

information logically? NO. The information is not organised logically and there
is not the logical progression needed for a high mark. It
is a good idea to follow the same order of information
as the bullet points in the task.

Is there a range of cohesive devices

used appropriately? NO. Although some cohesive devices are used such as
moreover also and in addition , they are not
sufficient to aid communication, and incorrect use can
lead to confusion (for example the use of however ).

Is the language difficult to follow

because of lack of referencing? YES. Inappropriate referencing such as could you send
them back... (where them is unclear) makes the letter
difficult to follow.

Are there sufficient and appropriate


paragraphs? NO. The paragraphing should be structured in the same
sequence as the bullet points.
A suggested improved letter.

Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to you as I have left my wallet on a train and would like it to be returned.
The wallet was left on the 5.48 pm train on the City line travelling towards Beachside on
Tuesday last week.  I got on at City North and left the train at Downtown. I suspect the wallet
fell out of my coat pocket as I was getting off the train.
My wallet is made of black leather with the logo Armani embossed on the front.  It contains
some important documents such as my driving licence and credit cards, as well as some
family photographs that are of great personal value to me, in particular one of my late
mother.
I would be grateful if you would make enquiries into the whereabouts of the wallet and keep
it for me. I can collect the wallet at the railway lost property office at the Downtown train
station.
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Yours faithfully,
Andrew Moreton

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Writing Task 1
Lexical Resource
Step 1 For Lexical Resource, you are assessed on:
Step 2
The range of your vocabulary.
How will I be assessed? The accuracy of the words you use.
The assessment criteria
The range of vocabulary refers to the variety of words you use and your ability to use synonyms, and choose less common
Task Achievement
expressions or words that are appropriate and precise.
Coherence and cohesion
Lexical Resource To improve the range of the words you use, you should use:
Grammatical Range and Accuracy synonyms (e.g., increase= rise)
Summary modifiers (e.g., skilled staff members) and also
Step 3 rephrasing (e.g., economic growth = the development of the economy).
Step 4 The accuracy of your vocabulary refers to how correct your vocabulary is. Common errors in accuracy could involve:
Step 5
Step 6 word form (e.g., economy / economic )
inappropriate words or phrases ( your dog makes me crazy )
Writing Task 2
spelling.
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

Activity – Assessing a task using Lexical Resource.

 

Let’s look at how the criterion of Lexical Resource is used to assess an IELTS Task 1 answer.

You have bought an item of clothing at an online store. However, when the item arrived it
was the wrong size and colour. Write a letter to the customer service manager of the
company.  In your letter

describe the problem

say how you feel about this
say what you want the manager to do.

Write at least 150 words.

You do NOT need to write any addresses.
Begin your letter as follows:
Dear ... ,

Now let’s look at an attempted answer and how it meets the requirements of Lexical Resource.

Dear Sir/Madam
I am writing to you because ten days ago I asked a dress from your online store.  The dress
was blue. The reference number was 0859368.
When the dress arrived it was the rong colour and size. It was a dark blue colour not a lite
blue colour which is what I asked. The dark blue colour dress was also a size 16.  I am a size
10 and the size 16 is too great.
I am cross for the dress because I want to using it for a party tomorrow and now I cannot
use it for the party because it is dark blue and size 16. I will be greatful for you to returning
the dark blue dress and send me a lite blue dress that is size 10. My address is 24 Treelined
Street, Newtown.  Please return it soon.
Thank you for your attention.
Yours faithfully,
Michael Stand

Let’s consider the different aspects of Lexical Resource.

Lexical Resource Yes No  

No.  There is a narrow range of vocabulary and repetition

Does the letter contain a range of
of the same words such as dark blue which shows a
vocabulary?
lack of ability to use synonyms or to paraphrase.


Is there some awareness of style and No. There are some items that are correct for the style
collocation? of a letter such as I would be greatful if... However,
 there are several errors in collocation such as cross for
instead cross about .

Do the spelling errors prevent the No. The errors do not impede communication however
meaning from coming through? the errors are more than occasional and noticeable.

Is there an attempt to use less common

vocabulary even with errors?

Yes. Errors in spelling such as greatful lite and word

Are there errors in spelling and word
formation are noticeable and there is more than some
formation?
inaccuracy .

A suggested improved letter.

Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to express my disappointment at a delivery error from your online supplier, and
to request an immediate exchange of goods.
I ordered an aqua blue coloured dress (reference number 0859368) in size 10. However, the
dress that was sent to me was a navy blue colour and a size 16. I spent a great deal of time
ensuring the details on my order form were correct before I submitted it.
This situation is frustrating, as I was planning to wear this outfit to an important social
occasion next Friday, 17 March, and have bought a pair of shoes and accessories to match.
These items do not match the navy blue dress that has been sent.
I would like a replacement to be delivered well before this event. Please ensure that you
deliver the correct item to my home address, by courier, within the next 24 hours.
I look forward to your prompt reply and a swift exchange.
Yours faithfully,
Susan Whitworth

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Writing Task 1
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
Step 1 For Grammatical Range and Accuracy, you are assessed on the range and accuracy of your sentences.
Step 2
The range of your grammar refers to your ability to use a variety of sentence structures (simple, complex and compound)
How will I be assessed? appropriately.  Do not try and use long complex sentences all the time, if they are not necessary.
The assessment criteria
Accuracy, on the other hand, refers to how correct your grammar is – remember this includes correct punctuation, the number
Task Achievement
of mistakes you make, and how basic the errors are.
Coherence and cohesion
Lexical Resource Common errors in accuracy could involve mistakes in:
Grammatical Range and Accuracy verb tense
Summary subject/verb agreement
Step 3 articles
punctuation
Step 4
complex sentences
Step 5 modal verbs
Step 6 prepositions.
Writing Task 2
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks
Activity – Assessing a task using Grammatical Range and Accuracy .

Let’s look at how the criterion of Grammatical Range and Accuracy is used to assess an IELTS Task 1 answer. Look at the
following Task 1 question.

You have just come back from a holiday overseas. When you arrived back, you discovered
that the airline had lost your suitcase. Write to the Customer Relations department of the
airline. In your letter

explain the situation

describe the suitcase and its contents
say what you want the airline to do

Write at least 150 words.

You do NOT need to write any addresses.
Begin your letter as follows:
 
Dear ... ,

Now look at an attempted answer and how it meets the requirements of Grammatical Range and Accuracy.

Dear Sir/Madam
I writing you for complaining.  I just come back to holiday.  I arrive back to the airport.  Your
official have say that my case was lost.
I is very angry at this not care for my posession.  There are several item of value in my case.
There were a new clothes. I bought the clothes for a holiday. I also had a jewellry and some
perfume. It was very expensive. There were several souvenir, they are precious for me and
remember of my holiday in Fiji like grass skirt and presents.  I also had some equipments for
the iphone and laptop.
I would like you compensate my things.  I am send you a list of thing also their cost.
I want to get the money as soon  possible. Please contact me at 0444888888.
Yours faithfully,
Gurjeet Singh

Let’s consider the different aspects of Grammatical Range and Accuracy.

Grammatical Range and Accuracy Yes No  

No - There is a narrow range of structures – mostly

Is there a wide range of structures?
simple and compound sentences.

No – There are a variety of errors in each sentence,

Are there frequent error-free sentences?
many of them basic tense or agreement errors. 
Do errors in grammar and punctuation
reduce communication? No - The errors do interfere somewhat in getting the
message across although it is possible to understand
what is being said.

No – The letter consists of several simple or compound

Is there a mix of simple and complex
sentences which have no subordinate clauses. There are
sentences?
no complex sentences attempted.

A suggested improved letter.

Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to you to complain about a situation that came to light on my arrival at Sydney
Airport yesterday on Flight AZ457.
It appears that my luggage has been misplaced between Fiji, where I was on holiday, and
Sydney. Although I understand that luggage can be lost or re-directed, I would like to express
my frustration that I was not officially informed and was left waiting at the carousel for my
luggage to arrive before being informed of the loss. It took a total of three hours of waiting
and filling in forms before I was able to leave the airport.
There were several items of value in the suitcase, not least a certain amount of valuable
jewellery and some expensive perfume.  In addition, there were clothes specifically bought
for the holiday and certain souvenirs that are of sentimental value, despite being of little
monetary value. I enclose a list of items lost, together with an estimate of their value, which I
would like to be used as a basis for compensation.
Please contact me as soon as possible, so that we can arrange a satisfactory outcome.
My email address is: gsingh@[Link]
Yours faithfully,
Gurjeet Singh

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Summary
Step 1 In this step, you have learnt:
Step 2
the different criteria that are used to mark a letter
How will I be assessed? how to use these criteria to improve your letter.
The assessment criteria
In Step 3, we will look at how to achieve the correct tone and level of formality in a letter
Task Achievement
Coherence and cohesion
Lexical Resource
Grammatical Range and Accuracy  
Summary
Step 3  
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Writing Task 2
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks
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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Step 3: Understanding level of formality and tone
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Introduction
Understanding level of formality and In Step 2 we looked at the criteria that are used to assess your letter.
tone
What is "tone"? In this step we will look at how to achieve the correct tone and level of formality in your letter.
Deciding the appropriate tone for a
letter.
What language should I use for the Outcomes
right tone?
Writing with the correct level of By the end of this step you will be able to:
formality
understand the importance of tone in your letter
Summary match openings and closings that are of the same tone and level of formality
Step 4 practise writing a letter with the correct tone for the situation.
Step 5
Step 6
Writing Task 2  
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
What is tone ?
Step 1 Tone and level of formality refer to the way you communicate in your letter.  It is normal to use different levels of formality
Step 2 (formal, semi-formal or informal) to suit the person you are writing to.
Remember that your tone needs to be appropriate and consistent. You should not start a letter with a personal friendly greeting
Step 3 and end with a formal business closing.
Understanding level of formality and
tone The statement in the public version of the band descriptors shows that tone is considered when assessing your letter:
What is "tone"?
Band 7 - ...tone consistent and appropriate
Deciding the appropriate tone for a
letter. Band 6 - ...there may be some inconsistencies in tone
What language should I use for the
right tone? Band 5 - ...tone may be variable and sometimes inappropriate
Writing with the correct level of
formality  
Summary
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Writing Task 2
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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Step 1 Activity – Deciding the appropriate tone for a letter.
Step 2
Step 3
Understanding level of formality and Here are instructions for a variety of letters. 
tone
What is "tone"? Decide what is the appropriate tone for each one (F = formal, SF = semi-formal, I = informal).
Deciding the appropriate tone for a Choose phrases to start and end the letter from the box below.
letter.
What language should I use for the You have applied to do a course in Accounting at a local university.  You would like to change to Ancient History but the
right tone? closing date for applications has passed.
Writing with the correct level of Write a letter to the university. In your letter:
formality
Summary explain why you want to change to Ancient History
apologise for missing the deadline
Step 4 say what you would like the university to do.
Step 5
Step 6 Tone:
Writing Task 2
Opening phrase:
Practice Tests
Question Bank Closing phrase:
Assessment Tasks

Check answers

Tone - The tone should be formal.

Opening phrase - I am writing with regard to...
Closing phrase - I look forward to your response on this matter.

An old school friend has written to say he is coming to stay in your country.  You only live in a small studio apartment and
do not have room for your friend to stay. Write a letter to your friend.  In your letter:

say how you feel about seeing your friend again

explain why you are unable to invite your friend to stay with you
suggest some places to stay in your town.

Tone:

Opening phrase:

Closing phrase:

Check answers

Tone - The tone should be informal.

Opening phrase - I have just received your letter about...
Closing phrase - Can’t wait to catch up! See you soon.

You bought a subscription to a weekly magazine two months ago but have not yet received a copy.
Write a letter to the Customer Service Manager of the magazine.  In your letter:

describe the problem

say how you feel about this
say what you want the manager to do.

Tone:

Opening phrase:

Closing phrase:

Check answers

Tone - The tone should be formal. 

Opening phrase - I am writing to complain about...
Closing phrase - I hope the situation will be resolved as soon as possible.

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Writing Task 1
What language should I use for the right tone?
Step 1 The tone of your letter should always be polite, even if you are complaining.  To ensure that your tone is appropriate, make sure
Step 2 you use the same tone all the time, avoiding language which is emotional or too casual.
Step 3
Understanding level of formality and
tone
What is "tone"?
Deciding the appropriate tone for a
Activity – Re-writing letters with the right tone.
letter.
What language should I use for the
right tone? Look at the following extracts from three letters.  Rewrite the letter in the tone that is suggested. Click on the button for a
Writing with the correct level of suggested answer.
formality
Summary Inappropriate tone Improved tone
Step 4
Step 5 Formal:
Step 6 1. Dear Sir/Madam, Hi, this is a customer here.  Thanks for
reading my letter and I want to ask you if you have any jobs
Writing Task 2 available. I can do pretty much anything, but it would be
Practice Tests great if I could be in sales!
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks Sample answer

Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to you to register my interest
in employment in your company.  I am
flexible regarding the possible position. In
particular, I have a great deal of
experience in Sales and Marketing.

Informal:
2. Dear friend.  I am glad to hear that you are coming to
stay with me and my wife.  I look forward to hearing from
you at your earliest convenience.

Sample answer

Dear John,
I received your letter today, and I am
delighted to hear that you are able to
come and stay with us next week.  Drop
me a line to let me know when I can pick
you up – really looking forward to seeing
you!

Semi formal:
3. Dear Sir, I bought a washing machine from you last week
and it has stopped working. How can you sell such
rubbish?  I want it replaced immediately.

Sample answer

Dear Sir/Madam,
I bought a washing machine from your
shop last Monday and it has since
stopped working.  I am disappointed by
the quality of the machine and I would
like to have it replaced as soon as
possible.

 
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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Step 1 Activity - Writing with the correct level of formality
Step 2
Step 3
Understanding level of formality and Write the beginning of a letter for the following situations.  Think about the level of formality for each question.
tone
What is "tone"?
Level of
Deciding the appropriate tone for a Problem/situation Your response 
formality
letter.
What language should I use for the You have recently ordered an item of clothing online. Formal
right tone? When you received it, the item was the wrong colour and
Writing with the correct level of size.
formality
Sample answer
Summary
Step 4
Step 5 I purchased a blue sweater size M through
Step 6 your website about two weeks ago.
However, the sweater that I was sent was
Writing Task 2 grey and size L.
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks You were delayed by an accident while on the way to an Formal
exam recently. You missed the first hour of the
examination.
Sample answer

Last Wednesday I was one hour late for the

final exam for my history class due to a car
accident on my way to the university.

You lost your mobile phone on the bus yesterday. You Formal
would like to ask the bus company if anyone has handed
it in.
Sample answer

I am writing to inquire about an iPhone 4S

which I left by mistake on bus 545 yesterday
afternoon.

The neighbours have just installed an air conditioner Semi-

that is dripping onto your balcony and keeping you formal
awake at night.
Sample answer

The air conditioner that you installed in your

home last week is dripping onto our balcony
and is keeping us awake at night.

You would like to volunteer in your local aged care Semi-

centre during your holidays as you have some useful formal
qualifications.
Sample answer

I recently got my Certificate in Occupational

Therapy and would like to put my name
down for the aged care centre volunteer
program.

You are going to visit your cousin soon and are having Informal
difficulty arranging the visa.

Sample answer 
 I really can't wait to see you and the whole
family next month, but I don’t think I can get
the visa in time, because I haven’t been able
to get a new passport. 

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Summary
Step 1 In this step, you have learnt:
Step 2
how to recognise different tones and levels of formality
Step 3 how to use the correct tone in a letter.
Understanding level of formality and
tone In Step 4, we will look at how to make the purpose of your letter clear.
What is "tone"?  
Deciding the appropriate tone for a
letter.
What language should I use for the  
right tone?
Writing with the correct level of
formality
Summary
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
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Writing Task 1
Step 4: Understanding the purpose of different types
Step 1
Step 2
of letter
Step 3
Step 4
Understanding the purpose of different
Introduction
types of letter Welcome to Step 4!
Matching expressions to the
functions of a letter In Step 3 you learnt how to use appropriate tone and formality for your letter.
Summary In Step 4 we will look at how you make the purpose of your letter clear to the reader.
Step 5
Step 6
Writing Task 2
Outcomes
Practice Tests
Question Bank At the end of Step 4 you will know how to:
Assessment Tasks
express the purpose of a letter clearly
use the right expressions to make your purpose clear.

How do you make the purpose of a letter clear?

As we have seen, the description in the task instructions will indicate the purpose/function of the letter. It is important to find
the correct expressions that indicate this.

The statements in the public version of the band descriptors show that the inclusion of a clear purpose is considered when
assessing your letter.

Band descriptor notes:

Band 7 - Presents a clear purpose?

Band 6 - Presents a purpose that is generally clear?

Band 5 - May present a purpose for the letter that is unclear at times?

criteria in more detail

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Writing Task 1
Step 1 Activity – Matching expressions to the functions of a letter
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4 Match the expressions in the right hand column to the functions in the left hand column by selecting the correct letter in the
Understanding the purpose of different column provided.
types of letter
Matching expressions to the Function Correct Expression Expression
functions of a letter
To express your opinion select...
Summary A. I would ask you to accept my apologies for...
Step 5 To request information / ask a
select... B. I would be happy to take part in...
Step 6 question
Writing Task 2 To complain select... C. I would be grateful if you could...
Practice Tests
To inform select... D. I would like to suggest that...
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks E. I am delighted/glad to hear that...
To apologise select...
F. I must express my disappointment at...
To offer help select...
G. I am sorry to inform you...
To apply for a job/position select...
H. I would like to let you know....
To invite select...
I. I would be delighted if you could...
To give bad news select...
J. I would like to express my interest in the position...
To congratulate select...

Check

Correct
Function
Expression
To express your opinion D
To request information / ask a
C
question
To complain F
To inform H
To apologise A
To offer help B
To apply for a job/position J
To invite I
To give bad news G
To congratulate E

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Summary
Step 1 In this step, you have learnt:
Step 2
how to make the purpose of your letter clear
Step 3 how to use the correct expressions to describe the purpose of you letter
Step 4
In Step 5, we will look at how to develop ideas and include details in your letter.
Understanding the purpose of different
types of letter
Matching expressions to the  
functions of a letter
Summary
Step 5
Step 6
Writing Task 2
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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Step 5: Developing ideas
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Introduction
Step 4 Welcome to Step 5!
Step 5
In Step 4 you learnt how to make the purpose of your letter clear to the reader.
Developing ideas
Identifying important information In Step 5 we will consider how to think of ideas to make your letter relevant and interesting.
Plan what you are going to write
Adding details to important
information Outcomes
Summary
Step 6 At the end of Step 5 you will know how to:
Step 7 identify important information
Writing Task 2 plan what you are going to write
Practice Tests develop details for your letter.
Question Bank The statements in the public version of the band descriptors show that the inclusion of relevant and detailed information is
Assessment Tasks considered when assessing your letter.

Band descriptor notes:

Band 7 - Clearly presents and highlights bullet points?

Band 6 - Presents and adequately highlights bullet points, but details may be irrelevant, inappropriate or inaccurate?

Band 5 - Presents, but inadequately covers bullet points?

Band 4 - Parts may be unclear, irrelevant, repetitive or inaccurate?

criteria in more detail

It is important that you address the three bullet points in the task requirements with ideas that are:

relevant and appropriate, directly addressing the situation outlined in the task
fully developed.

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Writing Task 1
Step 1 Activity – Identifying important information
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4 Read the following question for Task 1 and think about the important information that you should consider to develop your
Step 5
ideas. If you need help, click on the for ideas.
Developing ideas
Identifying important information
Plan what you are going to write
You would like to buy some electrical goods at a shop in a town which is far from your
Adding details to important
home.
information
Summary Write a letter to the manager of the shop. In your letter:
Step 6 say which electrical goods you want
Step 7 ask questions about the cost of the goods and how to pay
Writing Task 2 explain how you will collect the goods.
Practice Tests Write at least 150 words.
Question Bank
You do NOT need to write any addresses.
Assessment Tasks
Begin your letter as follows:
Dear...

Dear

1. Some electrical goods: You want to enquire about some (maybe two or three) goods,
not only one. Also, they are electrical goods, not to be confused with other types of
items.
2. A town which is far from your home: This means that you cannot easily visit the store
because it may be some kilometres away from where you are. It would not make
much sense to send a letter to a store that you can easily visit in person.
3. Say which electrical goods you want: This is the first requirement of the task. You
cannot assume that they have what you want. Since you do not know if they have
them, you should then ask if they can order them for you. It would be inappropriate to
directly ask them to order them for you (you do not know whether they can do this or
not).
4. Cost: You should assume that you do not know the cost of the items you want.
Therefore, you need to enquire about this.
5. How to pay: You will also need to ask for instructions about paying for the goods.
6. How you will collect the goods: Here, the key word would be 'collect'. That is, if you
ask how long it will take to receive the goods, you would not meet this requirement of
the task.

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Writing Task 1
Plan what you are going to write
Step 1 Once you have understood your task and identified the key
Step 2 information, you will need to write down the possible ideas that
you will use in your letter, in other words - brainstorm ideas.
Step 3
Step 4 You may do this on the writing task booklet (sample to the right).
Step 5
You will not need to include all of the ideas that you have written
Developing ideas down, just the most relevant ideas.
Identifying important information
 
Plan what you are going to write
Adding details to important  
information
Summary  
Step 6  
Step 7
 
Writing Task 2
Practice Tests  
Question Bank
 
Assessment Tasks
 

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Writing Task 1
Step 1 Activity – adding details to important information
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5 Use the important information from stage 1 and think of ideas that you can use to develop these points. Click on the for
Developing ideas some ideas.
Identifying important information
Plan what you are going to write
Adding details to important 1) some electrical goods? 2) nearby town?
information
   
Summary
Step 6
Step 7 Blu-ray 40km away from your town
TV accessible by train/car
Writing Task 2 Mobile phone your town has few stores with very limited
Practice Tests DVD player electrical goods
Question Bank Printer you happen to be visiting that town for
work soon
Assessment Tasks

3) ask if they have the things you want? 4) prices?

  
 
 
more specific information about the goods you
want: list of prices
maybe payment options
Blu-ray: Sony, external drive for computer,
light.
TV: 50-inch, 3D
Mobile phone: smartphone with 12
megapixel camera

5) how long ... hold the goods? 6) Additional information

   

can they hold the goods for two weeks? provide your contact details
maybe they can ship the goods? you have purchased other goods from this
any extra charges for this? same shop in the past
a friend of yours recommended the shop
you will pick up the goods in two weeks

Here is an example of a letter developed from these ideas:

Dear Sir/Madam,

I am writing to enquire if you have some electrical items that I need to purchase. I have tried to find
these in the shops in my town but the options here are very limited and I have not been able to find
what I need.

The first item I need is an external Blu-ray drive, preferably Sony, and a Smartphone with a 12
megapixel camera. I am also looking for a printer which combines copying and scanning functions. If
these items are available, could you please keep them for me at the shop as I would like to collect
them in person when I visit the town next week. I would also like to know if it is possible to pay online
with PayPal or by telephone with a credit card, or if I can pay when I pick up the goods.

I would really appreciate it if you could reply to my enquiry as soon as possible.

Yours faithfully,

George Peterson

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Summary
Step 1 In this step, you have learnt:
Step 2
how to think of ideas that are relevant to the task
Step 3 how to include details in your letter.
Step 4
In Step 6, we will look at how to structure and layout the letter.
Step 5
Developing ideas
Identifying important information  
Plan what you are going to write
Adding details to important
information
Summary
Step 6
Step 7
Writing Task 2
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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Step 6: Understanding the structure and layout of
Step 1
Step 2
letters
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Introduction
Step 6 Welcome to Step 6!
Understanding the structure and layout
of letters In Step 5 you learnt how to think of ideas that are relevant and interesting.
What do I have to consider when I In Step 6 you will learn how to organise the letter with the correct structure and layout.
organise my letter?
Recognising the parts of a letter
Recognising the parts of a letter
(continued)
Outcomes
"Lead-in" phrases At the end of Step 6 you will know:
How do I write a description of the
situation? how to organise a letter correctly
how to match the opening and the closing of the letter
Your reaction (if relevant)
how to deal with each part of the letter in detail.
Comparing the meaning of
adjectives The statements in the public version of the band descriptors show that the organisation and layout are considered when
Choosing the correct word for your assessing your letter.
reaction
Writing direct and indirect questions
Outcomes/questions Band descriptor notes:
Polite requests
Writing Polite Requests Band 7 ?...logically organises information and ideas?
How do I finish my letter? Band 6 ?...arranges information and ideas coherently and there is a clear overall progression?
Summary
Band 5 ?...presents information with some organisation, but there may be a lack of overall progression?
Step 7
Writing Task 2 Criteria in more detail
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Task 1
What do I have to consider when I organise my
Step 1
Step 2
letter?
Step 3 The letter must be written in complete paragraphs, not in shortened form or numbered points.
Step 4
Make sure your paragraphs are clearly marked, either by leaving a space between them, or by indenting the first word of
Step 5 each paragraph.
Step 6
Don?t use bullet points ? write your answer in full.
Understanding the structure and layout
of letters If the instructions say ?Begin your letter as follows: Dear...?, write a name, for example ?Dear John?. Do not use
What do I have to consider when I professions or relationships instead of names, for example, ?Dear Manager,? ?Dear Teacher,? or ?Dear friend,?
organise my letter?
Recognising the parts of a letter Both openings (Dear ...) and closings (Yours ...) should be written on the left hand side of the page.
Recognising the parts of a letter In the task instructions, you are told that there is no need to write your address. You can use either your own name or
(continued) another name after the closing salutation at the end of the letter.
"Lead-in" phrases
You need to make sure that you have an appropriate number of paragraphs and that they are not too long or too short.
How do I write a description of the
One sentence on its own is not usually considered a paragraph unless it is the opening or the closing sentence.
situation?
Your reaction (if relevant) A Task 1 letter must contain more than one paragraph.
Comparing the meaning of
adjectives
 
Choosing the correct word for your
reaction
Writing direct and indirect questions
Outcomes/questions
Polite requests
Writing Polite Requests
How do I finish my letter?
Summary
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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Step 1 Activity – Recognising the parts of a letter
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4 Read the following Task 1 question:
Step 5
Step 6
Understanding the structure and layout You recently went into a shop to buy a new microwave oven. While you were in there, the
of letters shop assistant was rude and unhelpful.
What do I have to consider when I Write to the manager of the shop. In your letter
organise my letter?
Recognising the parts of a letter explain why you went to the shop
describe the problems you had
Recognising the parts of a letter
say what you think the manager should do
(continued)
"Lead-in" phrases Write at least 150 words.
How do I write a description of the You do NOT need to write any addresses.
situation?
Your reaction (if relevant) Begin your letter as follows:
Comparing the meaning of Dear... ,
adjectives
Choosing the correct word for your
reaction Now consider the parts of a typical letter (not in order):
Writing direct and indirect questions
Rounding-off statement
Outcomes/questions
Closing salutation
Polite requests Description of situation or problem
Writing Polite Requests Desired Outcome
How do I finish my letter? Salutation
Purpose for writing
Summary
Step 7 Look at the letter below. The parts of the letter are in the left column below. Choose the correct names to match the parts on
Writing Task 2 the right.
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks select...
Dear Sir/Madam,
Salutation

select... I am a regular customer in your shop. I am

writing to express my disappointment in the
Purpose for writing service I received last week.

I went into your shop to purchase a

select... microwave oven. I am familiar with your shop
and know that you usually sell good quality
Description of situation or problem merchandise and that you have friendly and
efficient service. I waited for ten minutes to
find a sales person to help me and when I
asked questions about the selection and
prices of the microwaves, the assistant
(whose name was James) did not know any
of the answers and seemed unwilling to find
out. Eventually he went to answer the phone
and did not come back to help me. I finally left
the shop and purchased my microwave
elsewhere.

I am surprised that you would employ a

select... person this unhelpful and uninformed. I would
like to receive a written apology from your
Desired outcome store, preferably from the sales assistant
himself.

select... I would like to be confident that I can have a

positive shopping experience in your store
Rounding-off statement next time. I look forward to your reply.

select...
Yours faithfully,

Closing salutation
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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Recognising the parts of a letter (continued)
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Opening
Step 4 The opening salutation at the beginning gives an idea of your relationship with the reader of the letter. Either you do not know
Step 5 the person you are writing to (Dear Sir/Madam); or you know the name of the person, but this is semi-formal communication
Step 6 (Dear Mr Smith); or you know the person, and you are on informal terms (Dear John).
Understanding the structure and layout
of letters
What do I have to consider when I Closing
organise my letter?
Recognising the parts of a letter These are the short phrases that must be used right at the end of the letter. It is important to use the correct phrase to end your
letter to match the formality of the salutation.
Recognising the parts of a letter
(continued) In this table you will see which salutations match each other:
"Lead-in" phrases
How do I write a description of the
Opening Closing                  
situation?
Your reaction (if relevant)
Dear Sir/Madam ?Yours faithfully?
Comparing the meaning of
adjectives
Dear Mr Jones ?Yours sincerely? or ?Kind regards/Regards? (a more friendly business sign off)
Choosing the correct word for your
reaction
Dear John ?Best wishes? (?Lots of love? or ?love? is acceptable only with close friends or family)
Writing direct and indirect questions
Outcomes/questions
Polite requests
 
Writing Polite Requests
How do I finish my letter?
Summary
Step 7
Writing Task 2
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks
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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
"Lead-in" phrases
Step 1 In most formal and semi-formal letters you should state your purpose in the first sentence. You can start with a ?lead-in? such
Step 2 as?I am writing to you because...?
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5 Activity ? Matching the "lead-in" phrase to the purpose of the letter
Step 6
Understanding the structure and layout Select an appropriate expression to match the functions in the column on the left. Click on the for a suggested answer.
of letters
What do I have to consider when I
organise my letter?
Function "Lead in" phrase
Recognising the parts of a letter
Recognising the parts of a letter
(continued) 1. To complain about a broken appliance
select...
"Lead-in" phrases
How do I write a description of the
situation?
Your reaction (if relevant) I am writing to complain about a toaster
Comparing the meaning of that I bought from your shop two weeks
adjectives ago.
Choosing the correct word for your
reaction
Writing direct and indirect questions
2. To apply for a position in a local shop
Outcomes/questions select...
Polite requests
Writing Polite Requests
How do I finish my letter?
Summary I would like to express my interest in
working in your shop at the weekends.
Step 7
Writing Task 2
Practice Tests
Question Bank 3. To find out about courses in the local
community college select...
Assessment Tasks

I am keen to receive some information

about courses in your college.

4. To apologise for not returning some

money you borrowed select...

I am sorry to let you know that I will not be

able to pay back the $50 I borrowed from
you last week.

5. To invite your friend to stay

select...

I thought I?d just drop you a line to invite

you stay at my place in the summer
holidays.

6. To protest at a new car park being built

on a park near your house select...

I am writing to express my opposition to

the new car park that is being built on 
Summer Street.
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Writing Task 1
How do I write a description of the situation?
Step 1 This can be done in the same paragraph as the lead-in sentence. It is important that you do not copy full sentences directly
Step 2 from the question as you will lose marks.
Step 3 To avoid this, you should write the information used in the question in your own words – or "paraphrase".
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6 How do I paraphrase?
Understanding the structure and layout
of letters Let?s look at the following example:
What do I have to consider when I
organise my letter?
Recognising the parts of a letter Original Paraphrase
Recognising the parts of a letter Any trip to Italy should include a visit to Be sure to include a Tuscan wine-tasting
(continued) Tuscany to sample their exquisite wines. experience when visiting Italy.
"Lead-in" phrases
How do I write a description of the
situation? Here are some ideas about how to paraphrase
Your reaction (if relevant)
Use synonyms - Change some words for others that have the same meaning.
Comparing the meaning of
adjectives For example:
Choosing the correct word for your
reaction
Writing direct and indirect questions
Original Paraphrase
Outcomes/questions
Polite requests ... to sample... wines. ... wine-tasting...
Writing Polite Requests
How do I finish my letter?
Summary Change the order of the words - see how ?Italy? appears in the subject of the original sentence, but in the object of the
paraphrased version.
Step 7
Writing Task 2
Practice Tests
Question Bank Original Paraphrase
Assessment Tasks
Any trip to Italy should include a visit to Be sure to include a Tuscan wine-tasting
Tuscany to sample their exquisite wines. experience when visiting Italy.

Use different grammar - There are different ways of doing this, you can;

Change the word form:

Original Paraphrase

... a visit to ... (noun) ... when visiting Italy. (verb)

Tuscany (noun) Tuscan (adjective)

Change the structure of verbs:

Original Paraphrase

... should include (verb + modal) Be sure to include (imperative + verb)

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Your reaction (if relevant)
Step 1 Sometimes you have to show your reaction to show how you feel or to stress how important it is. Make sure that this is done
Step 2 politely, even when you are complaining.
Step 3 Sometimes there is confusion between the two endings ?ing? and ?ed? and this changes the meaning of the sentence.
Step 4
Look at the difference between the following phrases:
Step 5
Step 6 "I had dinner with Robert and he was very interesting." (the things that he said were interesting).
Understanding the structure and layout
of letters "I had dinner with Robert and he was very interested in my trip." (it was the trip that was interesting to Robert ? he
himself was not necessarily interesting).
What do I have to consider when I
organise my letter?
Recognising the parts of a letter  
Recognising the parts of a letter
(continued)
"Lead-in" phrases
How do I write a description of the
situation?
Your reaction (if relevant)
Comparing the meaning of
adjectives
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reaction
Writing direct and indirect questions
Outcomes/questions
Polite requests
Writing Polite Requests
How do I finish my letter?
Summary
Step 7
Writing Task 2
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Step 1 Comparing the meaning of adjectives
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4 Compare the meaning of the adjectives in the table below:
Step 5
Step 6
     ...ing      ...ed
Understanding the structure and layout
of letters
What do I have to consider when I
My job is interesting ? I do a lot of I am interested in creative work, which
organise my letter?
creative work. is why I love my job.
Recognising the parts of a letter
Your performance in the game was I was disappointed by your
Recognising the parts of a letter
disappointing. performance in the game.
(continued)
"Lead-in" phrases I had to send the soup back to the I was disgusted to see a cockroach in
kitchen as it was disgusting. my soup.
How do I write a description of the
situation?
Your reaction (if relevant)
Comparing the meaning of You will see that the adjectives ending in "ing" usually refer to the item (the job/the performance/the soup) whereas the
adjectives adjectives ending in "ed" refer to how you feel about the item or the situation.
Choosing the correct word for your Choose the appropriate adjective for each of the following statements.
reaction
Writing direct and indirect questions
Outcomes/questions
1. Your dog barks until late into the night and this situation is very select... .
Polite requests
Writing Polite Requests 2. I waited for 40 minutes on the telephone before being assisted. This was very select... ,
How do I finish my letter? especially as it was in my lunchtime.
Summary 3. This is the third time that I have had to ask for a technician to come to my house and I am
Step 7 select... at the lack of response.
Writing Task 2
4. I was select... to hear that you are coming to study in the local university.
Practice Tests
Question Bank 5. I have just discovered that the local government is proposing to turn the local park into a shopping
Assessment Tasks centre. I am select... at this proposal and the harm that it will do the community.

Check

1. Your dog barks until late into the night and this situation is very annoying.
2. I waited for 40 minutes on the telephone before being assisted. This was very
frustrating, especially as it was in my lunchtime.
3. This is the third time that I have had to ask for a technician to come to my house
and I am disappointed at the lack of response.
4. I was interested to hear that you are coming to study in the local university.
5. I have just discovered that the local government is proposing to turn the local park
into a shopping centre. I am disgusted at this proposal and the harm that it will do
the community.

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Step 1 Activity - Choosing the correct word for your reaction
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4 Click on the appropriate word to describe your reaction to the following situations:
Step 5
Step 6
Understanding the structure and layout
1. I am select... to apply for the job advertised on your website.
of letters
What do I have to consider when I 2. I would like to complain about the access to your museum. There is no ramp for
organise my letter? wheelchairs and the stairs are very select... , which makes it difficult for people
Recognising the parts of a letter with mobility problems.
Recognising the parts of a letter 3. I am sorry to inform you that you have not been successful in your application for the
(continued) job. Your experience was select... and thus we were not able to consider you.
"Lead-in" phrases
4. I was select... to hear that you are changing the timetable of the 345 bus.
How do I write a description of the
situation? The new timetable is much more suitable for me.
Your reaction (if relevant) 5. I am select... that you can?t come to my party on Friday – I hope we can
Comparing the meaning of arrange a time to meet soon.
adjectives
Choosing the correct word for your
reaction
Writing direct and indirect questions Check
Outcomes/questions
Polite requests
Writing Polite Requests
How do I finish my letter? 1. I am keen to apply for the job advertised on your website.
Summary 2. I would like to complain about the access to your museum. There is no ramp for
Step 7 wheelchairs and the stairs are very steep, which makes it difficult for people with
mobility problems.
Writing Task 2
Practice Tests 3. I am sorry to inform you that you have not been successful in your application for
the job. Your experience was insufficient and thus we were not able to consider
Question Bank you.
Assessment Tasks
4. I was delighted to hear that you are changing the timetable of the 345 bus. The
new timetable is much more suitable for me.
5. I am sorry that you can?t come to my party on Friday – I hope we can arrange a
time to meet soon.

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Outcomes/questions
Step 1 As part of the task you may be required to ask questions.
Step 2
You have two options for asking questions. Direct questions, for example: "How much does it cost?" Or indirect questions, for
Step 3 example: "I would like to know how much this costs."
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6 Direct questions
Understanding the structure and layout
of letters For direct questions, you need to:
What do I have to consider when I
organise my letter? Place the verb before the subject. For example:
Recognising the parts of a letter Are you going to be free to go to the movies tonight?
Recognising the parts of a letter Should I call you before I get to your house?
(continued) When can we study for our test?
"Lead-in" phrases Where is the Director's office?
How do I write a description of the
situation?
Your reaction (if relevant) Indirect questions
Comparing the meaning of
adjectives When we use indirect questions, our requests or questions are softer and more polite.
Choosing the correct word for your In this type of question, you will need two things: lead-in + actual question? For example:
reaction
Writing direct and indirect questions lead-in actual question   
Outcomes/questions Do you know if you are going to be free to go to the movies tonight?
Polite requests Do you think I should call you before I get to your house
Writing Polite Requests Have you decided when we can study for the test?
How do I finish my letter? Can you tell me where the Director's office is?
Summary
In order to do this correctly, you need to make sure that the actual question follows the same order as a positive statement. 
Step 7
Writing Task 2 Notice that in the fourth example, the verb "is" moves to the end of the sentence.
Practice Tests
Question Bank  
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Step 1 Activity – Writing direct and indirect questions
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4 Write direct and indirect questions for the given topics. The first one has been done for you as an example:
Step 5
Step 6 Indirect Question
  Topic Direct Question
Understanding the structure and layout
of letters Can you check how much the blue
1 Price of the blue coat How much is the blue coat?
What do I have to consider when I coat is?
organise my letter?
Recognising the parts of a letter 2 Whether you need to bring a jacket for
the trip
Recognising the parts of a letter
(continued)
"Lead-in" phrases 3 Alternative colours of the bags
How do I write a description of the
situation?
Your reaction (if relevant) 4 Time it will take to fix the problem
Comparing the meaning of
adjectives
Choosing the correct word for your 5 Whether you can submit your
reaction assignment next week
Writing direct and indirect questions
Outcomes/questions 6 Distance to the beach
Polite requests
Writing Polite Requests
How do I finish my letter?
Summary Check
Step 7
Writing Task 2
Practice Tests   Direct question Indirect question
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks 1 How much is the blue coat? Can you check how much the blue coat is?

2 Do I need to bring a jacket for the trip? Do you know if I need to bring a jacket for the
trip?

3 How many colours do the bags come in? Could you inform me how many colours the
bags come in?

4 How long will it take to fix the problem? I would like to know how long it will take to fix
the problem.

5 Can I submit my assignment next week? Could you please let me know if I can submit
my assignment next week?

6 How far is the beach? Can you please tell me how far the beach is?

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Polite requests
Step 1 A common instruction for the Task 1 letter is to request action.  The following phrases can be used to form part of an
Step 2 appropriate request:
Step 3 I would be grateful if you could…
Step 4 Please ensure that you…
Step 5 I would appreciate a response…
I would like…
Step 6
Could you please…?
Understanding the structure and layout I'd be happy if you…
of letters
What do I have to consider when I
organise my letter?
Recognising the parts of a letter
 
Recognising the parts of a letter
(continued)  
"Lead-in" phrases
How do I write a description of the
situation?
Your reaction (if relevant)
Comparing the meaning of
adjectives
Choosing the correct word for your
reaction
Writing direct and indirect questions © Access Macquarie Limited Proudly Supported by Support
Outcomes/questions
Polite requests
Writing Polite Requests
How do I finish my letter?
Summary
Step 7
Writing Task 2
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1 Activity – Writing Polite Requests
Step 1
Step 2
Here are some situations which require action. Write the requests according to the situation.
Step 3
Step 4  
Situation Request
Step 5
Step 6 1 You want a technician to fix your fridge.
Understanding the structure and layout
of letters
What do I have to consider when I
Could you please let me know when you would
organise my letter?
be free to come and service my fridge, which is
Recognising the parts of a letter not cooling at the moment.
Recognising the parts of a letter
(continued) 2 You want compensation for a badly organised
"Lead-in" phrases trip.
How do I write a description of the
situation?
I would appreciate a response from your
Your reaction (if relevant) company in the very near future, to discuss
Comparing the meaning of compensation for this very disappointing
adjectives experience.
Choosing the correct word for your
reaction 3 You want the neighbours to turn down their
music after 11pm.
Writing direct and indirect questions
Outcomes/questions
Polite requests I would be grateful if you could turn your music
Writing Polite Requests down after 11pm to enable my children to get
to sleep.
How do I finish my letter?
Summary 4 You want a replacement for a faulty item of
Step 7 clothing.
Writing Task 2
Practice Tests
I would like the skirt to be replaced as soon as
Question Bank you are able, with one that has a working zip.
Assessment Tasks
See suggested requests

   

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
How do I finish my letter?
Step 1 In the final paragraph you should finish the letter by using a statement such as:
Step 2
Thank you for your understanding in this matter.
Step 3
Step 4   I hope this situation can be resolved as soon as possible.
Step 5 Make sure your final phrase matches the purpose of the letter. 
Step 6
Understanding the structure and layout
of letters
What do I have to consider when I
organise my letter? Activity – Writing statements to finish a letter
Recognising the parts of a letter
Recognising the parts of a letter
(continued)
"Lead-in" phrases Click on the icon for suggested phrases
How do I write a description of the
situation?
Your reaction (if relevant)
Comparing the meaning of Function Final statements.
adjectives
Choosing the correct word for your To complain about a broken
reaction appliance.
Writing direct and indirect questions
I hope the situation will be resolved as soon as
Outcomes/questions possible.
Polite requests
Writing Polite Requests
To apply for a position in a local shop.
How do I finish my letter?
Summary
Step 7 I look forward to hearing from you in the near
future.
Writing Task 2
Practice Tests
Question Bank To find out about courses in the local
Assessment Tasks community college.

I would be grateful if you could send me details

about this as soon as possible.

To apologise for not returning some

money you borrowed.

I would like to apologise again and assure you that

this will not happen in the future.

To invite your friend to stay.

I'm really looking forward to catching up.

To protest to your councillor about a

new car park being built on a park
near your house.
I hope you will take my opposition to the project to
the next council meeting.

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Summary
Step 1 In this step, you have learnt:
Step 2
the right structure and layout for your letter
Step 3 what expressions you should use in each section of your letter
Step 4
In Step 7, we will look at how to make sure your grammar is correct.
Step 5
Step 6
Understanding the structure and layout  
of letters
What do I have to consider when I
organise my letter?
Recognising the parts of a letter
Recognising the parts of a letter
(continued)
"Lead-in" phrases
How do I write a description of the
situation? © Access Macquarie Limited Proudly Supported by Support
Your reaction (if relevant)
Comparing the meaning of
adjectives
Choosing the correct word for your
reaction
Writing direct and indirect questions
Outcomes/questions
Polite requests
Writing Polite Requests
How do I finish my letter?
Summary
Step 7
Writing Task 2
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Step 7: How do I improve my grammar?
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Introduction
Step 4 Welcome to Step 7!
Step 5
In Step 6 you learnt how to write a letter with the correct structure and layout.
Step 6
Step 7 In this step we will consider ways to improve and work on your grammar
How do I improve my grammar?
Outcomes
Verb tenses
Practising verb tenses At the end of this step you will know how to:
Prepositions identify your most common errors
Using the right preposition focus on essential grammar for the letter
Articles practise a variety of sentence forms
Choosing the correct article
The statements in the public version of the band descriptors show that grammatical accuracy and range of structures are
What kind of sentences should I use? considered when assessing your letter:
Recognising Clauses
Band descriptor notes:
Simple and Compound Sentences
Band 7 ...has good control of grammar and punctuation, but may make a few errors
Simple and Compound Sentences Band 7 ...uses a variety of complex structures
Writing Task 2 Band 6 ...makes some errors in grammar and punctuation, but they rarely reduce communication
Practice Tests Band 6 ...uses a mix of simple and complex forms
Band 5 ...may make frequent grammatical errors and punctuation may be faulty
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks To get good marks, you have to show the Examiner that you can write a range of different sentences and that your grammar is
as accurate as possible.

Different people generally have different language difficulties. It would be a good idea for you to keep a journal where you can
record the most common grammatical mistakes that you identify in your writing. Then, find a relevant English grammar
textbook and practise these grammatical points before you attempt your test.

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Verb tenses
Step 1 What are the most common verb tenses in Writing Task 1?
Step 2
Present simple: This is used for an action that is happening now, or a state that is permanent. For example:
Step 3
Step 4 My neighbours frequently hold noisy parties after 10 pm.
I am surprised at the attitude of your shop assistant.
Step 5
The park provides children with a safe place to play.
Step 6
Step 7 Present continuous: This tense is used to describe what you are doing at the moment of speaking as a continuing action
How do I improve my grammar? which is normally temporary. For example:

Verb tenses I am studying at Sydney College this term.

Practising verb tenses We are working very hard to finish the project.
Prepositions Present perfect: This is used when the event in the past has an effect on the present or an event that is not yet finished. For
Using the right preposition example:
Articles
I have worked hard on the project and it is almost ready.
Choosing the correct article
The Director has asked me to deliver a talk at your school.
What kind of sentences should I use?
Recognising Clauses Past simple: This is used when the action in the past has finished or to recount a situation. For example:
Simple and Compound Sentences I waited in the shop for 10 minutes before I was served.
Simple and Compound Sentences I read your advertisement asking for a technician in the paper yesterday.
Writing Task 2
Present perfect continuous: This tense is used when a situation began in the past, and is continuing. It often emphasises the
Practice Tests amount of time that has passed. For example:
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks I have been eating more fruit and vegetables in the past two weeks.
I've been travelling to work by public transport since 2010.

Modal verbs: These are generally used in the outcome section in order to show obligation or suggestion. The modal verbs in
English are:

can
could
may
might
will
would
must
shall
should
ought to

For example:

I would appreciate it if you could let me know by the end of the week.
I think this problem should be solved within the next couple of days.

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Activity – Practising verb tenses
Step 1  
Step 2
Different tenses can be used in different sections of the letter.
Step 3
Step 4 At the beginning we are saying why we are writing – what tense do you think will be used?
Step 5
I to you in answer to your advertisement in the newspaper.
Step 6
I a qualified nurse and I work in a local hospital.
Step 7
I your letter telling me of your plans to visit.
How do I improve my grammar?
I to contact you by telephone; however, there has been no answer, so I to
Verb tenses
explain my situation.
Practising verb tenses
Prepositions Check
Using the right preposition
Articles
Choosing the correct article I am writing to you in answer to your advertisement in the newspaper.
I am a qualified nurse and I am looking for work in a local hospital.
What kind of sentences should I use?
I have just received your letter telling me of your plans to visit.
Recognising Clauses I have been trying to contact you by telephone; however, there has been no answer, so I am
Simple and Compound Sentences writing to explain my situation.
Simple and Compound Sentences
Writing Task 2
 
Practice Tests
Question Bank When describing a problem or situation, what tense should you choose?
Assessment Tasks
Your water tap from your balcony and it onto my property for the last two
days.
I cannot concentrate on my work because your dog continuously for the past three days.
I your department yesterday to discuss the possibility of a bank loan.
I a qualified engineer and on several large projects in my country.

Check

Your water tap has been leaking from your balcony and it has been dripping onto my property
for the last two days.
I cannot concentrate on my work because your dog has been barking continuously for the
past three days.
I visited your department yesterday to discuss the possibility of a bank loan.
I am a qualified engineer and have worked on several large projects in my country.

When you are showing your reaction to the situation what tense will you use?

I delighted to hear that you have successfully completed your degree.

I disappointed at the lack of response I have had from your company.
I pleased to hear that your visa application is successful.

Check

I am delighted to hear that you have successfully completed your degree.

I am disappointed at the lack of response I have had from your company.
I am pleased to hear that your visa application is successful.

When you are asking questions or demanding action what tense will you use?

You make sure that your dog is controlled.

I be grateful if you could send a technician to my house as soon as possible.
You fix the leaking pipe as soon as possible.

Check

You should make sure that your dog is controlled.

I would be grateful if you could send a technician to my house as soon as possible. 
You must fix the leaking pipe as soon as possible.
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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Prepositions
Step 1 Prepositions in English are used to talk about time, place and direction, among other functions.
Step 2 Using them incorrectly in a sentence may affect the accuracy and the overall meaning.
Step 3 One of the most common mistakes when using prepositions is when they are used with a verb.
Step 4 This is because one verb may take two different prepositions, depending on what you want to express. For example, the verb
Step 5 agree can use the prepositions with and on:
Step 6 My sister agreed with her boss to work overtime this week (you agree with someone).
Step 7 The teachers did not agree on the deadline for the assignment (you agree on something).
How do I improve my grammar?
Verb tenses  
Practising verb tenses
Prepositions
Using the right preposition
Articles
Choosing the correct article
What kind of sentences should I use?
Recognising Clauses
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Simple and Compound Sentences
Writing Task 2
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Step 1 Activity – using the right preposition
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5 Look at the following sentences and select the correct preposition in each case. Note that in some cases no preposition is
Step 6 needed (in which case, leave the box blank).
Step 7
1. I would like to apologise the trouble I have caused.
How do I improve my grammar?
2. I am writing to invite you a discussion about your proposal.
Verb tenses
3. I am available to attend the meeting on Friday morning.
Practising verb tenses
4. I would like to enquire the possibility of a loan.
Prepositions
5. I would like to know if I can use my credit card to pay my visa.
Using the right preposition
6. I am concerned my son’s progress in the course.
Articles 7. I would like to thank you your efficiency.
Choosing the correct article 8. I would like to apply the position of sales assistant.
What kind of sentences should I use? 9. I have been asked to participate the interview sessions next week.
Recognising Clauses 10. I would like to ask your manager the rates for my loan.
Simple and Compound Sentences
Simple and Compound Sentences Check
Writing Task 2
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks 1. I would like to apologise for the trouble I have caused.
2. I am writing to invite you to a discussion about your proposal.
3. I am available to attend the meeting on Friday morning.
4. I would like to enquire about the possibility of a loan.
5. I would like to know if I can use my credit card to pay for my visa.
6. I am concerned about my son’s progress in the course.
7. I would like to thank you for your efficiency.
8. I would like to apply for the position of sales assistant.
9. I have been asked to participate in the interview sessions next week.
10. I would like to ask your manager about the rates for my loan.

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Articles
Step 1 Using articles correctly in your writing can help you with the cohesion of your letter and to provide more accurate information.
Step 2 Here are the different kinds of article you can use:
Step 3 a / an:
Step 4
They are used to refer to single nouns you can count.
Step 5
They can be used to express a general idea about a noun. For example:
Step 6
Step 7 An apartment in the city centre is expensive (that is, not one but any apartment is expensive)
How do I improve my grammar?
They are used when referring to something for the first time. For example: I bought a jacket through your website two
Verb tenses weeks ago but I have not received it yet.
Practising verb tenses
a is used before nouns or adjectives that begin with a consonant, or when u sound like a y , or when o sounds like a
Prepositions
w . For example: a cat, a new blouse, a university, a one-room apartment.
Using the right preposition an is used before words that begin with a vowel sound (a,e,i,o,u), for example: an apple, an artist, an organisation. It is
Articles also used before a silent h , for example: an hour, an honest man.
Choosing the correct article
the:
What kind of sentences should I use?
Recognising Clauses It is used for both singular and plural nouns.
It can be used with uncountable nouns.
Simple and Compound Sentences
It is a definite article, that is, it is generally used to refer to specific nouns.
Simple and Compound Sentences It is used when the noun has already been mentioned. For example: I bought a jacket through your website but I have
Writing Task 2 not received the jacket yet.
Practice Tests
zero article:
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks It is used with for uncountable nouns and plural countable nouns.
It is used to express a general idea about a noun. For example:

Apartments in the city centre are expensive (no article before the noun apartments , meaning that all apartments
in the city centre are expensive).

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Step 1 Activity – Choosing the correct article
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4 Which articles should be used in the following letter?
Step 5
Dear Sir/Madam,
Step 6
Step 7 I am writing to complain about electronic dictionary that I bought at one of your branches in city centre last
How do I improve my grammar? week.
Verb tenses
For some reason, dictionary that I was given does not provide me with synonym options. This is very
Practising verb tenses
important feature for me. The texts that I translate are very field specific so I need dictionary that can help me with this.
Prepositions
Also, I need to find specialised words within medical field, and dictionary is not giving me this option
Using the right preposition
either. This is quite frustrating because, as professional translator, I need to complete my translations in time in order
Articles
to meet deadlines set by my clients.
Choosing the correct article
What kind of sentences should I use? Therefore, I would like to ask you if you could replace dictionary that I have now with new one. 
Recognising Clauses alternative solution would be to get refund; however, this would not be helpful as I am currently working on some texts.
Simple and Compound Sentences
Simple and Compound Sentences I look forward to hearing back from you soon with good solution to this problem.
Writing Task 2
Yours faithfully,
Practice Tests
Question Bank Andrea Smith
Assessment Tasks
Check

Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to complain about an electronic dictionary that I bought at one of your branches in
the city centre last week.
For some reason, the dictionary that I was given does not provide me with (blank)synonym
options. This is a very important feature for me. The texts that I translate are very field specific so
I need a dictionary that can help me with this. Also, I need to find specialised words within the
medical field, and the dictionary is not giving me this option either. This is quite frustrating
because, as a professional translator, I need to complete my translations in time in order to meet
the deadlines set by my clients.
Therefore, I would like to ask you if you could replace the dictionary that I have now with a new
one.  An alternative solution would be to get a refund; however, this would not be helpful as I am
currently working on some texts.
I look forward to hearing back from you soon with a good solution to this problem.

Yours faithfully,
Andrea Smith

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
What kind of sentences should I use?
Step 1 For a high mark in Grammatical Range and Accuracy you have to master the use of a variety of sentences types.
Step 2
In English we can use the following sentences types:
Step 3
Step 4 simple sentences
compound sentences
Step 5
complex sentences
Step 6 compound-complex sentences
Step 7
How do I improve my grammar? Before we look at the different sentences types, we need to understand what a clause is.
Verb tenses Clauses
Practising verb tenses
Prepositions A clause is the combination of a subject and verb (S+V) to convey an idea. The verb should agree with the subject and should
have a tense; otherwise, the idea will not have full meaning. For example:
Using the right preposition
Articles
Choosing the correct article
What kind of sentences should I use?
Recognising Clauses Here we have one subject (the jacket) and a verb (was) that agrees with the
subject and that has a tense (past simple). Therefore, there is full meaning.
Simple and Compound Sentences
Simple and Compound Sentences  
Writing Task 2  
Practice Tests Here we have one subject (the person) and a verb (eating). However, the verb does
Question Bank not have a definite tense. Therefore, there is not full meaning.
Assessment Tasks

If you fail to write clauses with a subject and a verb, your ideas will be incomplete and you will lose marks for language.

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Step 1 Activity – Recognising Clauses
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4 Look at the following set of words and decide if they are clauses or not.
Step 5
Step 6   Yes No  
Step 7 …the rent has gone up by more than 5%...
How do I improve my grammar? Yes - Subject: the rent, Verb:
has gone up
Verb tenses
Practising verb tenses …to meet the deadlines of my clients
Prepositions No - No subject
Using the right preposition
Articles … therefore losing his job…
No - No subject, verb with no
Choosing the correct article tense
What kind of sentences should I use?
Recognising Clauses …the number of full-time employees in the company…
No - No verb
Simple and Compound Sentences
Simple and Compound Sentences …because these gates are unsafe…
Writing Task 2 Yes - Subject: these gates,
Verb: are
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks Feedback

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Simple and Compound Sentences
Step 1 What is a simple sentence?
Step 2
A simple sentence is one independent clause. For example:
Step 3
Step 4             I am writing to you in answer to your advertisement in the newspaper.
Step 5 What is a compound sentence?
Step 6
Step 7 A compound sentence is two or more independent clauses joined together by:
How do I improve my grammar? a. A coordinator (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so). For example:
Verb tenses
Practising verb tenses I’d like to go on holidays, but I have no money.
Prepositions b. A linking word (however, in addition, etc). For example:
Using the right preposition
I’d like to go on holidays; however, I have no money.
Articles
Choosing the correct article c. A semi-colon (;). For example:
What kind of sentences should I use?
I can’t go on holidays; I have no money.
Recognising Clauses
Simple and Compound Sentences
Simple and Compound Sentences
 
Writing Task 2
Practice Tests
Question Bank
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 WRITING TASK 1: Band Descriptors (public version)
Band Task achievement Coherence and cohesion Lexical resource Grammatical range and accuracy
9 • fully satisfies all the requirements of the task • uses cohesion in such a way that it attracts no attention • uses a wide range of vocabulary with very natural and • uses a wide range of structures with full flexibility and
• clearly presents a fully developed response • skilfully manages paragraphing sophisticated control of lexical features; rare minor errors accuracy; rare minor errors occur only as ‘slips’
occur only as ‘slips’
8 • covers all requirements of the task sufficiently • sequences information and ideas logically • uses a wide range of vocabulary fluently and flexibly to • uses a wide range of structures
• presents, highlights and illustrates key features/ bullet • manages all aspects of cohesion well convey precise meanings • the majority of sentences are error-free
points clearly and appropriately • uses paragraphing sufficiently and appropriately • skilfully uses uncommon lexical items but there may be • makes only very occasional errors or inappropriacies
occasional inaccuracies in word choice and collocation
• produces rare errors in spelling and/or word formation
7 • covers the requirements of the task • logically organises information and ideas; there is clear • uses a sufficient range of vocabulary to allow some • uses a variety of complex structures
• (A) presents a clear overview of main trends, differences or progression throughout flexibility and precision • produces frequent error-free sentences
stages • uses a range of cohesive devices appropriately although • uses less common lexical items with some awareness of • has good control of grammar and punctuation but may
• (GT) presents a clear purpose, with the tone consistent and there may be some under-/over-use style and collocation make a few errors
appropriate • may produce occasional errors in word choice, spelling
• clearly presents and highlights key features/bullet points and/or word formation
but could be more fully extended
6 • addresses the requirements of the task • arranges information and ideas coherently and there is a • •uses an adequate range of vocabulary for the task • uses a mix of simple and complex sentence forms
• (A) presents an overview with information appropriately clear overall progression • attempts to use less common vocabulary but with some • makes some errors in grammar and punctuation but they
selected • uses cohesive devices effectively, but cohesion within inaccuracy rarely reduce communication
• (GT) presents a purpose that is generally clear; there may and/or between sentences may be faulty or mechanical • makes some errors in spelling and/or word formation, but
be inconsistencies in tone • may not always use referencing clearly or appropriately they do not impede communication
• presents and adequately highlights key features/ bullet
points but details may be irrelevant, inappropriate or
inaccurate
5 • generally addresses the task; the format may be • presents information with some organisation but there may • uses a limited range of vocabulary, but this is minimally • uses only a limited range of structures
inappropriate in places be a lack of overall progression adequate for the task • attempts complex sentences but these tend to be less
• (A) recounts detail mechanically with no clear overview; • makes inadequate, inaccurate or over-use of cohesive • may make noticeable errors in spelling and/or word accurate than simple sentences
there may be no data to support the description devices formation that may cause some difficulty for the reader • may make frequent grammatical errors and punctuation
• (GT) may present a purpose for the letter that is unclear at • may be repetitive because of lack of referencing and may be faulty; errors can cause some difficulty for the
times; the tone may be variable and sometimes substitution reader
inappropriate
• presents, but inadequately covers, key features/ bullet
points; there may be a tendency to focus on details
4 • attempts to address the task but does not cover all key • presents information and ideas but these are not arranged • uses only basic vocabulary which may be used repetitively • uses only a very limited range of structures with only rare
features/bullet points; the format may be inappropriate coherently and there is no clear progression in the or which may be inappropriate for the task use of subordinate clauses
• (GT) fails to clearly explain the purpose of the letter; the response • has limited control of word formation and/or spelling; • some structures are accurate but errors predominate, and
tone may be inappropriate • uses some basic cohesive devices but these may be • errors may cause strain for the reader punctuation is often faulty
• may confuse key features/bullet points with detail; parts inaccurate or repetitive
may be unclear, irrelevant, repetitive or inaccurate
3 • fails to address the task, which may have been completely • does not organise ideas logically • uses only a very limited range of words and expressions • attempts sentence forms but errors in grammar and
misunderstood • may use a very limited range of cohesive devices, and with very limited control of word formation and/or spelling punctuation predominate and distort the meaning
• presents limited ideas which may be largely those used may not indicate a logical relationship between • errors may severely distort the message
irrelevant/repetitive ideas
2 • answer is barely related to the task • has very little control of organisational features • uses an extremely limited range of vocabulary; essentially • cannot use sentence forms except in memorised phrases
no control of word formation and/or spelling
1 • answer is completely unrelated to the task • fails to communicate any message • can only use a few isolated words • cannot use sentence forms at all
0 • does not attend
• does not attempt the task in any way
• writes a totally memorised response

(A) Academic │(GT) General Training IELTS is jointly owned by the British Council, IDP: IELTS Australia and Cambridge English Language Assessment. Page 1 of 1
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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
How do I check my work?
Step 1 You need to check that you have fulfilled all the requirements of the task. 
Step 2 This should only take a few seconds, but it is very important. 
Here is a checklist for you to work from:
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5 Checklist  
Step 6
Step 7 Have I fully covered all three bullet points?
How do I improve my grammar?
Verb tenses Have I made the intention of the letter clear in the first paragraph with a suitable lead-in
Practising verb tenses phrase?
Prepositions Have I closed the letter appropriately?
Using the right preposition
Articles Have I checked that the letter is at least 150 words?
Choosing the correct article
Do my opening and closing salutations match each other, and are they appropriate for
What kind of sentences should I use?
the level of formality of the letter?
Recognising Clauses
Is my tone consistent and appropriate for the function of the letter?
Simple and Compound Sentences
Simple and Compound Sentences Do I have sufficient signpost words, and is my referencing clear?
Writing Task 2
Practice Tests Have I used pronouns (it, this, them), to avoid repeating content words?
Question Bank
Have I checked basic language errors such as agreement and verb tenses?
Assessment Tasks
Have I checked my punctuation?

Have I included my name?

   

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Step 1: The writing process for Writing Task 2
Writing Task 2
Step 1
Introduction
Introduction
What is IELTS Writing Task 2? Welcome to Step 1!
Quick quiz
In this step, we will give you an overview of the process you should follow when writing an IELTS Task 2 essay. We will also
Timeplan for Writing Task 2 focus on how you should organise your time in the test.
Final quiz
Summary
Step 2 Outcomes
Step 3
Step 4 At the end of Step 1, you will:
Step 5 know the stages to follow when you write an IELTS Task 2 essay
Step 6 understand how best to manage your time in the test.
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
What is IELTS Writing Task 2?
Writing Task 2 It is a short essay for an educated reader, for example, a university lecturer or tutor.
Step 1 In the essay, you have to give your opinion and write a clear argument or discussion. You must support your ideas with
relevant evidence and examples.
Introduction Your writing should be in a formal, academic style.
What is IELTS Writing Task 2? You should write at least 250 words and spend no more than 40 minutes on the task.
Quick quiz
Timeplan for Writing Task 2
Final quiz
Summary
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4   
Step 5 You have one hour to do both Task 1 and Task 2. We advise you to spend 40 minutes on Task 2 as it is
Step 6 worth more marks than Task 1.
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Quick quiz
Writing Task 2
 
Step 1
Introduction Let’s do an activity to check your understanding of IELTS Writing Task 2.
What is IELTS Writing Task 2?
Please note that if you go back to the previous screen to check your answer, you will erase any answers you have completed
Quick quiz on this screen.
Timeplan for Writing Task 2
Final quiz Write your answers to the following questions in the space provided and then check your answer.
Summary
Step 2 Question: What kind of writing is Task 2?
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6 Check
Step 7
Step 8
A short essay where you have to give your opinion.
Step 9
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
 
Practice Tests
Question Bank Question: What writing style should you use?
Assessment Tasks

Check

You should use a formal, academic style.

 
Question: How many words should you write?

Check

You should write at least 250 words.

 
Question: Who is your reader?

Check

An educated reader, for example a university lecturer or tutor.

 
Question: How long should you spend planning and writing your answer?

Check

About 40 minutes.

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Timeplan for Writing Task 2
Writing Task 2 Let’s look at a possible timeplan to follow when you do Writing Task 2.
Step 1
Introduction Stage Suggested time
What is IELTS Writing Task 2? (Total 40 minutes)
Quick quiz
Timeplan for Writing Task 2 Stage 1 3 - 5 minutes
Final quiz Read and understand the question
Summary
Step 2
Stage 2 3 - 5 minutes
Step 3
Plan what you’re going to write
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6 Stage 3 25 minutes
Step 7 Write your essay
Step 8
Step 9 Stage 4 5 minutes
Step 10 Check your writing
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Final quiz
Writing Task 2
 
Step 1
Introduction Choose the best answer for the following questions.
What is IELTS Writing Task 2?
Quick quiz 1 How much time should you spend understanding and analysing the question?
Timeplan for Writing Task 2
Final quiz about 1 - 2 minutes
Summary about 3 - 5 minutes
Step 2
2 How much time should you spend planning your essay before you begin to write?
Step 3
Step 4 about 1 - 2 minutes
Step 5
about 3 - 5 minutes
Step 6
Step 7 3 How much time should you spend writing your essay?
Step 8
Step 9 about 25 - 30 minutes
Step 10 about 15 - 20 minutes
Task 2 Language Focus
4 How much time should you spend checking your essay?
Practice Tests
Question Bank about 15 minutes
Assessment Tasks
about 5 minutes

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Summary
Writing Task 2 This brings us to the end of Step 1.
Step 1
In this step, you have learnt about IELTS Writing Task 2. You have also learnt how to manage your time in the test.
Introduction
What is IELTS Writing Task 2? In Step 2, we will look at the first part of the writing process, that is, analysing the question.
Quick quiz
Timeplan for Writing Task 2   
Final quiz
Summary
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
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Step 8
Step 9
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
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Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Step 2: Analysing Writing Task 2 questions
Writing Task 2
Step 1
Step 2
Introduction
Introduction Welcome to Step 2!
Identify the different parts of a Writing
Task 2 question In this step, we will look at the first part of the writing process - that is, analysing the question you have to write about.
Matching question parts
Read and understand Writing Task 2
questions Outcomes
Identifying the topic, viewpoint and
specific question At the end of Step 2, you will be able to:
Understanding the topic, viewpoint and identify the different parts of a Writing Task 2 question
specific question analyse Writing Task 2 questions.
Summary
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Identify the different parts of a Writing Task 2
Writing Task 2
Step 1
question
Step 2 The first part of the writing process for Writing Task 2 is to read and understand the question. You should spend three to five
Introduction minutes on this.
Identify the different parts of a Writing Let’s look at the different parts of a Writing Task 2 question.
Task 2 question
Matching question parts Example question
Read and understand Writing Task 2
questions
Identifying the topic, viewpoint and You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Suggested time
specific question length
Understanding the topic, viewpoint and
specific question
Write about the following topic: Task
Summary requirement
Step 3
Step 4
In the future, it may be scientifically possible for people to live for 150 years. Background
Step 5
This could be good for individuals but it may have negative consequences for information
Step 6 society.
Step 7
Step 8 What are the benefits and risks of people living to 150?
Specific
Step 9
question
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own Task
knowledge or experience. requirements
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks
You should write at least 250 words. Suggested word
length

You can read the following parts of Writing Task 2 questions quickly because this information is always the same.

Suggested time length

Task requirement
Task requirements
Suggested word length.

However, you will need to analyse the following parts of the question closely as they contain the specific information you need
to help you write your essay.

Background information
Specific question.

We will look at this in more detail later in this step.

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Matching question parts
Writing Task 2
 
Step 1
Step 2 Match the following parts of the question to the example Task 2 question below. Type the correct letter into
Introduction the box. The first one has been done for you as an example.
Identify the different parts of a Writing
Task 2 question A word length D suggested time length
Matching question parts
Read and understand Writing Task 2 B task requirements E task requirement
questions
Identifying the topic, viewpoint and C background information F specific question
specific question
Understanding the topic, viewpoint and Example question
specific question
Summary You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. D
Step 3
Step 4 Write about the following topic: select...
Step 5
Step 6 Over the past fifty years, international sports events such as the Olympic Games and world select...
Step 7 cup competitions have played an increasingly important role in our society. However, many
Step 8 people think such events are an enormous waste of money, time and effort.
Step 9
Step 10 Do you agree? select...
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or select...
experience.
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks
You should write at least 250 words. select...

Check

D suggested
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
time length
E task
Write about the following topic:
requirement
Over the past fifty years, international sports events such as the Olympic Games and
C
world cup competitions have played an increasingly important role in our society.
background
However, many people think such events are an enormous waste of money, time and
information
effort.
F specific
Do you agree?
question
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own B task
knowledge or experience. requirements
A word
You should write at least 250 words.
length

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Read and understand Writing Task 2 questions
Writing Task 2 We have identified all the different parts of an IELTS Writing Task 2 question. Now let’s
Step 1 focus on the parts of the question you need to read more closely: the background
information and the specific question.
Step 2
Introduction The background information:
Identify the different parts of a Writing
includes the topic of the question. This will be the topic of your essay.
Task 2 question
usually presents a viewpoint. This is an opinion about the topic.
Matching question parts
Read and understand Writing Task 2 The specific question:
questions
is the final part of the question. This is what you need to address in your essay.
Identifying the topic, viewpoint and
specific question Let’s look at some example IELTS Task 2 questions to identify the topic, the viewpoint and the specific question.
Understanding the topic, viewpoint and
specific question  
Summary
Example 1
Step 3
Topic
Step 4 Over the past fifty years, international sports events such as the Olympic Games and world cup competitions have
Step 5 played an increasingly important role in our society. However, many people think such events are an enormous
Viewpoint
waste of money, time and effort.
Step 6 Specific
Step 7 Do you agree?
question
Step 8
Step 9 The topic of this question is international sports events have played an increasingly important role in our society. The Olympics
and world cup competitions are examples of international sports events - they are not the topic.
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus The viewpoint of this question is that such events are an enormous waste of money, time and effort. This is the opinion
Practice Tests presented in the question.
Question Bank The specific question is Do you agree? To write an answer to this question you need to write your opinion of the viewpoint
Assessment Tasks presented. That is, do you agree that international sports events are an enourmous waste of money, time and effort?

Example 2
Let’s look at another IELTS Writing Task 2 question.

Life has become much more stressful compared to our parents’ generation. As a result, stress- Topic
related illnesses are on the increase around the world.  

Why is stress such a problem in the modern world and what do you think can be done to
overcome the problems caused by stress? Specific question

The topic of this question is life has become much more stressful.

The specific question is why is stress such a problem and what do you think can be done to overcome this problem? To write
an answer to this question you need to write about some of the causes of stress in the modern world and give some solutions
to overcome this problem.

Note that this question does not present a viewpoint.

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Identifying the topic, viewpoint and specific question
Writing Task 2
 
Step 1
Step 2 Read each of the following example questions and identify the topic, viewpoint and specific question. The first
Introduction one has been done for you as an example.
Identify the different parts of a Writing
Task 2 question Example question 1
Matching question parts Many governments have laws that ban the sale and use of hard drugs such as heroin and cocaine, yet they allow people to
Read and understand Writing Task 2 buy drugs such as tobacco and alcohol. Laws that prohibit the sale and use of hard drugs should be applied to all drugs,
questions including tobacco and alcohol.
Identifying the topic, viewpoint and To what extent do you agree with this statement?
specific question
Understanding the topic, viewpoint and
What is the topic of the question?
specific question
Summary
Step 3 A Drug control
Step 4
Step 5 B Drug laws
Step 6
Step 7
C Drug use
Step 8
Step 9
The topic is B because it summarises what the question is about. The background information discusses different laws
Step 10 relating to different types of drugs.
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests What is the viewpoint of the question?
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks A Laws for all types of drugs should be the same.

B People should be discouraged from smoking and drinking.

C What are the most dangerous drugs and how can we stop
people using them?

The answer is A. The viewpoint of this question states that the law for the sale and use of all drugs should be equal.

What is the specific question?

To what extent do you agree with this statement?

To answer this question you need to write how much you agree with the viewpoint that laws for all types of drugs should be the
same.

Now you try!

Example question 2
In the last decade, there has been an increase in the number and variety of online courses available to adults. This has been
welcomed as a great opportunity by many students, however, others see these courses as less effective than classroom
teaching.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of studying an online course?

Topic

A Opportunities for students

B Online courses available to adults

C Online education versus classroom teaching

Viewpoint

A Online courses are a great opportunity for some, but less

effective for others

B Online education has risks 

C Online or face-to-face instruction - which method is best?
What is the specific question?

Check

What are the advantages and disadvantages of studying an online course?

To answer this question you need to discuss the positive and negative aspects of online courses for
adults.

 
Example question 3
Most major cities around the world continue to grow at a phenomenal rate due to the massive increase in population. This
has created difficulties in some major city areas.
Describe some of the problems that growth of cities causes and suggest possible solutions.

Topic

A Pollution

B Problems of increasing population

C Population growth in cities

Viewpoint

A This growth has created problems.

B City life is better than country life.

C City development must be limited.

What is the specific question?

Check

Describe some of the problems and suggest some solutions.

To answer this question you need to write about some of the problems caused by the growth of cities
and suggest some solutions to these problems.

 
Example question 4
Traditional medicine, such as acupuncture and herbal remedies, is very popular in some countries. Those who practise
traditional medicine claim it is better than modern medicine in maintaining and improving health.
Do you agree or disagree with this viewpoint?

Topic

A Acupuncture

B The popularity of modern medicine

C Traditional medicine

Viewpoint

A Traditional medicine is the best type of medical care

B Traditional medicine is more effective than modern medicine

C Traditional medicine is the most effective way to maintain and

improve health

What is the specific question?


 Check

Do you agree or disagree with this viewpoint?

To answer this question you need to state whether you agree or disagree with the viewpoint that
traditional medicine is better than modern medicine, and give reasons for your opinion.

 
Example question 5
Universities are becoming increasingly expensive to operate. In some countries, money from taxation has met these costs.
However, this is not always enough to maintain the quality of universities.
What are some ways universities could be funded in the future?

Topic

A Education

B Universities

C The funding of universities

Viewpoint

A Governments need to provide increased funding to universities

B Money from taxation is not enough to maintain quality

C Students should be heavily taxed for attending university

What is the specific question?

Check

What are some ways universities could be funded in the future?

To answer this question you need to suggest ways in which universities could be funded in order to
maintain their quality.

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Understanding the topic, viewpoint and specific
Writing Task 2
Step 1
question
Step 2 It is important to identify and understand the topic, viewpoint and specific question clearly
Introduction because this will influence how you structure your essay.
Identify the different parts of a Writing Look at the following three example questions. In each question, the topic is the same but the
Task 2 question viewpoint and specific question are different. Therefore, the topic will be the same for each
Matching question parts essay, but the structure will be different.
Read and understand Writing Task 2
questions Example question 1
Identifying the topic, viewpoint and
specific question In the future, it may be possible for people to live for 150 years. This could be good for Topic
Understanding the topic, viewpoint and individuals, but have negative consequences for our world as a whole. Viewpoint
specific question
 
Summary
What are the benefits and risks of living to 150? Specific question
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5 In this essay, you need to structure your arguments and ideas to include the advantages and disadvantages of living to 150,
Step 6 both for individuals and for society.
Step 7  
Step 8
Example question 2
Step 9
Step 10 People are living much longer than before. In the future, it may even be possible for people to live Topic
Task 2 Language Focus for 150 years. This will create enormous pressures on government services such as health, Viewpoint
Practice Tests education and welfare.
Question Bank What problems would governments face and what could be done to deal with a much larger older
Assessment Tasks population? Specific question

In this essay, you need to structure your arguments and ideas to include the problems and solutions of a much larger older
population.

 
Example question 3

In the future, it may even be possible for people to live for 150 years. This is a largely negative Topic
development with dangerous effects on our society. Viewpoint
To what extent do you agree with this statement?
Specific question

In this essay, you need to structure your arguments and ideas to show how much you agree with the viewpoint that (the
possibility for people to live for 150 years) is a largely negative development with dangerous effects on our society.

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Summary
Writing Task 2 This brings us to the end of Step 2.
Step 1
In this step, you have learnt to:
Step 2
Introduction identify the different parts of a typical Writing Task 2 question
read and understand Writing Task 2 questions by considering topic, viewpoint and specific question.
Identify the different parts of a Writing
Task 2 question In Step 3, we will look at how to recognise the different question types in IELTS Writing Task 2.
Matching question parts
Read and understand Writing Task 2
questions
Identifying the topic, viewpoint and
 
specific question
Understanding the topic, viewpoint and   
specific question
Summary
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
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Step 9
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Step 3: Identifying Writing Task 2 essay types
Writing Task 2
Step 1
Step 2
Introduction
Step 3 Welcome to Step 3!
Introduction
In Step 2, we looked at how to read and understand Task 2 essay questions. In Step 3, we will look at Task 2 questions in more
Identifying question types for Writing detail.
Task 2
Problem - Solution
Argument
Discussion
Outcomes
Matching essay types At the end of Step 3, you will be able to:
Summary
recognise the different question types in IELTS Writing Task 2.
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
Question Bank
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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Identifying question types for Writing Task 2
Writing Task 2 In IELTS Writing Task 2, the specific question indicates that you should write one of the
Step 1 following types of essays:
Step 2 Problem-Solution
Step 3 Argument
Introduction Discussion.
Identifying question types for Writing Although each type of essay is different, all three require you to give your ideas about an
Task 2 issue and support them with examples and evidence.
Problem - Solution
In writing your answer to an IELTS Writing Task 2 question, how can you tell whether you
Argument
need to produce an argument, discussion or problem-solution essay?
Discussion
Matching essay types Let’s consider each essay type in turn.
Summary
Step 4   
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
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Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Problem-Solution
Writing Task 2 A Problem-Solution essay question asks you to focus on a particular problem or issue. It requires you to write about the causes
Step 1 of a problem and suggest possible solutions.
Step 2 The following Task 2 question should be answered with a Problem-Solution essay.
Step 3
Introduction Example 1
Identifying question types for Writing Cars have become a convenient and economical form of transport and as a result, the use of cars has increased dramatically
Task 2 during the last century.
Problem - Solution
Discuss the problems this increase has created and offer some practical solutions.
Argument
Discussion
The specific question (Discuss the problems this increase has created and offer some practical
Matching essay types solutions.) asks you to discuss some of the problems caused by the overuse of cars, and suggest
Summary solutions to overcome these problems.
Step 4
Related to this question type are essay questions that ask you to discuss the causes and effects of
Step 5
a particular issue. Look at the following example question.
Step 6
Step 7  
Step 8 Example 2
Step 9
Step 10 During the last century, the use of cars has increased dramatically and today most people use cars as their main form of
transport.
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests Discuss some of the causes and effects of this increase in car use.
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks The specific question (Discuss some of the causes and effects of this increase in car use.) asks you to discuss some of the
causes and effects of the dramatic increase in the use of cars during the last century.

Sometimes the essay question may be a combination of these two types. Look at the following example.

 
Example 3
During the last century, the use of cars has increased dramatically. This has caused problems such as pollution and
overcrowded roads.
Why do people buy cars and what can we do to stop people from buying them?

The specific question (Why do people buy cars and what can we do to stop people from buying them?) asks you to discuss cars
and their negative impact on the environment. You are asked to discuss the causes (why people buy cars) and give solutions
(what can we do) to discourage people from buying cars.

Let's now look at Argument essay questions.

  

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Writing Task 1
Argument
Writing Task 2 An Argument essay question asks you to give an opinion on an issue and support that
Step 1 opinion throughout the entire essay. In your essay, you may briefly consider the opposite
opinion or point of view, but you should strongly and consistently support only one side
Step 2 of an issue.
Step 3
Introduction The following question should be answered with an Argument essay.
Identifying question types for Writing
Example 1
Task 2
Problem - Solution
Argument
Over the past fifty years, international sports events such as the Olympic Games and world cup competitions have played an
Discussion
increasingly important role in our society. However, many people think such events are an enormous waste of money, time
Matching essay types and effort.
Summary
Do you agree?
Step 4
Step 5
The specific question (Do you agree?) asks you to consider international sports events such as the Olympic Games and world
Step 6 cup competitions and say if you agree that they are a waste of money, time and effort.
Step 7
Step 8  
Step 9 Example 2
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus Some Argument essay questions ask how much you agree or disagree with the viewpoint given in the question. You cannot
simply answer yes or no to this type of question. Rather, you need to decide if you:
Practice Tests
Question Bank completely agree/disagree
Assessment Tasks partially agree/disagree

with the viewpoint presented in the question.

Every year, large numbers of people migrate from one country to another for social, economic or political reasons. Some
people believe that this is one of the biggest problems in the world today.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?

The specific question (To what extent do you agree or disagree?) asks you how much you agree or disagree with the statement
that migration is one of the biggest problems in the world today.

Let's now look at Discussion essay questions.

  

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Writing Task 1
Discussion
Writing Task 2 A Discussion essay question asks you to consider an issue from different points of view.
Step 1 After discussing both sides of an issue, you should write a conclusion based on what
you think is the most reasonable viewpoint.
Step 2
Step 3 The following question should be answered with a Discussion essay.
Introduction
Example 1
Identifying question types for Writing
Task 2 In the future, it may be scientifically possible for people to live for 150 years.
Problem - Solution This could be good for individuals, but it may have negative consequences for
Argument society.
Discussion What are the benefits and risks of people living to 150?
Matching essay types
Summary The specific question (What are the benefits and risks of people living to 150?) asks you to write about both the advantages and
Step 4 disadvantages of living to 150. You should briefly state your personal opinion in the conclusion.
Step 5
Occasionally, the question may ask you to discuss both sides of an issue and then strongly support one side. Look at the
Step 6 following example question.
Step 7
 
Step 8
Step 9 Example 2
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus Some governments provide financial assistance for retired, unemployed and disabled citizens. In other countries, families
provide support for these people.
Practice Tests
Question Bank Discuss both systems and give your opinion about which you think is better.
Assessment Tasks
To answer this question, you need to discuss both welfare systems (financial support provided by the government and support
provided by families) and decide which one is more effective. At the end of your essay, you should strongly support the system
you believe is better.

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Matching essay types
Writing Task 2
 
Step 1
Step 2 Below are six IELTS Writing Task 2 questions. Look at the specific question for each one and decide which
Step 3 type of essay you would write.
Introduction
Question 1
Identifying question types for Writing
Task 2
Traditional medicine, such as acupuncture and herbal remedies, is very popular in some countries. Those who practise
Problem - Solution
traditional medicine claim it is better than modern medicine in maintaining and improving health.
Argument
Do you agree or disagree with this viewpoint?
Discussion
Matching essay types
This question requires:
Summary
Step 4
a Discussion essay
Step 5
Step 6 an Argument essay
Step 7 a Problem-Solution essay
Step 8
Step 9 Teacher’s comment: This question requires an Argument essay. The question presents a
Step 10 strong statement that supports traditional medicine. In your answer, you should either
agree or disagree with this statement. This approach is typical of an Argument essay.
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
Question Bank Now you try!
Assessment Tasks

Question 2

In the last decade, there has been a great increase in the number and variety of online courses available to adults. This has
been welcomed as a great opportunity by many students, however, other students see these courses as less effective than
classroom teaching.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of studying an online course?

This question requires:

a Discussion essay

an Argument essay

a Problem-Solution essay

Question 3

Every year large numbers of people migrate from one country to another for different reasons.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of migration for the individual and for society as a whole.

This question requires:

a Discussion essay

an Argument essay

a Problem-Solution essay

Question 4

Many major cities around the world continue to grow at a phenomenal rate This has created difficulties in some city areas.
Describe some of the problems that the growth of cities causes and suggest possible solutions.

This question requires:

a Discussion essay

an Argument essay 
a Problem-Solution essay
 

Question 5

Many governments have laws that ban the sale and use of hard drugs such as heroin and cocaine, yet they allow people to
buy drugs such as tobacco and alcohol. Laws that prohibit the sale and use of hard drugs should be applied to all drugs,
including tobacco and alcohol.
What is your opinion?

This question requires:

a Discussion essay

an Argument essay

a Problem-Solution essay

Question 6

Universities are becoming increasingly expensive to operate. In some countries, money from taxation has met these costs.
However, this is not always enough to maintain the quality of universities.
How should universities be funded in the future?

a Discussion essay

an Argument essay

a Problem-Solution essay

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Summary
Writing Task 2 This brings us to the end of Step 3!
Step 1
In this step, you have learnt how to:
Step 2
Step 3 recognise the different question types for IELTS Writing Task 2.
Introduction In Step 4, we will look at how to plan Task 2 essays.
Identifying question types for Writing
Task 2
Problem - Solution   
Argument
Discussion
Matching essay types
Summary
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
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Step 8
Step 9
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Step 4: Planning your Writing Task 2 essay
Writing Task 2
Step 1
Step 2
Introduction
Step 3 Welcome to Step 4!
Step 4
In Step 3, we looked at question types for IELTS Writing Task 2. In Step 4, we will focus on planning your IELTS essay.
Introduction
The importance of planning
Brainstorming
Grouping your ideas
Outcomes
Providing examples At the end of Step 4, you will be able to plan your Task 2 essay by:
Ranking your ideas
getting ideas for your essay (brainstorming)
Using a plan to write a Discussion grouping your ideas
essay providing examples to support your ideas
Planning an Argument essay ranking your ideas.
Organising ideas into groups
Providing examples
Using a plan to write an Argument
essay
Planning for Task 2 essays
Summary
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
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Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
The importance of planning
Writing Task 2 IELTS examiners will be looking to see that your essay:
Step 1
has relevant ideas
Step 2 uses these ideas to develop your viewpoint on an issue.
Step 3
Some students find the planning stage the most difficult part of the IELTS Writing test because it is difficult to think of good
Step 4
ideas in a short time. To help you with this, let’s look at the first stage of the planning process - brainstorming.
Introduction
The importance of planning
  
Brainstorming
Grouping your ideas
Providing examples
Ranking your ideas
Using a plan to write a Discussion
essay
Planning an Argument essay
Organising ideas into groups
Providing examples © Access Macquarie Limited Proudly Supported by Support
Using a plan to write an Argument
essay
Planning for Task 2 essays
Summary
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Brainstorming
Writing Task 2 Brainstorming is when you quickly write or think of a number of interesting and relevant ideas that are connected with the topic
Step 1 and that will help you to answer the essay question. You may also wish to include examples to support your ideas.
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Introduction
The importance of planning
Brainstorming Let’s read what one learner, Anthony, said about the importance of brainstorming.
Grouping your ideas
Providing examples
Ranking your ideas
Using a plan to write a Discussion When I first looked at the IELTS Task 2 essay question, I thought How could I write
essay 250 words on this subject? Brainstorming helped me to think of some ideas on
Planning an Argument essay the topic before I started writing.
Organising ideas into groups
Providing examples
Using a plan to write an Argument
essay Let’s look at an example of brainstorming. Read the following Discussion essay question and then the ideas Anthony
Planning for Task 2 essays brainstormed to help him answer this question.
Summary
 
Step 5
Step 6 Discussion essay question
Step 7
In the future, it may be scientifically possible for people to live for 150 years. This could be good for individuals, but may have
Step 8
negative consequences for society.
Step 9
What are the benefits and risks of people living to 150?
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
This question asks you to write about both the benefits and risks of living to 150. Therefore, your brainstorm should include
Question Bank ideas about both benefits and risks. Here are the ideas Anthony brainstormed for this question.
Assessment Tasks

Benefits
experience more in your life, see more things
more time to be successful e.g. business people
more time with the people we love
gain more knowledge/experience to produce better work
watch our children grow up
scientists, doctors, musicians could be more effective
plenty of time to relax and enjoy life

Risks
later years may be unhealthy
body organs unable to deal with extreme age
physical appearance will deteriorate
not enough natural resources
diseases of older people can be painful [Link]
social welfare system may break down
water shortages

This brainstorm includes a number of interesting and relevant ideas (both benefits and risks) for this essay question. We can
see that after writing his ideas, Anthony decided to cross one idea out (physical appearance will deteriorate) because although
this was a disadvantage of living to 150, it was not a risk, and therefore irrelevant to the essay question.

However, despite Anthony’s great ideas, his brainstorm is disorganised. He must now move on to the second stage of the
planning process - organising his ideas into groups.

  

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Writing Task 1
Grouping your ideas
Writing Task 2 In this stage, you should decide which of your ideas can be connected together and then you should reorganise those ideas
Step 1 into different groups. You may also decide to cross out one or two ideas that do not fit into any of these groups, or that are not
as important as the other ideas you have brainstormed.
Step 2
Step 3 Let’s look at how Anthony has done this.
Step 4
Introduction Anthony's brainstorm
The importance of planning
Brainstorming
Grouping your ideas Benefits
Providing examples experience more in your life, see more things
Ranking your ideas more time to be successful e.g. business people
Using a plan to write a Discussion more time with the people we love
essay gain more knowledge/experience to produce better work
watch our children grow up
Planning an Argument essay scientists, doctors, musicians could be more effective
Organising ideas into groups plenty of time to relax and enjoy life
Providing examples
Using a plan to write an Argument Risks
essay
later years may be unhealthy
Planning for Task 2 essays body organs unable to deal with extreme age
Summary physical appearance will deteriorate
Step 5 not enough natural resources
diseases of older people can be painful [Link]
Step 6
social welfare system may break down
Step 7 water shortages
Step 8
Step 9
Step 10
 
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Benefits
Assessment Tasks
job/career benefits
more time to achieve success e.g. business people
gain more knowledge/experience to produce better work
scientists, doctors, musicians could be more effective
personal benefits
experience more, see more things
have more time with the people we love
watch our children grow up
plenty of time to relax and enjoy life

Risks
risks to society
water shortages
social welfare system may break down
not enough natural resources
health risks
later years may be unhealthy
diseases of older people can be painful e.g. arthritis
body organs unable to deal with extreme age
physical appearance will deteriorate

Notice that Anthony has also given each group of ideas a heading. This will help him to identify and write about each of these
groups in his essay. Anthony also decided that one of his ideas relating to personal benefits (plenty of time to relax and enjoy
life) was not really important so he has crossed it out.

Now that Anthony has grouped his ideas, he needs to make sure that he has enough examples. So far, Anthony has only given
two examples. In order to support his ideas more effectively, Anthony needs to think of a few more.

  

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Writing Task 1
Providing examples
Writing Task 2 It is not necessary to provide examples to support every idea that you have brainstormed. You will find it relatively easy to think
Step 1 of examples for some of your ideas, while other ideas may not be suited to this. However, you should make sure that you
include a few strong examples in your essay.
Step 2
Step 3 It is possible that some of the ideas you have brainstormed could be used as examples. However, you may also need to
Step 4 include additional examples.
Introduction Let’s look at how Anthony has used some of the ideas in his brainstorm as examples and where he has added extra examples.
The importance of planning Click on the button below to see Anthony's original brainstorm.
Brainstorming
Grouping your ideas Anthony's Brainstorm
Providing examples
Ranking your ideas
Using a plan to write a Discussion Benefits
essay
job/career benefits
Planning an Argument essay more time to be successful e.g. business people
Organising ideas into groups gain more knowledge/expereince to produce better work
Providing examples scientists, doctors, musicians could be more effective
personal benefits
Using a plan to write an Argument
experience more in your life, see more things
essay
have more time with the people we love
Planning for Task 2 essays watch our children grow up
Summary plenty of time to relax and enjoy life
Step 5
Risks
Step 6
Step 7 risks to society
Step 8 water shortages
social welfare system may break down
Step 9
not enough natural resources
Step 10 health risks
Task 2 Language Focus later years may be unhealthy
Practice Tests diseases of older people can be painful [Link]
body organs unable to deal with extreme age
Question Bank physical appearance will deteriorate
Assessment Tasks

Benefits
job/career benefits
have more time to achieve success e.g. business people
gain more knowledge/experience to produce better work e.g. scientists, doctors, musicians
personal benefits
experience more, see more things
have more time with the people we love e.g. watch our children grow up

Risks
risks to society
social welfare system may break down e.g. Japan
not enough natural resources e.g. water
health risks
later years may be unhealthy e.g. body organs unable to deal with extreme age
diseases of older people can be painful e.g. arthritis

We can see that some of the ideas in Anthony’s original brainstorm have been used as examples to support the other ideas. He
has also added one new example (e.g. Japan).

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Ranking your ideas
Writing Task 2 After you have organised your ideas into groups, you need to rank them. Ranking means putting these groups of ideas in order.
Step 1
One common method is to put them in order of importance. This means ranking each group, starting with the one you think is
Step 2 the most important or has the strongest argument, until you get to the least important or weakest group of ideas. This method
Step 3 is useful because during the test you may decide not to write about the least important ideas if you are running out of time.
Step 4
Let’s look at how Anthony has ranked his groups of ideas. Note that he has simply written a number next to each group to
Introduction show the order in which he will present them in his essay.
The importance of planning
Brainstorming If you want to see his ideas again, click on the button below.
Grouping your ideas
Anthony's ideas
Providing examples
Ranking your ideas
Using a plan to write a Discussion
essay
Benefits
Planning an Argument essay job/career benefits
Organising ideas into groups more time to achieve success e.g. business people
Providing examples gain more knowledge/experience to produce better work e.g. scientists,
doctors, musicians
Using a plan to write an Argument personal benefits
essay experience more, see more things
Planning for Task 2 essays more time with the people we love e.g. watch our children grow up
Summary
Step 5
Risks
Step 6 risks to society
Step 7 social welfare system may break down e.g. Japan
Step 8 not enough natural resources e.g. water shortages
health risks
Step 9 later years may be unhealthy e.g. body organs unable to deal with extreme age
Step 10 diseases of older people can be painful e.g. arthritis
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
Question Bank
 
Assessment Tasks

Benefits
2. benefits to jobs and careers
have more time to achieve success e.g. business people
gain more knowledge/experience to produce better work e.g. scientists, doctors, musicians

1. personal benefits
experience more, see more things
have more time with the people we love e.g. watch our children grow up

Risks
4. risks to society
social welfare system may break down e.g. Japan
not enough natural resources e.g. water

3. health risks
later years may be unhealthy e.g. body organs unable to deal with extreme age
diseases of older people can be painful e.g. arthritis

We can see that in Anthony’s opinion, the personal benefits of living to 150 are more important than benefits to people’s jobs
and careers. Anthony has also decided to present health risks before risks to society as he feels his examples for health risks
are stronger.

Remember that the way in which you rank your groups of ideas can depend on:

the strength of your examples which support your ideas

your personal opinion.

Where do I write my essay plan? Because you cannot bring your own paper into the exam room, you should write your plan on
the IELTS Question Paper. However, some students prefer to plan in their heads. 
So far, we have looked at the ideas in Anthony’s plan in detail. However, during the IELTS test, Anthony will not have enough
time to include this amount of information when he writes his plan.

Below is an example of a basic outline of Anthony’s plan. It uses the same ideas but shows less detail.

Benefits
2. careers
time to achieve success e.g. business people
can gain more experience e.g. scientists, doctors, musicians

1. personal
experience/see more
more time with family e.g. watch our children grow up

Risks
4. society
social welfare break down e.g. Japan
natural resources e.g. water

3. health
unhealthy old age e.g. failure of body organs
suffering painful diseases e.g. arthritis

If you want to compare this to the detailed plan click here.

Benefits
2. benefits to jobs and careers
have more time to achieve success e.g. business people
gain more knowledge/experience to produce better work e.g. scientists, doctors, musicians

1. personal benefits
experience more, see more things
have more time with the people we love e.g. watch our children grow up

Risks
4. risks to society
social welfare system may break down e.g. Japan
not enough natural resources e.g. water

3. health risks
later years may be unhealthy e.g. body organs unable to deal with extreme age
diseases of older people can be painful e.g. arthritis

Anthony has now finished planning his Task 2 essay. Let’s look at how Anthony used his plan to write his essay.

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Using a plan to write a Discussion essay
Writing Task 2 Let's see how Anthony used his plan to write his essay. First, read the Task 2 essay question again.
Step 1
Discussion essay question
Step 2
Step 3 In the future, it may be scientifically possible for people to live for 150 years. This could be good news for individuals but it
Step 4 may have negative consequences for our world as a whole.
Introduction What are the benefits and risks of people living to 150?
The importance of planning
Brainstorming Now compare Anthony's plan with the essay he wrote in the IELTS test. Click here to see the plan again.
Grouping your ideas
Providing examples
Ranking your ideas Anthony's Essay
Using a plan to write a Discussion To live a longer life has been a dream for countless years. With the development of
essay science and technology, it might be possible for people to live for one hundred and fifty
Planning an Argument essay years in the near future. However, in my opinion, it may not be beneficial for people to
do so. (Introduction)
Organising ideas into groups
Providing examples Undoubtedly, there are some major advantages for living a longer life. Firstly, people
could enjoy longer lives and do more of the things they want, such as trying different lifestyles. They
Using a plan to write an Argument
could spend more time with their family and even watch their children grow to old age. (Personal
essay
benefits) In addition, people could contribute more if they lived longer lives, especially scientists and
Planning for Task 2 essays other valuable members of society. For example, if Edison had lived longer, he might have invented more
Summary things for us or Mozart might have produced more wonderful music. (Benefits to jobs and careers)
Step 5 Nevertheless, there could be many disadvantages if people lived for one hundred and fifty years. Firstly,
Step 6 people might be unhealthy in their later years because their body organs are unable to deal with extreme
Step 7 age. Additionally, more people may suffer from painful diseases such as arthritis. (Health risks) Another
factor is that an increasing older population would cause many problems for society. For example, it
Step 8
would place a lot of pressure on the social welfare system, a situation already developing in countries.
Step 9 (Risks to society)
Step 10
In conclusion, I believe that the disadvantages for people living for one hundred and fifty years far
Task 2 Language Focus outweigh the advantages. Therefore, this development would be a largely negative one for our society.
Practice Tests (Conclusion)
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks
Now that we have looked at planning a Task 2 Discussion essay, let’s practise what we have learnt with a different essay type -
Argument essays.

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Planning an Argument essay
Writing Task 2 Look at the following essay question that Jane is given in the test.
Step 1
Argument essay question
Step 2
Step 3 Teenage offenders should be treated in the same way as adult criminals.
Step 4 Do you agree?
Introduction
The importance of planning
Planning an Argument essay is similar to planning other Task 2 essays. However, you will need to decide if you agree or
Brainstorming disagree with the viewpoint presented in the question. You may find this difficult to decide and in the end, the viewpoint you
Grouping your ideas present in your essay may depend on the number and quality of ideas you can think of when you plan your essay.
Providing examples
Jane has just finished reading this question and is not sure which viewpoint she will write about. She has quickly thought of
Ranking your ideas some ideas for both viewpoints to see which viewpoint has the strongest ideas.
Using a plan to write a Discussion
essay Look at the ideas that Jane brainstormed. Which viewpoint would Jane decide to write about?
Planning an Argument essay
Organising ideas into groups
Agree:
Providing examples
Using a plan to write an Argument all criminals should be punished
essay same result of crime whether committed by an adult or child
Planning for Task 2 essays there has been an increase in numbers of young criminals
easier/cheaper for the legal system to treat all criminals equally
Summary
better protection for society by sending criminals to jail
Step 5
Step 6 Disagree:
Step 7
teenage offenders often under pressure
Step 8 often influenced by drugs/alcohol
Step 9 pressure from parents/school
Step 10 teenagers don’t always think about their actions & the consequences
we should help teenage criminals to understand the effects of wrong behaviour
Task 2 Language Focus
many negative influences in life
Practice Tests violent computer games
Question Bank give teenagers lesser punishment
Assessment Tasks teenagers not as smart as adults
community service
give rehabilitation
negative effects of jail may damage their future

By looking at Jane's brainstorm, we can see that she was able to think of more ideas that disagree with the viewpoint in the
question. For this reason, Jane has decided to use these ideas to disagree with the viewpoint that teenage criminals should be
treated in the same way as adult criminals.

It is possible that Jane may not believe in or like the viewpoint she is going to present in her essay (i.e. it may not be her
personal opinion). However, she has choosen this viewpoint because she has more ideas and this will make it easier for her to
write her Task 2 answer.

Note that you will not always need to brainstorm ideas for both sides of an Argument essay. This method is only useful if you
are unsure of which viewpoint to present in your essay.

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Organising ideas into groups
Writing Task 2
 
Step 1
Step 2 Now that Jane has brainstormed a number of interesting and relevant ideas to help her
Step 3 answer the essay question, let s use her ideas to practise organising ideas into groups. First, look at the
Step 4 Argument essay question again.
Introduction Argument essay question
The importance of planning
Brainstorming
Grouping your ideas Teenage offenders should be treated in the same way as adult criminals.
Providing examples Do you agree?
Ranking your ideas
Using a plan to write a Discussion Now look at Jane s disagree brainstorm.
essay
Planning an Argument essay You will notice that her ideas can be grouped into two major arguments to support her viewpoint. One argument is that there
Organising ideas into groups are reasons why teenagers have become criminals. Therefore, some of her ideas defend teenage criminals. The other
argument is that there are better ways to deal with teenagers. Therefore, some of her ideas support alternative punishment for
Providing examples teenagers.
Using a plan to write an Argument
essay Organise her ideas into these groups. The first one has been done for you as an example. You will find 7 ideas that defend
Planning for Task 2 essays teenage criminals and 5 ideas that support alternative punishment.
Summary
Defending Alternative
Step 5 Jane's ideas to support her viewpoint
teenage criminals punishment
Step 6
Step 7 1. teenage offenders often under pressure
Step 8
Step 9 2. often influenced by drugs/alcohol
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus 3. pressure from parents/school.
Practice Tests
Question Bank 4. teenagers don t always think about their actions &
Assessment Tasks the consequences
5. we should help teenage criminals to understand
the effects of wrong behaviour
6. many negative influences in life

7. violent computer games

8. give teenagers lesser punishment

9. teenagers not as smart as adults

10. community service

11. give rehabilitation

12. negative effects of jail may damage their future

Now that we have organised Jane s ideas into two groups, let s practise the next stage of planning her Task 2 essay - providing
examples to support her ideas.

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Providing examples
Writing Task 2
 
Step 1
Step 2 Look at Jane’s first group of ideas again - Defending teenage criminals. Decide
Step 3 whether any of her brainstormed ideas:
Step 4
could be used as examples
Introduction could be supported with new examples
The importance of planning are not as important or are irrelevant to the essay question.
Brainstorming
Grouping your ideas
Providing examples Defending teenage criminals
Ranking your ideas many negative influences in life
Using a plan to write a Discussion teenage offenders often under pressure
essay often influenced by drugs/alcohol
Planning an Argument essay pressure from parents/school.
Organising ideas into groups teenagers don’t always think about their actions and the consequences
violent computer games
Providing examples teenagers not as smart as adults
Using a plan to write an Argument
essay
Planning for Task 2 essays
Summary
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7 Now compare your examples with Jane’s.
Step 8
Check
Step 9
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests Defending teenage criminals
Question Bank many negative influences in life e.g. drugs/alcohol/violent computer
Assessment Tasks games
teenage offenders often under pressure e.g. from parents/school
teenagers don’t always think about their actions and the consequences
teenagers not as smart as adults

Feedback

Feedback: In this example, you can see that Jane was able to use some of the points in the
brainstorm to support her other ideas. Jane has also crossed out the last idea because it didn’t fit in
with the other ideas in the group.

Now look at Jane’s second group of ideas – Alternative punishment for teenagers. Decide whether any of her brainstormed
ideas:

could be used as examples

could be supported with new examples
are not as important or are irrelevant to the essay question.

Alternative punishment for teenagers

negative effects of jail may damage their future

give lesser punishment
should give teenagers a chance to understand the effects of wrong behaviour
community service
give rehabilitation


Now compare your examples with Jane’s.
 Check

Alternative punishment for teenagers

negative effects of jail may damage their future e.g. may return to
crime if unable to find a job
give teenagers lesser punishment e.g. community service
we should help teenage criminals to understand the effects of wrong
behaviour e.g. give rehabilitation

Feedback

Feedback: In this example, you can see that Jane was able to use some of the points in the
brainstorm to support her other ideas. She has also added a new example (may return to crime if
unable to find a job) to support the first idea in this group.

Jane now has two groups of ideas that disagree with the viewpoint in the essay question. She has decided to leave these two
groups in the same order and will therefore first write about defending teenage criminals, followed by her ideas on alternative
punishment for teenagers.

So far we have looked at Jane’s plan in detail. Below is a basic outline of this plan. This is what Jane would actually write in the
planning stage during the test. It uses the same ideas but shows less detail.

Defending teenage criminals

negative influences e.g. drugs, alcohol, computer games

under pressure e.g. parents, school
don’t think about their actions/consequences.

Alternative punishment

jail harms their future e.g. return to crime after jail

lesser punishment e.g. community service
help them understand wrong behaviour e.g. rehabilitation

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Using a plan to write an Argument essay
Writing Task 2 Now read the following Argument essay that Jane wrote using this essay plan. Here is the essay question again.
Step 1
Step 2 Argument essay question
Step 3 Teenage offenders should be treated in the same way as adult criminals.
Step 4
Do you agree?
Introduction
The importance of planning
Now compare Jane's plan with the essay she wrote. Click here to see the plan again.
Brainstorming
Grouping your ideas
Providing examples Defending teenage criminals
Ranking your ideas
negative influences e.g. drugs, alcohol, computer games
Using a plan to write a Discussion
under pressure e.g. parents, school
essay
don’t think about their actions/consequences.
Planning an Argument essay
Organising ideas into groups Alternative punishment
Providing examples jail harms their future e.g. return to crime after gaol
Using a plan to write an Argument lesser punishment e.g. community service
essay help them understand wrong behaviour e.g. rehabilitation
Planning for Task 2 essays
Summary
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7 Jane’s essay
Step 8 The teenage years can be a wonderful yet difficult time in the lives of young people. Those teenagers
Step 9 who break the law during their teenage years need to be treated differently due to their age. This essay
Step 10 will argue for special treatment of teenage offenders. (Introduction)
Task 2 Language Focus The most important consideration is that teenagers are young people with their entire lives before them.
Practice Tests Therefore, they need to be treated differently to adult offenders, who may have been criminals for some
time. Crimes committed by teenagers may not have been intentional and may have resulted from
Question Bank
negative influences, such as poor parenting, drugs and alcohol or even from watching violent video
Assessment Tasks games. Additionally, young people may be under enormous pressure to do well at school. As a result,
many teenagers are stressed and may commit crimes without thinking fully about their actions or the
consequences. (Defending teenage criminals)
Finally, any harsh punishment such as sending teenage criminals to jail, could damage their future
opportunities. For example, if they are unable to find work once they have left jail, they may return to a life
of crime to survive. Therefore, we should give them the chance to understand the effects of their wrong
behaviour by treating them with lesser punishment such as community service or rehabilitation classes
to learn more about right and wrong behaviour. (Alternative punishment)
In conclusion, I strongly believe that we should treat teenage offenders differently from adult criminals.
By doing this we can ensure that they do not remain criminals for life. (Conclusion)

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Planning for Task 2 essays
Writing Task 2
 
Step 1
Step 2 Now that you have learnt and practised the different stages of planning
Step 3 a Task 2 essay, let’s practise writing a complete plan for:
Step 4
a Disscussion essay
Introduction an Argument essay
The importance of planning a Problem-Solution essay.
Brainstorming
Below are three example IELTS essay questions. Write a plan for each one by
Grouping your ideas brainstorming, grouping, providing examples and ranking. Remember that planning your
Providing examples essay in the IELTS test should take no more than five minutes. To save time, you may
Ranking your ideas wish to:
Using a plan to write a Discussion practise brainstorming by thinking of ideas in your head
essay organise your ideas into groups before you write them down
Planning an Argument essay only write a basic outline of your plan.
Organising ideas into groups
Remember to spend no more than five minutes on planning each essay. Write your ideas and plan on a piece of paper.
Providing examples
Using a plan to write an Argument  
essay
Planning for Task 2 essays Discussion essay question
Summary The benefits of computers in modern society far outweigh the disadvantages.
Step 5
Discuss.
Step 6
Step 7
Write your ideas and plan on a piece of paper. When you have finished, click on the Check button to compare your plan with our
Step 8 example. It does not matter if your plan is different to ours. The most important thing is that you have a number of good quality
Step 9 and well-organised ideas.
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus Check
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks Advantages

machines can do difficult and dangerous work e.g. car assembly factories
can help scientists by processing data very quickly
help to develop modern technology e.g. people can now go to the moon
make our lives easier e.g. people can go shopping/book tickets without leaving their house

Disadvantages

computers used to steal personal information e.g. bank account details

material can’t be controlled on the Internet e.g. pornography
less jobs available - more computers used in factories, therefore less workers needed

Our brainstormed ideas have been ranked in order of importance. However, remember that ranking depends on
your personal choice.

Below is a basic outline of this plan.

Advantages

can do difficult and dangerous work e.g. build cars

processing data quickly
assist modern technology e.g. travel to the moon
easier life e.g. internet for shopping, buying tickets

Disadvantages

easy to steal personal information e.g. bank account numbers

no control e.g. pornography
take jobs away from people

 
Argument essay question
Traditional medicine, such as acupuncture and herbal remedies, is very popular in some countries. Those who practise
traditional medicine claim it is better than modern medicine in maintaining and improving health.
To what extent do you agree with this viewpoint?

Write your ideas and plan on a piece of paper. When you have finished, click on the check button to compare your plan with our
example. It does not matter if your plan is different to ours. The most important thing is that you have a number of good quality
and well-organised ideas.

Our example plan for AGREE. Check

AGREE

traditional medicine uses natural products e.g. herbs and other plants - modern medicine uses artificial
drugs
traditional medicine looks at mind and body e.g. lifestyle and overall health - modern medicine only cures
diseases
traditional medicine used for thousands of years e.g. in China - modern medicine still recent and long-term
effects are unknown

Below is a basic outline of this plan.

Agree

TM - natural e.g. herbs & other plants

MM - artificial drugs
TM - treats mind/body e.g. lifestyle, overall health
MM - only cures diseases
TM - thousands of years e.g. China
MM - recent, long-term effects unknown

Our example plan for DISAGREE. Check

DISAGREE

Modern medicine is fast and effective e.g. drugs are designed to treat the problem immediately -
traditional medicine is slow and does not work for everyone
Modern medicine is constantly being developed and improved e.g. research to find a cure for cancer or
AIDS - traditional medicine only uses old knowledge and techniques
Modern medicine strictly controlled to ensure high standards/quality - traditional medicine does not e.g.
recent media reports that some herbal medicine is ineffective

Our brainstormed ideas have been ranked in order of importance. However, remember that ranking depends on
your personal choice.

Below is a basic outline of this plan.

Disagree

MM - fast, effective e.g. drugs work immediately

TM - slow, unreliable e.g. doesn’t work for everybody
MM - constant developments, improvements e.g. Cancer/AIDS research
TM - uses only old knowledge
MM - high standards, quality
TM - doubts about quality e.g. media reports about ineffective herbal medicine

 
Problem-Solution essay question
People are living much longer than before. In the future, it may even be possible for people to live to 150 years old. However,
this could put enormous strain on our society.
Discuss some of the problems that living to 150 may cause and suggest possible solutions to overcome them.

Write your ideas and plan on a piece of paper. When you have finished, click on the check button to compare your plan with our
example. It does not matter if your plan is different to ours. The most important thing is that you have a number of good quality
and well-organised ideas.

Check

Problems

Welfare services may be under pressure e.g. unable to pay pensions to older people
Older people are often overlooked by governments
Lack of medical services
Older people’s minds need to be kept active

Solutions

Increase retirement age e.g. require older people to work longer so that they continue to pay tax
Create government departments that deal with issues faced by older people
Build more hospitals that deal with health problems of older people
Build universities to meet the needs of older people 
Our brainstormed ideas have been ranked in order of importance. However, remember that ranking depends on
your personal choice.
 Below is a basic outline of this plan.

Problems

welfare services e.g. cannot pay pensions

governments overlooked older people
lack of medical resources
keeping mentally active

Solutions

Increase retirement age so older people still pay tax

government departments to help older people
more hospitals
universities for older people

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Summary
Writing Task 2 This brings us to the end of Step 4.
Step 1
In this step, you have learnt how to plan for your Task 2 essay by:
Step 2
Step 3 getting ideas for your essay (brainstorming)
grouping your ideas
Step 4
providing examples to support your ideas
Introduction ranking your ideas
The importance of planning
Brainstorming In Step 5, we will continue with the writing process for your IELTS Writing Task 2 essay. We will focus on how to use your plan
to write a Task 2 essay.
Grouping your ideas
Providing examples
Ranking your ideas   
Using a plan to write a Discussion
essay
Planning an Argument essay
Organising ideas into groups
Providing examples
Using a plan to write an Argument
essay
Planning for Task 2 essays © Access Macquarie Limited Proudly Supported by Support
Summary
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Task 1
Writing Task 2
Step 5: Structuring your Writing Task 2 essay
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Introduction
Step 4 Welcome to Step 5!
Step 5
In Step 4, we looked at brainstorming for ideas and planning an answer for IELTS Writing Task 2. In Step 5, we will consider the
Writing Study Strategies
overall structure of the three different essay types you may need to write for Task 2.
Introduction
Overview - IELTS essay structure
Structure of Discussion essays Outcomes
Language focus - Signpost words to
order information At the end of this step, you will be able to:
Alternative structure of a Discussion
essay plan an overall structure for different essay types
structure your ideas into an essay.
Language Focus - Signpost words to
contrast information
Structure of Argument essays
Recognising different viewpoints
Writing an argument
Alternative structure of an Argument
essay
Language Focus - Signpost words to
contrast information and show time
order
Structure of Problem-Solution essays
Identifying problems and solutions © Access Macquarie Limited Proudly Supported by Support
Alternative structure of a Problem-
Solution essay
Writing a Problem-Solution essay
Summary
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Task 1
Writing Task 2
Overview - IELTS essay structure
Step 1 In general, an essay has three parts. These are the:
Step 2
introduction
Step 3 body
Step 4 conclusion.
Step 5
Your essay for IELTS Writing Task 2 should contain these three parts. Each part should be clearly divided into separate
Writing Study Strategies paragraphs. The body of your essay should be around 80% of your content, while your introduction and conclusion should take
Introduction around 10% each.
Overview - IELTS essay structure
In this step, we will mainly focus on the structure of the body of an essay. We will look at how to write an introduction in Step 6
Structure of Discussion essays and how to write a conclusion in Step 8.
Language focus - Signpost words to
order information The structure of the body is different depending on the type of essay you are writing. In this step, we will look at alternative
structures for each essay type: Discussion, Argument and Problem - Solution.
Alternative structure of a Discussion
essay Let's start by looking at the structure of Discussion essays.
Language Focus - Signpost words to
contrast information
Structure of Argument essays   
Recognising different viewpoints
Writing an argument
Alternative structure of an Argument
essay
Language Focus - Signpost words to
contrast information and show time
order
Structure of Problem-Solution essays
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Identifying problems and solutions
Alternative structure of a Problem-
Solution essay
Writing a Problem-Solution essay
Summary
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Task 1
Writing Task 2
Structure of Discussion essays
Step 1 We are going to look at two different ways of structuring the body of a Discussion essay. Both structures are suitable for an
Step 2 IELTS Task 2 essay. The one you decide to use will depend on your ideas and the topic of the essay.
Step 3 First, let's look at a typical structure of a Discussion essay. It includes:
Step 4
Step 5 Introduction You should introduce the topic. You may also state your viewpoint on this topic.
Writing Study Strategies
Introduction Body You should discuss both sides of the issue. Often the first one or two paragraphs
Overview - IELTS essay structure will discuss one side of an issue and the next one or two paragraphs will discuss
Structure of Discussion essays the other side of the issue. The positive aspects of the issue are called the pros
and the negative aspects the cons.
Language focus - Signpost words to
order information
Conclusion You should provide a summary of the discussion and state your viewpoint on the
Alternative structure of a Discussion
issue.
essay
Language Focus - Signpost words to
contrast information You can plan the overall structure of this essay type in the following way:
Structure of Argument essays
Introduction
Recognising different viewpoints +
Writing an argument Body paragraph 1
Alternative structure of an Argument PROS
essay
+
Language Focus - Signpost words to
contrast information and show time Body paragraph 2
order CONS
Structure of Problem-Solution essays +
conclusion
Identifying problems and solutions
Alternative structure of a Problem- Let's look at an example Discussion essay that uses this structure.
Solution essay
Writing a Problem-Solution essay Example question
Summary
In the future, it may be scientifically possible for people to live for 150 years. This could be good news for individuals but it
Step 6 may have negative consequences for our society.
Step 7
What are the benefits and risks of people living to 150?
Step 8
Step 9 Sample answer - Jurgens essay
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus Click here to see how Jurgen used the ideas from his plan to structure his essay.
Practice Tests
Question Bank Jurgen's essay plan – Benefits and risks of living to 150
Assessment Tasks
Body Paragragh 1 - Benefits:

Could experience more, see more things e.g. try different lifestyles, more time with family
Chance to contribute more to society e.g. scientists, doctors, musicians

Body Paragragh 2 - Risks:

Later years may be unhealthy / painful diseases e.g. arthritis

Ethical issue - who will be given chance to live to 150 years
Pressure on social welfare system e.g. Japan
Overpopulation could damage ecosystem

To live a longer life has been a dream for countless years. With the development of
science and technology, it might be possible for people to live for one hundred and fifty
years in the near future. However, in my opinion, it may not be beneficial for people to
do so. (Introduction)
Undoubtedly, there are some major advantages for living a longer life. Firstly, people
could enjoy longer lives and do more of the things they want, such as trying different
lifestyles. They could spend more time with their family and even watch their children
grow to old age. In addition, people could contribute more if they lived longer lives, especially scientists
and other valuable members of society. For example, if Edison had lived longer, he might have invented
more things for us, or Mozart might have produced more wonderful music. (Pros)
Nevertheless, there could be many disadvantages if people lived for one hundred and fifty years. Firstly,
people might be unhealthy in their later years and may suffer from painful diseases such as arthritis.
Additionally, there may be ethical questions involved. Will everyone be able to live for this long – or only 
the citizens of developed countries? Another factor is that an increasing older population would cause
many problems for society. For example, it would place a lot of pressure on the social welfare system – a
 situation already developing in countries such as Japan. Finally, the overpopulation of the earth could
greatly damage the earth’s ecosystem and could lead to ecological disaster. (Cons)
In conclusion, I believe that the disadvantages for people living for one hundred and fifty years far
outweigh the advantages. Therefore, this development would be a largely negative one for our society.
(Conclusion)

Quick quiz
Are there more pros or cons in this essay? Click on the correct answer.

There are more pros

There are more cons

  

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Writing Task 1
Writing Task 2
Language focus - Signpost words to order
Step 1
Step 2
information
Step 3 Discussion essays often use signpost words to order information. These words let your reader know that you are going to
Step 4 present your information in a certain order. Below are some examples of frequently used signpost words to order information.
Step 5
Writing Study Strategies Firstly Another factor
Introduction In addition / Additionally Finally
For example In conclusion / In summary
Overview - IELTS essay structure
Structure of Discussion essays
Language focus - Signpost words to Look at Jurgen’s Discussion essay again to see how he has used signpost words to order his ideas. These signpost words
order information have been highlighted for you.
Alternative structure of a Discussion  
essay
Language Focus - Signpost words to
contrast information
To live a longer life has been a dream for countless years. With the development of
Structure of Argument essays science and technology, it might be possible for people to live for two hundred years
Recognising different viewpoints in the near future. However, in my opinion, it may not be beneficial for people to do so.
Writing an argument (Introduction)
Alternative structure of an Argument Undoubtedly, there are some major advantages for living a longer life. Firstly, people
essay could enjoy longer lives and do more of the things they want, such as trying different
Language Focus - Signpost words to lifestyles. They could spend more time with their family and even watch their children
contrast information and show time grow to old age. In addition, people could contribute more if they lived longer lives, especially scientists
order and other valuable members of society. For example, if Edison had lived longer, he might have invented
more things for us or Mozart might have produced more wonderful music. (Pros)
Structure of Problem-Solution essays
Identifying problems and solutions Nevertheless, there could be many disadvantages if people lived for two hundred years. Firstly, people
might be unhealthy in their later years and may suffer from painful diseases such as arthritis.
Alternative structure of a Problem- Additionally, there may be ethical questions involved. Will everyone be able to live for two hundred years
Solution essay – or only the citizens of developed countries? Another factor is that an increasing older population would
Writing a Problem-Solution essay cause many problems for society. For example, it would place a lot of pressure on the social welfare
Summary system – a situation already developing in countries such as Japan. Finally, the overpopulation of the
Step 6 earth could greatly damage the earth’s ecosystem and could lead to ecological disaster. (Cons)
Step 7 In conclusion, I believe that the disadvantages for people living for two hundred years far outweigh the
Step 8 advantages. Therefore, this development would be a largely negative one for our society. (Conclusion)
Step 9
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus   
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Task 1
Writing Task 2
Alternative structure of a Discussion essay
Step 1 An alternative structure for the body of a Discussion essay is one that discusses both sides of an issue in the same paragraph.
Step 2 Therefore, instead of separating the pros and cons into different paragraphs, you write about the pros and cons of a particular
idea in the same paragraph. You can use this structure if you can make connections between the ideas you have brainstormed
Step 3 and grouped.
Step 4
Step 5 You can plan the overall structure of this essay type in the following way:
Writing Study Strategies Introduction
Introduction +
Overview - IELTS essay structure Body paragraph 1
Structure of Discussion essays
Language focus - Signpost words to PROS
order information +
CONS
Alternative structure of a Discussion
essay +
Language Focus - Signpost words to Body paragraph 2
contrast information
PROS
Structure of Argument essays
+
Recognising different viewpoints CONS
Writing an argument +
Alternative structure of an Argument conclusion
essay
Language Focus - Signpost words to Note that when you use this your essay may contain more than 2 body paragraphs.
contrast information and show time
Let’s look at an example Discussion essay that uses this structure.
order
Structure of Problem-Solution essays Example question
Identifying problems and solutions
Alternative structure of a Problem- In the future, it may be scientifically possible for people to live for 150 years. This could be good news for individuals but it
Solution essay may have negative consequences for our society.
Writing a Problem-Solution essay What are the benefits and risks of people living to 150?
Summary
Step 6 Click here to see how Jurgen used the ideas from his plan to structure his essay. Note that his ideas are the same as in the
Step 7 previous essay but the structure is different.
Step 8
Step 9 Jurgen's essay plan - 'Benefits and risks of living to 150'
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus There are 3 paragraphs in the body of this essay. Each paragraph looks at pros and cons.
Practice Tests Body Paragraph 1
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks Pros - Experience more, see more things

Have more time with the people we love e.g. Watch our children grow up
Cons - Later years may be unhealthy e.g. Body organs unable to deal with extreme age

Body Paragraph 2

Pros - Get more knowledge to produce best work e.g. Scientists or doctors
Cons - Can't guarantee everyone will succeed

Body Paragraph 3

Pros - Have more time to achieve successe.g. Business people

Cons - Social welfare may break downe.g. Japan

Jurgen’s essay
To live a longer life has been a dream for countless years. With the development of
science and technology, it might be possible for people to live for one hundred and fifty
years in the near future. However, in my opinion, it may not be beneficial for people to
do so. (Introduction)
Undoubtedly, there are some advantages for living a longer life. People could enjoy
longer lives and do more of the things they want, such as trying different lifestyles.
They could spend more time with their family and even watch their children grow to old age. (Pros)
However, we must also consider that these people may not be able to enjoy their longer lives due to ill
health and may suffer from painful diseases such as arthritis. (Cons)
People could contribute more to society if they lived longer lives, although we have to remember that this
is not automatically the case. For example, Mozart could have produced more wonderful music if he had 
lived longer, (Pros) but he might also have produced some musical disasters as well. (Cons)
 An increasing older population could provide great benefits to society by making available highly skilled
workers for a much longer time. This would strengthen the economy as people would be able to delay
their retirement and work longer. (Pros) On the other hand, it would cause many problems for society. It
would place a lot of pressure on the social welfare system – a situation already developing in countries
such as Japan.(Cons)
In conclusion, I believe that the disadvantages for people living for one hundred and fifty years far
outweigh the advantages. Therefore, this development would be a largely negative one for our society.
(Conclusion)

  

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Writing Task 1
Writing Task 2
Language focus - Signpost words to contrast
Step 1
Step 2
information
Step 3 Discussion essays - especially those using the alternative structure we have just looked at, often use signpost words to
Step 4 contrast information. This type of signpost word lets the reader know that you are going to present a different contrasting
opinion. Below are some examples of frequently used signpost words to contrast information.
Step 5
Writing Study Strategies
Introduction However Although
But On the other hand
Overview - IELTS essay structure
Structure of Discussion essays
Language focus - Signpost words to Look at Jurgen’s Discussion essay again to see how he has used signpost words to present contrasting ideas. These signpost
order information words have been highlighted for you.
Alternative structure of a Discussion
 
essay
Language Focus - Signpost words to
contrast information
To live a longer life has been a dream for countless years. With the development of
Structure of Argument essays science and technology, it might be possible for people to live for one hundred and
Recognising different viewpoints fifty years in the near future. However, in my opinion, it may not be beneficial for
Writing an argument people to do so. (Introduction)
Alternative structure of an Argument Undoubtedly, there are some advantages for living a longer life. People could enjoy
essay longer lives and do more of the things they want, such as trying different lifestyles.
Language Focus - Signpost words to They could spend more time with their family and even watch their children grow to
contrast information and show time old age. (Pros) However, we must also consider that these people may not be able to enjoy their longer
order lives due to ill health and may suffer from painful diseases such as arthritis. (Cons)
Structure of Problem-Solution essays People could contribute more to society if they lived longer lives, although we have to remember that this
Identifying problems and solutions is not automatically the case. For example, Mozart could have produced more wonderful music if he had
lived longer, (Pros) but he might also have produced some musical disasters as well. (Cons)
Alternative structure of a Problem-
Solution essay An increasing older population could also provide great benefits to society by making available highly
Writing a Problem-Solution essay skilled workers for a much longer time. This would strengthen the economy as people would be able to
delay their retirement and work longer.(Pros) On the other hand, it would cause many problems for
Summary
society. It would place a lot of pressure on the social welfare system – a situation already developing in
Step 6 countries such as Japan. (Cons)
Step 7
In conclusion, I believe that the disadvantages for people living for one hundred and fifty years far
Step 8 outweigh the advantages. Therefore, this development would be a largely negative one for our society.
Step 9 (Conclusion)
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests  
Question Bank Let’s read what an examiner said about marking IELTS essays.
Assessment Tasks
Examiner testimonial: Rohan’s view

It’s annoying when you mark an essay that has a good structure but has poorly developed ideas. I
really think candidates should spend more time thinking of good ideas and examples and then
expressing those ideas in a clear way, rather than trying to write a complicated structure that really
doesn't make their essay successful.

  

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Writing Task 1
Writing Task 2
Structure of Argument essays
Step 1 To write an Argument essay you must first decide if you agree or disagree with the viewpoint in the question. In your essay, you
Step 2 must then present arguments that clearly support your viewpoint.
Step 3 Let's look at two different ways of structuring the body of an Argument essay.
Step 4
First, let's look at a typical structure of an Argument essay. It includes:
Step 5
Writing Study Strategies Introduction This is similar to a Discussion essay. You should introduce the topic and give your
Introduction viewpoint on the issue.
Overview - IELTS essay structure
Body You should provide 2 or 3 arguments with examples and evidence that support
Structure of Discussion essays
your viewpoint.
Language focus - Signpost words to
order information Conclusion You should write a summary of your argument and strongly restate your viewpoint.
Alternative structure of a Discussion
essay Note that you may wish to briefly include 1 or 2 ideas that oppose your viewpoint. This shows the examiner that you are aware
Language Focus - Signpost words to of an opposing argument. Nevertheless, the majority of your essay must present ideas that strongly support your viewpoint.
contrast information
Let’s look at an example Argument essay that uses this structure.
Structure of Argument essays
Recognising different viewpoints Example question
Writing an argument
In the future, it may be scientifically possible for people to live for 150 years. This is a largely negative development with
Alternative structure of an Argument
dangerous effects on our society.
essay
Language Focus - Signpost words to Do you agree with this viewpoint?
contrast information and show time
order Click here to see how Jin Tao used the ideas from his plan to structure his essay.
Structure of Problem-Solution essays
Identifying problems and solutions  
Alternative structure of a Problem-
Solution essay Jin Tao’s essay
Writing a Problem-Solution essay
To live a longer life has been a dream for countless years. Yet if science delivers this
Summary development to humankind, it could prove to be a disaster for life on earth. This essay
Step 6 will argue that living a longer life is a negative development for both individuals and for
Step 7 society as a whole. (Introduction)
Step 8 Those people who support the idea of living a longer life argue that there are significant
Step 9 advantages such as more time for a quality lifestyle and for achieving personal goals.
Step 10 (Argument against Jin Tao’s viewpoint) However, in my view there are other more important issues such
as poor quality of life due to ill health and limited world resources, which need to be considered.
Task 2 Language Focus (Argument to support Jin Tao’s viewpoint)
Practice Tests
For individual quality of life, living for one hundred and fifty years might be more of a liability than an
Question Bank advantage. If people lived to an extreme age, their body organs could start to deteriorate and they may
Assessment Tasks feel unhealthy for many years. They may also have to live with long periods of illness such as arthritis,
which is common among older people. (Arguments to support Jin Tao’s viewpoint)
From a more practical point of view, problems could occur when increasing numbers of older people
begin to rely on the welfare system. We have already seen a preview of this happening in Japan, where a
small number of young people have to pay more and more tax to support an increasing older population.
In addition, there could be a serious decline in world resources if people lived longer. As it is, there is
barely enough water for the present population of the world. (Arguments to support Jin Tao’s viewpoint)
Therefore, I strongly agree with the statement that living for one hundred and fifty years would be a
negative and dangerous development for both individuals and for our planet. (Conclusion)

Note that in the first body paragraph, Jin Tao has briefly mentioned 2 positive aspects of living a longer life (more time for a
quality lifestyle and achieving personal goals). These ideas oppose his viewpoint. However, in the rest of his essay, Jin Tao
strongly supports his viewpoint (... that living a longer life is a negative development for both individuals and for society as a
whole.).

  

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Writing Task 1
Writing Task 2 Activity - Recognising different viewpoints
Step 1
 
Step 2
Step 3 The following extracts are from Jin Tao's Argument essay that you have just read. Read the
Step 4 essay question again and then decide if each extract is FOR (agrees with) or AGAINST (disagrees with) the
Step 5 viewpoint presented in the question. The first one has been done for you as an example.
Writing Study Strategies  
Introduction
Overview - IELTS essay structure
Structure of Discussion essays In the future, it may be scientifically possible for people to live for 150 years. This is a largely negative development with
Language focus - Signpost words to dangerous effects on our society.
order information Do you agree with this viewpoint?
Alternative structure of a Discussion
essay
Language Focus - Signpost words to Those people who support the idea of living a longer life argue that there are significant advantages such as more time for
contrast information a quality lifestyle and to achieving personal goals.
Structure of Argument essays
Recognising different viewpoints
This extract is FOR / AGAINST the viewpoint presented in the question.
Writing an argument
Alternative structure of an Argument  
essay
Language Focus - Signpost words to However, in my view there are other more important issues such as poor quality of life due to ill health and limited world
contrast information and show time resources which need to be considered.
order
Structure of Problem-Solution essays
Identifying problems and solutions This extract is FOR / AGAINST the viewpoint presented in the question.
Alternative structure of a Problem-  
Solution essay
Writing a Problem-Solution essay
For individual quality of life, living for one hundred and fifty years might be more of a liability than an advantage. If people
Summary
lived to an extreme age, their body organs could start to deteriorate and they may feel unhealthy for many years. They may
Step 6 also have to live with long periods of illness such as arthritis, which is common among older people.
Step 7
Step 8
This extract is FOR / AGAINST the viewpoint presented in the question.
Step 9
Step 10  
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests From a more practical point of view, problems could occur when increasing numbers of older people begin to rely on the
Question Bank welfare system. We have already seen a preview of this happening in Japan, where a small number of young people have
Assessment Tasks to pay more and more tax to support an increasing older population.

This extract is FOR / AGAINST the viewpoint presented in the question.

In addition, there could be a serious decline in world resources if people lived longer. As it is, there is barely enough water
for the present population of the world.

This extract is FOR / AGAINST the viewpoint presented in the question.

  

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Writing Task 1
Writing Task 2 Activity - Writing an argument
Step 1
 
Step 2
Step 3 Now, lets practise writing the body of an Argument essay. On a blank sheet of paper
Step 4 brainstorm ideas for the following question using the headings for and against .
Step 5
When you have finished brainstorming, decide if you agree or disagree with the viewpoint in the
Writing Study Strategies question. Then use your ideas to write the body of an Argument essay that supports your viewpoint.
Introduction You should write two or three body paragraphs. Structure your ideas in an appropriate way for an
Overview - IELTS essay structure Argument essay and use signpost words to order and/or contrast your ideas.
Structure of Discussion essays
Language focus - Signpost words to
order information
Alternative structure of a Discussion
essay
Language Focus - Signpost words to
contrast information Some people say that the Internet is bringing people together by making the world smaller.
Structure of Argument essays Do you agree that the Internet is making it easier for people to communicate with one another?
Recognising different viewpoints
Writing an argument When you have finished, compare your answer with our sample answer.
Alternative structure of an Argument
essay
Language Focus - Signpost words to Sample answer (Body only)
contrast information and show time
Firstly, everyone would have to agree that the Internet appears to make communication between people much
order
easier than it was in the past. Before, it was difficult to find out information about organisations and current
Structure of Problem-Solution essays events. Now, most organisations have their own web-sites and events are constantly updated on the Internet. This
Identifying problems and solutions has meant that information – and therefore communication – has become a lot easier. [FOR]
Alternative structure of a Problem-
In the past, the only way people could communicate in writing with other people was by sending letters and
Solution essay
telegrams. Now, with the invention of internet-based email, communication is fast and cheap. Taking advantage of
Writing a Problem-Solution essay this development means that people can keep in touch on a more regular basis. [FOR]
Summary
Step 6 Some people might say that the development of Internet and email has meant that people spend too much time at
their computer screens and do not have the amount of personal contact with other people that they used to enjoy.
Step 7 [AGAINST] However, I would argue that this development has only changed the form of our communication with
Step 8 others - from a spoken to a more written type of communication. [FOR]
Step 9
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests   
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Task 1
Writing Task 2
Alternative structure of an Argument essay
Step 1 An alternative structure for an Argument essay is one that presents your viewpoint and the opposing viewpoint in the same
Step 2 paragraph. This is similar to the alternative structure of a Discussion essay we looked at in the previous section.
Step 3 Let’s look at an example Argument essay that uses this structure.
Step 4
Step 5 Example question
Writing Study Strategies Some people say that the Internet is bringing people together by making the world smaller.
Introduction
Do you agree that the Internet is making it easier for people to communicate with one another?
Overview - IELTS essay structure
Structure of Discussion essays
Click here to see how Esperanza used the ideas from her plan to structure her essay.
Language focus - Signpost words to
order information
 
Alternative structure of a Discussion
essay
Language Focus - Signpost words to Esperanza’s essay
contrast information Since its invention, the Internet has affected the way people communicate. Some argue
Structure of Argument essays that its influence on the way we communicate is largely negative. However, I believe
Recognising different viewpoints that the Internet has greatly increased the possibilities for interaction. (Introduction)
Writing an argument Some people say that even though so much information is available through the
Alternative structure of an Argument Internet, nobody is really processing all this information. (Argument AGAINST)
essay Nevertheless, everyone would have to agree that the Internet appears to make
communication between people much easier. In the past, it was difficult to find out information about
Language Focus - Signpost words to
organisations and current events. However, in modern society most professional organisations have their
contrast information and show time
own websites and events are constantly updated on the Internet. This has meant that receiving
order
information has become a lot easier. (Argument FOR)
Structure of Problem-Solution essays
Before the Internet age, the only way people could communicate in writing with others was by writing and
Identifying problems and solutions
sending letters. Now, with the invention of internet-based email, communication is fast and cheap. Taking
Alternative structure of a Problem- advantage of this development means that people can keep in touch on a more regular basis. (Argument
Solution essay FOR) Although this has meant that users now spend long periods of time in front of their computer
Writing a Problem-Solution essay screens and may not be involved in as much spoken communication as before, (Argument AGAINST) I
Summary would argue that the Internet has actually increased the amount of communication between people – it
is only that the means of communication has changed from more spoken language to written
Step 6 communication. (Argument FOR)
Step 7
In summary, it can be seen that the Internet has had a positive effect, giving people the opportunity to
Step 8 communicate more easily and frequently with others. (Conclusion)
Step 9
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus Note that in the body of her essay, Esperanza presents arguments that are both FOR and AGAINST her viewpoint, so that in
Practice Tests each paragraph there are contrasting arguments. However, it is always clear to the examiner that Esperanza strongly agrees
Question Bank with the viewpoint 'that the Internet is making it easier for people to communicate with one another'.
Assessment Tasks
  

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Writing Task 1
Writing Task 2
Language focus - signpost words to contrast
Step 1
Step 2
information and show time order
Step 3 Note how Esperanza uses signpost words to contrast information. This is particularly effective in Argument essays that use
Step 4 this alternative structure. She also uses time words to show time order. Some examples of time words include:
Step 5
Writing Study Strategies Before Today In the future
Introduction In the past In modern society In coming years
Previously Currently In the next (20) years
Overview - IELTS essay structure
Structure of Discussion essays
Language focus - Signpost words to Read Esperanza's essay again to see how she has contasted information and shown order of time. These words have been
order information highlighted for you.
Alternative structure of a Discussion
essay
Language Focus - Signpost words to Esperanza’s essay
contrast information Since its invention, the Internet has affected the way people communicate. Some argue
Structure of Argument essays that its influence on the way we communicate is largely negative. However, I believe
Recognising different viewpoints that the Internet has greatly increased the possibilities for interaction.
Writing an argument Some people say that even though so much information is available through the
Alternative structure of an Argument Internet, nobody is really processing all this information. Nevertheless, everyone would
essay have to agree that the Internet appears to make communication between people much
easier. In the past, it was difficult to find out information about organisations and current events.
Language Focus - Signpost words to However, in modern society most professional organisations have their own websites and events are
contrast information and show time constantly updated on the Internet. This has meant that receiving information has become a lot easier.
order
Structure of Problem-Solution essays Before the Internet age, the only way people could communicate in writing with others was by writing and
sending letters. Now, with the invention of internet-based email, communication is fast and cheap. Taking
Identifying problems and solutions advantage of this development means that people can keep in touch on a more regular basis. Although
Alternative structure of a Problem- this has meant that users now spend long periods of time in front of their computer screens and may not
Solution essay be involved in as much spoken communication as before, I would argue that the Internet has actually
Writing a Problem-Solution essay increased the amount of communication between people – it is only that the means of communication
has changed from more spoken language to written communication.
Summary
Step 6 In summary, it can be seen that the Internet has had a positive effect, giving people the opportunity to
communicate more easily and frequently with others.
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Step 10   
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Task 1
Writing Task 2
Structure of Problem-Solution essays
Step 1 Now, let's look at two different ways of structuring the body of a Problem-Solution essay. Remember, the structure you decide
Step 2 to use will depend on your ideas and the topic of the essay.
Step 3 First, let's look at a typical structure of a Problem-Solution essay. It includes:
Step 4
Step 5 Introduction You should identify the problem presented in the essay question and show how the
Writing Study Strategies essay will deal with the problem and possible solutions.
Introduction
Body In the first one or two paragraphs, you should discuss the problem or part of the
Overview - IELTS essay structure
problem presented in the question. In the following one or two paragraphs, you
Structure of Discussion essays should present solutions to the problem. It is possible to have more problems
Language focus - Signpost words to than solutions or more solutions than problems.
order information
Alternative structure of a Discussion Conclusion You should provide an overview of the problem and then summarise the solutions.
essay
Using this structure, you can plan the overall structure in the following way:
Language Focus - Signpost words to
contrast information Introduction
Structure of Argument essays +
Recognising different viewpoints Body paragraph 1
Writing an argument PROBLEMS
Alternative structure of an Argument +
essay
Body paragraph 2
Language Focus - Signpost words to SOLUTIONS
contrast information and show time
order +
conclusion
Structure of Problem-Solution essays
Identifying problems and solutions Let’s look at an example Problem-Solution essay that uses this structure.
Alternative structure of a Problem-
Solution essay Problem-Solution essay question
Writing a Problem-Solution essay People are living much longer than before. In the future, it may even be possible for people to live to 150 years old. This will
Summary create enormous pressures on government services such as health, education and welfare.
Step 6 What can governments do to deal with a much larger older population?
Step 7
Step 8 Click here to see how Maria used the ideas from her plan to structure her essay.
Step 9
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus Maria's Problem-Solution essay plan - Problems and solutions of living to 150
Practice Tests Body Paragraph 1 - Problems
Question Bank
Governments have to support older population e.g. in Japan
Assessment Tasks
Pressures on taxpayer
Hospital and education services expensive

Body Paragrapgh 2 - Solutions

Government could increase retirement age

Government could build more hospitals and educational institutions for older people

Marias essay
To live a longer life has been a dream for countless years. However, if this dream
becomes a reality the government could face many problems in providing basic
services. This essay will look at this problem and suggest how governments can
manage a much larger population of older people in the future. (Introduction)
The reality of people living longer is already with us in countries such as Japan. The
Japanese live longer than any race on earth and already this is causing problems
because it usually is left to the government to support older people after they retire from work. If people
lived for one hundred and fifty years it would place great pressure on taxpayers. Also, in health and
education services, governments would be forced to spend large amounts on hospitals and education
services for the elderly. (Problems)
However, practical solutions to these problems could be found. Governments could increase the
retirement age and encourage people to stay at work longer. This would mean that people contribute tax
for a longer period of time and would make older people feel they are still contributing to society.
Governments could build more specialist hospitals that only deal with older people and pay for higher
education institutions that specialise in subjects that would interest older people. (Solutions)
In conclusion, there are a number of steps that governments could take to manage a much larger older 
population, especially in the areas of welfare, health and education. Governments have an important
 responsibility to keep people healthy and occupied throughout their whole lives – even if they live for one
hundred and fifty years. (Conclusion)

  

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Writing Task 1
Writing Task 2 Activity - Identifying problems and solutions
Step 1
 
Step 2
Step 3 Read the following Problem-Solution essay question and then the sentences from an essay that answers this
Step 4 question. Decide if each sentence presents a problem or a solution. The first has been done for you as an example.
Step 5
Problem-Solution essay question
Writing Study Strategies
Introduction Some people say that the Internet is responsible for destroying the social skills of teenagers and young adults.
Overview - IELTS essay structure Why do you think the Internet is seen as dangerous in this way and what can we do to make sure that it does not harm the
Structure of Discussion essays social development of teenagers and young adults?
Language focus - Signpost words to
order information  
Alternative structure of a Discussion Sentences from the body of a Problem-Solution essay
essay
Language Focus - Signpost words to 1. Frequent use of the Internet could lead to loneliness, especially among teenagers.
contrast information
Structure of Argument essays This sentence presents a:
Recognising different viewpoints
Writing an argument Problem
Alternative structure of an Argument
essay Solution
Language Focus - Signpost words to
contrast information and show time
order 2. One course of action could be to limit the use of the Internet, for example, by having Internet free days.
Structure of Problem-Solution essays
Identifying problems and solutions This sentence presents a:
Alternative structure of a Problem-
Solution essay Problem
Writing a Problem-Solution essay Solution
Summary
Step 6
3. Another strategy could be to encourage more social activities.
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9 This sentence presents a:
Step 10
Problem
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests Solution
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks
4. Some people say that frequent use of the Internet leads to less ability in spoken communication.

This sentence presents a:

Problem

Solution

5. Counselling is an option for people who are addicted to the Internet.

This sentence presents a:

Problem

Solution

  

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Writing Task 1
Writing Task 2
Alternative structure of a Problem-Solution essay
Step 1 An alternative structure for a Problem-Solution essay is one that presents a problem and then a solution to this problem in the
Step 2 same paragraph. This approach is similar to the alternative Discussion and Argument essays we looked at previously.
Step 3 Using this structure, you can plan the overall structure in the following way:
Step 4
Introduction
Step 5
+
Writing Study Strategies
Body paragraph 1
Introduction
Overview - IELTS essay structure PROBLEM
Structure of Discussion essays +
Language focus - Signpost words to SOLUTION
order information +
Alternative structure of a Discussion Body paragraph 2
essay
Language Focus - Signpost words to PROBLEM
contrast information +
Structure of Argument essays SOLUTION
Recognising different viewpoints +
conclusion
Writing an argument
Alternative structure of an Argument Note that your essay may contain more than 2 body paragraphs.
essay
Language Focus - Signpost words to Let’s look at an example Problem-Solution essay that uses this structure.
contrast information and show time
order Problem-Solution essay question
Structure of Problem-Solution essays People are living much longer than before. In the future, it may even be possible for people to live to 150 years old. This will
Identifying problems and solutions create enormous pressures on government services such as health, education and welfare.
Alternative structure of a Problem- What can governments do to deal with a much larger older population?
Solution essay
Writing a Problem-Solution essay
Click here to see how Mustapha used the ideas from his plan to structure his essay.
Summary
Step 6
Step 7 Mustapha's essay plan - Problems and solutions of living to 150
Step 8
Body Paragraph 1
Step 9
Step 10 Problem - Social welfare may break down
Task 2 Language Focus Solution - Increase retirement age
Practice Tests
Question Bank Body Paragraph 2
Assessment Tasks Problem 1 - Elderly don't have enough input into government policies

Solution 1- Government create departments

Problem 2 - Lack of good hospitals

Solution 2 - Build more hospitals

Body Paragraph 3

Problem - Need to keep elderly active

Solution - Build more higher education institutions

Mustaphas essay
To live a longer life has been a dream for countless years. However, if this dream
becomes a reality the government could face many problems in providing basic
services. This essay will look at this problem and suggest how governments can
manage a much larger population of older people in the future. (Introduction)
The problems caused for governments by an increasing older population could
severely affect welfare services. (Problem) To prepare for this situation, governments
could increase the retirement age. This would mean that people could work longer in their jobs and
therefore continue to contribute tax while still providing their valuable experience to society. Encouraging
older people to stay at work would also decrease the amount of tax paid by younger people. (Solution)
Currently, older people don’t have enough input into government policies. (Problem) Governments should
create departments that specifically deal with the issues of older people at all levels of government. 
(Solution) A related problem is the lack of adequate hospital services for older people. (Problem) The
government should build more hospitals that specialise in treating older people. (Solution)
 Lastly, the government needs to keep the minds of older people active during their longer life. (Problem)
Therefore, they need to establish higher education institutions that are designed to meet the learning
needs of older people. In some countries, private universities already fulfil this function – for example,
the University of the Third Age in Australia. (Solution)
In conclusion, there are a number of steps the government could take to manage a much larger older
population, especially in the areas of welfare, health and education. Governments have an important
responsibility to keep people healthy and occupied throughout their whole lives – even if they live for one
hundred and fifty years. (Conclusion)

  

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Writing Task 1
Writing Task 2 Activity - Writing a Problem-Solution essay
Step 1
 
Step 2
Step 3 Look at the following Problem-Solution essay question. On a piece of paper, write the
Step 4 body of an essay to answer this question using one of the Problem-Solution essay structures you have
Step 5 learnt. The introduction and conclusion have already been written for you.
Writing Study Strategies Problem-Solution essay question
Introduction
Overview - IELTS essay structure Some people say that the Internet is responsible for destroying social skills of teenagers and young
adults.
Structure of Discussion essays
Language focus - Signpost words to Why do you think the Internet is seen as dangerous in this way and what can we do to make sure that
order information it does not harm the social development of teenagers and young adults?
Alternative structure of a Discussion
essay Introduction
Language Focus - Signpost words to Since its invention, the Internet has changed the way people communicate. Many people argue that it has had a negative
contrast information influence on the way teenagers and young adults communicate. This essay will present some ideas about why this may be a
Structure of Argument essays negative development and suggest how this influence can be reduced.
Recognising different viewpoints
Writing an argument Conclusion
Alternative structure of an Argument In summary, it can be seen that over-exposure to the Internet can be dangerous to young people. Specifically, it can harm the
essay development of their social skills at an important time in their lives. We should all try to make sure that this does not happen
Language Focus - Signpost words to before it becomes a major issue in our society.
contrast information and show time
order Click here to see an example essay plan to help you write the body of your essay.
Structure of Problem-Solution essays
Identifying problems and solutions The Internet and destruction of social skills - Essay plan
Alternative structure of a Problem-
Solution essay Problems
Writing a Problem-Solution essay
Frequent Internet use leads to loneliness (especially teenagers)
Summary Less ability in spoken communication
Step 6
Solutions
Step 7
Step 8 Limit use e.g. have Internet-free days
Step 9 Encourage more social activities
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests Write your answer on a piece of paper.
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks When you have finished writing, compare your essay with the one Yumiko has written.

Yumiko’s essay
Since its invention, the Internet has changed the way people communicate. Many people argue
that it has had a negative influence on the way teenagers and young adults communicate. This
essay will present some ideas about why this may be a negative development and suggest
how this influence can be reduced. (Introduction)

The Internet can lead to a lack of social skills in several areas. As an activity which is usually
done alone, frequent use of the Internet can lead to a feeling of loneliness and detachment from the world.
Teenagers are especially vulnerable to these feelings as they have not developed strong peer groups and often
lack emotional strength. Excessive use of the Internet could lead to the inability to communicate effectively with
other people in face-to-face situations and often comes at the expense of more social activities such as meeting
with friends. (Problems)

One solution to decrease the negative effects of the Internet on young people is to make sure they are not
overusing it. Limits should be placed on the amount of Internet use and other forms of recreational activity should
be encouraged. Another strategy would be to make sure young people have Internet-free days and take activities
that promote social skills, for example, joining youth or sports clubs. (Solutions)

In summary, it can be seen that over-exposure to the Internet can be dangerous to young people. Specifically, it
can harm the development of their social skills at an important time in their lives. We should all try to make sure
that this does not happen before it becomes a major issue in our society.(Conclusion)

  

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Writing Task 1
Writing Task 2
Summary
Step 1 This brings us to the end of Step 5.
Step 2
In Step 5, you have learnt to:
Step 3
Step 4 plan an overall structure for different essay types
structure your ideas into an essay.
Step 5
Writing Study Strategies In Step 6, we will focus on writing introductions to Task 2 essays.
Introduction
Overview - IELTS essay structure   
Structure of Discussion essays
Language focus - Signpost words to
order information
Alternative structure of a Discussion
essay
Language Focus - Signpost words to
contrast information
Structure of Argument essays
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Writing an argument
Alternative structure of an Argument
essay
Language Focus - Signpost words to
contrast information and show time
order
Structure of Problem-Solution essays
Identifying problems and solutions
Alternative structure of a Problem-
Solution essay
Writing a Problem-Solution essay
Summary
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Step 6: Focusing on introductions
Writing Task 2
Step 1
Step 2
Introduction
Step 3 Welcome to Step 6!
Step 4
In Step 5, we looked at how to structure and plan an IELTS Writing Task 2 essay. In Step 6, we will focus on writing
Step 5
introductions.
Step 6
Introduction
Writing an introduction for Task 2 Outcomes
The three parts of an introduction
General statement At the end of Step 6, you will be able to:
Students' general statements recognise and practise writing the three parts of an introduction
Recognising effective general write an effective introduction for an IELTS Task 2 question.
statements
Writing general statements
Referring to the viewpoint or problem
Identifying rephrasing
Using your own ideas
Referring to the viewpoint
Referring to the specific question
Referring to the specific question
Identifying an effective introduction
Summary quiz
Writing introductions © Access Macquarie Limited Proudly Supported by Support
Summary
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Writing an introduction for Task 2
Writing Task 2 The introduction is the first paragraph of the essay. It is very important because it is the
Step 1 first impression the examiner has of your writing.
Step 2 There are many ways of writing an effective introduction for a Task 2 essay. In this step,
Step 3 we will look at one way of writing an introduction that can be used for each essay type in
Step 4 the IELTS Writing test. This introduction does the following three things:
Step 5 1. gives a general statement about the topic
Step 6 2. refers to the viewpoint or problem presented in the question
Introduction 3. refers to the specific question.
Writing an introduction for Task 2 Let's briefly look at these three parts of the introduction. Then we will look at each part in detail and do some practice activities
The three parts of an introduction for each.
General statement
Students' general statements   
Recognising effective general
statements
Writing general statements
Referring to the viewpoint or problem
Identifying rephrasing
Using your own ideas
Referring to the viewpoint
Referring to the specific question
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Referring to the specific question
Identifying an effective introduction
Summary quiz
Writing introductions
Summary
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
The three parts of an introduction
Writing Task 2 Look at the following Task 2 essay question.
Step 1
Example
Step 2
Step 3 Traditional medicine (Topic), such as acupuncture and herbal remedies, is very popular in some countries.
Step 4 Those who practise traditional medicine claim it is better than modern medicine in maintaining and improving
Step 5 health. (Viewpoint)
Step 6 Do you agree or disagree with this viewpoint? (Specific question)
Introduction
Writing an introduction for Task 2 Now let’s look at the introduction to Sola's essay, answering this question.
The three parts of an introduction
General statement
Students' general statements
Traditional medicine using methods such as acupuncture and herbal remedies is
Recognising effective general widely used in some countries. Some doctors who practise traditional medicine
statements believe that it is more successful than modern medicine in developing good
Writing general statements health. I completely agree with this statement.
Referring to the viewpoint or problem
Identifying rephrasing
Using your own ideas
Referring to the viewpoint Let’s look briefly at the three parts of this introduction.
Referring to the specific question
Referring to the specific question Traditional medicine using methods such as acupuncture and herbal remedies is widely used in some
Identifying an effective introduction countries. (general statement about the topic) Some doctors who practise traditional medicine believe that it
is more successful than modern medicine in developing good health. (referring to the viewpoint in the
Summary quiz question) I completely agree with this statement. (referring to the specific question)
Writing introductions
Summary
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9 Part 1: General statement
Step 10 The first sentence is a general statement. It indicates the topic (traditional medicine) and gives some information about the
Task 2 Language Focus topic (is widely used in some countries).
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks Part 2: Referring to the viewpoint or problem presented in the question
The second sentence refers to the viewpoint in the question (Some doctors who practise traditional medicine believe that it is
more successful than modern medicine in developing good health).

Note that in a Problem-Solution essay question, this sentence would refer to the problem presented in the question.

This sentence is important because the next sentence (the last sentence) in the introduction refers to this viewpoint or
problem.

Part 3: Referring to the specific question

The last sentence tells the reader how you are going to answer the specific question. It should indicate whether you agree or
disagree with the viewpoint in the question (Argument essay), whether you will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a
particular issue (Discussion essay), or whether you will present some problems of and solutions to a particular issue (Problem-
Solution essay).

By including these three parts we can see that the ideas in the introduction move from a general statement about the topic to
more specific information about the essay. Look at the following diagram which illustrates this.

Let’s look at the three parts of an introduction in detail.

  
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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
General statement
Writing Task 2 The general statement is the first sentence of your introduction. It is also the first sentence of your Task 2 essay, so it should
Step 1 gain the examiner’s attention immediately.
Step 2 A general statement should:
Step 3
indicate the topic of the essay
Step 4
give some information about the topic.
Step 5
Step 6 Note that before you write a general statement, you need to identify the topic in the essay question. Remember that the topic in
Introduction the example question we just looked at is 'traditional medicine'.
Writing an introduction for Task 2 To write a general statement about the topic you could:
The three parts of an introduction
use your own ideas about the topic
General statement
take ideas from the question and rewrite them using your own words.
Students' general statements
Recognising effective general Let's look at the ideas Krystyna has used in her general statement about traditional medicine. Has she used her own ideas or
statements taken ideas from the question?
Writing general statements
Krystyna's introduction
Referring to the viewpoint or problem
Identifying rephrasing
Using your own ideas
Referring to the viewpoint
Referring to the specific question Traditional medicine is often preferred as a safe and effective way of keeping and
restoring health.
Referring to the specific question
Identifying an effective introduction
Summary quiz
Writing introductions
 
Summary
Step 7 Teacher’s comment
Step 8 In her general statement Krystyna has:
Step 9
Step 10 indicated the topic of the essay (traditional medicine)
used her own ideas to give some information about the topic (often preferred as a safe and
Task 2 Language Focus
effective way of keeping and restoring health.).
Practice Tests
Question Bank Here are other examples of a general statement that Krystyna could have written for her introduction to
this essay.
Assessment Tasks
Traditional medicine is recommended by numerous doctors worldwide.

Traditional methods of restoring health are becoming increasingly popular.

Note that the general statement should not give your opinion about the topic.

Let’s now look at general statements written by other students for this topic.

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Students’ general statements
Writing Task 2  
Step 1
Pierre’s general statement
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6 Traditional medicine is beginning to gain popularity over the practice of modern
Introduction medicine in many countries.
Writing an introduction for Task 2
The three parts of an introduction
General statement
Students' general statements Teacher’s comment
Recognising effective general In his general statement, Pierre has:
statements
Writing general statements indicated the topic of the essay (traditional medicine)
taken ideas from the question and rewritten them using his own words (is becoming more popular than modern
Referring to the viewpoint or problem
medicine).
Identifying rephrasing
Using your own ideas  
Referring to the viewpoint Esperanza’s general statement
Referring to the specific question
Referring to the specific question
Identifying an effective introduction
Summary quiz
Acupuncture and herbal medicine have been used in the East for thousands of
Writing introductions
years.
Summary
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Teacher’s comment
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus In her general statement, Esperanza has:
Practice Tests
given examples of traditional medicine (acupuncture and herbal medicine). Therefore, in the next part of her introduction
Question Bank - rephrasing the viewpoint - Esperanza should clearly indicate the topic by including the words 'traditional medicine'.
Assessment Tasks has used her own ideas about the topic (have been used in the East for thousands of years).

 
Peter’s general statement

I believe that the use of traditional medicine is a safe and gentle way of looking
after one’s health.

Teacher’s comment
In his general statement, Peter has:

indicated the topic of the essay (traditional medicine)

used his own ideas to give some information about the topic (a safe and gentle way of looking after one’s health).

However, Peter has also given his own opinion (I believe that...). Remember, you should not give your opinion in a general
statement.

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Recognising effective general statements
Writing Task 2
 
Step 1
Step 2 Read the Task 2 question below and decide whether the following general statements are effective or
Step 3 ineffective. The first one has been done for you as an example.
Step 4
Step 5 The world is consuming resources at an increasing rate. In order to prevent these resources from being wasted, governments
Step 6 should try to discourage people from constantly throwing away items and buying the newest and most up-to-date products.
Introduction To what extent do you agree?
Writing an introduction for Task 2
The three parts of an introduction Jurgen's general statement
General statement
Students' general statements
Recognising effective general
statements
Writing general statements In my opinion, consumerism is contributing to a depletion of the world's resources.
Referring to the viewpoint or problem
Identifying rephrasing
Using your own ideas
Referring to the viewpoint Teacher’s comment
Referring to the specific question
"Although this general statement clearly shows the topic (consumption of resources), it is ineffective because the writer gives
Referring to the specific question
his opinion (In my opinion ...)."
Identifying an effective introduction
Summary quiz The writer could have written:
Writing introductions
Summary Consumerism is contributing to a depletion of the world's resources.
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9 Now you try!
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests General statement 1
Question Bank The world is consuming resources at an increasing rate.
Assessment Tasks
effective

ineffective

 
General statement 2
The increasing demand for consumer goods has become an alarming trend.

effective

ineffective

 
General statement 3
World population is increasing at a dangerous rate.

effective

ineffective

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Writing general statements
Writing Task 2
 
Step 1
Step 2 Let's practise writing a general statement. First, read the following Task 2 essay question and identify the
Step 3 topic.
Step 4
Step 5 Increasingly large numbers of students are undertaking their higher education in other countries. Despite problems such as
Step 6 the financial cost and the difficulty of studying in a foreign language, the benefits of studying overseas are often thought to
be greater than the difficulties.
Introduction
Writing an introduction for Task 2 To what extent do you agree?
The three parts of an introduction
General statement What is the topic of this question?
Students' general statements
Recognising effective general A education in other countries
statements
B financial cost of studying overseas
Writing general statements
C higher education overseas
Referring to the viewpoint or problem
Identifying rephrasing Now that you know the topic, think of some information about this topic and write a general statement in the text box below.
Using your own ideas
Referring to the viewpoint
Referring to the specific question
Referring to the specific question
Identifying an effective introduction Now compare your general statement with the one Eva has written.
Summary quiz
Writing introductions Eva's general statement
Summary
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9 Studying at a university or college in a foreign country has become very popular in recent
Step 10 years.
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks
  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Referring to the viewpoint or problem
Writing Task 2 In the second part of your introduction, you should refer to the viewpoint or problem presented in the question. You can do this
Step 1 in one of two ways:
Step 2 rephrasing
Step 3 using your own ideas
Step 4
First, let's look at rephrasing the viewpoint.
Step 5
Step 6
Introduction
Writing an introduction for Task 2
Rephrasing the viewpoint
The three parts of an introduction Let’s look at a sample introduction to see how this can be done. First, read the Task 2 question again.
General statement
Students' general statements Traditional medicine, such as acupuncture and herbal remedies, is very popular in some countries. Those who practise
Recognising effective general traditional medicine claim it is better than modern medicine in maintaining and improving health.
statements
Do you agree or disagree with this viewpoint?
Writing general statements
Referring to the viewpoint or problem
Now look at the introduction that Jane has written.
Identifying rephrasing
Using your own ideas
Referring to the viewpoint
Referring to the specific question Traditional medicine using methods such as acupuncture and herbal remedies is
widely used in some countries. Some doctors who practice traditional medicine
Referring to the specific question
believe that it is more successful than modern medicine in developing good health.
Identifying an effective introduction I completely agree with this statement.
Summary quiz
Writing introductions
Summary
In the second part of her introduction, Jane has rephrased the viewpoint in the question. Let’s look at this in more detail.
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9 Viewpoint in the question Rephrased viewpoint in the
introduction
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests Those who practise traditional medicine Some doctors who practise traditional
claim it is better than modern medicine medicine believe that it is more
Question Bank in maintaining and improving health. successful than modern medicine in
Assessment Tasks developing good health.

We can see that Jane has rephrased the viewpoint presented in the question. Note that she has used synonyms so the
meaning is still the same.

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Identifying rephrasing
Writing Task 2
 
Step 1
Step 2 Read the following Task 2 question and decide which of the following students have rephrased the viewpoint.
Step 3 We have highlighted the viewpoint in the question for you.
Step 4
Step 5 Many governments have laws that ban the sale and use of hard drugs such as heroin and cocaine, yet they allow people to
Step 6 buy drugs such as tobacco and alcohol. Laws that prohibit the sale and use of hard drugs should be applied to all drugs,
including tobacco and alcohol.
Introduction
Writing an introduction for Task 2 What is your opinion?
The three parts of an introduction
General statement
 
Students' general statements Example 1 - Hisako
Recognising effective general
statements
Writing general statements
Referring to the viewpoint or problem Some people argue that the laws banning sale and consumption of dangerous
Identifying rephrasing drugs should be enforced for all types of drugs, including less harmful ones like
Using your own ideas tobacco and alcohol.
Referring to the viewpoint
Referring to the specific question
Referring to the specific question
Identifying an effective introduction
has rephrased
Summary quiz
Writing introductions has not rephrased
Summary  
Step 7
Example 2 - Milan
Step 8
Step 9
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests Some believe that laws that ban the sale and use of hard drugs should be applied
Question Bank to all drugs including tobacco and alcohol.
Assessment Tasks

has rephrased

has not rephrased

 
Example 3 - Krystyna

Some people claim that selling and consuming dangerous drugs like heroin
should be banned.

has rephrased

has not rephrased

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Using your own ideas
Writing Task 2 You can also refer to the viewpoint by using your own ideas. Let’s look at an example of this. First, read the following Task 2
Step 1 question. The viewpoint has been highlighted for you.
Step 2
Step 3 Zoos around the world provide people with the opportunity to enjoy and learn about animals that they do not
Step 4 usually have the chance to see. However, despite these benefits, it is unkind to keep animals in zoos.
Step 5 Do you agree?
Step 6
Introduction The viewpoint in this question states that although zoos can help to teach people about animals, it is also unkind to keep
Writing an introduction for Task 2 animals in zoos.
The three parts of an introduction Now look at how Yumiko has referred to this viewpoint using her own ideas. This part of the introduction has been highlighted
General statement for you.
Students' general statements
Recognising effective general Yumiko's introduction
statements
Writing general statements
Referring to the viewpoint or problem Zoos give people the opportunity to see and learn about the animals that live on
Identifying rephrasing this earth. Although some people believe that it is unkind to keep animals in cages,
others say that zoos provide biologists and scientists with the opportunity to
Using your own ideas
research animals so that they can be helped in the future. For these reasons, I
Referring to the viewpoint disagree that keeping animals in zoos is unkind.
Referring to the specific question
Referring to the specific question
Identifying an effective introduction In this example, Yumiko has referred to the viewpoint in the question (it is unkind to keep animals in cages) by using her own
Summary quiz ideas (some people say zoos provide research opportunities for biologists and scientists / animals can be helped in the future).
Writing introductions
Summary   
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks
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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Referring to the viewpoint
Writing Task 2
 
Step 1
Step 2 Let’s practise referring to the viewpoint in the following question by rephrasing or using your own ideas. The
Step 3 viewpoint in the question has been highlighted for you.
Step 4
Step 5 The world is consuming resources at an increasing rate. In order to prevent these resources from being wasted, governments
Step 6 should try to discourage people from constantly throwing away items and buying the newest and most up-to-date products.
Introduction To what extent do you agree?
Writing an introduction for Task 2
The three parts of an introduction In the text box below, write a sentence that refers to the viewpoint in the question.
General statement
Students' general statements
Recognising effective general
statements
Writing general statements
Referring to the viewpoint or problem Now look at how 3 other students have referred to this viewpoint in their introduction. There is a teacher's comment for each.
Identifying rephrasing
Hisako
Using your own ideas
Referring to the viewpoint
Referring to the specific question
The increasing demand for consumer goods has become an alarming trend.
Referring to the specific question Some people say that consumers should be discouraged from buying disposable
Identifying an effective introduction products or the latest or most fashionable items, to stop the waste of resources. I
Summary quiz completely agree with this viewpoint.
Writing introductions
Summary
Step 7 Teacher’s comment
Step 8
Step 9 Hisako has a good range of vocabulary. She has referred to the viewpoint in the question by using a number of synonyms to
rephrase it .
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus  
Practice Tests
Question Bank Jin Tao
Assessment Tasks

The increasing demand for consumer goods has become an alarming trend. This
demand has caused a dramatic decrease in natural resources that cannot be
easily renewed and many people now argue that consumers should be educated
and encouraged to shop wisely. I agree with this statement.

Teacher’s comment
Jin Tao is quite confident in his writing skills and chose to refer to the viewpoint in the question by using his own ideas .

Jane

The increasing demand for consumer goods has become an alarming trend. In
order to prevent resources from being wasted, governments should discourage
consumers from constantly disposing of products and purchasing more up to date
or fashionable items. However, I disagree with this viewpoint.

Teacher’s comment
The viewpoint that Jane has written is the same (word for word) as the viewpoint in the question. She did not use synonyms
to rephrase, or use her own ideas .

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Referring to the specific question
Writing Task 2 The last part of the introduction should respond to the specific question.
Step 1
In an Argument essay, you should respond by stating your viewpoint. If you would like to review the language used to express
Step 2 your viewpoint, click here.
Step 3
In Discussion and Problem-Solution essays, it is likely that you will respond by stating the purpose of your essay.
Step 4
Step 5 Let’s look at an example Argument essay question and Peter's introduction.
Step 6
Introduction Traditional medicine, such as acupuncture and herbal remedies, is very popular in some countries. Those who practise
Writing an introduction for Task 2 traditional medicine claim it is better than modern medicine in maintaining and improving health.
The three parts of an introduction Do you agree or disagree with this viewpoint? (Specific question)
General statement
Students' general statements Now read Peter's introduction to see how he has stated his viewpoint in the last sentence.
Recognising effective general
statements Peter's introduction
Writing general statements
Referring to the viewpoint or problem
Identifying rephrasing
Using your own ideas Traditional medicine, using methods such as acupuncture and herbal remedies, is
widely used in some countries. Some doctors who practise traditional medicine
Referring to the viewpoint
believe that it is more successful than modern medicine in developing good health.
Referring to the specific question I completely agree with this statement.
Referring to the specific question
Identifying an effective introduction
Summary quiz
We can see that the last part of Peter's introduction responds to the specific question by indicating that he agrees with the
Writing introductions viewpoint presented in the question.
Summary
Step 7 Now let’s look at some other Task 2 questions and introductions written by students. The sentence that refers to the specific
question has been highlighted.
Step 8
Step 9  
Step 10
Example 1
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests In most countries, the amount of crime committed by teenagers has risen significantly. Researchers are trying to discover the
Question Bank reasons for this increase and the impact it has had on communities around the world.
Assessment Tasks What are the causes and effects of teenage crime in modern day society? (Specific question)

Sola's introduction

The growing rate of crime is a major public concern. In particular, teenage crime
seems to be on the increase, as the media often presents us with accounts of
violent crime committed by teenagers. This essay will discuss some possible
causes of teenage crime today and the effects this has had on our society.

The last part of Sola's introduction responds to the specific question by indicating the purpose of his essay which is to present
some causes and effects of teenage crime.

Example 2
Citizens of all developed countries should be forced to give a percentage of their income to citizens of poorer countries, in
order to assist them with basic needs.
To what extent do you agree with this statement? (Specific question)

Andres' Introduction

The distribution of wealth between countries around the world is an ongoing issue.
Some people have suggested that people from wealthier nations should give a part
of their income to people from underdeveloped countries. I strongly agree with this
viewpoint.

In the last part of his introduction, Andres has responded to the specific question by indicating that he strongly agrees with
the viewpoint presented in the question.

Example 3
Children are now watching more television than they have ever done before.
What are the possible risks and the benefits of this? (Specific question)

Maria's Introduction

These days, an increasing number of children are choosing television as their main
form of entertainment. Many children watch hours of television on a daily basis and
some people are concerned about the effects this is having on them. This essay
will discuss some of the possible risks and also some benefits that watching
television may have on young children.

The last part of Maria's introduction responds to the specific question by indicating the purpose of her essay which is to
discuss the risks and benefits of children watching television.

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Referring to the specific question
Writing Task 2
 
Step 1
Step 2 Read the following Task 2 questions and introductions. The last part of each introduction (the writer's
Step 3 viewpoint or the purpose of the essay) is missing. From the options given, choose the sentence that refers to the specific
Step 4 question.
Step 5 Question 1
Step 6
Introduction Some governments provide financial assistance for retired, unemployed and disabled citizens. In other
Writing an introduction for Task 2 countries, families provide support for these people.
The three parts of an introduction Discuss both systems and give your opinion about which one you think is better.
General statement
Students' general statements Paola's introduction
Recognising effective general
statements
Writing general statements
Referring to the viewpoint or problem Most countries have a social welfare system to financially assist disadvantaged or
Identifying rephrasing unemployed people. Some people believe this system should be maintained by the
government, while others argue that each member of society should pay for his or
Using your own ideas her own needs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Referring to the viewpoint
Referring to the specific question
Referring to the specific question
Identifying an effective introduction I believe that most countries should assist disadvantaged or unemployed people for the following reasons.
Summary quiz
This essay will discuss both types of social welfare systems in order to determine which one is more effective.
Writing introductions
Summary  
Step 7
Step 8 Question 2
Step 9
Step 10 Universities are becoming increasingly expensive to operate. In some countries, money from taxation has met
these costs. However, this is not always enough to maintain the quality of universities.
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests How can universities be funded in future?
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks
Mustapha's introduction

For most students, public universities offer an opportunity to obtain an affordable

education. Some public universities however, are experiencing financial difficulties
and are not receiving enough assistance from governments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..............................

This essay will look at three ways in which universities could be funded in future years.

I agree that universities should be funded in the future.

Question 3

Traditional medicine, such as acupuncture and herbal remedies, is very popular in some countries. Those who
practise traditional medicine claim it is better than modern medicine in maintaining and improving health.
Do you agree or disagree with this viewpoint?

Esperanza's introduction

Traditional medicine is growing in popularity and many people are now using
methods such as acupuncture to maintain and strengthen their health. Many of
those who have experienced traditional medicine believe that it is more effective. . .
................................................


I agree with this viewpoint.
 This essay will discuss some of the advantages and disadvantages of traditional medicine techniques.

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Identifying an effective introduction
Writing Task 2
 
Step 1
Step 2 Read the Task 2 question below and decide whether or not the following introductions are effective.
Step 3 Remember to look at the three parts of the introduction:
Step 4
giving a general statement
Step 5 referring to the viewpoint or problem
Step 6 referring to the specific question.
Introduction
The first one has been done for you as an example.
Writing an introduction for Task 2
The three parts of an introduction
In the future, it may be scientifically possible for people to live for 150 years. This could be good for individuals
General statement but it may have negative consequences for society.
Students' general statements
What are the benefits and risks of people living to 150?
Recognising effective general
statements
Siddhi's introduction
Writing general statements
Referring to the viewpoint or problem
Identifying rephrasing
Using your own ideas Science may offer the opportunity to live a lot longer in the future. Although this
Referring to the viewpoint might be an advantage for individuals, it may also have negative effects on our
Referring to the specific question world. This essay will discuss some of the benefits and risks of living to an
advanced age.
Referring to the specific question
Identifying an effective introduction
Summary quiz
Writing introductions
Summary effective
Step 7
Step 8 ineffective
Step 9
Step 10 Siddhi's introduction is effective because it:
Task 2 Language Focus
contains a general statement which states the topic (to live longer) and gives some information about the topic (science
Practice Tests
may offer this opportunity in the future)
Question Bank refers to the viewpoint in the question (this might be an advantage for individuals but may have negative effects on our
Assessment Tasks world)
refers to the specific question by indicating the purpose of her essay which is to discuss the benefits and risks of living
to an advanced age.

Now you try!

Pierre's introduction

Medical developments have many benefits and risks. Although some people may
be pleased to live to a very old age, this may affect our world in negative ways.

effective

ineffective

 
Jurgen's introduction

In the future, it could be scientifically possible for people to live to be 150 years old.
This could be good news for individual people but it may have negative
consequences for society. This essay will discuss some of the benefits and risks of
people living to a very old age.

 effective

ineffective

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Summary quiz
Writing Task 2
 
Step 1
Step 2 Now let’s revise the main points from this step. Decide if the following are True or False.
Step 3
 
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6   True False
Introduction
Writing an introduction for Task 2 The general statement is the first sentence in the introduction.
The three parts of an introduction
General statement It is acceptable to give your viewpoint in the general statement.
Students' general statements
Recognising effective general It is acceptable to repeat all or part of the question in the
statements introduction.
Writing general statements
Referring to the viewpoint or problem
You can refer to the viewpoint in the question by rephrasing or
Identifying rephrasing using your own ideas.
Using your own ideas
Referring to the viewpoint An introduction should refer to the specific question.
Referring to the specific question
Referring to the specific question
The writer’s viewpoint or the purpose of the essay should be
Identifying an effective introduction indicated in the last sentence of the introduction.
Summary quiz
Writing introductions
Summary   
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
Question Bank
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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Writing introductions
Writing Task 2
 
Step 1
Step 2 Look at the following Task 2 questions and write an introduction for each. Then compare your introduction
Step 3 with a sample. Remember that your introduction will not be exactly the same but it should have the three parts of an
Step 4 introduction that you have learnt in this step.
Step 5 Question 1
Step 6
Introduction Due to the influence of world-wide media such as television and computers, the gap between cultures is
Writing an introduction for Task 2 decreasing. The introduction of this global culture is of great benefit to the world.
The three parts of an introduction To what extent do you agree with this viewpoint?
General statement
Students' general statements
Recognising effective general Sample introduction
statements
Writing general statements
Referring to the viewpoint or problem The international mass media has for the first time resulted in the majority of people sharing the same
Identifying rephrasing experiences. Some say that this is closing the gap between cultures and is bringing many benefits worldwide. I
Using your own ideas completely agree with this viewpoint.
Referring to the viewpoint
Referring to the specific question
Referring to the specific question  
Identifying an effective introduction
Question 2
Summary quiz
Writing introductions
In the last decade, there has been a great increase in the number and variety of online courses available to
Summary
adults. This has been welcomed as a great opportunity by many students, however, other students see these
Step 7 courses as less effective than classroom teaching.
Step 8
What are the advantages and disadvantages of studying an online course?
Step 9
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus Sample introduction
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks As more online courses are being offered to adults, different aspects of this learning medium have become
apparent. Online courses offer students some advantages over studying in a classroom, however there are some
definite drawbacks. This essay will discuss some of the advantages and disadvantages of online courses.

Question 3

Cars have become a convenient and economical form of transport and as a result, the use of cars has increased
dramatically during the last century.
Discuss the problems this increase has created, and offer some practical solutions.

Sample introduction

Most people now use cars as their main form of transport. An increase in this trend during the last century has
contributed to major traffic congestion in cities, and to a decline in the quality of our environment. This essay will
look at how this is occurring and what can be done to address this problem.

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Summary
Writing Task 2 This brings us to the end of Step 6.
Step 1
In Step 6, you have learnt to:
Step 2
Step 3 recognise an introduction for Task 2 that:
gives a general statement
Step 4
refers to the viewpoint or problem presented in the question
Step 5 refers to the specific question.
Step 6 write an effective introduction for an IELTS Writing Task 2 essay question.
Introduction
In Step 7, we will focus on how to organise ideas in a paragraph and write the body of an essay.
Writing an introduction for Task 2
The three parts of an introduction
General statement   
Students' general statements
Recognising effective general
statements
Writing general statements
Referring to the viewpoint or problem
Identifying rephrasing
Using your own ideas
Referring to the viewpoint © Access Macquarie Limited Proudly Supported by Support
Referring to the specific question
Referring to the specific question
Identifying an effective introduction
Summary quiz
Writing introductions
Summary
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Step 7: Moving from ideas to paragraphs
Writing Task 2
Step 1
Step 2
Introduction
Step 3 Welcome to Step 7!
Step 4
In Step 6, we looked at how to write an introduction. In Step 7, we will deal with how to use your ideas to write paragraphs for
Step 5
the body of your Task 2 essay.
Step 6
Step 7
Introduction
Outcomes
What is a paragraph?
Using your ideas to write a paragraph At the end of Step 7, you will be able to:
Topic sentences identify what a paragraph is
Identifying an effective topic identify and write the topic sentence for a paragraph
sentence write supporting ideas, evidence and/or examples
Matching topic sentences write the body of an IELTS Task 2 essay.
Supporting ideas, evidence and
examples
Supporting your main idea
Putting it all together
Writing an essay body
Summary
Step 8
Step 9
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
What is a paragraph?
Writing Task 2 A paragraph is a group of sentences in which one main idea is clearly developed. This
Step 1 main idea is usually presented in the first sentence of the paragraph (the topic
sentence). The other sentences in the paragraph support this main idea, give evidence
Step 2 and examples.
Step 3
Step 4 To write a paragraph for your Task 2 essay, you should refer to your essay plan to get
your main idea, supporting ideas, evidence and examples.
Step 5
Step 6 Note that in Step 4 you learnt how to plan an essay. If you have organised your ideas in
Step 7 your essay plan effectively, you will find it easier to write a paragraph.
Introduction Let's look at an example essay question and the plan that Jin Tao wrote.
What is a paragraph?
Using your ideas to write a paragraph Example
Topic sentences In the last decade, there has been an increase in the number and variety of online courses available to adults. This has been
Identifying an effective topic welcomed as a great opportunity by many students, however other students see these courses as less effective than
sentence classroom teaching.
Matching topic sentences What are the advantages and disadvantages of studying an online course?
Supporting ideas, evidence and
examples
Supporting your main idea
Putting it all together Jin Tao's plan
Writing an essay body
Summary
Step 8 Advantages of studying online
Step 9 Flexibility
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus flexible study hours
study at own pace
Practice Tests study anywhere if there is a computer with online access
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks Study

review course information easily

individual contact with the teacher via email/bulletin boards e.g. online students can email questions to
their teacher any time

Disadvantages of studying online

Technology

appropriate technology not always available

lessons online are more theoretical due to technology limitations e.g. learning chemistry online students
could only study theory and simulations with no access to chemicals or laboratories

Study

classroom offers benefits in addition to the course e.g. use of the library, face to face contact with the
teacher, sharing ideas with classmates, socialising with friends
classroom offers more practical experience

Let s look at the first group of ideas from Jin Tao s essay plan about the advantages of online study. They are
grouped under the heading flexibility :

study anywhere if there is a computer with online access

flexible study hours
study at own pace.

These ideas can be grouped because all of the ideas support and give examples of how flexible online study can be. As these
ideas support one main idea, they can be used to write one paragraph.

Let's look at how he used these ideas to write a paragraph.

Sample paragraph
Online study provides a flexible learning alternative for students. Using a computer with Internet access, students can
study wherever they wish. This could be at home, at work or even a friend s house, and at any time of the day. Students are
also able to learn at their own pace, ensuring they understand the lessons clearly. In these ways, online courses can meet
the personal needs of students.

  
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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Using your ideas to write a paragraph
Writing Task 2 Each paragraph should:
Step 1
include a topic sentence introducing the main idea
Step 2 have sentences to support the main idea
Step 3 provide evidence and/or examples.
Step 4
Look at our sample paragraph again. The topic sentence has been highlighted. You can see that the other sentences in the rest
Step 5 of the paragraph support the main idea in the topic sentence.
Step 6
Step 7 Sample paragraph
Introduction
What is a paragraph?
Using your ideas to write a paragraph Online study provides a flexible learning alternative for Topic sentence
students. Using a computer with Internet access, students
Topic sentences Supporting idea 1: can study
can study wherever they wish. This could be at home, work
Identifying an effective topic anywhere
or even a friend’s house, and at any time of the day.
sentence Students are also able to learn at their own pace, ensuring Supporting idea 2: flexible study
Matching topic sentences they understand the lessons clearly. In these ways, online hours
Supporting ideas, evidence and courses can meet the personal needs of students.
Supporting idea 3: can study at own
examples pace
Supporting your main idea
Putting it all together
Writing an essay body First, let's look at topic sentences.
Summary
Step 8   
Step 9
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Topic sentences
Writing Task 2 Topic sentences are important in IELTS essays because they:
Step 1
introduce the main idea of the paragraph
Step 2 link the paragraph to the question
Step 3 link the paragraph to other paragraphs in the body.
Step 4
Here is an example Task 2 question and the essay Jane wrote to answer it. The topic sentences are highlighted. Notice the role
Step 5 of the topic sentence in each paragraph.
Step 6
Step 7 Example question
Introduction
The benefits of computers in modern society far outweigh the disadvantages.
What is a paragraph?
What is your opinion?
Using your ideas to write a paragraph
Topic sentences
Jane's answer
Identifying an effective topic
sentence
Matching topic sentences
The use of computers in modern life has resulted in changes Introduction
Supporting ideas, evidence and in society. Some of these changes have been to the
examples advantage of society and others have not. This essay will
Supporting your main idea outline both sides of the issue.
Putting it all together
Writing an essay body
On the one hand, computers are useful tools offering Topic sentence
Summary several benefits to people. Firstly, they enable machines to
Step 8 do dangerous work instead of humans. For example, in introduces the main idea
computerised car assembly factories, robots can do hard (computers are useful tools)
Step 9
and dangerous work without stopping. In addition, links to the question (benefits of
Step 10 computers have improved the speed of data processing computers)
Task 2 Language Focus helping scientists to further develop modern technology.
Practice Tests People can go to the moon using computers to control the
Question Bank orbit of the spaceship, the timing of fuel injection and other
vital calculations. Moreover, people can shop and book
Assessment Tasks aeroplane or theatre tickets without leaving home.

However, computers can be used in many harmful ways. For Topic sentence
example, computers can be used to steal people’s private
personal information. Also, with the development of the introduces the main idea (harmful
Internet, previously controlled material such as pornography uses of computers)
has become more widespread making it easier for children links to the question
to access it. Furthermore, many people have lost their jobs (disadvantages of computers)
because computers can shorten some processes in 'however' links this paragraph to
factories, resulting in fewer workers being required. the previous paragraph

To conclude, computers are being used in more areas of life Conclusion

such as communication in the workplace and at home. The
result is that people are relying more on computers in their
daily lives. Despite the disadvantages, it is highly likely that
the use of computers will increase due to the various
benefits computers have to offer.

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Identifying an effective topic sentence
Writing Task 2
 
Step 1
Step 2 In this activity we will look at how the topic sentence introduces the main idea of the paragraph. First, let’s look
Step 3 at an example question.
Step 4
Step 5 Over the past fifty years, international sports events such as the Olympic Games and world cup competitions have played an
Step 6 increasingly important role in our society. However, many people think such events are an enormous waste of money, time
and effort.
Step 7
Introduction Do you agree?
What is a paragraph?
Using your ideas to write a paragraph The following paragraph is part of an essay that answers this question but the topic sentence is missing. By reading the
paragraph carefully and finding the main idea in the supporting sentences, we should be able to identify an effective topic
Topic sentences
sentence.
Identifying an effective topic
sentence Sample paragraph (without topic sentence)
Matching topic sentences
Supporting ideas, evidence and
examples
................................................. . As a result, many professional competitors have become millionaires from
Supporting your main idea playing sport. Professionals in other fields such as science and research earn much less, even though
Putting it all together their work may lead to the improvement of people’s health and daily lives. Watching sport is merely a
Writing an essay body form of entertainment and the money used to pay sport professionals should be spent in other more
worthwhile areas.
Summary
Step 8
Step 9 The supporting sentences in this paragraph focus on the large amount of money wasted on the salaries of sport professionals.
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus The following four students wrote topic sentences for this paragraph. Click Effective or Ineffective for each of their answers.
The first one has been done for you as an example.
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks       Effective Ineffective

Researchers and scientists provide an important service

A
to society and deserve a higher salary.

Esperanza

Esperanza’s topic sentence is ineffective because:

the paragraph mentions scientists and researchers, but it does not say that their salary should be increased
the topic of scientists and researchers does not relate to the question.

Now you try!

      Effective Ineffective

University degrees provide people with the skills needed

B to become professionals in their field and earn a high
income.

Jin Tao

International sport wastes too much money by paying

C
players increasingly higher salaries.

Peter
D
International sporting events use too much money to pay 
team coaches.
 Judy

Feedback

B. Jin Tao’s topic sentence is ineffective.

1. The paragraph does not mention university degrees or qualifications.

2. The topic of university degrees does not relate to the question.

C. Peter’s topic sentence is effective.

1. The other sentences in the paragraph support and explain the main idea that players are paid
too much money.

2. It also clearly links the paragraph to the question by stating that international sport wastes
too much money.

D. Judy’s topic sentence is ineffective.

1. It refers to the question by stating that international sporting events use too much money. This
part of her topic sentence is effective.

BUT

2. The main idea of the paragraph is about players, not coaches.

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Matching topic sentences
Writing Task 2
 
Step 1
Step 2 Let’s practise matching topic sentences to paragraphs. The first one has been done for you as an example.
Step 3
Question 1
Step 4
Step 5
In many traditional societies, caring for the children is only the mother’s responsibility. More recently, some people have
Step 6
argued that the father’s role should be as important as the mother’s role.
Step 7
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Introduction
What is a paragraph?
Using your ideas to write a paragraph Here is a paragraph from a sample answer to this question, however, the topic sentence is missing. First, read the paragraph to
identify the main idea.
Topic sentences
Identifying an effective topic Sample paragraph
sentence
Matching topic sentences
Supporting ideas, evidence and ............................... . Mothers play an important role in caring for their children, however, to say that the
examples task of caring for children is the sole responsibility of the mother is unreasonable. If fathers fail to take
Supporting your main idea time to care for and be with their children, it may result in the child feeling unloved or even resentful
Putting it all together towards their father.
Writing an essay body
Summary
Topic sentences
Step 8
Step 9 Now choose a topic sentence for the paragraph above. Remember it should introduce the main idea and link the paragraph to
the question.
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests Mothers should have the main responsibility for bringing up children.
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks Both fathers and mothers should be responsible for the upbringing of their children.

If fathers do not help care for their children, the family may have an unhappy environment.

In a family, both parents need to work to effectively provide for their children.

The second topic sentence introduces the main idea of the paragraph and links the paragraph to the question.

Now you try!

Question 2

The world is consuming natural resources faster than they can be renewed. Therefore, it is important that products are made
to last. Governments should discourage people from constantly buying up-to-date or fashionable products.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Sample paragraph

.............................. . This excess of rubbish is mainly due to products such as mobile phones and
computers being constantly updated with older versions becoming quickly outdated and useless.
Consumers are then forced to buy the latest commodities, with the older items often being discarded. If
the products were made out of materials that could be recycled they could be re-used to make the latest
models. The result would be a reduction in the amount of waste output while still maintaining the ability
to produce newer and more effective products for society.

Click on the best topic sentence for the paragraph above.

Computers are a vital part of modern society.

For businesses to remain competitive in society, it is important to keep up to date with modern products.

Recyclable products should be used to reduce the problem of increasing waste and pollution.

The government should enforce special laws to encourage people not to buy products that use natural 
resources.
 

Question 3

Compared to our parent’s generation, life has become much more stressful. As a result, stress-related illnesses are on the
increase around the world.
Why is stress such a problem in the modern world and what do you think can be done to overcome the problems caused by
stress?

Sample paragraph

................................... . At work, with more competition between staff members and organisations,
employees find themselves under pressure to work harder. As a result, people work long hours taking
away time from being at home with family and friends. This could lead to social problems in the
individual’s private life.

Click on the best topic sentence for the paragraph above.

Developments in technology have helped reduce stress in workers.

Spending time relaxing with family and friends is one important way to reduce stress.

Increasing pressure at work and home has led to many people suffering from high levels of stress.

In modern society, working habits are leading to health problems such as obesity.

Question 4

Some people say that the Internet is making the world smaller by bringing people together.
To what extent do you agree that the Internet is making it easier for people to communicate with one another?

Sample paragraph

.................................. . With services such as email and chat, people can send and receive messages
anytime, anywhere in the world, if they have access to a computer. Using the Internet is much cheaper
than telephone calls and it does not involve the long wait for a letter to arrive through the post. Through
Internet technology, people in different cities and countries can send and receive messages
instantaneously.

Click on the best topic sentence for the paragraph above.

The Internet offers an easy way for people to communicate regularly.

Notebook computers have several advantages over desktop computers.

Internet cafes provide a cheaper alternative to buying a computer.

With the development of the Internet, the number of people making telephone calls and writing letters is
decreasing.

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Supporting ideas, evidence and examples
Writing Task 2 As we discussed earlier, a topic sentence plays an essential role in a paragraph: it
Step 1 summarises its main idea. However, a topic sentence is not enough. We also need
supporting ideas to provide 'support' to that main idea.
Step 2
Step 3 Each of your supporting ideas needs to be explained clearly. To strengthen your
Step 4 argument and make it clear, some of your supporting ideas should include evidence
and/or examples.
Step 5
Step 6 The examples you use give more support to your ideas and clarify them. Look at the
Step 7 following extract which shows the use of examples.
Introduction Computers enable machines instead of humans to do dangerous work.(Supporting idea) For example, in computerised
What is a paragraph? car assembly factories, robots can do hard and dangerous work without stopping. (Example)
Using your ideas to write a paragraph
The evidence that you include in your paragraph to strengthen your supporting ideas may include:
Topic sentences
Identifying an effective topic an explanation of that idea
sentence data from a research study or survey
Matching topic sentences a quotation from a critic.
Supporting ideas, evidence and Look at the following extracts from two students' essays to compare how effectively they have used evidence.
examples
Supporting your main idea Computers are useful tools offering several benefits to people.(Supporting idea) Scientists have decided to increase the
frequency of expeditions to the moon. (Weak evidence)
Putting it all together
Writing an essay body Computers are useful tools offering several benefits to people.(Supporting idea) Computers have improved the speed of
Summary data processing helping scientists to develop modern technology further. People can now go to the moon using
computers to control the orbit of the spaceship, the timing of fuel injection and other vital calculations. (Strong
Step 8
evidence)
Step 9
Step 10 Let’s look at how Jin Tao and Sawako supported their ideas and how they included either evidence or an example to strengthen
Task 2 Language Focus their argument.
Practice Tests First, let’s look at an example Task 2 question.
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks Example question
In the last decade, there has been an increase in the number and variety of online courses available to adults. This has been
welcomed as a great opportunity by many students, however, other students see these courses as less effective than
classroom teaching.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of studying an online course?

Let’s look at Jin Tao's plan about the advantages and disadvantages of online study again.

Earlier in this step Jin Tao wrote a paragraph about the advantages of online study. Let's look at this paragraph again here.

Online study provides a flexible learning alternative for students. Using a computer with Internet
access, students can study wherever they wish. This could be at home, at work or even a friend’s
house, and at any time of the day. Students are also able to learn at their own pace, ensuring they
understand the lessons clearly. In these ways, online courses can meet the personal needs of
students.

Now Jin Tao is going to write a paragraph about the disadvantages. First, look at the topic sentence he wrote for this
paragraph.

Topic sentence
Despite the advantages, online courses are not appropriate for all students and subjects due to the limitations of
technology.

Notice that the ideas in the plan support the main idea in the topic sentence by outlining the limitations of technology. Now
let’s see how Jin Tao used these ideas in a paragraph with evidence.

Jin Tao's paragraph

Despite the advantages, online courses are not appropriate Topic sentence
for all students and subjects due to the limitations of
technology. If there is no access to computers and other
Supporting idea 1
expensive equipment, studying online may not be an option
for many people. In addition, lessons themselves can be
limited by technology, in that it is difficult to provide practical Supporting idea 2 + evidence
experience for many subjects online. The classroom on the
other hand offers students more opportunities to apply the 
skills they have been learning.
 

Now look at how Sawako wrote about the disadvantages of online courses. Note that she has supported her ideas with an
example.

Sawako's paragraph

Despite the advantages, online courses are not appropriate Topic sentence
for all students and subjects due to the limitations of
Supporting idea 1
technology. In many parts of the world, computers are still
not readily available so studying online is not an option for
many people. The difficulty of providing practical experience Supporting idea 2 + example.
on a computer is a further problem. For instance, students
learning chemistry would have no access to chemicals or
laboratories needed to do experiments. They would only be
able to study theory and simulations.

Note that the supporting ideas, evidence and examples must relate directly to the main idea in the topic sentence.

Although your ideas may change as you write your paragraph, it is very important to make sure all your sentences in the
paragraph support the main idea. Look at what one IELTS examiner said about this.

Teacher’s comment

"I really enjoy reading an essay full of good ideas. However, sometimes the sentences written in
some paragraphs are not relevant to the main idea of the paragraph. This results in the student
getting a lower score."

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Supporting your main idea
Writing Task 2
Look at the following example essay question and sample paragraph from Yumiko's essay. Read the topic
Step 1
sentence and the supporting sentences. The topic sentence with the main idea has been highlighted.
Step 2
Step 3 Do the supporting ideas, evidence and examples support the main idea of the paragraph? The first one has been done for you
Step 4 as an example.
Step 5
Step 6 In the last decade, there has been an increase in the number and variety of online courses available to adults. This has been
welcomed as a great opportunity by many students, however, other students see these courses as less effective than
Step 7
classroom teaching.
Introduction
What are the advantages and disadvantages of studying an online course?
What is a paragraph?
Using your ideas to write a paragraph
 
Topic sentences
Identifying an effective topic
Sample paragraph from Yumiko's essay
sentence
Matching topic sentences
Supporting ideas, evidence and Online courses may not be suitable for all students and subjects due to the limitations
examples of technology. Although computers are still scarce in some parts of the world, the use
of computers in education is rapidly increasing. It is also becoming much less of a
Supporting your main idea
problem for students to carry out the practical components of their courses on
Putting it all together computers. For example, in the past, chemistry students required access to chemicals
Writing an essay body or laboratories to do experiments. However, since most scientists now use computer-
Summary based models to formulate their theories, computers can now be used by these
students.
Step 8
Step 9
Step 10 Look at the topic sentence of Yumiko's paragraph. What is the main idea?
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests The main idea in the topic sentence indicates a disadvantage of online study, that is, the limitations of technology.
Question Bank Do the supporting ideas, evidence and/or examples support the main idea?
Assessment Tasks

Yes

No

The main idea (the limitations of technology) is a disadvantage of online study, but the supporting ideas, evidence and
examples outline the advantages.

Now you try!

Look at the following Task 2 questions and sample paragraphs. Read the topic sentences and the supporting sentences.
Decide whether the supporting ideas, evidence and examples support the main idea in the topic sentence.

Question 1

Traditional medicine, such as acupuncture and herbal remedies, is very popular in some countries. Those who practise
traditional medicine claim that it is better than modern medicine in maintaining and improving health.
Do you agree or disagree with this viewpoint?

Sample paragraph

Traditional medicine has many advantages over modern medicine. Modern medicine offers drugs that
have been developed to meet the needs of sick people. Traditional medicine, however, has a higher risk of
dangerous side effects by relying on materials such as herbs and plants to treat patients. In addition,
while traditional medicine claims to be able to treat many kinds of health conditions, the methods used
do not always result in success. Furthermore, there is a lack of scientific evidence to support their
effectiveness.

Do the supporting ideas, evidence and/or examples support the main idea?

Yes

No
 Feedback

The topic sentence states that traditional medicine has advantages over modern medicine. However,
the supporting sentences explain the disadvantages of modern medicine.

Here is a sample paragraph with effective supporting ideas, evidence and examples:

Traditional medicine has many advantages over modern medicine. While modern medicine relies on the
use of artificially developed chemicals and drugs, traditional medicine uses natural materials such as
herbs and other plants. The body more readily accepts these with less chance of harmful side effects.
In addition, modern drugs are designed to treat diseases, but do not take other important factors such
as the emotional condition or lifestyle of the patient into account. Traditional medicine aims to cure the
patient, but also offers methods to improve the lifestyle and overall wellbeing of the patient for the long
term.

Question 2

In the future, it may be scientifically possible for people to live for 150 years. This could be good for individuals but it may
have negative consequences for society.
What are the benefits and risks of people living to 150?

Sample paragraph

Despite the benefits, the disadvantages of people living to such an old age creates some serious
problems for society. With people living longer, the financial burden of providing for an increasing number
of elderly citizens is an immediate issue. At the family level, this may result in people having to work
longer to earn enough money to support their elder relatives. Governments might also raise taxes in an
attempt to provide welfare for the ageing population. A further issue would be the rapid increase in
population. This could cause overcrowding in many parts of the world, placing demands on housing and
food supplies.

Do the supporting ideas, evidence and/or examples support the main idea?

Yes
No

Question 3

Many governments have laws that ban the sale and use of hard drugs like heroin and cocaine, yet they allow people to freely
buy other more socially acceptable drugs like tobacco and alcohol.
Laws that prohibit the sale and consumption of hard drugs should be applied to other more widely tolerated drugs such as
tobacco and alcohol.
What is your opinion?

Sample paragraph

In the first place, under current laws, alcohol poses a greater threat to the health of more people than
hard drugs do. Hard drugs both directly and indirectly affect most people in society. Many people know of
someone who either uses drugs or has been a victim of drug-related crime. Breaking into people’s houses
or mugging them in the street to steal money to support a drug habit is a serious and growing problem.

Do the supporting ideas, evidence and/or examples support the main idea?

Yes
No

Feedback

The ideas, evidence and examples do not support the main idea.

Here is a sample paragraph with effective supporting ideas, evidence and examples:

In the first place, under current laws alcohol poses a greater threat to the health of more people than
hard drugs do. When talking about drug problems, people may not even consider alcohol because it is
 often considered to be a normal, if not healthy part of life. The reality is, however, that alcohol causes
various health problems such as liver disease, heart trouble and obesity. Violence resulting from
excessive drinking further adds to the problem. With alcohol being legal, people can buy it easily and
cheaply, consequently people are more likely to expose themselves to the health risks of drinking than
to take heroin or cocaine.

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Putting it all together
Writing Task 2 We have learnt about the parts of a paragraph. Each paragraph has:
Step 1
a topic sentence to outline the main idea of the paragraph
Step 2 sentences to support the main idea
Step 3 evidence and/or examples.
Step 4
Let’s look at a sample essay Siddhi wrote and examine the topic sentences, supporting ideas, evidence and examples.
Step 5
Step 6 First, look at the following Task 2 question:
Step 7
Introduction In the last decade, there has been an increase in the number and variety of online courses available to adults. While
What is a paragraph? welcomed as a great opportunity by many students, other students see these courses as a poor substitute for classroom
teaching.
Using your ideas to write a paragraph
Topic sentences What are the advantages and disadvantages of studying an online course?
Identifying an effective topic
sentence Siddhi's answer
Matching topic sentences
Supporting ideas, evidence and
examples As more online courses are being offered to adults, different aspects of this learning
Supporting your main idea medium have become apparent. Online courses offer students some advantages over
studying in a classroom, however there are some definite drawbacks. The following
Putting it all together
essay deals with the advantages and disadvantages of online courses. -
Writing an essay body INTRODUCTION -
Summary Online study provides the advantage of a flexible learning alternative for students. -
Step 8 TOPIC SENTENCE - Using a computer with Internet access, students can study
Step 9 wherever they prefer. This could be at home, at work or even at a friend’s house, and at any time of the
Step 10 day. - SUPPORTING IDEA 1 AND EXAMPLE - Students are also able to study at their own pace, depending
on whether they find the material easy or difficult. As course material is available on their own
Task 2 Language Focus computers, students can easily review material as many times as they wish. Furthermore, in the
Practice Tests classroom, teachers may have little time to answer individual questions. In contrast, if students have any
Question Bank questions about their online study, they can contact their teacher using e-mail or bulletin boards. -
SUPPORTING IDEA 2 AND EVIDENCE -
Assessment Tasks
Despite the advantages, online courses are not appropriate for all students and subjects due to the
limitations of technology. - TOPIC SENTENCE - If there is no access to computers and other expensive
equipment, studying online is not an option for many people. - SUPPORTING IDEA 1 - In addition, lessons
themselves are limited by the technology, in that it is difficult to provide practical experience online. For
example, students learning chemistry would have no access to chemicals or laboratories needed to do
experiments. They would only be able to study theory and simulations. Online students lack access to
school facilities such as the library and the social aspects of face-to-face contact with teachers and
classmates. - SUPPORTING IDEA 2 AND EXAMPLE -
However, despite the disadvantages of online study, the benefits provide students with a valuable
alternative to classroom learning. - CONCLUSION -

Now let's practise using what we have learnt in this step.

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Writing an essay body
Writing Task 2
 
Step 1
Step 2 Here are three sample Task 2 questions. On a piece of paper, write an essay for each of these questions. When
Step 3 you have finished, compare your essay with a sample essay.
Step 4
Question 1
Step 5
Step 6
Some people say that the Internet is responsible for destroying social skills of teenagers and young adults.
Step 7
Why do you think the Internet is seen as dangerous in this way and what can we do to ensure that it does not harm the social
Introduction
development of teenagers and young adults?
What is a paragraph?
Using your ideas to write a paragraph
Topic sentences
Identifying an effective topic
sentence
Matching topic sentences
Supporting ideas, evidence and
examples
Supporting your main idea
Putting it all together Milan's Essay
Writing an essay body
Summary  
Step 8
Question 2
Step 9
Step 10
In the future, it may be scientifically possible for people to live for 150 years. This could be good for individuals but it may
Task 2 Language Focus have negative consequences for society.
Practice Tests
What are the benefits and risks of people living to 150?
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

Krystyna's Essay

Question 3

Traditional medicine, such as acupuncture and herbal remedies, is very popular in some countries. Those who practise
traditional medicine claim that it is better than modern medicine in maintaining and improving health.
Do you agree or disagree with this viewpoint?

Mustapha's Essay

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Summary
Writing Task 2 This brings us to the end of Step 7.
Step 1
In Step 7, you have learnt how to:
Step 2
Step 3 identify what a paragraph is
identify and write the topic sentence for a paragraph
Step 4
write supporting ideas, evidence and/or examples
Step 5 write the body for an IELTS Task 2 essay.
Step 6
Step 7 In Step 8, we will look at how to write an effective conclusion for your Task 2 essay.
Introduction
What is a paragraph?   
Using your ideas to write a paragraph
Topic sentences
Identifying an effective topic
sentence
Matching topic sentences
Supporting ideas, evidence and
examples
Supporting your main idea
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Putting it all together
Writing an essay body
Summary
Step 8
Step 9
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Step 8: Focusing on conclusions
Writing Task 2
Step 1
Step 2
Introduction
Step 3 Welcome to Step 8!
Step 4
In Step 7, we looked at how to organise ideas in a paragraph and how to write the body of an IELTS Writing Task 2 essay. In
Step 5
Step 8, we will focus on writing conclusions.
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Outcomes
Introduction
Writing Task 2 Conclusions At the end of Step 8, you will be able to:
1 - Identifying the main ideas in an recognise and write an effective conclusion for an IELTS Writing Task 2 essay.
essay
Stating your viewpoint
2 - Identifying the main ideas in an
essay
Restating a viewpoint
Identifying main ideas
Using concluding signposts
Identifying an effective conclusion
True or False quiz
Writing a conclusion
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Step 9
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Writing Task 2 conclusions
Writing Task 2 The conclusion is the last paragraph of your essay and is the final impression the examiner has of your writing.
Step 1
In the conclusion of any Task 2 essay, you should always summarise the main ideas that you have presented in your essay. In
Step 2 the conclusion of a Discussion or Argument essay, you should also give your viewpoint.
Step 3
In this step, we will look at various Task 2 essays and the conclusions for those essays. Let’s start by looking at the following
Step 4
Discussion essay question.
Step 5
Step 6 Example Discussion question
Step 7
Over the past few decades, international travel has become more affordable and many people now choose overseas
Step 8
holidays. As a result, tourism is becoming a profitable industry in many countries. However, despite the benefits, tourism can
Introduction also create problems.
Writing Task 2 Conclusions What are the advantages and disadvantages of tourism?
1 - Identifying the main ideas in an
essay
This question asks you to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of tourism. Now read the following essay written by
Stating your viewpoint
Krystyna for this question.
2 - Identifying the main ideas in an
essay Krystyna's Discussion essay
Restating a viewpoint
Identifying main ideas
Using concluding signposts An increasing number of people are choosing to travel overseas for their holidays.
Identifying an effective conclusion They are taking advantage of cheaper airfares and as a result, many countries are
True or False quiz now profiting from tourism. However, tourism can also create some problems. This
essay will discuss some of the advantages and disadvantages.
Writing a conclusion
Summary One major benefit of tourism is that it can develop an awareness and understanding
of other cultures. Tourists can experience a way of life different from their own and
Step 9
when they return home, they often share their knowledge and experiences of these
Step 10 cultures, customs and foods with family and friends.
Task 2 Language Focus
Another advantage of tourism is the income it creates. Large hotels and resorts often employ local
Practice Tests people. In addition, small businesses such as cafes and shops sell locally manufactured products such
Question Bank as souvenirs. In this way, the tourist industry can play a major role in providing employment to locals,
Assessment Tasks thus improving a country’s economy.
However, the disadvantages of tourism should not be overlooked. One serious risk of international travel
is the possibility of spreading dangerous diseases. A foreign tourist who has become infected with a
disease may start an epidemic when returning home or travelling to other countries. The HIV virus is one
example of a disease that has now become a worldwide epidemic.
Another negative aspect of tourism is the increase in the number of locals who steal from tourists.
Tourists carrying visible items of value such as cameras, jewellery or cash are particularly at risk and
become easy targets.
To sum up, tourism clearly has many cultural and economic benefits, yet also brings risks that could
threaten health and safety. Despite these risks, I believe that tourism gives people valuable opportunities
to learn about different cultures and should therefore be encouraged.

Look at the conclusion from this essay again. It has been divided into two parts.

To sum up, tourism clearly has many cultural and economic benefits, yet Summarising the main
also brings risks that could threaten health and safety. ideas
Despite these risks, I believe that tourism gives people valuable Stating a viewpoint
opportunities to learn about different cultures and should therefore be
encouraged.

Now let’s look at each part of the conclusion in detail.

Summarising the main ideas

In any Task 2 conclusion, you should summarise the main ideas in your essay. This part of Krystyna’s conclusion is highlighted
below.

To sum up, tourism clearly has many cultural and economic benefits, yet also brings risks that could threaten health and
safety. Despite these risks, I believe that tourism gives people valuable opportunities to learn about different cultures and
should therefore be encouraged.

To summarise, you will need to recap the main ideas that you have presented in your essay. Let’s identify the main idea of each
paragraph in the body of this essay.

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity 1 - Identifying the main ideas in an essay
Writing Task 2
 
Step 1
Step 2 Read the essay on tourism again and identify the main idea of each paragraph in the body of the essay. The
Step 3 first one has been done for you as an example.
Step 4
Step 5 Krystyna's Essay
Step 6
Step 7  
Step 8 Paragraph 2 (advantages)
Introduction
Writing Task 2 Conclusions
tourists share their experiences with family and friends
1 - Identifying the main ideas in an
essay
Stating your viewpoint tourism increases cultural awareness
2 - Identifying the main ideas in an
essay
Restating a viewpoint
Now you try!
Identifying main ideas
Using concluding signposts
Identifying an effective conclusion Paragraph 3 (advantages)
True or False quiz
Writing a conclusion tourism benefits a country’s economy
Summary
tourism is good for small and large businesses
Step 9
Step 10  
Task 2 Language Focus Paragraph 4 (disadvantages)
Practice Tests
Question Bank
tourists are likely to catch the HIV virus
Assessment Tasks
tourism could encourage the spread of dangerous diseases

 
Paragraph 5 (disadvantages)

some locals steal from tourists

tourists should not carry cameras, jewellery or cash

Below are the main ideas that Krystyna presented in her essay. Let’s look at how she has summarised them.

Tourism increases cultural awareness - cultural benefits

Tourism benefits a country’s economy - economic benefits
Tourism could encourage the spread of dangerous diseases - health risks
Tourists are often victims of crime - safety risks

In her conclusion Krystyna has summarised these ideas by writing:

To sum up, tourism clearly has many cultural and economic benefits, yet also brings risks that could threaten health and
safety.

Now let’s look at the second part of Krystyna’s conclusion - stating her viewpoint.

When you write your conclusion, don’t repeat the main ideas from your essay word for word. Summarise   
the main ideas using different words.

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Stating a viewpoint
Writing Task 2 In the conclusion of a Discussion essay you should state your viewpoint. This part of Krystyna’s conclusion is highlighted
Step 1 below.
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4 To sum up, tourism clearly has many cultural and economic benefits, yet also brings
Step 5 risks that could threaten health and safety. Despite these risks, I believe that
Step 6 tourism gives people valuable opportunities to learn about different cultures and
should therefore be encouraged.
Step 7
Step 8
Introduction
Writing Task 2 Conclusions In this example, Krystyna has stated her viewpoint by saying that she believes the advantages of tourism are more important
1 - Identifying the main ideas in an than the disadvantages. She also gives a reason for her viewpoint (tourism gives people valuable opportunities to learn about
essay different cultures).

Stating your viewpoint Now look at the following phrases you can use to present your viewpoint.
2 - Identifying the main ideas in an
essay
Restating a viewpoint Despite these risks, I believe that tourism gives people valuable
I think that opportunities to learn about
Identifying main ideas I feel that different cultures and should
Using concluding signposts it is my opinion that therefore be encouraged.
Identifying an effective conclusion in my opinion
True or False quiz
Writing a conclusion
Now let’s look at an Argument essay question and the essay that Paola has written for this question.
Summary
Step 9 Example Argument question
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus Governments spend large amounts of money on art that not all people enjoy. This money could be better spent on things that
Practice Tests benefit the majority of the population.
Question Bank Do you agree?
Assessment Tasks
This question asks you to argue FOR or AGAINST government spending on art.

Paola's Argument essay

Some people believe that art plays an important role in maintaining and developing a
country’s culture. Although this may be true, others argue that governments should
spend money on more important areas that benefit the majority of the population. I
agree with this statement to a certain extent.
Maintaining and developing art is important because in many countries, art is a
significant aspect of culture. Therefore, governments should allocate money to
maintain artwork and assist new artists. For example, Indigenous Australians are
famous for their styles of painting. If they are given financial support from the government, this part of
Australian culture can be kept alive for future generations to appreciate, not just in Australia, but in art
galleries around the world.
However, the majority of the population is more concerned with services that are basic to their survival.
They believe that education is one important area that is often under-funded by governments. As a result,
some schools may be forced to close because there is not enough money to pay teachers or buy
resources. Another important area that deserves more funding is health care. Much of the population is
unable to afford private health care and therefore uses public hospitals. However, lack of financial
support from governments could cause these hospitals to become overcrowded and less able to offer
quality health care to their patients.
In conclusion, government spending on art can improve our culture, yet basic needs such as education
and health care are also important. Although governments should continue to fund art, I believe that
priority should be given to services that assist the majority of people.

Let’s look at Paola’s conclusion again. It has been divided into two parts.

In conclusion, government spending on art can improve our culture, yet basic needs Summarising the main
such as education and health care are also important. ideas
Although governments should continue to fund art, I believe that priority should be Restating a viewpoint
given to services that assist the majority of people.

Now let’s look at each part of the conclusion in detail.


Summarising the main ideas
In the first part of her conclusion, Paola has summarised the main ideas from her essay. Remember, you should always
summarise your main ideas in a Task 2 essay.

In conclusion, government spending on art can improve our culture, yet basic needs such as education and health care are
also important. Although governments should continue to fund art, I believe that priority should be given to services that
assist the majority of people.

Let’s look at how Paola has done this.

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity 2 - Identifying the main ideas in an essay
Writing Task 2
 
Step 1
Step 2 Let’s look at the paragraphs in the body of Paola’s essay and identify the main idea of each. The first one has
Step 3 been done for you as an example.
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6 Maintaining and developing art is important because in many countries, art is a
significant aspect of culture. Therefore, governments should allocate money to
Step 7 maintain artwork and assist new artists. For example, Indigenous Australians are
Step 8 famous for their styles of painting. If they are given financial support from the
Introduction government, this part of Australian culture can be kept alive for future generations to
appreciate, not just in Australia, but in art galleries around the world.
Writing Task 2 Conclusions
1 - Identifying the main ideas in an
essay
Stating your viewpoint The main idea is located in the topic sentence, which is also the first sentence of this paragraph (Maintaining and developing
art is important because in many countries, art is a significant aspect of culture).
2 - Identifying the main ideas in an
essay
Restating a viewpoint Now you try!
Identifying main ideas
Using concluding signposts
Identifying an effective conclusion Identify the main idea in the following paragraph from Paola’s essay.
True or False quiz
Writing a conclusion
However, the majority of the population is more concerned with services that
Summary are basic to their survival. They believe that education is one important area
Step 9 that is often under-funded by governments. As a result, some schools may
Step 10 be forced to close because there is not enough money to pay teachers or
buy resources. Another important area that deserves more funding is health
Task 2 Language Focus
care. Much of the population is unable to afford private health care and
Practice Tests therefore uses public hospitals. However, lack of financial support from
Question Bank governments could cause these hospitals to become overcrowded and less
Assessment Tasks able to offer quality health care to their patients.

The main idea in this paragraph is:

A most of the population is concerned about survival needs

B education does not receive enough financial support

C health care needs more financial support

From this we can see that Paola argues that art is an important part of our culture (main idea in first body paragraph) but that
survival needs (main idea in second body paragraph) such as education and health care (supporting ideas) are more
important than art.

Now look at how Paola has summarised these ideas in the conclusion of her essay.

In conclusion, government spending on art can improve our culture, yet basic needs such as education and health care are
also important.

Now let’s look at the second part of Paola’s conclusion - restating a viewpoint.

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Restating a viewpoint
Writing Task 2 In an Argument essay, you should already have stated your viewpoint in the introduction. However, you should also state your
Step 1 viewpoint again in the conclusion. Let’s look at how Paola has done this.
Step 2 Here is the introduction to Paola’s essay again. We can see that she has already presented her viewpoint in the introduction.
Step 3 This is highlighted below.
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7 Some people believe that art plays an important role in maintaining and developing
a country’s culture. Although this may be true, others argue that governments
Step 8 should spend money on more important areas that benefit the majority of the
Introduction population. I partially agree with this statement.
Writing Task 2 Conclusions
1 - Identifying the main ideas in an
essay
Stating your viewpoint Now look at how Paola has restated her viewpoint in the conclusion. This is highlighted below.
2 - Identifying the main ideas in an
essay
In conclusion, government spending on art can improve our culture, yet basic needs such as education and health care are
Restating a viewpoint also important. Although governments should continue to fund art, I believe that priority should be given to services that
Identifying main ideas assist the majority of people.
Using concluding signposts
Identifying an effective conclusion In the last part of her conclusion, Paola has restated the viewpoint she presented in the introduction.
True or False quiz
Finally, let’s look at a Problem-Solution essay question and the essay that Judy has written for this question.
Writing a conclusion
Summary Example Problem-Solution question
Step 9
Cars have become a convenient and economical form of transport and as a result, the use of cars has increased dramatically
Step 10
during the last century.
Task 2 Language Focus
Discuss the problems this increase has created, and offer some practical solutions.
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks This question asks you to discuss some of the problems caused by the overuse of cars, and suggest ways to overcome these
problems.

Judy's Problem-Solution essay

Most people now use cars as their main form of transport. An increase in this trend
during the last century has contributed to major traffic congestion in cities, and to a
decline in the quality of our environment. This essay will look at how this is occurring
and what can be done to address this problem.
For many people, cars are seen as an economical and easy method of transport, and
this has led to many families now owning more than one car. However, the growing
number of cars on our streets has created traffic jams that occur in most major cities
on a daily basis. Drivers have no choice but to wait in traffic and as a result, the use of cars, especially in
highly populated areas, is neither convenient nor economical. An increase in the use of cars has also had
a negative impact on our natural environment. Pollution from toxic car fumes has led to a rapid decline in
the quality of air we breathe and has also been a major contributing factor in creating the hole in our
ozone layer.
One practical way of solving these problems is to encourage people to use public transport. One way to
do this is to improve transport systems by making services cheaper and more frequent. Another way is to
introduce or extend underground transport systems so traffic congestion can be avoided. In addition,
councils could increase parking fees or charge people to drive into city areas. This is being done in some
cities in England where drivers must display a special ticket to show that they have paid to enter a city
area.
To sum up, the growing use of cars is creating an enormous amount of traffic and is damaging to our
environment. In order to reduce these problems, citizens could be encouraged to use alternative methods
of transport.

Let’s look at the conclusion of Judy’s essay again.

To sum up, the growing use of cars is creating an enormous amount of traffic and is Summary of the
damaging to our environment. problems

In order to reduce these problems, citizens could be encouraged to use alternative methods Summary of the
of transport. solutions

In her conclusion, Judy has summarised the main ideas (i.e., the problems and solutions) that she presented in her essay.

Let’s identify the main ideas that Judy used in the conclusion of her essay.
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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Identifying main ideas
Writing Task 2
 
Step 1
Step 2 In her essay, Judy discusses two problems caused by the overuse of cars. Read the following paragraph from
Step 3 her essay and identify these problems.
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6 For many people, cars are seen as an economical and easy method of transport, and
this has led to many families now owning more than one car. However, the growing
Step 7 number of cars on our streets has created traffic jams that occur in almost every city
Step 8 on a daily basis. Drivers have no choice but to wait in traffic and as a result, the use of
Introduction cars, especially in highly populated areas, is neither convenient nor economical. An
increase in the use of cars has also had a negative impact on our natural
Writing Task 2 Conclusions
environment. Pollution from toxic car fumes has led to a rapid decline in the quality of
1 - Identifying the main ideas in an air we breathe and has also been a major contributing factor in creating the hole in
essay our ozone layer.
Stating your viewpoint
2 - Identifying the main ideas in an
essay Type the two problems (i.e. the two main ideas) in this paragraph into the text boxes below.
Restating a viewpoint
Identifying main ideas
Using concluding signposts
Identifying an effective conclusion and
True or False quiz
Writing a conclusion
Summary
Step 9
Step 10 Check
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
Question Bank Suggested answers
Assessment Tasks
The overuse of cars

creates traffic congestion

has a negative effect on our natural environment.

Now look at how Judy has summarised these problems in her conclusion.

To sum up, the growing use of cars is creating an enormous amount of traffic and is damaging to our environment. In
order to reduce these problems, citizens could be encouraged to use alternative methods of transport.

In her essay Judy gives one main solution to these problems. Read the following paragraph and identify the main solution.

One practical way of solving these problems is to encourage people to use public transport. One way to do this is to
improve transport systems by making services cheaper and more frequent. Another way is to introduce or extend
underground transport systems so traffic congestion can be avoided. In addition, councils could increase parking fees or
charge people to drive into city areas. This is being done in some cities in England where drivers must display a special
ticket to show that they have paid to enter a city area.

Type the solution (i.e. the main idea) in this paragraph into the text box below.

Check

Suggested answer

people could be encouraged to use public transport.

Now look at how Judy has summarised this solution in her conclusion.

To sum up, the growing use of cars is creating an enormous amount of traffic and is damaging to our environment. In
order to reduce these problems, citizens could be encouraged to use alternative methods of transport.
Note that in a Problem-Solution essay, you are not required to state your viewpoint.

  

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Writing Task 1
Using concluding signposts
Writing Task 2 All of the conclusions we have looked at have used concluding signposts. Let’s look at two examples.
Step 1
1. To sum up, tourism clearly has many cultural and economic benefits, yet also brings risks that could threaten health and
Step 2 safety.
Step 3 2. In conclusion, government spending on art can improve our culture, yet basic needs such as education and health care are
Step 4 also important.
Step 5 Using a concluding signpost is important because it shows the reader that it is the last paragraph of your essay.
Step 6
Step 7 Below is a list of other concluding signposts that can be used at the beginning of a conclusion.
Step 8
Introduction Concluding Summary of main ideas
Writing Task 2 Conclusions signpost
1 - Identifying the main ideas in an
essay To sum up,... ...the growing use of cars is creating an enormous amount of traffic and
Stating your viewpoint To conclude,... is damaging to our environment.
In short,...
2 - Identifying the main ideas in an
In brief...
essay
In summary,...
Restating a viewpoint
Identifying main ideas
Now that we have looked at how to write a Task 2 conclusion, let’s identify the most effective conclusion for the following
Using concluding signposts
essay.
Identifying an effective conclusion
True or False quiz
  
Writing a conclusion
Summary
Step 9
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks
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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Identifying an effective conclusion
Writing Task 2
 
Step 1
Step 2 Read the following Argument essay question and the essay that Jin Tao has written for this question. Then
Step 3 decide which conclusion is the most effective.
Step 4
Step 5 Due to the influence of world-wide media such as television and computers, the gap between cultures is decreasing. The
Step 6 introduction of this global culture is of great benefit to the world.
Step 7 To what extent do you agree with this viewpoint?
Step 8
Introduction Jin Tao's Argument essay
Writing Task 2 Conclusions
1 - Identifying the main ideas in an
essay The international mass media has for the first time resulted in the majority of people
Stating your viewpoint sharing the same experiences. I agree that this is closing the gap between cultures
and is bringing many benefits worldwide.
2 - Identifying the main ideas in an
essay One advantage of world-wide media is that films and plays, as well as famous
Restating a viewpoint musicians and sports people can be appreciated and celebrated around the world.
Many people believe that sharing these aspects will create a global culture that brings
Identifying main ideas
people closer together.
Using concluding signposts
Another advantage is that issues such as human rights become internationally recognised. The media
Identifying an effective conclusion
draws attention to countries that try to keep these crimes hidden. As a result, global culture can help to
True or False quiz raise people’s awareness of human rights and this may help to reduce or even eliminate these crimes in
Writing a conclusion the future.
Summary In addition, the international media has provided a valuable educational tool for children and adults alike.
Step 9 Foreign television teams keep the public up-to-date with news and images of different cultures and ways
Step 10 of life. Thus, people can educate themselves about these cultures not just by reading books but by
watching news programs and documentaries. In this way, global culture will bring valuable educational
Task 2 Language Focus benefits.
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks Now decide which one of the following conclusions for Jin Tao’s essay is the most effective.

In conclusion, the international media serves to educate and involve people in cultural and political issues. It
also encourages communication between countries and promotes freedom of information. Therefore, I believe
that a global culture has many benefits.

To sum up, the international media serves to educate and involve people in cultural and political issues.
However, the negative aspects of global culture created by this international media should not be overlooked.

To conclude, the international media plays an important role in raising people’s awareness of important
political issues such as human rights. I therefore believe the global culture that the media creates has many
advantages.

In conclusion, the international media serves to educate and involve people in cultural and political issues. I
therefore believe that the global culture created by this media has brought and will continue to bring many
benefits worldwide.

Feedback

The last conclusion is effective because Jin Tao has:

summarised all the main ideas from the essay

In conclusion, the international media serves to educate and involve people in cultural
and political issues. I therefore believe that the global culture created by this media has
brought many benefits worldwide.

restated his viewpoint (which supports the viewpoint he gave in his introduction).

In conclusion, the international media serves to educate and involve people in cultural
and political issues. I therefore believe that the global culture created by this media has
brought many benefits worldwide.

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - True or False quiz
Writing Task 2
 
Step 1
Step 2 Decide if the following are True or False.
Step 3
Step 4   True False
Step 5
Step 6
In the first part of the conclusion you should summarise
Step 7 the main ideas from your essay.
Step 8
Introduction
You should use a concluding signpost at the beginning
Writing Task 2 Conclusions of your conclusion.
1 - Identifying the main ideas in an
essay
You shouldn’t include new ideas in the conclusion.
Stating your viewpoint
2 - Identifying the main ideas in an
essay You must always state your viewpoint in the conclusion.
Restating a viewpoint
Identifying main ideas In your conclusion, you can summarise the main ideas
Using concluding signposts from your essay by repeating them word for word.
Identifying an effective conclusion
True or False quiz
Writing a conclusion   
Summary
Step 9
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks
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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Writing a conclusion
Writing Task 2
 
Step 1
Step 2 Write a conclusion for the following Task 2 Argument essay that Eva has written.
Step 3
Step 4 Over the past fifty years, international sports events such as the Olympic Games and world cup competitions have played an
Step 5 increasingly important role in our society. However, many people think such events are an enormous waste of money, time
Step 6 and effort.
Step 7 Do you agree?
Step 8
Introduction Eva's essay
Writing Task 2 Conclusions
1 - Identifying the main ideas in an
essay Since ancient times, sport has played an important role in our lives. Today,
Stating your viewpoint international sports events such as The Olympic Games and the World Cup are
popular. Some people argue that these international sports events are an enormous
2 - Identifying the main ideas in an
waste of time and money. However, I strongly disagree.
essay
Restating a viewpoint Firstly, international sports events encourage people to be more accepting of different
nationalities. All athletes, regardless of race or colour, have the opportunity to
Identifying main ideas
compete for their country. As a result, international sports events develop equality
Using concluding signposts and friendships between people and countries.
Identifying an effective conclusion
Another positive aspect of international sports is that competitors have the chance to learn different
True or False quiz techniques to improve their own skills. For example, some countries may have different training methods.
Writing a conclusion However, during international sports competitions, individual competitors or teams are able to study
Summary different or more advanced training skills from other countries.
Step 9 In addition, international sports events can improve the host nation’s economic development. The large
Step 10 number of athletes, reporters and sports fans from around the world would undoubtedly bring
considerable profits to service and trade industries of the host nation.
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests However, some people argue that it is expensive and time consuming to build stadiums for international
sports events. Yet, these sports areas can also be used for national and local sports in the future.
Question Bank Therefore, these facilities benefit the community for many years.
Assessment Tasks

Now type a conclusion for Eva ’s essay in the text box. Then, click on the Check button to compare your conclusion to Eva's.

0 words written (at least 50 words expected)

Check

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Summary
Writing Task 2 This brings us to the end of Step 8.
Step 1
In Step 8, you have learnt how to:
Step 2
Step 3 recognise and write an effective conclusion for an IELTS Writing Task 2 essay.
Step 4 In Step 9, we will focus on reviewing and editing Task 2 essays.
Step 5
Step 6
  
Step 7
Step 8
Introduction
Writing Task 2 Conclusions
1 - Identifying the main ideas in an
essay
Stating your viewpoint
2 - Identifying the main ideas in an
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Restating a viewpoint
Identifying main ideas
Using concluding signposts
Identifying an effective conclusion
True or False quiz
Writing a conclusion
Summary
Step 9
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Task 1
Step 9: Reviewing your essay
Writing Task 2
Step 1
Step 2
Introduction
Step 3 Welcome to Step 9!
Step 4
In Step 8, we looked at writing conclusions for IELTS Writing Task 2 essays. In Step 9, we will concentrate on reviewing your
Step 5
essay.
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Outcomes
Step 9
Introduction By the end of Step 9, you will be able to:
Reviewing review the presentation, content and language of your Task 2 essay
Reviewing for presentation edit your writing for accuracy of grammar, vocabulary, punctuation and spelling.
Adding information
Reviewing for content
Deciding on relevance
Evidence and examples
Adding evidence and examples
Reviewing the language
Summary
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
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Writing Task 1
Reviewing
Writing Task 2 Reviewing is an important part of the writing process. You should do this after you have
Step 1 planned and written your essay.
Step 2 Remember, this should not take longer than five (5) minutes.
Step 3
When you review an essay, you need to re-examine the:
Step 4
Step 5 presentation
Step 6 content
Step 7 language.
Step 8 Let’s look at these in more detail.
Step 9
Introduction   
Reviewing
Reviewing for presentation
Adding information
Reviewing for content
Deciding on relevance
Evidence and examples
Adding evidence and examples
Reviewing the language
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Summary
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Task 1
Reviewing for presentation
Writing Task 2 Presentation is important. To check your presentation you need to check that:
Step 1
you have divided your essay into paragraphs
Step 2 your handwriting is neat and easy to read
Step 3 you have made corrections neatly
Step 4 you have added words or sentences in the correct format.
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7 Paragraphs
Step 8
You should make sure that each paragraph can be clearly identified. The best way to do this is to leave a line between each
Step 9 paragraph. Look at the two examples of a sample essay below. The essay on the left is clearly divided into four distinct
Introduction paragraphs. This is the way you should present your essay.
Reviewing
Reviewing for presentation
Adding information
Reviewing for content The use of computers in modern life has resulted in The use of computers in modern life has resulted in
Deciding on relevance changes in society. Some of these changes have been to changes in society. Some of these changes have been to
Evidence and examples the advantage of society and others have not. This essay the advantage of society and others have not. This essay
will outline both sides of the issue. will outline both sides of the issue. On the one hand,
Adding evidence and examples computers are useful tools offering several benefits to
Reviewing the language On the one hand, computers are useful tools offering
people. Firstly, they enable machines to do dangerous
several benefits to people. Firstly, they enable machines to
Summary work instead of humans. For example, in computerised
do dangerous work instead of humans. For example, in
car assembly factories, robots can do hard and dangerous
Step 10 computerised car assembly factories, robots can do hard
work without stopping. In addition, computers have
Task 2 Language Focus and dangerous work without stopping. In addition,
improved the speed of data processing helping scientists
computers have improved the speed of data processing
Practice Tests to further develop modern technology. People can go to
helping scientists to further develop modern technology.
Question Bank the moon using computers to control the orbit of the
People can go to the moon using computers to control the
spaceship, the timing of fuel injection and other vital
Assessment Tasks orbit of the spaceship, the timing of fuel injection and
calculations. Moreover, people can shop and book
other vital calculations. Moreover, people can shop and
aeroplane or theatre tickets without leaving home.
book aeroplane or theatre tickets without leaving home.
However, computers can be used in many harmful ways.
However, computers can be used in many harmful ways. For example, computers can be used to steal people’s
For example, computers can be used to steal people’s private personal information. Also, with the development
private personal information. Also, with the development of the Internet, previously controlled material such as
of the Internet, previously controlled material such as pornography has become more widespread making it
pornography has become more widespread making it easier for children to access it. Furthermore, many people
easier for children to access it. Furthermore, many people have lost their jobs because computers can shorten some
have lost their jobs because computers can shorten some processes in factories, resulting in fewer workers being
processes in factories, resulting in fewer workers being required. To conclude, computers are being used in more
required. areas of life such as communication in the workplace and
at home. The result is that people are relying more on
To conclude, computers are being used in more areas of computers in their daily lives. Despite the disadvantages, it
life such as communication in the workplace and at home. is highly likely that the use of computers will increase due
The result is that people are relying more on computers in to the various benefits computers have to offer.
their daily lives. Despite the disadvantages, it is highly
likely that the use of computers will increase due to the
various benefits computers have to offer.

Handwriting
During the test, aim to write as clearly as possible. Untidy handwriting or handwriting that is difficult to understand will affect
the examiner’s ability to assess your essay.

You can help the examiner by:

printing your letters if your 'joined-up' or 'running' writing is difficult to read

using large letters if your writing is usually small
always writing on the line
ensuring all the English letters that go above the line ('b' is an example) or below the line ('p' is an example) actually
reach some way above or below the line.

Making corrections
Don't waste time rubbing out mistakes made in pencil with an eraser, or using liquid paper if you're writing in pen. When you
make a mistake, or if you find a word that is difficult to read, simply cross it out as in the example below.

Example
The colonisation of space will should be a high prore priority for all governments.

The words 'will' and 'prore' in the above sentence have been crossed out, but we can still see the original word underneath.
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Writing Task 1
Adding information
Writing Task 2 If you only need to add one or two words you can place a at the point where you would like to add the word.
Step 1
If you need to add sentences, the best way is to draw an asterisk (*) at the point where you would like to add information. Then
Step 2
at the bottom of that page or at the end of the essay, draw the asterisk again and next to it write the words, sentence or
Step 3 paragraph you want to include. This is usually neater than adding the extra information to the body of the essay.
Step 4
Let’s look at how Jurgen did this.
Step 5
Step 6 Example question
Step 7
Step 8 There are too many people on this planet, so it is logical to look for other planets to colonise.
Step 9 Is the colonisation of space the answer to overpopulation?
Introduction
Reviewing Main text of Jurgen’s answer with the correction at the bottom of the page
Reviewing for presentation
Adding information
Reviewing for content Colonisation of space may be an answer to overpopulation. However, there could be
some problems living on other planets. Firstly, it would be difficult to establish farms
Deciding on relevance and other forms of agriculture on other planets*. Secondly, not many people would
Evidence and examples want to live in such places...
Adding evidence and examples  
Reviewing the language
* because most of the planets close to earth cannot support any form of animal or
Summary plant life
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests  
Question Bank
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Writing Task 1
Reviewing for content
Writing Task 2 There are three questions to ask yourself about the content of your essay:
Step 1
1. Have I written enough words?
Step 2 2. Are my ideas clear and relevant to the topic?
Step 3 3. Have I supported my ideas with evidence and examples?
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6 1 Word length
Step 7
You must write at least 250 words so your review should include a quick word count.
Step 8
Step 9
Introduction
Reviewing
2 Clear and relevant points
Reviewing for presentation You need to ensure that the reader can understand your ideas. During the review process, you may wish to add signposts or
Adding information other cohesive devices to your writing to make your meaning clearer.
Reviewing for content
If you find you have included any irrelevant ideas in your essay, now is the time to omit these sentences. You should do this by
Deciding on relevance neatly crossing out the irrelevant idea or sentence. Make sure that by doing this, you are not reducing your word count to less
Evidence and examples than 250 words.
Adding evidence and examples
Let’s practise identifying relevant and irrelevant sentences in a sample essay.
Reviewing the language
Summary
  
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
Question Bank
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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Deciding on relevance
Writing Task 2
 
Step 1
Step 2 Read the following Task 2 question and the sentences written in response to it. Decide whether the sentences
Step 3 are relevant to the topic or not. The first one has been done for you as an example.
Step 4
Step 5 There are too many people on this planet, so it is logical to look for other planets to colonise.
Step 6 Is the colonisation of space the answer to overpopulation?
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9   Yes No
Introduction
Reviewing 1 People have always been fascinated by the idea of
Reviewing for presentation colonising space.
Adding information
Reviewing for content 2 On the moon, astronauts explored the landscape and
Deciding on relevance conducted scientific experiments.
Evidence and examples
Adding evidence and examples 3 The question of whether other planets could be home
Reviewing the language to humans is becoming more urgent as the population
Summary continues to explode on Earth.
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus 4 In the 1970s countries such as India tried and failed to
restrain massive population growth.
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks
  

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Writing Task 1
3 Evidence and examples
Writing Task 2 When you review your essay, you should ensure that you have included examples and/or evidence. If you haven't, you should
Step 1 quickly add the information using the asterisk (*) method.
Step 2 Many students say they can't think of examples and evidence for their ideas. However, examples and evidence provide vital
Step 3 support to your argument, so you need to include them. Even a weak example is better than no example at all.
Step 4
Let's consider an example from Pierre's essay that answers the question on space colonisation.
Step 5
Step 6 Question
Step 7
Step 8 There are too many people on this planet, so it is logical to look for other planets to colonise.
Step 9 Is the colonisation of space the answer to overpopulation?
Introduction
Reviewing Paragraph without examples/evidence
Reviewing for presentation
Adding information
Reviewing for content
Deciding on relevance Everyone agrees that the world is overpopulated and that something has to be done
Evidence and examples about this problem. However, this problem is rarely addressed by national
governments. International organisations urgently need to discuss this problem.
Adding evidence and examples
Reviewing the language
Summary
Step 10
Pierre's response could be improved by adding some examples which have been highlighted in the paragraph below.
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests Paragraph with examples/evidence
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks Everyone agrees that the world is overpopulated and that something has to be done. However, apart from a few countries
such as China and India, overpopulation has rarely been addressed by national governments. International organisations,
in particular the United Nations and the G8 group of developed countries, urgently need to discuss this problem.

Look at how Pierre added this information at the bottom of the page.

Everyone agrees that the world is overpopulated and that something has to be done
about this problem. However, * this problem is rarely addressed by national
governments. International organisations, ** urgently need to discuss this problem.
 
* apart from a few countries such as China and India
** in particular the United Nations and the G8 group of developed countries,

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Adding evidence and examples
Writing Task 2
 
Step 1
Step 2 Add some examples to the following paragraph on the topic of studying at university.
Step 3
For this activity you should use your own ideas, so there is a variety of possible answers. When you have finished, click on the
Step 4
Check button to compare your answer.
Step 5
Step 6
There has been increased competition to enter university during the last few decades. For
Step 7 example, courses such as and
Step 8 have become popular because people believe that they offer good job prospects for students
Step 9 when they graduate. Other courses in subjects such as have
Introduction become less popular as job opportunities in these areas slowly disappear. Similarly, certain
Reviewing universities remain popular while others fall behind. In my country, the University of
Reviewing for presentation is always a popular choice for students, while the University of
Adding information has difficulty attracting students.
Reviewing for content
Deciding on relevance
Check
Evidence and examples
Adding evidence and examples
Reviewing the language
Here is one possible answer:
Summary
Step 10 There has been increased competition to enter university during the last few decades. For example,
Task 2 Language Focus courses such as business and accounting have become popular because people believe that they
offer good job prospects for students when they graduate. Other courses in subjects such as
Practice Tests sociology have become less popular as job opportunities in these areas slowly disappear. Similarly,
Question Bank certain universities remain popular while others fall behind. In my country, the University of London is
Assessment Tasks always a popular choice for students, while the University of Nottingham has difficulty attracting
students.

  

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Writing Task 1
Reviewing the language
Writing Task 2 When reviewing the language, you should concentrate on these main areas:
Step 1
grammar
Step 2 vocabulary
Step 3 punctuation and spelling
Step 4 style.
Step 5 Below is a checklist for each category. For more information about these, see the Focus
Step 6 on Language section.
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9 Grammar
Introduction
During a grammar edit, you should check such common problem areas as:
Reviewing
Reviewing for presentation articles
Adding information agreement (subject-verb, modifier/quantifier + noun)
Reviewing for content verb tense
signpost words
Deciding on relevance pronoun referencing
Evidence and examples modals
Adding evidence and examples quantifiers.
Reviewing the language If you need to review any of these grammar points, you should go to the relevant section in the Focus on Language - Improving
Summary your accuracy: vocabulary and sentence structure.
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests Vocabulary
Question Bank
While reviewing the vocabulary, ask yourself the following questions.
Assessment Tasks
Have I used the correct word and the correct part of speech?
Have I varied my vocabulary as much as possible?
Have I over-used signpost words? For example, some signposts such as, however and because are often over-used?
Have I used modifiers?

If you need to review any of these points, you should go to the relevant section in the Focus on Language - Improving your
range: vocabulary and sentence structure and Expressing your ideas effectively.

Punctuation and spelling

Ask yourself the following questions to check your punctuation and spelling.

Have I used commas, full stops, colons correctly?

Have I put capital letters on the right words?
Is my spelling accurate? Sometimes when we are writing quickly we make silly mistakes that can be picked up in the
edit.

Style
You need to ensure that your style is formal and academic, so ask yourself the following questions when you are reviewing.

Have I used academic vocabulary?

Have I used the passive voice where appropriate?
Have I only used first person personal pronouns to express an opinion?

If you need to review any of these points, you should look for the relevant section in the Focus on Language - Using an
academic style.

Activity - Reviewing an essay

You should be writing a Task 2 essay every day. When you finish check it for presentation, content and
language.

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Summary
Writing Task 2 This brings us to the end of Step 9.
Step 1
In Step 9, you have learnt how to:
Step 2
Step 3 identify what to look for when reviewing your Task 2 essay.
Step 4 In Step 10, you will learn how your Task 2 essay is assessed.
Step 5
Step 6
  
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Introduction
Reviewing
Reviewing for presentation
Adding information
Reviewing for content
Deciding on relevance © Access Macquarie Limited Proudly Supported by Support
Evidence and examples
Adding evidence and examples
Reviewing the language
Summary
Step 10
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Step 10: Understanding the assessment criteria
Writing Task 2
Step 1
Step 2
Introduction
Step 3 Welcome to Step 10!
Step 4
In Step 9, we talked about revising and editing your essay. In Step 10, we will discover how the IELTS examiner assesses your
Step 5
Task 2 essay. Then we will look at some extracts from learners’ essays and assess them together.
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Outcomes
Step 9
Step 10 At the end of Step 10, you will be able to:
Introduction
understand how the examiner assesses your essay
How your essay is assessed examine and analyse extracts from essays using IELTS Writing Task 2 assessment criteria.
Task Response
Ideas, Evidence and Examples
Formulating and developing a
position
Identifying the ideas, evidence and
examples
Assessing Task Response
Coherence and Cohesion
Pronoun referencing and Signposts
Assessing Coherence and Cohesion
Lexical Resource © Access Macquarie Limited Proudly Supported by Support
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
1 - Assessing Lexical Resource and
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
2 - Assessing Lexical Resource and
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
Summary
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
How your essay is assessed
Writing Task 2 In Task 2 of the IELTS Writing test you will be presented with an essay question. As you have learnt in Step 3, there are three
Step 1 types of essays you may be asked to write:
Step 2 Problem-Solution
Step 3 Argument
Step 4 Dicussion
Step 5 Let’s start with the most important question about writing for IELTS - what are the examiners looking for?
Step 6
Step 7 Your IELTS Writing Task 2 is assessed according to four assessment criteria:
Step 8
Assessment Criteria
Step 9
Step 10 Task Response
Coherence and Cohesion
Introduction
Lexical Resource
How your essay is assessed Grammatical Range and Accuracy
Task Response
Ideas, Evidence and Examples Now let's examine these four criteria in more detail.
Formulating and developing a
position   
Identifying the ideas, evidence and
examples
Assessing Task Response
Coherence and Cohesion
Pronoun referencing and Signposts
Assessing Coherence and Cohesion
Lexical Resource
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
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1 - Assessing Lexical Resource and
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
2 - Assessing Lexical Resource and
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
Summary
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Task Response
Writing Task 2 Task Response assesses two main aspects of your writing:
Step 1
the formulation and development of a position that is relevant in answer to a given question
Step 2 the effectiveness of the evidence used to support your ideas and/or examples given.
Step 3
Let’s look at how these criteria are used to assess an IELTS Task 2 essay. Look at the following Task 2 question.
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6 Life has become much more stressful compared to our parents’ generation. As a result, stress-related illnesses are on the
increase around the world.
Step 7
Step 8 Why is stress such a problem in the modern world and what do you think can be done to overcome the problems caused by
stress?
Step 9
Step 10
Now look at Sawako’s Task 2 essay answering this question. First, let’s read it to see how she has formulated and developed
Introduction
her position.
How your essay is assessed
Task Response
Ideas, Evidence and Examples
Formulating and developing a position
Formulating and developing a
position Consider the structure of Sawako's essay. By looking at her introduction, topic sentences and conclusion, we can determine
Identifying the ideas, evidence and how well she has formulated and developed her position in relation to the essay question.
examples
Assessing Task Response
Coherence and Cohesion Sawako’s essay Structure
Pronoun referencing and Signposts
Assessing Coherence and Cohesion A Stress is a harmful phenomenon that can cause various Introduction:
Lexical Resource kinds of problems in our society. Stress-related problems
Grammatical Range and Accuracy such as stomach ulcers, suicide and violence are good
examples. This essay will describe the reasons for the Reference to the specific question
1 - Assessing Lexical Resource and
presence of stress in our society and will explain how this (Position)
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
problem can be overcome.
2 - Assessing Lexical Resource and
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
Summary B There are different causes of stress. At school and in the Topic Sentence 1:
office, people are faced with various stressful competitive Reasons for the problem
Task 2 Language Focus
situations. From their early schooling years to their Supporting idea 1
Practice Tests professional life, people spend a lot of time trying to be (Reason 1)
Question Bank successful either by achieving high grades or by moving up
Assessment Tasks the work ladder. Moreover, even at home, people might feel
stress when they watch too many advertisements on Supporting idea 2
television. They might find it difficult to cope with the (Reason 2)
pressure of wanting to buy different products and their
inability to do so. Mobile phone companies, for example,
persuade young people to change their phones regularly to
keep up with the new technology. As a result, they start
spending a lot of money on their phones and may even find
themselves in a debt crisis that causes more stress.

C In order to overcome this problem, relaxation and less Topic Sentence 2:

exposure to stressful situations need to be considered. It is Solutions to the problem
effective to try to release as much stress as you can from
time to time. For example, sleeping for a long time on the Supporting idea 1 (Solution 1)
weekend or spending time doing your favourite hobby is
relaxing and therefore reduces stress. In addition, people
should try to avoid situations that may become a source of Supporting idea 2 (Solution 2)
stress later. One way to do this would be to pay less
attention to TV commercials and have more realistic
expectations of the products they can afford.

D In conclusion, it can be seen that people can suffer stress Conclusion

for different reasons like competition and the negative Re-stating the position
influence of TV advertisements. Therefore, people need to be
aware of this issue and try to overcome the problem. Unless
people start avoiding and releasing stress, the problems that
this phenomenon creates will continue to grow.

Teachers Comments
In this essay Sawako has decided to structure her essay as follows:

Paragraph A - Introduction

Paragraph B - Reasons for the problems
 Paragraph C - Solutions to the problem

Paragraph D - Conclusion

The structure of Sawako's essay shows that she has responded to the question appropriately. She has referred to the specific
question by explaining why stress has become a problem and how to overcome it. This has been formulated in the
introduction, developed in the body and finally reinforced in the conclusion.

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Ideas, Evidence and Examples
Writing Task 2 Now let's consider how the ideas, evidence and examples are assessed in a Task 2 essay.
Step 1
The ideas you use in your essay are important because each idea helps to develop your position. Your ideas must be relevant
Step 2 to the question and be supported by evidence. Examples can also be used to give more support and to clarify your ideas.
Step 3
Step 4 If you need to review the concepts of evidence and examples, go to Step 7.
Step 5 Let's look at Sawako's essay again and read the comments made by Sue, an IELTS teacher regarding her use of ideas, evidence
Step 6 and examples.
Step 7
 
Step 8
Step 9
Paragraph A - Introduction
Step 10
Introduction
How your essay is assessed
Task Response "This is a good introduction as Sawako states her idea clearly, that is, that stress is a
Ideas, Evidence and Examples harmful phenomenon. This idea is directly linked to the topic of the question so it is
Formulating and developing a relevant. She then gives three examples of how stress is harmful (stomach ulcers, suicide
position and violence). This gives the reader a better idea of the types of problems that stress
causes. Finally, she refers to the specific question by stating the purpose of the essay."
Identifying the ideas, evidence and
examples
Assessing Task Response  
Coherence and Cohesion
Pronoun referencing and Signposts Paragraph B - Reasons for the problem
Assessing Coherence and Cohesion
Lexical Resource
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
"Sawako presents two supporting ideas that develop her topic sentence, that is, reasons for the problem. The
1 - Assessing Lexical Resource and first supporting idea is that at school and in the office, people are faced with various stressful competitive
Grammatical Range and Accuracy situations. She supports this with evidence: ...people spend a lot of time trying to be successful either by
2 - Assessing Lexical Resource and achieving high grades or by moving up the work ladder. The second supporting idea is that at home, people
Grammatical Range and Accuracy might feel stress when they watch too many advertisements on television. She supports this with evidence
Summary (...the pressure of wanting to buy different products and their inability to do so) and an example about mobile
phone companies."
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests "Sawako has supported her topic sentence (main idea) with relevant evidence and examples. This makes her
paragraph effective and develops her position."
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks
 

Paragraph C - Solution to the problem

"In this paragraph, Sawako presents two supporting ideas that develop her second topic sentence, that is,
solutions to overcome the problem. The first supporting idea or solution is that people should try to release
stress. She gives the examples of sleeping or doing your favourite hobby. The second supporting idea or
solution is that people should try to avoid stressful situations. For this idea, she provides evidence: ...pay less
attention to to TV commercials and have more realistic expectations of the products they can afford. The
support given is all relevant and therefore makes Paragraph C effective. "

Paragraph D - Conclusion

"In the conclusion, Sawako summarises the main ideas of her essay (reasons for and solutions to the
problem). She also states her viewpoint in the last sentence. This makes her conclusion effective and relevant
to the essay question."

  
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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Formulating and developing a position
Writing Task 2
 
Step 1
Step 2 Let's look at another student’s answer for the same question on stress. As you read, outline the overall
Step 3 structure of Mustapha’s essay by choosing from the components below. For this activity, focus only on the highlighted
Step 4 sections. After completing the text boxes, answer the questions below.
Step 5
Step 6 Supporting idea Introduction
Step 7 Reference to Specific Question Summary of Main Ideas
Topic Sentence Conclusion
Step 8
Step 9
Step 10 If you would like to see the essay question again, click on the button below.
Introduction
How your essay is assessed Essay Question
Task Response
Ideas, Evidence and Examples
Formulating and developing a Life has become much more stressful compared to our parents’ generation. As a result, stress-related illnesses are
position on the increase around the world.
Identifying the ideas, evidence and
Why is stress such a problem in the modern world and what do you think can be done to overcome the problems
examples
caused by stress?
Assessing Task Response
Coherence and Cohesion
Pronoun referencing and Signposts
Assessing Coherence and Cohesion
Lexical Resource Mustapha’s essay Structure
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
1 - Assessing Lexical Resource and
Grammatical Range and Accuracy In recent times, life has become more
stressful than it has ever been. People 1. select...
2 - Assessing Lexical Resource and encounter a great deal of pressure both
Grammatical Range and Accuracy in the workplace and in the family
Summary because they need to face far more
Task 2 Language Focus problems than before.
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks In the first place, people have to endure more stress in their 2. select...
working lives because of the lack of job opportunities and
increasing levels of unemployment. They have to improve
their skills and upgrade their knowledge in order to keep up
3. select...
with new technology and face new challenges in the
workplace. Otherwise, they may not meet the requirements
of their job and may eventually be fired from their company.

In the second place, people who establish a family are also 4. select...
suffering from stress. Because of the rapid improvement in
living standards, the cost of living has also increased. This 5. select...
means that everyday expenses, such as food and household
bills, are more expensive. Supporting the family on one 6. select...
salary has become increasingly difficult. As a result, in most
western societies both parents have to go out to work in
order to support their family. Consequently, many children do
not spend much time with their parents and this causes
strain in their relationship.

In brief, people are leading more stressful lives than in the 7. select...
past, which deeply affects their family life.

Check

1. Introduction. Reference to only one part of the question (problems related to stress)
2. Topic Sentence. Reasons for Problem 1
3. Supporting Idea
4. Topic Sentence. Reasons for Problem 2
5. Supporting Idea
6. Supporting Idea 
7. Conclusion. Reference to only one main idea (pressure in the family)
1 Has Mustapha formulated a position that is relevant to the question given?

Yes
No

2 Has he developed his position effectively?

Yes
No

3 Why / Why not?

Feedback

Mustapha has formulated a position which does not refer to all the specific question. He needs to
address both the reasons for the problems and the solutions to overcome those problems. Therefore,
this essay should provide a reference to the complete question in the introduction and solutions to
the problems in the body. This could be done in two ways:

1. by adding another paragraph to the body

For example:
Introduction
Reasons for Problem 1
Reasons for Problem 2
Solutions to both problems
Conclusion
2. by including solutions to each problem to both Paragraphs 2 and 3
For example:
Introduction
Reasons for and solutions to Problem 1
Reasons for and solutions to Problem 2
Conclusion

Mustapha's conclusion is not effective as he has only addressed the effect of stress on family life. A
good conclusion, however, summarises all main ideas and states your viewpoint.

Therefore, Mustapha has not developed a position that is relevant in answer to the essay question
given.

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Identifying the ideas, evidence and examples
Writing Task 2
 
Step 1
Step 2 Here is Mustapha’s essay again. As you read, look at each sentence in the body section and decide whether
Step 3 these sentences are showing supporting ideas, evidence, or examples. Note down this information in the text boxes and then
Step 4 answer the questions below. Click here to see the structure of his essay again.
Step 5 If you would like to see the essay question again, click on the button below.
Step 6
Step 7 Essay Question
Step 8
Step 9
Step 10 Life has become much more stressful compared to our parents’ generation. As a result, stress-related illnesses are
Introduction on the increase around the world.
How your essay is assessed
Why is stress such a problem in the modern world and what do you think can be done to overcome the problems
Task Response caused by stress?
Ideas, Evidence and Examples
Formulating and developing a
position
Identifying the ideas, evidence and
examples
Mustapha’s essay Ideas, Evidence, Examples
Assessing Task Response
Coherence and Cohesion In recent times, life has become more stressful than it has
Pronoun referencing and Signposts ever been. People encounter a great deal of pressure both
Assessing Coherence and Cohesion in the workplace and in the family because they need to
Lexical Resource face far more problems than before.
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
1 - Assessing Lexical Resource and
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
In the first place, people have to endure more stress in their working lives
2 - Assessing Lexical Resource and because of the lack of job opportunities and increasing levels of
Grammatical Range and Accuracy unemployment. They have to improve their skills and upgrade their
Summary knowledge in order to keep up with new technology and face new
Task 2 Language Focus challenges in the workplace. Otherwise, they may not meet the
requirements of their job and may eventually be fired from their company.
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

In the second place, people who establish a family are also suffering from
stress. Because of the rapid improvement in living standards, the cost of
living has also increased. This means that everyday expenses, such as food
and household bills, are more expensive. Supporting the family on one
salary has become increasingly difficult. As a result, in most western
societies both parents have to go out to work in order to support their
family. Consequently, many children do not spend much time with their
parents and this causes strain in their relationship.

In brief, people are leading more stressful lives than in the past, which
deeply affects their family life.

1 Do Mustapha's evidence and examples provide good support for his paragraphs?

Yes
No

2 Do the ideas, evidence and examples help him answer the question properly?

Yes
No

3 Why / Why not?


Teacher's Comment

Sue’s comment
"As we have already seen, Mustapha has formulated and developed a position
that does not answer the question appropriately. He has, however, provided good
evidence and examples to support the ideas he has given."

Paragraph 1 - Introduction

Idea 1 (Problem 1) - pressure in the workplace

Idea 2 (Problem 2) - presure in the family

Note that Mustapha's introduction answers only part of the question, the solutions to the problems
are not addressed.

Paragraph 2 - Reasons for Problem 1

Stress in the workplace due to lack of job opportunities and increasing levels of stress:
Supporting idea: need to improve their skills and knowledge.
Evidence: a lack of skills and knowledge may lead to you losing your job.

Mustapha has provided good support for this paragraph.

Paragraph 3 - Reasons for Problem 2

Stress in the family:

Supporting idea 1: the improvement in living standards has led to the increase in the
cost of living
Evidence and example: an increase in everyday expenses (e.g. food and
household bills)
Supporting idea 2: a single income cannot support the family
Evidence: both parents need to work to support their families
Evidence: children spend less time with their parents leading to stress and strain
in the family

Mustapha's evidence and examples support his topic sentence appropriately.

Paragraph 4 - Conclusion

Even though Mustapha has created a conclusion relevant to the essay he has written, this does not
include any reference to the solutions to the problems related to stress. Therefore, it is not a suitable
conclusion.

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Assessing Task Response
Writing Task 2
 
Step 1
Step 2 Let's look at another essay question and answer. This time you will need to assess how well Pierre has
Step 3 formulated and developed his position and also how effective his ideas, evidence and examples are. First you will need to look
Step 4 at each sentence and complete the text boxes by choosing from the components below. After completing the text boxes,
answer the questions that follow.
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7 Supporting idea Introduction
Reference to Specific Question Summary of Main Ideas
Step 8
Topic Sentence Conclusion
Step 9 Example Evidence
Step 10
Introduction
Look at the following Task 2 question:
How your essay is assessed
Task Response
Teenage offenders should be treated in the same way as adult criminals.
Ideas, Evidence and Examples
Formulating and developing a Do you agree?
position
Identifying the ideas, evidence and
examples
Assessing Task Response Pierre's essay Structure
Coherence and Cohesion
Pronoun referencing and Signposts The teenage years can be a difficult and
Assessing Coherence and Cohesion challenge time for young people. Yet, if
during this years, teenagers commit a
Lexical Resource crime, i believe they should not have
Grammatical Range and Accuracy specially treatment because of their age.  
1 - Assessing Lexical Resource and This essay will outline the reasons for
Grammatical Range and Accuracy treating teenage offenders in the same
2 - Assessing Lexical Resource and way as adult criminals.
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
Summary Firstly all the criminals deserve to be punished. we cannot
Task 2 Language Focus make allowances for age because the result of crime is the
Practice Tests same, whether the criminal is fifteen or fifty. For example, if a
teenager murders someone, the victim is still dead, no
Question Bank matter who did it or why it was done. If all criminals was
Assessment Tasks punished equally, our society would be a safer place to live.

Unfortunately, there have been significant increase in the

number of young people committing crimes in recent years.
We cannot ignore the fact that a person who breaks the law
as a teenager will probably continue to commit crimes as an
adult if they are not stopped and punished. If they are
punished appropriately at this early stage, there is better
chance they will be rehabilitated and avoid a life of crime.

lastly it is easier and less expensive to treat all criminals

equally, regardless of age. The government would save
money by being able to abolish special court systems for
younger people such as the Children's court.

In conclusion I would again like to state my strong

opposition to the system of treating teenage offenders
different from adult criminals. Crime is unacceptable and
require strong punishment regardless of age.

1 Has Pierre formulated and developed a position that is relevant to the question given?

Yes
No

2 Do his evidence and examples provide good support for his paragraphs and help him answer the question appropriately?

Yes 
No
3 Why / Why not?

Check

Tutor's comments on Pierre's Task Response:

Pierre's essay Structure

The teenage years can be a difficult and challenge Introduction:

time for young people. Yet, if during this years, General Statement
teenagers commit a crime, i believe they should not Reference to specific question
have specially treatment because of their age. This
essay will outline the reasons for treating teenage
offenders in the same way as adult criminals.

"This is an effective introduction. It provides a general statement about the topic of the question and
it also refers to the specific question by formulating a position that is relevant to the question given."

Firstly all the criminals deserve to be punished. we Topic Sentence: Reason 1

cannot make allowances for age because the result Supporting idea
of crime is the same, whether the criminal is fifteen Example
or fifty. For example, if a teenager murders someone,
the victim is still dead, no matter who did it or why it Pierre's opinion
was done. If all criminals was punished equally, our
society would be a safer place to live.

"This paragraph includes a topic sentence (reason 1) which helps to develop his position and
summarises the main idea of the paragraph. In addition, Pierre has added a supporting idea and an
example that clarifies that idea. This provides good support to his topic sentence. As well, Pierre has
inserted his opinion in relation to this first reason."

Unfortunately, there have been significant increase in No topic Sentence: Reason 2

the number of young people committing crimes in Supporting idea
recent years. We cannot ignore the fact that a person
who breaks the law as a teenager will probably
continue to commit crimes as an adult if they are not Evidence
stopped and punished. If they are punished
appropriately at this early stage, there is better
chance they will be rehabilitated and avoid a life of
crime.

"There is no topic sentence for this paragraph. The first sentence cannot act as a topic sentence
because it does not summarise the main idea of the paragraph. A good topic sentence could be In
addition, criminals tend to keep commiting crimes until they are caught. The rest of the paragraph
provides a supporting idea and adds evidence to this idea."

lastly it is easier and less expensive to treat all Topic Sentence: Reason 3
criminals equally, regardless of age. The government Supporting idea
would save money by being able to abolish special
court systems for younger people such as the Example
Children's court.

"This paragraph has a good topic sentence and a relevant supporting idea which also provides an
example. However, it would be more effective to include more evidence to support this idea."

In conclusion I would again like to state my strong Conclusion:

opposition to the system of treating teenage Statement of Pierre's viewpoint
offenders different from adult criminals. Crime is Comment on his viewpoint
unacceptable and require strong punishment
regardless of age.

"The conclusion does not summarise the main ideas included in the essay. An effective conclusion
generally starts with a summary of ideas and then states the viewpoint of the essay's writer. As seen
in Step 8, a conlusion could end with a comment about that viewpoint, a recommendation or a
prediction."

"Overall, Pierre's Task Response is adequate. He has responded to all parts of the question. His ideas
are relevant to this question and help to develop his position. He has also supported each of his ideas
with evidence and examples. However, he would need to improve Paragraph 3 of his essay by adding
a topic sentence which summarises the second reason he gives."

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Coherence and Cohesion
Writing Task 2 Your writing is assessed on the criteria cohesion and coherence. Cohesion involves connecting sentences and ideas using
Step 1 techniques such as pronoun referencing and signposts. Coherence involves organising information logically and in paragraphs
so that it is easy for the reader to follow.
Step 2
Step 3 Therefore, cohesion and coherence refer to :
Step 4
how well your writing flows
Step 5 how well your writing is organised
Step 6 how easy it is for your reader to understand your ideas.
Step 7
This criterion can be summarised as how clearly your writing communicates its ideas. You can communicate better by making
Step 8 sure your ideas follow a clear, step-by-step pattern both in a paragraph and when linking ideas between paragraphs.
Step 9
Step 10 Let’s look at another extract answering the question about stress. The paragraph discusses solutions to stress-related
problems. It contains a number of ideas supported by examples of activities that will help relieve stress. Let’s look at how well
Introduction the paragraph communicates its ideas.
How your essay is assessed
Task Response Extract from Jin Tao’s essay
Ideas, Evidence and Examples
Formulating and developing a
position To overcome the problem of stress, it is important to learn everything you can about
Identifying the ideas, evidence and it. One way of finding how to combat it could be reading widely about the problem.
examples Another way to fight stress is to take vitamins, although expensive vitamin
Assessing Task Response supplements may be a waste of time. Finally, talking about stressful things to those
closest to you may help get rid of stress. This could mean sharing with family,
Coherence and Cohesion
friends or even your dog or cat.
Pronoun referencing and Signposts
Assessing Coherence and Cohesion
Lexical Resource The paragraph uses pronoun referencing to connect sentences smoothly with each other. The pronoun it refers back to the
Grammatical Range and Accuracy problem of stress and the pronoun this refers back to talking about stressful things to those closest to you. The use of pronoun
1 - Assessing Lexical Resource and referencing makes Jin Tao's ideas flow and therefore makes his paragraph fluent.
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
The paragraph also uses signpost words to guide the reader. These words and expressions prepare the reader for one solution,
2 - Assessing Lexical Resource and then another solution and finally the last solution. The signpost words are: one way, another way, finally The use of signposts
Grammatical Range and Accuracy helps to link ideas logically.
Summary
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Pronoun referencing and Signposts
Writing Task 2
 
Step 1
Step 2 Read the following extract. It also suggests solutions to stress-related problems. Let s look at how well the
Step 3 paragraph communicates its ideas by using pronoun referencing and signposts.
Step 4
Extract from Jane ’s essay
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Is there any escape from the problems of modern stress? Finding your own way of
Step 8
releasing stress is recommended. Any leisure activities, such as a hobby, dining out
Step 9 and even screaming, will help you to get rid of stress. Trying to be optimistic is
Step 10 always recommended. One of the most important things is to have good friends,
Introduction comrades etc. Telling your family or teachers is another way of getting rid of stress.
Pets, such as a dog or cat, can also reduce stress.
How your essay is assessed
Task Response
Ideas, Evidence and Examples
Formulating and developing a 1. Can you find any examples of pronoun referencing in this extract?
position
Identifying the ideas, evidence and
examples Yes
Assessing Task Response No
Coherence and Cohesion
Pronoun referencing and Signposts 2. Can you find any examples of signposts in this extract?
Assessing Coherence and Cohesion
Lexical Resource Yes
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
No
1 - Assessing Lexical Resource and
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
2 - Assessing Lexical Resource and 3. Is this paragraph cohesive and coherent?
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
Summary Yes
Task 2 Language Focus
No
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks Feedback

1. There is no use of pronoun referencing to refer back to an idea.

2. There is only one signpost word.

One of the most important things .... It appears in the middle of the paragraph instead of at
the beginning where you would expect to find it.
Also and another way are examples of signpost words, but they are not at the beginning of
the sentence, which would help to organise the ideas better.

3. This paragraph is not coherent and cohesive. It has good ideas and suggests a number of
solutions to the problem of stress. However, it does not communicate its message very well.

Ideas jump from one to another so the writing does not flow and meaning is not
communicated smoothly to the reader.
The paragraph also reads like a list. The use of etc. reinforces the idea of a list and should be
avoided in academic writing.

Now lets look at a different version of Jane s paragraph. There are three examples of pronoun referencing and five signpost
words. Type them in the box below.

There are a number of solutions to the problems of stress in modern day life. First of all, it is
recommended that you find your own way of fighting stress. One of the most important methods of
dealing with stress is to have good friends and colleagues. This means that you can confide in family and
friends when you are feeling under pressure. Furthermore, studies have shown that pets, such as a dog or
a cat, can help alleviate the problem. Being physically active and participating in leisure activities, such as
hobbies and dining out, also help reduce stress. Another solution is to have a positive mental attitude and
be optimistic. 
4. What are the examples of pronoun referencing and signposts in this extract?

Check

Jane communicates her message very well.

There are three examples of pronoun referencing:

this refers back to having good friends and colleagues

them refers to good friends and colleagues
they refers to pets.

There are five examples of signpost words:

first of all
one of the most important
furthermore
also
another solution.

There are a number of solutions to the problems of stress in modern day life. First of all, it is
recommended that you find your own way of fighting stress. One of the most important methods of
dealing with stress is to have good friends and colleagues. This means that you can confide in them
when you are feeling under pressure. Furthermore, studies have shown that pets, such as a dog or a
cat, can help alleviate the problem because they help you take your mind off your problems. Being
physically active and participating in leisure activities, such as hobbies and dining out, also help reduce
stress. Another solution is to have a positive mental attitude and be optimistic.

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Assessing Coherence and Cohesion
Writing Task 2
 
Step 1
Step 2 Now let's analyse a complete essay for coherence and cohesion. Let’s look at how well the essay
Step 3 communicates its ideas.
Step 4
First, look at the following Task 2 question.
Step 5
Step 6
Teenage offenders should be treated in the same way as adult criminals.
Step 7
Do you agree?
Step 8
Step 9
Pierre's essay
Step 10
Introduction
How your essay is assessed
The teenage years can be a difficult and challenge time for young people. Yet, if
Task Response during this years, teenagers commit a crime, i believe they should not have specially
Ideas, Evidence and Examples treatment because of their age. This essay will outline the reasons for treating
Formulating and developing a teenage offenders in the same way as adult criminals. Firstly all the criminals deserve
position to be punished. we cannot make allowances for age because the result of crime is the
same, whether the criminal is fifteen or fifty. For example, if a teenager murders
Identifying the ideas, evidence and
someone, the victim is still dead, no matter who did it or why it was done. If all
examples
criminals was punished equally, our society would be a safer place to live.
Assessing Task Response Unfortunately, there have been significant increase in the number of young people committing crimes in
Coherence and Cohesion recent years. We cannot ignore the fact that a person who breaks the law as a teenager will probably
Pronoun referencing and Signposts continue to commit crimes as an adult if they are not stopped and punished. If they are punished
appropriately at this early stage, there is better chance they will be rehabilitated and avoid a life of crime.
Assessing Coherence and Cohesion lastly it is easier and less expensive to treat all criminals equally, regardless of age. The government
Lexical Resource would save money by being able to abolish special court systems for younger people such as the
Grammatical Range and Accuracy Children's court. In conclusion I would again like to state my strong opposition to the system of treating
teenage offenders different from adult criminals. Crime is unacceptable and require strong punishment
1 - Assessing Lexical Resource and
regardless of age.
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
2 - Assessing Lexical Resource and
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
Summary
1 Has Pierre used paragraphs?
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
Yes
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks No

2 Has Pierre used pronoun referencing to make his writing fluent?

Yes
No

3 Has Pierre linked his ideas using signposts?

Yes
No

4 Is Pierre's essay coherent and cohesive?

Yes
No

Pierre's Corrected Essay

Look at Pierre's essay again, this time with paragraphs, signposts, academic phrases and the pronoun referencing
identified. The pronoun is highlighted in light pink and the word it refers to is in dark pink. The signposts and
academic phrases have been underlined

Pierre's Essay
The teenage years can be a difficult and challenge time for young people. Yet, if during this years,
teenagers commit a crime, i believe they should not have specially treatment because of their age. 
This essay will outline the reasons for treating teenage offenders in the same way as adult
criminals.
 Firstly all the criminals deserve to be punished. we cannot make allowances for age because the
result of crime is the same, whether the criminal is fifteen or fifty. For example, if a teenager
murders someone, the victim is still dead, no matter who did it or why it was done. If all criminals
was punished equally, our society would be a safer place to live.
In addition, criminals tend to keep committing crimes until they are caught We cannot ignore the
fact that a person who breaks the law as a teenager will probably continue to commit crimes as
an adult if they are not stopped and punished. If they are punished appropriately at this early
stage, there is better chance they will be rehabilitated and avoid a life of crime.
Lastly it is easier and less expensive to treat all criminals equally, regardless of age. The
government would save money by being able to abolish special court systems for younger people
such as the Children's court.
In conclusion I would again like to state my strong opposition to the system of treating teenage
offenders different from adult criminals. Crime is unacceptable and require strong punishment
regardless of age.

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Lexical Resource
Writing Task 2 For this criterion, you are assessed on:
Step 1
the range of your vocabulary
Step 2 the accuracy and appropriacy of the words you use in terms of the specific task.
Step 3
Let’s examine the vocabulary in the following paragraph which describes how the workplace has become more stressful.
Step 4
Step 5 Extract from Jurgen’s essay
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8 First of all, work today is more demanding than it used to be because of the
Step 9 development of science and technology. This development affects all areas of our
Step 10 lives, especially in the requirements of employers who are demanding greater
flexibility from their employees. For instance, university graduates have to master
Introduction
English, computers and other skills if they want to secure decent jobs. They must
How your essay is assessed continually spend more time acquiring new techniques and skills in order that they
Task Response progress in the workplace.
Ideas, Evidence and Examples
Formulating and developing a
position
Identifying the ideas, evidence and Sue's comment
examples
Look at Sue's assessment of the lexical resource in Jurgen's extract.
Assessing Task Response
Coherence and Cohesion
Pronoun referencing and Signposts
1 Has Jurgen used a wide range of vocabulary?
Assessing Coherence and Cohesion
Lexical Resource "In this extract, Jurgen has used a wide variety of vocabulary."
Grammatical Range and Accuracy For example:
1 - Assessing Lexical Resource and
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
synonyms: 'growth' is used as a synonym for 'development'
2 - Assessing Lexical Resource and
Grammatical Range and Accuracy modifiers:
Summary
decent jobs
Task 2 Language Focus greater flexibility
Practice Tests continually spend
Question Bank new techniques
Assessment Tasks
2 Has Jurgen used appropriate vocabulary?

"Jurgen has used formal, academic vocabulary."

For example:

to master English (less formal - to learn, to study)

to secure decent jobs (less formal - to get a decent job)
to progress in the workplace (less formal - to get a good job)

3 Has Jurgen used accurate vocabulary?

"The words chosen are related to the topic and fit the context of each sentence."

For example:

word form:

development (n) - not developing, developed (adj)

continually (adv) - not continue (v)

collocation: to master English

word choice:

words are relevant to the topic, for example for workplace: work, employer, employee, jobs; and for stressful:
demanding, affects.
the correct choice of words is used.


  
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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
Writing Task 2 For this criterion, you are assessed on the range and accuracy of your sentences. The range of your grammar refers to the
Step 1 variety of the sentence structures you use. The accuracy, on the other hand, refers to how correct your grammar is.
Step 2 Let’s look at the extract from Jurgen’s work again.
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5 First of all, work today is more demanding than it used to be because of the
Step 6 development of science and technology. This development affects all the areas of our
lives, especially in the requirements of employers who are demanding greater
Step 7 flexibility from their employees. For instance, university graduates have to master
Step 8 English, computers and other skills if they want to secure decent jobs. They must
Step 9 continually spend more time acquiring new techniques and skills in order that they
Step 10 progress in the workplace.
Introduction
How your essay is assessed
Task Response Sue's comment
Ideas, Evidence and Examples
Formulating and developing a Look at Sue's assessment of the grammatical range and accuracy in Jurgen's extract.
position
Identifying the ideas, evidence and
examples Grammatical Range
Assessing Task Response
Coherence and Cohesion 1 Has Jurgen used complex sentences?
Pronoun referencing and Signposts
Assessing Coherence and Cohesion "In this extract, Jurgen has used a variety of complex sentences, which include, for example, conditional
and relative clauses."
Lexical Resource
Grammatical Range and Accuracy For example:
1 - Assessing Lexical Resource and First of all, work today is more demanding than it used to be ...
Grammatical Range and Accuracy This development affects all areas of our lives, especially in the requirements of employers who are demanding greater
2 - Assessing Lexical Resource and flexibility ...
Grammatical Range and Accuracy ... university graduates have to master English, computers and other skills if they want to secure decent jobs.
Summary They must continually spend more time acquiring new techniques and skills in order that they progress in the
Task 2 Language Focus workplace.
Practice Tests 2 Has Jurgen used nominalisation?
Question Bank
"Yes. Some good examples of nominalisation are present in his extract."
Assessment Tasks
For example:

the development of science and technology

the requirements of employees

3 Has Jurgen used modals?

"Jurgen has not used a range of modals in this extract. The only modal present is: must. However, this is only a short extract
and the main idea of the paragraph does not lend itself to the use of modals."

Grammatical Accuracy

1 Has Jurgen shown an accurate use of verb tense?

"Three different tenses have been used in this extract: simple present, present continuous and simple past. All of these tenses
have been used correctly."

For example: ... work today is more demanding than it used to be ... (a comparison between the present and the past)

2 Has Jurgen shown an accurate use of agreement?

"Agreement has been used appropriately."

For example:

Subject-verb agreement:

This development affects ...

...university graduates have to ...
...employers who are...

Modifier/quantifier-noun agreement:

this development
our lives.

3 Has Jurgen shown an accurate use of articles?
"Jurgen has used articles accurately."

For example:

the development of
the requirements of
in the workplace.

4 Has Jurgen shown an accurate use of punctuation?

"Commas and capital letters have been used correctly."

5 Has Jurgen shown an accurate use of complex sentences?

"All the complex sentences that Jurgen uses are accurate."

For example:

...employers who... (relative pronoun for people)

...in order that... (clause that expresses purpose).

6 Has Jurgen shown an accurate use of modals?

"The modal 'must' has been used appropriately to show obligation in the sentence: They must continually spend more time
acquiring new techniques and skills..."

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity 1 - Assessing Lexical Resource and Grammtical Range and Accuracy
Writing Task 2
 
Step 1
Step 2 Read the following paragraph and consider the lexical resource and grammatical range and accuracy of
Step 3 Hisako's extract. Answer the questions below by clicking on the Yes or No button. For feedback on the 'Grammatical Accuracy'
Step 4 section, click on the Check button.
Step 5 Extract from Hisako’s essay
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8 First of all, students are put pressure by their parents. They have to study hardly
Step 9 which cause the stress-related problem. For example, some parents want their
Step 10 children to enter the university and intimidate to them because they don’t want to
Introduction be embarrassed by society. Thus, students could suffer from stress-related
problem since they were young. Also, in working life, people want to be number one,
How your essay is assessed so they have a way to attack their competitors fiercely. This also cause much
Task Response stress.
Ideas, Evidence and Examples
Formulating and developing a
position
Identifying the ideas, evidence and Lexical Resource
examples
Has Hisako used:
Assessing Task Response
Coherence and Cohesion
1 a wide range of vocabulary? Yes No
Pronoun referencing and Signposts
Assessing Coherence and Cohesion
2 appropriate vocabulary? Yes No
Lexical Resource
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
3 accurate vocabulary? Yes No
1 - Assessing Lexical Resource and
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
2 - Assessing Lexical Resource and Grammatical Range
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
Has Hisako used:
Summary
Task 2 Language Focus
1 complex sentences? Yes No
Practice Tests
Question Bank
2 nominalisation? Yes No
Assessment Tasks

3 modals? Yes No

Grammatical Accuracy

Has Hisako shown an accurate use of:

1 verb tense? Yes No

2 agreement? Yes No

3 articles? Yes No

4 punctuation? Yes No

5 complex sentences? Yes No

6 modals? Yes No

Feedback

1 Verb tense:

"Hisako generally uses the correct tense, that is, the simple present (are, have to,
want, cause). There is only one mistake with tense - in the sentence 'Thus,
students could suffer from stress related problem since they were young.' Hisako


should have used the present perfect tense, 'Thus, students could have suffered
from stress- related problems since they were young .' Or Hisako could have
changed the clause 'since they were young' into a phrase 'from quite a young age'."
 2 Agreement:

"Hisako has made a few mistakes with agreement.

These problems include lack of agreement between subject and verb and modifier/quantifier-noun."

For example:

'This also cause much stress.' Should be: ' This also causes much stress.'
'They have to study hardly which cause the stress-related problem.' Should be 'They have to
study hard which causes the stress-related problems.'
'Thus, students could suffer from stress-related problem.' Should be: ' Thus, students could
suffer from stress-related problems.

3 Articles:

"Hisako generally uses the correct articles. She made one mistake, '...to enter the university', should
be '...to enter university'."

4 Punctuation:

"Hisako has no problems with punctuation. She uses capital letters, full stops and commas correctly."

5 Complex sentences:

"Hisako uses complex sentences accurately. However, these sentences often have problems with
agreement or tense."

6 Modals:

"Hisako has used the correct modal ' could suffer', but she has used the incorrect tense after the
modal."

Another version of Hisako’s extract

Here is an improved version of Hisako's extract. Read Hisako’s new version, then click on the button below to see the teacher's
comments.

First of all, students are pressured by their parents to succeed at school. They are
required to study hard and this can lead to stress-related problems. For example,
some parents want their children to enter university and consequently force them to
study long hours. They do this because they believe that if their children gain entry to
university the social status of the family will improve. Consequently, students could
suffer from stress-related problems from quite a young age. In addition, the
workplace can be a source of stress, particularly when people are ambitious and seek
promotion. This competitiveness with work colleagues together with the need to
succeed often leads to high levels of stress.

Teacher's Comments

Lexical resource

"In this extract, the writer has used a wide range of accurate and appropriate
vocabulary."

For example:

The phrase '... gain entry to university ...' acts as a synonym of '...enter university...'
The phrase '... force them to ...' is similar in meaning to 'students are pressured by their parents'

"As well, there are examples of academic verbs used in formal writing."

For example:

to gain entry
to be pressured
to seek promotion.

Grammatical Range and Accuracy

"There is a variety of both complex and simple sentences."

"There are also examples of nominalisation."

For example:

competitiveness with work colleagues

the need to succeed.

"The sentences in Hisako's extract are all grammatically correct."

For example:

The present tense has been used correctly throughout this extract.
Both subject-verb agreement and modifier/quantifier-noun agreement are correct. For 
example, 'This competitiveness ... leads to ...'
Good use of articles and punctuation is present in Hisako's extract.
 Complex sentences and modal verbs have been used accurately.

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity 2 - Assessing Lexical Resource and Grammatical Range and Accuracy
Writing Task 2
 
Step 1
Step 2 Now let's look at a complete essay. You will need to assess Pierre's lexical resource and grammatical range
Step 3 and accuracy. After reading the essay, answer the questions below.
Step 4
Look at the following Task 2 question:
Step 5
Step 6
Teenage offenders should be treated in the same way as adult criminals.
Step 7
Do you agree?
Step 8
Step 9
Step 10 Pierre's essay
Introduction
How your essay is assessed
Task Response The teenage years can be a difficult and challenge time for young people. Yet, if
Ideas, Evidence and Examples during this years, teenagers commit a crime, i believe they should not have specially
Formulating and developing a treatment because of their age. This essay will outline the reasons for treating
position teenage offenders in the same way as adult criminals.
Identifying the ideas, evidence and Firstly all the criminals deserve to be punished. we cannot make allowances for age
examples because the result of crime is the same, whether the criminal is fifteen or fifty. For
Assessing Task Response example, if a teenager murders someone, the victim is still dead, no matter who did it
or why it was done. If all criminals was punished equally, our society would be a safer place to live.
Coherence and Cohesion
Pronoun referencing and Signposts Unfortunately, there have been significant increase in the number of young people committing crimes in
recent years. We cannot ignore the fact that a person who breaks the law as a teenager will probably
Assessing Coherence and Cohesion
continue to commit crimes as an adult if they are not stopped and punished. If they are punished
Lexical Resource appropriately at this early stage, there is better chance they will be rehabilitated and avoid a life of crime.
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
lastly it is easier and less expensive to treat all criminals equally, regardless of age. The government
1 - Assessing Lexical Resource and would save money by being able to abolish special court systems for younger people such as the
Grammatical Range and Accuracy Children's court.
2 - Assessing Lexical Resource and
In conclusion I would again like to state my strong opposition to the system of treating teenage offenders
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
different from adult criminals. Crime is unacceptable and require strong punishment regardless of age.
Summary
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
Question Bank Lexical Resource
Assessment Tasks
Has Pierre used:

1 a wide range of vocabulary? Yes No

2 appropriate vocabulary? Yes No

3 accurate vocabulary? Yes No

Grammatical Range

Has Pierre used:

1 complex sentences? Yes No

2 nominalisation? Yes No

3 modals? Yes No

Grammatical Accuracy

Has Pierre shown an accurate use of:

1 verb tense? Yes No

2 agreement? Yes No

3 articles? Yes No

4 punctuation? Yes No 
5 complex sentences? Yes No

6 modals? Yes No

Teacher's Notes

1 Verb tense:

"Pierre has used correct verb tenses in this essay."

He uses 'will' in the first paragraph to explain the purpose of his essay:
'This essay will outline ...'
The present tense is used correctly to talk about the present: 'Firstly, all the
criminals deserve to be punished.'
The tenses in the first type conditional sentences are correct: 'If they are punished
appropriately at this early stage, there is ...'
The tenses in the second type conditional sentence have been used accurately: 'If all criminals
was punished equally, our society would be a safer place to live.'

2 Agreement:

"Pierre's essay does not show an accurate use of agreement. "

There are three instances of incorrect use of Subject-verb agreement:

'If all criminals was punished equally, ...' The correct verb form should be were as 'criminals' is
a plural word.
'There have been significant increase ...' The correct verb form should be has as there has
been only one increase.
'Crime is unacceptable and require strong punishment regardless of age.' The correct verb
form should be requires as 'crime' is a singular word.

There is one instance of incorrect use of Modifier/quantifier-noun agreement:

'Yet, if during this years, ...' The word 'years' (a plural word) has to agree with the modifier.
Therefore, it should be these years (both plural forms are used).

3 Articles:

"Some articles have not been used appropriately."

Pierre should not have used an article in the topic sentence of the second paragraph because
he is talking about 'criminals' in a general way. The correct sentence should be 'Firstly, all
criminals deserve to be punished.'
The sentence 'Unfortunately, there have been significant increase in the ...' needs the indefinite
article 'a' before the noun phrase 'significant increase' as 'increase' is a singular noun.
Also, the sentence 'If they are punished appropriately at this early stage, there is better chance
they ...' should have the indefinite article 'a' before the noun phrase 'better chance' ('chance' is
a singular noun).

4 Punctuation:

"Problems with punctuation are present in this essay: some capital letters and commas need to be
added."

Capital letters

The personal pronoun 'I' is always capitalised, thus '... i believe...' should become 'I
believe'.
At the beginning of a sentence, the first letter needs to be capitalised. In the second
paragraph, the sentence 'we cannot make allowances ...' should start with a capital
letter (We). Likewise, the topic sentence of the fourth paragraph should also be
capitalised (Lastly).

Commas

Signposts are generally followed by a comma. In this essay, 'firstly', 'lastly' and 'in
conclusion' should be followed by a comma.

5 Complex sentences:

"Most complex sentences have been used accurately. Some of them have problems with subject-verb
agreement or missing articles, but in general, these sentences have been used correctly."

For example, the correct relative pronoun has been used in the third paragraph: '... a person who
breaks the law ...'. In this sentence,'who' refers to the noun 'person'. Pierre has made the correct
choice.

6 Modals:

"This essay shows an accurate use of modal verbs."

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Summary
Writing Task 2 This brings us to the end of the Step 10 Writing Task 2.
Step 1
In Step 10, you have learnt how to:
Step 2
Step 3 understand how the examiner assesses your essay
examine and analyse extracts from essays using IELTS Writing Task 2 assessment criteria.
Step 4
Step 5 Well done! You have completed all the steps (1-10) of the course materials for Writing Task 2. If you have not completed the
Step 6 Language Focus for Writing Task 2, you may want to do this now by clicking on one of the sections below:
Step 7
Improving your range - Grammar and Vocabulary
Step 8 Improving your accuracy - Grammar and Vocabulary
Step 9 Using an academic style
Step 10 Writing coherently and cohesively
Expressing your ideas effectively
Introduction
How your essay is assessed If you have completed the Language Focus, you can click here to view the Question Bank or you can use the skills and
Task Response strategies you have learnt to do four practice Writing Task 2 tests.
Ideas, Evidence and Examples
Formulating and developing a   Go to Practice Tests
position
Identifying the ideas, evidence and
examples
Assessing Task Response
Coherence and Cohesion
Pronoun referencing and Signposts
Assessing Coherence and Cohesion
Lexical Resource
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Grammatical Range and Accuracy
1 - Assessing Lexical Resource and
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
2 - Assessing Lexical Resource and
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
Summary
Task 2 Language Focus
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Improving your range - Grammar and Vocabulary
Writing Task 2 Your Task 2 essay will be assessed on the range of grammar and vocabulary in your essay.
Task 2 Language Focus
Range of grammar refers mainly to the variety of sentence structures you use - simple, compound and complex. It also refers
Part 1: Improving your range - to other aspects of grammar, such as, the use of nominalisation and modals. In this step, we will look at the different sentence
Grammar and Vocabulary structures you can use to improve your grammatical range. Nominalisation is examined in Language Focus - Using an
Using conjunctions to write academic style and modals are examined in Language Focus - Expressing your Ideas Effectively.
compound and complex sentences
Range of vocabulary refers to the variety of words you use in your essay. In order to improve your vocabulary you need to
Varying your sentence structures focus on using modifiers and synonyms.
Rewrite the paragraph
Vocabulary: Using modifiers In this step we will look at how to improve the range of grammar and vocabulary in your writing by focusing on using:
Using modifiers a variety of sentence structures
Varying your use of modifiers a wide range of vocabulary.
Synonyms

Sentence structure
Using appropriate synonyms
Brainstorming synonyms
Summary
In writing a Task 2 essay, you will need to use a variety of sentence structures.
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -
Grammar and Vocabulary There are three main types of sentence structures:
Part 3: Using an academic style
Part 4: Writing cohesively and simple sentences
coherently compound sentences
complex sentences.
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively
Practice Tests
Question Bank Simple sentences
Assessment Tasks A simple sentence has one independent clause that stands on its own.

Example
Computers are useful tools.

Compound sentences
A compound sentence is a sentence that has more than one independent clause. In this type of sentence structure,
independent clauses are linked together usually by a conjunction.

The following chart shows different conjunctions and adverbs that are usually used to link two independent clauses:

conjunctions: and, or, nor, but, yet, so, for

adverbs: however, nevertheless, otherwise, instead, also, moreover, furthermore, besides,
consequently, therefore, thus, likewise.

Note that these adverbs usually link sentences together. However, when these adverbs link two independent clauses, a
semicolon is generally used before the adverb. As well, a comma usually follows the adverb.

Let's look at some examples of how two simple sentences can be made into a compound sentence using conjunctions and
adverbs.

Example 1
Sentence 1 Computers have improved the way people communicate at the workplace.

Sentence 2 An increasing number of companies are now using the email as a form of
communication.

Compound sentence Computers have improved the way people communicate at the
workplace, so an increasing number of companies are now using the email as a form of
communication.

Example 2
Sentence 1 The Internet is being used worldwide.

Sentence 2 Many people do not have access to the Internet.

Compound sentence The Internet is being used worldwide; however, many people do not have
access to it.


Complex sentences
A complex sentence is a sentence that has more than one clause. Unlike compound sentences, a complex sentence links an
independent clause with a dependent clause. Dependent clauses are clauses that need to be next to an independent clause
because they cannot stand on their own. Consider the following example:

Computers are useful tools that offer several benefits to people.

The independent clause (Computers are useful tools) can stand alone. However, the dependent clause (that offer several
benefits to people) does not mean anything on its own.

Complex sentences also use words to join the clauses together, such as:

Conjunctions of contrast: although, though, even though, while, whereas

Conjunctions of cause and effect: as, since, because, in order that
Conjunctions of condition: if, unless, only if, even if, in case (that), whether or not
Conjunctions of time: until, after, before, while, since, when
Relative pronouns: which, that, who, whose, whom.

Let's look at some examples of how simple sentences can be made into a complex sentence using conjunctions and relative
pronouns.

Example 1
Sentence 1 Computers can be used in harmful ways.

Sentence 2 Computers offer several benefits to people.

Complex sentence Although computers can be used in harmful ways, they also offer several
benefits to people.

Example 2
Sentence 1 Computers are useful tools.

Sentence 2 Computers offer several benefits to people.

Complex sentences
Computers are useful tools that offer several benefits to people.
Because computers are useful tools, they offer several benefits to people.

In the next activities, you will focus on using a variety of conjunctions to write compound and complex sentences.

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Using conjunctions to write compound and complex sentences
Writing Task 2
 
Task 2 Language Focus
Part 1: Improving your range - Look at the simple sentences below. Rewrite them as one compound or complex
Grammar and Vocabulary sentence. Remember there may be more than one possible correct answer. The first one has been done
Using conjunctions to write for you.
compound and complex sentences
A
Varying your sentence structures
Rewrite the paragraph Sentence 1 Computers have a wide variety of software available.
Vocabulary: Using modifiers Sentence 2 The software can complete certain tasks automatically.
Using modifiers * Computers have a wide variety of software available
Varying your use of modifiers which can complete certain tasks automatically.
Synonyms
Using appropriate synonyms
Brainstorming synonyms
Summary B
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -
Grammar and Vocabulary Sentence 1 Japan is a world leader in modern technology.
Sentence 2 Japan still maintains its traditional values, such as respect for elders.
Part 3: Using an academic style
Part 4: Writing cohesively and
coherently
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks Check

There are several possible correct answers for this question. Three examples are:

Although Japan is a world leader in modern technology, it still maintains its traditional values,
such as respect for elders.
Japan is a world leader in modern technology, though it still maintains its traditional values,
such as respect for elders.
Japan is a world leader in modern technology; however, it still maintains its traditional values,
such as respect for elders.

Sentence 1 There are some clear disadvantages of online study.

Sentence 2 The benefits provide students with a valuable alternative to classroom learning.

Check

There are several possible correct answers for this question. Two examples are:

Even though there are some clear disadvantages of online study, the benefits provide students
with a valuable alternative to classroom learning.
Despite the fact that online study has some clear disadvantages, the benefits provide
students with a valuable alternative to classroom learning.

Note that after despite you need to have a noun. However, a clause can follow despite when you use
the phrase despite the fact that.

Sentence 1 Watching television exposes people to opinions from outside their own cultural group.
Sentence 2 This leads to a greater understanding of the views of others.

 Check

There are several possible correct answers for this question. Three examples are:

Watching television exposes people to opinions from outside their own cultural group, which
leads to a greater understanding of the views of others.
Watching television exposes people to opinions from outside their own cultural group, leading
to a greater understanding of the views of others.
Watching television exposes people to opinions from outside their own cultural group;
therefore, it leads to a greater understanding of the views of others.

Note that the second example doesn't use a conjunction to link these clauses. Instead, it uses a
gerund.

Sentence 1 Many animals live short lives in terrible conditions.

Sentence 2 Then they are killed and sold as meat.

Check

There are several possible correct answers for this question. Three examples are:

Many animals that live short lives in terrible conditions are then killed and sold as meat.
After they live short lives in terrible conditions, many animals are killed and sold as meat.
Many animals are killed and sold as meat after living short lives in terrible conditions.

Note that in the third example after is not followed by a clause. Instead, it is followed by a gerund.

Sentence 1 Pressure at work and home is increasing.

Sentence 2 Many people suffer from high levels of stress.

Check

There are several possible correct answers for this question. Three examples are:

As pressure at work and home is increasing, many people now suffer from high levels of
stress.
Pressure at work and home is increasing; thus, many people now suffer from high levels of
stress.
Pressure at work and home is increasing, which results in many people suffering from high
levels of stress.

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Varying your sentence structure
Writing Task 2 Look at the following sample paragraph.
Task 2 Language Focus
Part 1: Improving your range -
Grammar and Vocabulary Alcohol and tobacco are a greater threat to more people than hard drugs. When
Using conjunctions to write discussing drug problems, many people may not even consider alcohol or tobacco as
compound and complex sentences drugs because they are so widely used and accepted. People are more likely to use
them regularly because these drugs are legal and cheaply obtainable. They are less
Varying your sentence structures likely to become addicted to hard drugs such as heroin or cocaine because they are
Rewrite the paragraph illegal and expensive.
Vocabulary: Using modifiers
Using modifiers
Varying your use of modifiers
Synonyms
Using appropriate synonyms
In this paragraph, the writer has used accurate complex sentences. However, he has overused the conjunction because ; as a
Brainstorming synonyms result, the structure of the sentences is the same. Your writing should demonstrate a variety of sentence structures. Compare
Summary the following paragraph to the previous one.
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 3: Using an academic style Alcohol and tobacco are a greater threat to more people than hard drugs. When
Part 4: Writing cohesively and discussing drug problems, many people may not even consider alcohol or
coherently tobacco as drugs because they are so widely used and accepted. However, as
these drugs are legal and cheaply obtainable, people are more likely to become
Part 5: Expressing your ideas addicted to them than to hard drugs such as heroin or cocaine.
effectively
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks
The first two sentences have not been changed. The last two sentences have been joined together using different conjunctions
and sentence structures to add more variety to the writing. This demonstrates your ability with language.

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Rewrite the paragraph
Writing Task 2
 
Task 2 Language Focus
Part 1: Improving your range - Look at the eight sentences below. Rewrite them as a paragraph using compound and complex sentences. Try
Grammar and Vocabulary to present the same information in as few sentences as possible. When you have finished, click on the Check button to
Using conjunctions to write compare your answers.
compound and complex sentences
1. Paying large salaries to professional athletes is justified.
Varying your sentence structures
2. These people are naturally talented.
Rewrite the paragraph 3. They work very hard to improve their performance.
Vocabulary: Using modifiers 4. To reach professional player level requires a great deal of commitment.
5. It requires a large amount of practice, starting from childhood.
Using modifiers
6. This training never stops.
Varying your use of modifiers 7. They reach the highest level in their sport.
Synonyms 8. They need to keep training hard to maintain their position at the top.
Using appropriate synonyms
Brainstorming synonyms
Summary
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 3: Using an academic style
Part 4: Writing cohesively and Check
coherently
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively
Note that there are many possible correct answers to this activity. Here is an example paragraph
Practice Tests
using five sentences:
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks The paying of large salaries to professional athletes is justified in that these people are naturally
talented and work very hard to improve their performance. To reach professional player level requires
a great deal of commitment and practice, starting from childhood. This training never stops, as once
they have reached the highest level in their sport, they need to keep training hard to maintain their
position at the top.

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Vocabulary
Writing Task 2 Apart from the need to use a variety of sentence structures in your Task 2 essay, it is important you use a wide range of
Task 2 Language Focus vocabulary in your writing. To improve your vocabulary range, you need to use modifiers and synonyms.
Part 1: Improving your range -
Grammar and Vocabulary
Using conjunctions to write Using modifiers
compound and complex sentences
Varying your sentence structures Compare the two paragraphs below and decide which paragraph uses a better range of vocabulary.
Rewrite the paragraph
Paragraph 1
Vocabulary: Using modifiers
Using modifiers
Varying your use of modifiers Teenagers are vulnerable to feelings of isolation, as they have not developed
Synonyms peer groups and lack strength. Use of the Internet could lead to the inability
Using appropriate synonyms to communicate with other people and comes at the expense of activities
such as meeting with friends.
Brainstorming synonyms
Summary
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -
Grammar and Vocabulary  
Part 3: Using an academic style Paragraph 2
Part 4: Writing cohesively and
coherently
Part 5: Expressing your ideas Teenagers are especially vulnerable to feelings of isolation as they have not
effectively developed strong peer groups and often lack emotional strength. Excessive use
Practice Tests of the Internet could lead to the inability to communicate effectively with other
Question Bank people in face-to-face situations and often comes at the expense of more social
activities such as meeting with friends.
Assessment Tasks

Feedback

Paragraph 2 has a better range of vocabulary because it uses more adjectives and adverbs. These
kinds of words are called modifiers. This is because they modify, that is, provide more information to
describe nouns (adjectives) or verbs (adverbs).

Activity - Finding modifiers

 

Look at paragraph 2 again. Type the adjectives and adverbs into the text box below. The first two have been
done for you. There is a total of nine words to find.

Paragraph 2
Teenagers are especially vulnerable to feelings of isolation as they have not developed strong peer groups and often lack
emotional strength. Excessive use of the Internet could lead to the inability to communicate effectively with other people in
face-to-face situations and often comes at the expense of more social activities such as meeting with friends.

especially - adverb
strong - adjective

Check

especially - adverb
strong - adjective
often - adverb
emotional - adjective
excessive - adjective
effectively - adverb
face-to-face - adjective

often - adverb
social - adjective
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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Using modifiers
Writing Task 2
 
Task 2 Language Focus
Part 1: Improving your range - Using the adjectives and adverbs provided, fill in the gaps in the following sentences.
Grammar and Vocabulary
Using conjunctions to write
a Online study is only an option for people if they have access to computers and other
compound and complex sentences
Select... equipment.
Varying your sentence structures
Rewrite the paragraph b Living a longer life has been many people’s dream for Select... years.
Vocabulary: Using modifiers c There is Select... enough water for the present population of the world.
Using modifiers
d When discussing drug problems, many people may not even consider alcohol or tobacco as
Varying your use of modifiers
drugs because they are so Select... used and accepted.
Synonyms
Using appropriate synonyms e The overpopulation of the earth could result in damage to the earth’s ecosystem and could lead
to Select... disaster.
Brainstorming synonyms
Summary
Check
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 3: Using an academic style a. expensive
Part 4: Writing cohesively and
coherently b. countless
Part 5: Expressing your ideas c. barely
effectively
d. widely
Practice Tests
e. environmental
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Varying your use of modifiers
Writing Task 2
 
Task 2 Language Focus
Part 1: Improving your range -  
Grammar and Vocabulary
Using conjunctions to write A It is important that you vary the adjectives and adverbs in your writing. This is a way to show the examiner that you have a
compound and complex sentences wide range of vocabulary. It also makes your writing a lot more interesting and meaningful.
Varying your sentence structures Look at the following sample paragraph.
Rewrite the paragraph
Vocabulary: Using modifiers
Using modifiers Undoubtedly, there are some valuable advantages for increased human lifespan. Firstly, people could
Varying your use of modifiers enjoy longer lives and do more of the things they want, such as trying different lifestyles. They could
spend more valuable time with their family and even watch their children grow to old age. In addition,
Synonyms people could contribute more if they lived longer lives, especially scientists and other valuable members
Using appropriate synonyms of society. For example, if Edison had lived longer, he might have developed more valuable inventions for
Brainstorming synonyms society.
Summary
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -
Grammar and Vocabulary Has the writer varied adjectives and adverbs?
Part 3: Using an academic style
Part 4: Writing cohesively and Yes
coherently
No
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively  
Practice Tests
Question Bank B Use the modifiers provided to improve the paragraph below. If you feel it is unnecessary to put an adjective in the space, just
select X .
Assessment Tasks

Undoubtedly, there are some select... advantages for increased human lifespan. Firstly, people
could enjoy longer lives and do more of the things they want, such as trying different lifestyles. They
could spend more select... time with their family and even watch their children grow to old age. In
addition, people could contribute more if they lived longer lives, especially scientists and other
select... members of society. For example, if Edison had lived longer, he might have developed
more select... inventions for society.

Check

There are many possible correct answers to this activity. Below is one possible answer.

Undoubtedly, there are some major advantages for increased human lifespan. Firstly, people could
enjoy longer lives and do more of the things they want, such as trying different lifestyles. They could
spend more X time with their family and even watch their children grow to old age. In addition, people
could contribute more if they lived longer lives, especially scientists and other valuable members of
society. For example, if Edison had lived longer, he might have developed more X inventions for society.

C Look at the paragraph below. Use the modifiers provided to fill in the gaps. You will not need to use all the words as there are
more words than gaps. If you think it is unnecessary to use a modifier in a space, select X .

Computers are select... tools that offer select... benefits to people. They enable
machines to do select... work instead of humans, such as in select... car assembly
factories. In addition, computers have improved the speed of data processing, helping scientists to
select... develop select... technology. People can go to the moon using computers
to control the orbit for the spaceship, the timing of fuel injection and other select...
calculations. Moreover, people can shop and book select... aeroplane or theatre tickets without
leaving home.

Check


There are many possible correct answers to this activity. Below is one possible answer.
 Computers are useful tools that offer several benefits to people. They enable machines to do unsafe
work instead of humans, such as in computerised car assembly factories. In addition, computers have
improved the speed of data processing, helping scientists to further develop modern technology.
People can go to the moon using computers to control the orbit for the spaceship, the timing of fuel
injection and other vital calculations. Moreover, people can shop and book X aeroplane or theatre
tickets without leaving home.

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Synonyms
Writing Task 2 Synonyms are words that have the same meaning.
Task 2 Language Focus
To provide a good range of vocabulary in your writing, you need to use synonyms as they will help you to have a variety of
Part 1: Improving your range - nouns, verbs and adjectives.
Grammar and Vocabulary
Using conjunctions to write
compound and complex sentences
Varying your sentence structures Using synonyms
Rewrite the paragraph Look at the paragraph below.
Vocabulary: Using modifiers
Using modifiers
Varying your use of modifiers Athletes’ careers are often short and the majority retire when they are quite young. Therefore, a high
Synonyms salary and medical care should be given to professional athletes for their future lives. Athletes have
worked hard and deserve these rewards.
Using appropriate synonyms
Brainstorming synonyms
Summary The word athlete has been used repeatedly in the previous paragraph.
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -
Grammar and Vocabulary There are many other words that have the same meaning as athlete:
Part 3: Using an academic style
contestant
Part 4: Writing cohesively and sportsperson
coherently participant
Part 5: Expressing your ideas competitor
effectively
We can now use these words to improve the range of vocabulary of the paragraph.
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks
Athletes’ careers are often short and the majority retire when they are quite young. Therefore, a high
salary and medical care should be given to professional sportspeople for their future lives. These
competitors have worked hard and deserve such rewards.

In the second and third sentences, the synonyms for athlete, 'sportspeople' and 'competitors', have been used.

Be careful using synonyms

Firstly, some words may look the same, however, they may not be synonyms. Look at the sample sentences below:

Parents are responsible for their childhood. Without guidance from their father and mother, children may
experience a variety of problems.

Can you find any problems with these sentences? In this example the writer has tried to use the word childhood as a synonym
for the word children. Both of these words are nouns, however they are not synonyms. The word children refers to young
people, usually under the age of twelve. The word childhood refers to the period of time when someone is a child. These
sentences could be better expressed as:

Parents are responsible for their offspring. Without guidance from their father and mother, children may
experience a variety of problems.

Secondly, not all synonyms for a word will be appropriate in your essay as they may be too informal.

For example, look at these two sentences:

A. Sports competitors get good money.

B. Sports competitors receive a good salary.

Sentence A and B both have the same meaning. Which sentence uses formal language?

Sentence A

Sentence B

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity – Using appropriate synonyms
Writing Task 2
 
Task 2 Language Focus
Part 1: Improving your range - Look at the sentences below and choose which one is more formal.
Grammar and Vocabulary
Using conjunctions to write Question 1
compound and complex sentences
Varying your sentence structures In recent years mobile phones have become pretty cool.
Rewrite the paragraph In recent years mobile phones have become popular.
Vocabulary: Using modifiers
Using modifiers  
Varying your use of modifiers
Question 2
Synonyms
Using appropriate synonyms Crime is a really big problem for many people.
Brainstorming synonyms
Crime is a major issue for many people.
Summary
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -  
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 3: Using an academic style Question 3
Part 4: Writing cohesively and
coherently Many scientists are uncertain whether pollution will increase in the future.
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively Many scientists are not sure whether pollution will increase in the future.
Practice Tests
Question Bank   
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Brainstorming synonyms
Writing Task 2 As you are writing your IELTS Task 2 essay, you will find that there are certain words that you will need to use repeatedly. These
Task 2 Language Focus words are often adjectives, verbs or nouns related to the question.
Part 1: Improving your range - When you first read the Task 2 question and brainstorm ideas for your essay, you could also start thinking of useful synonyms.
Grammar and Vocabulary
Using conjunctions to write Look at the question below. What nouns and verbs from the question would you need to use throughout your essay
compound and complex sentences introduction, body and conclusion?
Varying your sentence structures
Rewrite the paragraph Some people say that the Internet is bringing people together by making the world smaller.
Vocabulary: Using modifiers To what extent do you agree or disagree that the Internet is making it easier for people to communicate with one another?
Using modifiers
Varying your use of modifiers
The noun 'Internet' and the verb 'communicate' are two words that you will probably use in almost every paragraph of your
Synonyms essay. To demonstrate a good range of vocabulary, you need to use some synonyms for these words.
Using appropriate synonyms
What synonyms can you think of for Internet?
Brainstorming synonyms
Summary
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 3: Using an academic style Check
Part 4: Writing cohesively and
coherently
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively Some synonyms for Internet are: net, web, cyberspace.
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks
It may also be useful to think of a range of verbs to use with 'Internet'. What verbs could you use?

Check

Some verbs could be: search on the net, use the net, look up a web site, go into cyberspace.

What synonyms can you think of for 'communicate'?

Check

Some synonyms for communicate are: correspond, remain in contact, exchange information.

Activity - Brainstorming synonyms

 

Look at the question below.

Most major cities around the world continue to grow at a phenomenal rate due to massive increases in population. This has
led to a general decline in the quality of life in city areas as the environment becomes more crowded and polluted.
Give some reasons why this growth has occurred and suggest some practical solutions to this problem

The words that you might need to use throughout your essay are highlighted in the question.

What are some synonyms that you could use for these words?

population
environment

crowded

polluted

growth

Check

population: residents, people, inhabitants.

environment: surroundings, location, setting.

crowded: full of people, too many people.

polluted: dirty, contaminated, unclean.

growth: increase, expansion, development.

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Improving your accuracy - Grammar and
Writing Task 2
Task 2 Language Focus
Vocabulary
Part 1: Improving your range - Your Task 2 essay will be assessed on the accuracy of the grammar and vocabulary you use. To improve your accuracy, you
Grammar and Vocabulary will need to focus on your:
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -
grammar
Grammar and Vocabulary
punctuation
Grammar spelling.
How do you know which part of speech
to use? This section will help you develop your skills in these three areas.
How do you know how to form different We will start by looking at grammar.
parts of speech
Forming different parts of speech
Checking different parts of speech
Tense
Tense
Agreement
Subject-verb agreement
Modifier/quantifier and noun
agreement
Identifying errors of agreement
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Choosing articles
Punctuation
Spelling
Putting it together
Summary
Part 3: Using an academic style
Part 4: Writing cohesively and
coherently
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Grammar
Writing Task 2 In this section, we will identify the most common features of grammar that students have difficulties with. These include:
Task 2 Language Focus
parts of speech
Part 1: Improving your range - tense
Grammar and Vocabulary agreement of subject-verb and modifier-quantifier + noun
Part 2: Improving your accuracy - articles.
Grammar and Vocabulary
Grammar
How do you know which part of speech Parts of speech
to use?
How do you know how to form different In an IELTS Task 2 answer, it is very common for students to confuse different parts of speech and therefore use them
parts of speech incorrectly in their writing. The most common parts of speech are:
Forming different parts of speech
nouns (n.)
Checking different parts of speech verbs (v.)
Tense adjectives (adj.)
Tense adverbs. (adv.)
Agreement Look at the following sentences taken from student essays. In each sentence there is a mistake as the student has used the
Subject-verb agreement incorrect part of speech. The mistakes are in bold.
Modifier/quantifier and noun
agreement Sample 1
Identifying errors of agreement
Articles (a, an, the)
Choosing articles One of the major problems today is that nature resources such as coal and oil are not renewable
and are running out extremely quickly.
Punctuation
Spelling
Putting it together
Summary What’s the problem?
Part 3: Using an academic style
Here is some teacher feedback on this sentence:
Part 4: Writing cohesively and
coherently "Nature is a noun. However, in this sentence nature is used to describe the noun resources and should
Part 5: Expressing your ideas therefore be an adjective. The adjective is natural."
effectively
The correct sentence is:
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks
One of the major problems today is that natural resources such as coal and oil are not
renewable and are running out extremely quickly.

Sample 2

It is important that energy is conservation whenever possible.

Here is some teacher feedback on this sentence:

"Conservation is a noun. However, in this sentence the passive form of the verb is conserved is needed."

The correct sentence is:

It is important that energy is conserved whenever possible.

Sample 3

Firstly, people might be unhealthily in their later years and may suffer from painful diseases 
such as arthritis.
Here is some teacher feedback on this sentence:

"Unhealthily is an adverb. However, in this sentence unhealthily is used to describe what people might be
like in their later years and should therefore be an adjective. The adjective is unhealthy."

The correct sentence is:

Firstly, people might be unhealthy in their later years and may suffer from painful diseases such
as arthritis.

How do you know which part of speech to use?

We will look at this in the next section.

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
How do you know which part of speech to use?
Writing Task 2 Each part of speech has a different function within a sentence.
Task 2 Language Focus
The following table describes the function of each part of speech.
Part 1: Improving your range -
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 2: Improving your accuracy - Part of speech Function
Grammar and Vocabulary
Grammar a noun (n.) a person, place or thing
How do you know which part of speech
to use?
verb (v.) an action or a state of being
How do you know how to form different
parts of speech
Forming different parts of speech adjective (adj.) describes a noun
Checking different parts of speech
Tense adverb (adv.) describes a verb
Tense
Agreement Read the following short paragraph about the positive effects of immigration, then look at the underlined words and think
Subject-verb agreement about the function of each.
Modifier/quantifier and noun
Ask yourself questions like:
agreement
Identifying errors of agreement Is report a person, place or thing (noun)?
Articles (a, an, the) Is report an action or a state of being (verb)?
Choosing articles Does report describe a noun (adjective)?
Does report describe a verb (verb)?
Punctuation
Spelling
The report reviewed three studies about the positive effects of immigration. It found that immigration significantly
Putting it together
benefits the nation by increasing the size of the labour force and creating a larger pool of consumers. However, the impact
Summary of these advantages is quite small.
Part 3: Using an academic style
Part 4: Writing cohesively and Now look at the passage again below. Select the correct part of speech for each of the underlined words from the drop down
coherently menu on the right.
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively
Practice Tests report is a: select...
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks
positive is a: select...
The report reviewed three studies about the positive
effects of immigration. It found that immigration
significantly benefits the nation by increasing the size of significantly is a: select...
the labour force and creating a larger pool of consumers.
However, the impact of these advantages is quite small.
benefits is a: select...

is is a: select...

Check

Report: noun

Positive: adjective

Significantly: adverb

Benefits: verb

Is: verb

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
How do you know how to form different parts of
Writing Task 2
Task 2 Language Focus
speech?
Part 1: Improving your range - There are two ways you can become more familiar with the formation of different parts of speech:
Grammar and Vocabulary
First, when you are checking the meaning of a word in the dictionary you can also check the different parts of speech
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -
for this word.
Grammar and Vocabulary
Secondly, you should learn the importance of suffixes in the formation of different parts of speech.
Grammar
How do you know which part of speech
to use?
How do you know how to form different
1 Use a good dictionary
parts of speech
Check in your dictionary for the meaning of any new words and their parts of speech.
Forming different parts of speech
Checking different parts of speech Look at this dictionary entry for acquire. What part of speech is it?
Tense
Tense
Agreement
Subject-verb agreement
Modifier/quantifier and noun
agreement
Identifying errors of agreement
Articles (a, an, the)
Choosing articles Now look at this dictionary entry for commercial. Note its different parts of speech.
Punctuation
Spelling
Putting it together
Summary
Part 3: Using an academic style
Part 4: Writing cohesively and
coherently
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks
As preparation for your IELTS test, start a vocabulary book with the meanings and parts of speech of any new words you learn.

Look at Mustapha’s vocabulary book entry for the verb acquire.

2Remember
Learn the importance
that you are not allowed of suffixes
a dictionary in the IELTS exam.
Suffixes are found at the end of a word and help to indicate if a word is a noun, verb, adjective or adverb.

You can see from the following tables that there are many different suffixes. In order to become familiar with these suffixes,
you need to practise: 
identifying them while you are reading
 using them in your writing.

You can use and recognise nouns from the following suffixes.

-ity ability -ure failure

-ation preparation -ion tension

-ce practice -ness hapiness

-ment replacement -ship membership

-ism racism -er teacher

-ist environmentalist -or sailor

You can use and recognise verbs from the following suffixes.

-ate advocate

-ise advertise

-ify verify

-en lighten

You can use and recognise adjectives from the following suffixes.

-ish childish -like childlike

-ful eventful -less careless

-y happy -ous dangerous

-ary revolutionary -ive active

-ent prudent -al comical

-ic historic -able remarkable

You can use and recognise adverbs because the suffix is usually -ly.

slowly
heavily
rapidly

Note that if an adjective ends in –y, the –y changes to –i in the adverb (e.g. heavy, heavily).

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Forming different parts of speech
Writing Task 2
 
Task 2 Language Focus
Part 1: Improving your range -  
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 2: Improving your accuracy - 1 Change the following verbs into nouns. Check your dictionary if you are not sure.
Grammar and Vocabulary
Grammar Verbs Nouns
How do you know which part of speech
to use?
to depart departism departure
How do you know how to form different
parts of speech
Forming different parts of speech to agree agreement agreence
Checking different parts of speech
Tense to prefer preference preferism
Tense
Agreement
to inform informance information
Subject-verb agreement
Modifier/quantifier and noun
agreement to decide decidist decision
Identifying errors of agreement
Articles (a, an, the) to teach teacher teachist
Choosing articles
Punctuation  
Spelling
2 Change the following adjectives into nouns. Check your dictionary if you are not sure.
Putting it together
Summary
Part 3: Using an academic style Adjectives Nouns
Part 4: Writing cohesively and
coherently kind kindship kindness
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively
active activity activness
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks curious curiousness curiosity

favourite favouritism favourist

3 Change the following nouns into adjectives. Check your dictionary if you are not sure.

Nouns Adjectives

child childy childish

cloud cloudful cloudy

friend friendly friendful

person personal personive

danger dangerful dangerous

revolution revolutionful revolutionary

history historive historic

power powerful powerous

4 Change the following verbs into adjectives. Check your dictionary if you are not sure. 
 Verbs Adjectives

to create creatic creative

to care carish careless

to note noteworthy notable

5 Change the following adjectives into adverbs. Check your dictionary if you are not sure.

Adjectives Adverbs

noisy noisyly noisily

social socialy socially

final finaly finally

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Checking different parts of speech
Writing Task 2
 
Task 2 Language Focus
Part 1: Improving your range - Read the following paragraph taken from a student essay. Choose the correct form of the word in the drop
Grammar and Vocabulary down menu.
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -
Grammar and Vocabulary
Grammar
How do you know which part of speech
to use?
How do you know how to form different
parts of speech
Forming different parts of speech
Checking different parts of speech
Tense
Tense
Agreement
Subject-verb agreement
Modifier/quantifier and noun
agreement Human society has select... around the idea of people paying money to buy goods.
Identifying errors of agreement This is not too much of a problem as people select... to buy enough to fulfil their basic
Articles (a, an, the) needs. However, in a more advanced society people are encouraged to buy more. If people do
Choosing articles not replace their clothes or cars every few years with a newer model, manufacturing
Punctuation select... will go bankrupt because of a lack of demand, governments will not be
Spelling select... to support social services and people will lose their jobs. This is basic
Putting it together select... .
Summary
Part 3: Using an academic style
Check
Part 4: Writing cohesively and
coherently
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively Human society has developed around the idea of people paying money to buy goods. This is not too
Practice Tests much of a problem as people choose to buy enough to fulfil their basic needs. However, in a more
Question Bank advanced society people are encouraged to buy more. If people do not replace their clothes or cars
every few years with a newer model, manufacturing industries will go bankrupt because of a lack of
Assessment Tasks demand, governments will not be able to support social services and people will lose their jobs. This
is basic economics.

This section looked at using the correct parts of speech. You can now practise choosing the right tense for the verbs you use.

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Tense
Writing Task 2 You need to know all the present, past and future tenses of verbs. You must also understand:
Task 2 Language Focus
how to form each tense in the active and passive voice
Part 1: Improving your range - when to use each tense.
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 2: Improving your accuracy - You may have to review how to form each tense. If so, there are a number of English language grammar books available which
Grammar and Vocabulary will teach you how to do this and give you additional practice exercises. Click here to view a list of English language grammar
books.
Grammar
How do you know which part of speech To help you understand when to use each tense, look at the following question and sample essay.
to use?
How do you know how to form different
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
parts of speech
Forming different parts of speech The benefits of computers in modern society far outweigh the disadvantages.
Checking different parts of speech What do you think?
Tense You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant
Tense evidence.
Agreement
Subject-verb agreement To answer this question you would expect to use:
Modifier/quantifier and noun
agreement the simple present tense to express fact and opinion and
the present perfect to show how computers have changed society from the past to the present.
Identifying errors of agreement
Articles (a, an, the) Look at Jin Tao’s answer to the question above. Move your mouse over each underlined verb to find out the tense.
Choosing articles
Sample answer
Punctuation
Spelling
Putting it together
The use of computers in modern life has resulted in changes in society. Some of
Summary
these changes have been to the advantage of society and others have not. This essay
Part 3: Using an academic style will outline both sides of the issue.
Part 4: Writing cohesively and
On the one hand, computers are useful tools offering several benefits to people. They
coherently
enable machines to do dangerous work instead of humans. For example, in
Part 5: Expressing your ideas computerised car assembly factories, robots can do hard and dangerous work
effectively without stopping. In addition, computers have improved the speed of data processing
Practice Tests helping scientists to further develop modern technology. People can go to the moon using computers to
Question Bank control the orbit for the spaceship, the timing of fuel injection and other vital calculations. Moreover,
people can shop and book aeroplane or theatre tickets without leaving home.
Assessment Tasks
However, computers can be used in many harmful ways. For example, computers can be used to steal
people’s private information. Also, with the development of the Internet, previously controlled material,
such as pornography has become more widespread, providing children with easy access to it.
Furthermore, many people have lost their jobs because computers can shorten some processes in
factories resulting in fewer workers being required to control the factory.
To conclude, computers are being used in more areas of life such as communication, the workplace and
at home. The result is that people are relying more on computers in their daily lives. Despite the
disadvantages, it is highly likely that the use of computers will increase due to the various benefits
computers have to offer.

In the next activity, it’s your turn to choose the correct form of the verb to answer another IELTS question.

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Tense
Writing Task 2
 
Task 2 Language Focus
Part 1: Improving your range - Look at the following question and Sawako’s answer. Choose the correct tense of the verb in the drop-down
Grammar and Vocabulary boxes. When you have finished, click on the check button to see the final version and to get some teacher feedback.
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -
Grammar and Vocabulary Example question
Grammar
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
How do you know which part of speech
to use? It is inevitable that as technology develops traditional cultures must be lost. Technology and tradition are incompatible – you
How do you know how to form different cannot have both together.
parts of speech To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
Forming different parts of speech You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant
Checking different parts of speech evidence.
Tense
Tense
Agreement
I strongly select... with this statement. There select... several
Subject-verb agreement
compelling arguments in support of the view that technology and tradition are indeed
Modifier/quantifier and noun compatible.
agreement
Identifying errors of agreement Firstly, today we select... see many countries around the world where tradition
Articles (a, an, the) and new technology live side by side very comfortably. Japan, for instance, is a leader
in technology but still strongly holds its traditional values, such as respect for elders.
Choosing articles
Whether Japanese people select... hand written letters to their parents or
Punctuation
select... them e-mails, the traditional values remain unchallenged, although the technology
Spelling
select... .
Putting it together
Summary In addition, there select... innumerable cases throughout history where we can see that a change in
Part 3: Using an academic style technology select... to a change in traditional culture. For example, when farmers all around the
Part 4: Writing cohesively and world select... using tractors instead of animals to plough their fields, their productivity and lifestyle
coherently select... but there select... no significant change in their behaviour, beliefs and customs. The
Part 5: Expressing your ideas technology select... incorporated into their traditional culture without challenging it.
effectively
Practice Tests Finally, we select... that technology can actually help preserve ancient manuscripts and artefacts and
Question Bank to understand the roots of culture by exploring history. It also select... with communication, which is
the basis of all culture. Communication devices such as satellite televisions and cellular telephones are,
Assessment Tasks
for example, of great benefit to geographically scattered cultures. Improved telecommunications
technology select... the ability of these cultural groups to stay in touch with one another and find
ways of safeguarding their culture.
For these reasons it select... easy to support the view that technology and tradition are indeed
compatible. As technology develops, traditional cultures select... not necessarily lost.

Check

Teacher feedback
In paragraph 1, the simple present is used to express the writer’s opinion.

I strongly disagree with this statement. There are several compelling arguments
in support of the view that technology and tradition are indeed compatible.

In paragraph 2, the simple present is used to express facts and the present-
perfect is used to show how technology has changed from the past to the
present.

Firstly, today we can see many countries around the world where tradition and new technology live
side by side very comfortably. Japan, for instance, is a leader in technology but still strongly holds its
traditional values, such as respect for elders. Whether Japanese people post hand written letters to
their parents or send them e-mails, the traditional values remain unchallenged, although the
technology has changed.

In paragraph 3, the simple past is used to give examples from the past to support the argument.

In addition, there are innumerable cases throughout history where we can see that a change in
technology did not lead to a change in traditional culture. For example, when farmers all around the
world started using tractors instead of animals to plough their fields, their productivity and lifestyle
improved but there was no significant change in their behaviour, beliefs and customs. The technology
was incorporated into their traditional culture without challenging it. 
In paragraph 4, the present tense is used to express fact.
 Finally, we know that technology can actually help preserve ancient manuscripts and artefacts and to
understand the roots of culture by exploring history. It also helps with communication, which is the
basis of all culture. Communication devices such as satellite televisions and cellular telephones are,
for example, of great benefit to geographically scattered cultures. Improved telecommunications
technology enhances the ability of these cultural groups to stay in touch with one another and find
ways of safeguarding their culture.

In paragraph 5, the present tense is used to express the writer’s opinion.

For these reasons, it is easy to support the view that technology and tradition are indeed compatible.
As technology develops, traditional cultures are not necessarily lost.

In the next section, we will look at agreement.

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Agreement
Writing Task 2 One of the most common errors made by students is with agreement.
Task 2 Language Focus This can be:
Part 1: Improving your range - subject-verb agreement, or
Grammar and Vocabulary modifier/quantifier + noun agreement.
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -
Grammar and Vocabulary
Grammar
How do you know which part of speech
Subject-verb agreement
to use? Read the following rule for subject-verb agreement and then do the activity that follows.
How do you know how to form different
parts of speech
Forming different parts of speech
Checking different parts of speech
Tense
Tense
Agreement
Subject-verb agreement
Modifier/quantifier and noun
agreement
Identifying errors of agreement
Articles (a, an, the)
Choosing articles   
Punctuation
Spelling
Putting it together
Summary
Part 3: Using an academic style
Part 4: Writing cohesively and
coherently
Part 5: Expressing your ideas © Access Macquarie Limited Proudly Supported by Support
effectively
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Subject-verb agreement
Writing Task 2
 
Task 2 Language Focus
Part 1: Improving your range - Look at the following sets of sentences. Choose the correct sentence.
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 2: Improving your accuracy - Question 1
Grammar and Vocabulary
Grammar A New taxes were introduced by the government last year.
How do you know which part of speech B New taxes was introduced by the government last year.
to use?
How do you know how to form different  
parts of speech
Forming different parts of speech Question 2
Checking different parts of speech
Tense A The situation are serious.
Tense B The situation is serious.
Agreement
Subject-verb agreement  
Modifier/quantifier and noun Question 3
agreement
Identifying errors of agreement A Many people believe that television violence causes aggressive behaviour in children.
Articles (a, an, the)
Choosing articles B Many people believe that television violence cause aggressive behaviour in children.
Punctuation
 
Spelling
Putting it together Question 4
Summary
Part 3: Using an academic style A One of the most interesting results is that the economy has improved in the last 20 years.
Part 4: Writing cohesively and B One of the most interesting results are that the economy has improved in the last 20 years.
coherently
Part 5: Expressing your ideas  
effectively
Practice Tests Question 5
Question Bank
A Water pollution has been a major concern for many years now.
Assessment Tasks
B Water pollution have been a major concern for many years now.

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Modifier/quantifier + noun agreement
Writing Task 2 Read the following rule for modifier/quantifier + noun agreement and then do the activity that follows.
Task 2 Language Focus
Part 1: Improving your range -
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -
Grammar and Vocabulary
Grammar
How do you know which part of speech
to use?
How do you know how to form different
parts of speech
Forming different parts of speech
Checking different parts of speech
Tense  
Tense
Agreement Activity - Identifying modifier/quantifier and noun agreement
Subject-verb agreement  
Modifier/quantifier and noun
agreement Look at the following sets of sentences. Choose the correct sentence.
Identifying errors of agreement Question 1
Articles (a, an, the)
Choosing articles A Many new kinds of disease have become common in the world.
Punctuation
B Many new kinds of diseases have become common in the world.
Spelling
Putting it together  
Summary
Part 3: Using an academic style Question 2
Part 4: Writing cohesively and
coherently A One disadvantage is that children’s eyes get damaged.
Part 5: Expressing your ideas B One disadvantages is that children’s eyes get damaged.
effectively
Practice Tests  
Question Bank
Question 3
Assessment Tasks

A People have begun to rethink this ideas.

B People have begun to rethink these ideas.

Question 4

A A major concerns is that manufacturing industries will go bankrupt.

B A major concern is that manufacturing industries will go bankrupt.

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Identifying errors of agreement
Writing Task 2
 
Task 2 Language Focus
Part 1: Improving your range - In the following paragraph taken from a student’s essay, there are five errors of agreement. Can you find all of
Grammar and Vocabulary them?
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -
Grammar and Vocabulary Click on the Feedback button to see the corrected passage.
Grammar
How do you know which part of speech
to use? Undoubtedly, there is some major advantages for increased human lifespan. Firstly, people could enjoy
longer lives and do more of the thing they wanted. They could spend more valuable time with their family
How do you know how to form different and even watch his children grow to old age. In addition, people could contribute more if they lived longer
parts of speech lives, especially scientists and other valuable member of society. In conclusion, the advantages for living
Forming different parts of speech longer outweighs the disadvantages.
Checking different parts of speech
Tense
Tense
Feedback
Agreement
Subject-verb agreement
Modifier/quantifier and noun
agreement Undoubtedly, there are some major advantages for the increased human lifespan. Firstly, people
could enjoy longer lives and do more of the things they wanted. They could spend more valuable time
Identifying errors of agreement with their family and even watch their children grow to old age. In addition, people could contribute
Articles (a, an, the) more if they lived longer lives, especially scientists and other valuable members of society. In
Choosing articles conclusion, the advantages for living longer outweigh the disadvantages.
Punctuation
Spelling
Putting it together
Summary   
Part 3: Using an academic style
Part 4: Writing cohesively and
coherently
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks
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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Articles (a/an, the)
Writing Task 2 Read the following rules for articles and then do the activity that follows.
Task 2 Language Focus
Part 1: Improving your range - An article comes before a noun and marks whether it is specific (definite) or general (indefinite). Sometimes a noun does
Grammar and Vocabulary not need an article.
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -
Grammar and Vocabulary Let's look at the difference between definite and indefinite articles.
Grammar
How do you know which part of speech The signals a specific noun.
to use?
Use the with a singular/plural noun when the reference is to a specific object.
How do you know how to form different
parts of speech Examples
Forming different parts of speech
Checking different parts of speech The fruit I bought yesterday is ready to eat.
The music we were listening to was beautiful.
Tense
The cat who lives next door, caught a mouse.
Tense Did you buy the oranges that were on special?
Agreement
 
Subject-verb agreement
Modifier/quantifier and noun A/an signals a general noun.
agreement
Identifying errors of agreement Use a/an with a singular countable noun when the reference is to something general.
Articles (a, an, the) Examples
Choosing articles
Punctuation A cat makes a good pet.
An orange is a fruit.
Spelling
Putting it together  
Summary
Use no article when a generalisation is being made.
Part 3: Using an academic style
Part 4: Writing cohesively and Examples
coherently
Part 5: Expressing your ideas Fruit is good for you.
effectively I love music.
Cats make good pets.
Practice Tests Oranges are delicious for breakfast.
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks You are now ready to practise using the correct article.

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Choosing articles
Writing Task 2
 
Task 2 Language Focus
Part 1: Improving your range - Help these IELTS students complete their essays. Choose the correct article for each of the spaces in the
Grammar and Vocabulary following paragraphs. If no article is required, choose the option X.
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -
Grammar and Vocabulary  
Grammar
How do you know which part of speech select... English is select... international language. It is spoken by
to use? select... businessmen and select... politicians all around
How do you know how to form different select... world. Almost 90% of the information on select... Internet
parts of speech
is written in select... English and more than 60% of select... world’s
Forming different parts of speech
radio programs are in select... English.
Checking different parts of speech
Tense Maria
Tense
Agreement
Subject-verb agreement Check
Modifier/quantifier and noun
agreement
X English is an international language. It is spoken by X businessmen and X politicians all around
Identifying errors of agreement
the world. Almost 90% of the information on the Internet is written in X English and more than 60%
Articles (a, an, the) of the world's radio programs are in X English.
Choosing articles
Punctuation
Spelling
Putting it together
Summary select... heart is select... most important organ in select...
Part 3: Using an academic style body. It weighs a little more than one kilo in select... adult. It is
Part 4: Writing cohesively and select... heart-shaped and is situated in select... left part of
coherently
select... chest where it is protected by select... ribs. It works like
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively select... pump, pumping blood around select... body.
Practice Tests
Andres
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks
Check

The heart is the most important organ in the body. It weighs a little more than one kilo in an adult. It
is X heart-shaped and is situated in the left part of the chest where it is protected by the ribs. It
works like a pump, pumping blood around the body.

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Punctuation
Writing Task 2 The main punctuation issues in the IELTS Writing exam include:
Task 2 Language Focus
commas (,)
Part 1: Improving your range - colons (:)
Grammar and Vocabulary semi-colons (;)
Part 2: Improving your accuracy - capital letters (A,B,C).
Grammar and Vocabulary
Grammar  
How do you know which part of speech
to use? Activity - Fixing punctuation
How do you know how to form different
parts of speech  
Forming different parts of speech In the following sentences, these IELTS students have made punctuation mistakes. Rewrite each sentence
Checking different parts of speech with the correct punctuation in the space provided.
Tense
Tense 1 we are going to have a written, and an oral exam on tuesday
Agreement (Four mistakes)
Subject-verb agreement we are going to have a written, and an oral exam on
Modifier/quantifier and noun tuesday
agreement
Identifying errors of agreement Check
Articles (a, an, the) Siddhi
Choosing articles
Punctuation Here are the four corrections to Siddhi’s sentence:
Spelling We are going to have a written and an oral exam on Tuesday.
Putting it together
Summary
Part 3: Using an academic style
2 professor smith teaches at macquarie university Sydney Technical College and University of
Part 4: Writing cohesively and western sydney.
coherently (Seven mistakes)
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively professor smith teaches at macquarie university Sydney
Technical College and University of western sydney.
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Check Pierre
Assessment Tasks

Here are the 7 corrections to Tony’s sentence:

Professor Smith teaches at Macquarie University, Sydney Technical College
and University of Western Sydney.

3 There are many mistakes in your reading; your writing; and in your special project. please redo
all of them and hand them in by Saturday.
(Four mistakes)
Eva

There are many mistakes in your reading; your writing; and

in your special project. please redo all of them and hand

Eva
Check

Here are the 4 corrections to Eva’s sentence:

There are many mistakes in your reading, your writing and in your special
project. Please redo all of them, and hand them in by Saturday.

Let's now look at some common problems with spelling.

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Spelling
Writing Task 2 Near enough is not good enough for the IELTS Writing test!
Task 2 Language Focus
In this section you can learn to spell some of the most commonly misspelt words in the IELTS Writing Task 2 test.
Part 1: Improving your range -
Grammar and Vocabulary Example
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -
Grammar and Vocabulary tecnology or technolgy for technology
Grammar
How do you know which part of speech
to use?
 
How do you know how to form different
parts of speech
Activity - Spell properly!
Forming different parts of speech
Checking different parts of speech  
Tense
Choose the correct spelling for these commonly misspelt words.
Tense
Agreement
disagree dissagree
Subject-verb agreement
Modifier/quantifier and noun goverment government
agreement
employmet employment
Identifying errors of agreement
Articles (a, an, the) benifit benefit
Choosing articles consequence concequence
Punctuation
conclusion conclution
Spelling
Putting it together serios serious
Summary countries countrys
Part 3: Using an academic style
therefor therefore
Part 4: Writing cohesively and
coherently
Part 5: Expressing your ideas   
effectively
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Putting it all together – Grammar, punctuation and spelling
Writing Task 2
 
Task 2 Language Focus
Part 1: Improving your range -
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -
Grammar and Vocabulary Jurgen has written an answer to the following IELTS question but there are many grammar, punctuation
Grammar and spelling errors. Print out this page and correct his work for him, then check your work with the
How do you know which part of speech corrected version.
to use?
How do you know how to form different Jurgen
parts of speech
Forming different parts of speech
Checking different parts of speech Over the past fifty years international sports events such as the Olympic Games and the World Cup have played an
Tense increasingly important role in our society. However, many people think such international sports competitions are an
enormous waste of money, time and effort.
Tense
Agreement Do you agree?
Subject-verb agreement
Modifier/quantifier and noun
agreement
Olympic Games holds every four years. Hundreds of counties and thousands of athletes participate the
Identifying errors of agreement
famous sports events. Some peoples think these event actually waste money, energy and time. I
Articles (a, an, the) disagress with them. I think the great sports events are beneficial of our world
Choosing articles
Fistly, countries can benefit from holding the great sports events. It can promote the constructions of
Punctuation host countries’ basic facilities, like stadiums, main roads, hotels and restaurants etc. It can contribute the
Spelling development of tourism industry. The host countries also can earn large amount of foreign exchange
Putting it together from the consumption of athletes and tourists.

Summary Secondly, the great sports events providing an opportunity to the world to know the undeveloped
countries. There are about three hundrend countries in the world. Most of them have varios of problems.
Part 3: Using an academic style
Other developed countries can know their difficulties from Olumpic Games.
Part 4: Writing cohesively and
coherently Thirdly, sports events can play an important role in promoting world peace. For example, USA and Russia
have extremely intensive relations after Second World War. They were carrying on many competitions on
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
war preparations. Fortunately, both of them have excellent athletes. The competitions among sportsmen
effectively
reduced intension between this two super nations.
Practice Tests
In a word, world wide sports events, such as Olympic Games and the World Cup, have many advantages
Question Bank
to the world. It is not only benefit host countries, but also benefit other countries which joining in. We
Assessment Tasks should hold this kind of sports events as many as possible.

Check

Here is a suggested answer.

The Olympic Games are held every four years. Hundreds of countries and thousands of athletes
participate in this famous sporting event. Some people think these events actually waste money,
energy and time. I disagree with them as I think the great sports events are beneficial to our world.

Firstly, countries can benefit from holding great sports events. They can promote the construction of
the host countries’ basic facilities such as stadiums, main roads, hotels and restaurants. They can
contribute to the development of the tourism industry. The host countries also can earn large amount
of foreign exchange from the increased consumption of goods caused by the influx of athletes and
tourists.

Secondly, the great sports events can provide an opportunity to the world to know the undeveloped
countries. There are about three hundred countries in the world and most of them have various
problems. The Olympic Games give competitors from developed countries an opportunity to mix
with their counterparts in undeveloped countries and learn about their difficulties.

Thirdly, sports events can play an important role in promoting world peace. For example, USA and
Russia had an extremely competitive and tense relationship after the Second World War. Fortunately,
both of them had excellent athletes. The competition amongst their sportsmen and women reduced
tension between these two superpowers.

In a word, worldwide sports events, such as Olympic Games and the World Cup, can bring many
advantages to the world. It is not only beneficial to host countries but also benefits other countries
who join in. We should hold this kind of sports events as much as possible.


  
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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Using an academic style
Writing Task 2 The style of an IELTS Task 2 essay should be formal and academic because your essay is written for an educated reader, for
Task 2 Language Focus example a university lecturer or a tutor.
Part 1: Improving your range - In this section, we will look at how to write in a formal, academic style. To do this, you will need to focus on using:
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 2: Improving your accuracy - nominalisation
Grammar and Vocabulary passive voice
academic vocabulary.
Part 3: Using an academic style
How can I write in a formal, academic
style
How can I change verbs into nouns?
Passive voice
How is the passive voice formed?
Completing sentences with the
correct form and tense of the passive
voice
Academic vocabulary
Using academic vocabulary
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Analysing style
Using a formal, academic style
Summary
Part 4: Writing cohesively and
coherently
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
How can you write in a formal, academic style?
Writing Task 2 You should make the style impersonal:
Task 2 Language Focus
use nominalisation
Part 1: Improving your range - use the passive voice.
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 2: Improving your accuracy - You should make the vocabulary more formal:
Grammar and Vocabulary
use more academic vocabulary.
Part 3: Using an academic style
How can I write in a formal, academic Let s look at these strategies in more detail.
style
How can I change verbs into nouns?
Passive voice Nominalisation
How is the passive voice formed?
Completing sentences with the In academic writing, nouns are often used to replace verbs. This is called nominalisation.
correct form and tense of the passive
voice How does nominalisation make the style formal?
Academic vocabulary Nominalisation makes the style formal because it makes the writing impersonal. Compare the following sentences.
Using academic vocabulary
Analysing style A. I go to the movies every week.
B. Going to the movies is a weekly habit.
Using a formal, academic style
Summary In A, the verb (go) has a personal pronoun (I). The focus is on the person, so the sentence is personal. The style is therefore
Part 4: Writing cohesively and informal.
coherently
In B, the verb (go) has changed to the noun (going). This is an example of nominalisation. Now, the focus is on the idea of
Part 5: Expressing your ideas (going to the movies), rather than on the person doing the action. The sentence is impersonal and therefore formal.
effectively
Practice Tests Let’s look at some more examples of nominalisation
Question Bank
Compare Paragraph A and Paragraph B from an essay about the advantages and disadvantages of young children watching
Assessment Tasks
TV. You will see that Paragraph A and Paragraph B have the same meaning, but Paragraph B is more formal.

Paragraph A  
The first advantage is that young children can learn many things Repeats the pronoun they + verb.
when they watch TV. They learn about the alphabet and numbers This makes the focus of the essay
from programs made especially for children. They also learn many the children , not the idea of the
facts about animals and the environment from the many nature advantages .
programs that the television stations broadcast. They learn to
appreciate the environment. In addition, they see how different TV
presenters act with each other and therefore they can learn how to
copy this behaviour. As a result, the children learn to feel good about
themselves and to feel confident.

Paragraph B  
The first advantage is that watching TV can lead to the acquisition of Uses nominalisation to make the
knowledge in young children. Literacy and numeracy skills are learnt style impersonal and therefore
from programs made especially for children. Factual information more academic. The focus is on
about animals and the environment is broadcast on many different the advantages, which are
nature programs. Therefore, an appreciation of the environment is expressed by nouns.
developed. In addition, modelling the social interaction of a variety of
presenters on TV is encouraged and this can lead to the development
of good social skills. As a result, self-esteem and confidence are
gained.

  

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Writing Study Strategies How can I change verbs into nouns?
Writing Task 1
There are three different ways to do this.
Writing Task 2
Task 2 Language Focus Change the verb into its gerund form.
Part 1: Improving your range - ...when they watch TV Watching TV... .
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 2: Improving your accuracy - Change the verb into its noun form.
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 3: Using an academic style They learn to appreciate the environment... appreciation of the environment...
How can I write in a formal, academic Change the verb into a different noun that has the same meaning but is more academic.
style
How can I change verbs into nouns? They can learn many things... The acquisition of knowledge... .
Passive voice
 
How is the passive voice formed?
Completing sentences with the
correct form and tense of the passive
Activity - Practising nominalisation in sentences
voice
 
Academic vocabulary
Using academic vocabulary  
Analysing style Change the following informal sentences into formal sentences by changing the verb in bold into a noun. Notice how the
Using a formal, academic style structure of the sentence changes.
Summary Remember you can choose:
Part 4: Writing cohesively and a gerund form (e.g. acquiring)
coherently noun form (e.g. acquisition)
Part 5: Expressing your ideas a different noun (e.g. gaining).
effectively
Practice Tests Example
Question Bank
Factories produce smoke, which causes pollution.
Assessment Tasks
The production of smoke causes pollution.

Now you try!

1 Students are not allowed to smoke in this area

is not allowed in this area.

Check

Smoking is not allowed in this area.

2 The pilot decided to turn the plane around because of bad weather.

The to turn the plane around was made because of bad weather.

Check

The decision to turn the plane around was made becuase of bad weather.

3 The people living in the city are worried about pollution. ‘Change this verb to a different noun.]

A of people living in the city is pollution.

Check


A concern of people living in the city is pollution.
 The word worry could also be used, but the word concern is more academic.

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Passive voice
Writing Task 2 How does the passive voice make the style formal?
Task 2 Language Focus The passive voice is used when the writer wants to take away the focus from the person or thing doing the action. This makes
Part 1: Improving your range - the writing style impersonal and therefore formal and academic. Look at the following sentences.
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 2: Improving your accuracy - A. Active: I'll have to do a lot of work to finish the project.
Grammar and Vocabulary B. Passive: A considerable amount of work needs to be done in order to complete the project in the
Part 3: Using an academic style specified time.
How can I write in a formal, academic
style In Sentence A, the subject is the person doing the action (I).
How can I change verbs into nouns?
In Sentence B, the subject is a noun group (a considerable amount of work). The person doing the action is no longer the focus,
Passive voice so B is impersonal. This makes the sentence more formal and academic.
How is the passive voice formed?
Let’s look at more examples of how the passive voice makes the style impersonal and therefore more academic.
Completing sentences with the
correct form and tense of the passive Look again at Paragraphs A and B about the advantages of young children watching TV. Some active verbs in Paragraph A are
voice in bold. In Paragraph B, the verbs in the passive are highlighted. Compare the bold and the highlighted words.
Academic vocabulary
Using academic vocabulary Paragraph A
Analysing style The first advantage is that young children can learn many things while they are watching TV. They learn about the alphabet and
Using a formal, academic style numbers from programs made especially for children. They also learn many facts about animals and the environment from the
Summary many nature programs that the television stations broadcast. They learn to care about the environment. In addition, they see
Part 4: Writing cohesively and how different TV presenters act with each other and therefore they can learn how to copy this behaviour. As a result, the
coherently children learn to feel good about themselves and to feel confident.
Part 5: Expressing your ideas Paragraph B
effectively
Practice Tests The first advantage is that watching TV can lead to the acquisition of knowledge in young children. Literacy and numeracy
Question Bank skills are learnt from programs made especially for children. Factual information about animals and the environment is
broadcast on many different nature programs. Therefore, an appreciation of the environment is developed. In addition,
Assessment Tasks
modelling the social interaction of a variety of presenters on TV is learnt and this can lead to the development of good social
skills. As a result, self-esteem and confidence are gained.

  

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Writing Study Strategies How is the passive voice formed?
Writing Task 1
 
Writing Task 2
Task 2 Language Focus
SUBJECT + VERB to be + PARTICIPLE
Part 1: Improving your range -
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 2: Improving your accuracy - Examples
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 3: Using an academic style A new tax is introduced each year.
Simple present...
How can I write in a formal, academic New taxes are introduced each year by the government.
style
A new tax is being introduced today.
How can I change verbs into nouns? Present continuous...
New taxes are being introduced by the government today.
Passive voice
How is the passive voice formed? A new tax was introduced late last year.
Simple past...
New taxes were introduced late last year.
Completing sentences with the
correct form and tense of the passive
A new tax has been introduced every year.
voice Present perfect...
New taxes have been introduced every year.
Academic vocabulary
Using academic vocabulary
Analysing style   
Using a formal, academic style
Summary
Part 4: Writing cohesively and
coherently
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively
Practice Tests
Question Bank
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Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Completing sentences with the correct form and tense of the passive
Writing Task 2
 
Task 2 Language Focus
Part 1: Improving your range - Choose the correct form and tense of the verb in the drop-down box. Look at the example below.
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 2: Improving your accuracy - Example
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 3: Using an academic style Many accidents are caused by dangerous driving. [simple present passive]
How can I write in a formal, academic
style
How can I change verbs into nouns? Now you try!
Passive voice
How is the passive voice formed?
Completing sentences with the
correct form and tense of the passive 1. The house select... during the storm last year.
voice
Academic vocabulary
Using academic vocabulary 2. Pollution select... destruction of the forests in many areas of the world.
Analysing style
Using a formal, academic style
Summary 3. All the old houses select... to make way for office blocks.
Part 4: Writing cohesively and
coherently
Part 5: Expressing your ideas Check
effectively
Practice Tests
Question Bank 1. The house was damaged during the storm last year.
Assessment Tasks
2. Pollution has caused destruction of the forests in many areas of the world.

3. All the old houses are being knocked down to make way for office blocks.

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Academic vocabulary
Writing Task 2 Why does word choice influence the writing style?
Task 2 Language Focus You are writing for an educated reader. Therefore, you should use formal, academic vocabulary. Do not use informal or
Part 1: Improving your range - colloquial vocabulary.
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 2: Improving your accuracy - Compare the following informal and formal sentences. You can see that both sentences have the same meaning but different
Grammar and Vocabulary word choices.
Part 3: Using an academic style
A. Informal: I go to the movies every week.
How can I write in a formal, academic
style B. Formal: Going to the movies is a weekly habit.
How can I change verbs into nouns?
Passive voice A. Informal: I’m going to have to do heaps of work to finish the project on time.
How is the passive voice formed? B. Formal: A considerable amount of work needs to be done in order to complete the project at the
specified time.
Completing sentences with the
correct form and tense of the passive
voice Let’s look at more examples of how word choice can make your writing formal and academic.
Academic vocabulary Look again at Paragraphs A and B about the advantages of young children watching TV.
Using academic vocabulary
Some words in Paragraph A are in bold. In Paragraph B a different, more academic word with the same meaning is used.
Analysing style
Compare the bold with the highlighted words.
Using a formal, academic style
Summary Paragraph A
Part 4: Writing cohesively and
The first advantage is that young children can learn many things when they watch TV. They learn about the alphabet and
coherently
numbers from programs made especially for children. They also learn many facts about animals and the environment from the
Part 5: Expressing your ideas many nature programs that the television stations broadcast. They learn to care about the environment. In addition, they see
effectively how different TV presenters act with each other and therefore they can learn how to copy this behaviour. As a result, the
Practice Tests children learn to feel good about themselves and to feel confident.
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks
Paragraph B
The major benefit is that watching TV can lead to the acquisition of knowledge in young children. Literacy and numeracy skills
are developed from programs made especially for children. Factual information about animals and the environment are
broadcast on many different nature programs. Therefore, an appreciation of the environment is developed. In addition,
modelling the social interaction of a variety of presenters on TV is encouraged and this can lead to the development of good
social skills. Consequently, self-esteem and confidence are gained.

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Using academic vocabulary
Writing Task 2
 
Task 2 Language Focus
Part 1: Improving your range - In each of the following sentences, an informal word is in bold. Choose a more academic word with the same
Grammar and Vocabulary meaning from the drop down menu.
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -
Grammar and Vocabulary Example
Part 3: Using an academic style
Smoking is not allowed here.
How can I write in a formal, academic
style prohibited
How can I change verbs into nouns?
Passive voice
How is the passive voice formed? Now you try!
Completing sentences with the
correct form and tense of the passive
voice
Academic vocabulary 1 Lots of cases of people suffering from cancer were found near the nuclear power plant
Using academic vocabulary Select...
Analysing style
Using a formal, academic style
Summary 2 The importance of being able to read and write cannot be overemphasised.
Part 4: Writing cohesively and Select...
coherently
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively
Practice Tests 3 Many students need help adjusting to their new life in Australia
Question Bank Select...
Assessment Tasks

4 The researcher tried to find out as much information as possible about the topic.
Select...

5 It is always difficult to change your environment.

Select...

6 Carrying out research takes a lot of time

Select...

7 People who live in cities are concerned about pollution.

Select...

8 It took a great deal of time to look into the criminal’s background.

Select...

Check

1. Innumerable cases of people suffering from cancer were found near the nuclear power plant.

2. The importance of literacy cannot be overemphasised.

3. Many students need assistance adjusting to their new life in Australia.

4. The researcher tried to discover as much information as possible about the topic.

5. It is always difficult to alter your environment.

6. Conducting research takes a lot of time.

7. Urban dwellers are concerned about pollution.


8. It took a great deal of time to investigate the criminal's background.
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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Analysing style
Writing Task 2
 
Task 2 Language Focus
Part 1: Improving your range - Look at the sentences below. Decide whether each sentence is written in a formal or an informal style. Think
Grammar and Vocabulary about what makes each sentence formal or informal (nominalisation, passive voice, academic vocabulary).
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -
Grammar and Vocabulary
Example Formal Informal
Part 3: Using an academic style
How can I write in a formal, academic
style We’ll finish the project next year.
How can I change verbs into nouns?
Passive voice
How is the passive voice formed?
Now you try!
Completing sentences with the
correct form and tense of the passive
voice
Academic vocabulary   Formal Informal
Using academic vocabulary
Analysing style 1. It has been proven that the moon is not made out of
Using a formal, academic style cheese.
Summary
Part 4: Writing cohesively and 2. Finishing the project will be a major achievement.
coherently
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively 3. Deforestation of the Amazon Basin leads to short-
term and long-term problems.
Practice Tests
Question Bank
4. They put up with the terrible conditions for a long
Assessment Tasks
time.

Feedback

1. This sentence is written in a formal style. It uses the passive voice.

It has been proven that the moon is not made out of chees.

2. This sentence is written in a formal style. It uses nominalisation.

Finishing the project will be a major achievement.

3. This sentence is written in a formal style. It uses nominalisation.

Deforestation of the Amazon Basin leads to short-term and long-term problems.

4. This style is written in an informal style. It uses the phrasal verb 'to put up with' instead of a more
academic word 'endure'.

They put up with the terrible conditions for a long time.

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Using a formal, academic style
Writing Task 2
 
Task 2 Language Focus
Part 1: Improving your range - Use all the skills you have learnt - nominalisation, passive voice and academic vocabulary to change the style
Grammar and Vocabulary of the following informal paragraph into a more formal academic style. Some words are in bold in the informal paragraph to
Part 2: Improving your accuracy - help you. Choose more formal words from the drop down box in the formal paragraph.
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 3: Using an academic style Informal
How can I write in a formal, academic
style
How can I change verbs into nouns? If you destroy the trees of the Amazon Basin, you create problems both now and in
Passive voice the future. In the short term, if you burn and log the forests, you may eliminate many
types of flowers and animals. If you remove the forest, this takes away the food
How is the passive voice formed? sources of the people who live there and who hunt and gather in them. After you
Completing sentences with the remove the protective canopy, the delicate soils of the area may be rapidly eroded by
correct form and tense of the passive the heavy rainfall. As a result, the soil is useless for the people who want to raise
voice animals and grow crops.
Academic vocabulary
Using academic vocabulary
Analysing style
Using a formal, academic style
 
Summary
Part 4: Writing cohesively and Formal
coherently
The Select... of the Amazon Basin leads to Select... of both
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively Select... problems. In the short term, Select... and
Practice Tests Select... the forests may eliminate many species of Select... and
Question Bank Select... . If the forest Select... , this takes away the food
sources of the people who live there and who hunt and gather in them. After the protective
Assessment Tasks
canopy Select... , the delicate soils of the area may be rapidly eroded by the
heavy rainfall. As a result, the soil is useless for people who want to raise animals and grow
crops.

Check

Suggested answer
The deforestation of the Amazon Basin leads to the creation of both short and long term problems. In
the short term, burning and logging the forests may eliminate many species of flora and fauna. If the
forest is removed, this takes away the food sources of the people who live there and who hunt and
gather in them. After the protective canopy is removed, the delicate soils of the area may be rapidly
eroded by the heavy rainfall. As a result, the soil is useless for people who want to raise animals and
grow crops.

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Writing coherently and cohesively
Writing Task 2 Your Writing Task 2 essay is assessed on how coherent and cohesive your writing is.
Task 2 Language Focus
Coherence involves organising information logically and in paragraphs so that it is easy for the reader to follow.
Part 1: Improving your range -
Grammar and Vocabulary Cohesion involves connecting sentences and ideas using techniques such as pronoun referencing, signposts and academic
Part 2: Improving your accuracy - phrases.
Grammar and Vocabulary
Therefore, coherence and cohesion refer to how well your writing communicates its message, that is, how well it:
Part 3: Using an academic style
Part 4: Writing cohesively and flows
coherently is organised
Pronoun referencing can be understood.
Identifying pronoun referencing In this section, we will look at how to make your writing coherent and cohesive. To do this, we will focus on the use of:
Signpost words
pronoun referencing
Identifying signposts
signposts
Identifying more signposts academic phrases.
Academic phrases
Let’s look at each of these in detail.
Identifying academic phrases
Identifying academic phrases 2
Putting it all together
Summary
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Pronoun referencing
Writing Task 2 One way of making your writing cohesive and coherent is to use pronoun referencing. Pronoun referencing involves using
Task 2 Language Focus pronouns to refer back to a subject that has already been mentioned in the same sentence or in a previous sentence. In the
following paragraph it (sentence 2) and it (sentence 3) refer to an increasing older population (sentence 1).
Part 1: Improving your range -
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 2: Improving your accuracy - An increasing older population would cause many problems for society. It would place a lot of pressure on the social
Grammar and Vocabulary welfare system. On the other hand, it could also provide great benefits to society by making more experienced workers
available for a much longer time.
Part 3: Using an academic style
Part 4: Writing cohesively and
coherently If you use pronoun referencing, you improve the cohesion and coherence of your writing because you connect sentences
smoothly with each other by not repeating the subject, therefore improving the flow.
Pronoun referencing
Identifying pronoun referencing Compare the following two paragraphs and decide which paragraph flows better.
Signpost words
Identifying signposts Paragraph 1
Identifying more signposts Reference words refer back to a subject that has already been mentioned. Reference words make your writing more
Academic phrases academic as reference words demonstrate your understanding of the subject. Using reference words helps the reader to
Identifying academic phrases follow an idea throughout the text without having to repeat the idea.
Identifying academic phrases 2
Putting it all together
Paragraph 2
Summary Reference words refer back to a subject that has already been mentioned. They make your writing more academic as they
Part 5: Expressing your ideas demonstrate your understanding of the subject. Using these words helps the reader to follow an idea throughout the text
effectively without having to repeat it.
Practice Tests
Question Bank Paragraph 2 flows better. Paragraph 1 repeats the nouns reference words and idea , while Paragraph 2 uses pronoun
Assessment Tasks referencing to replace these nouns. Look at Paragraph 2 again, this time with arrows to highlight the reference pronouns.

Let s look at more examples of how to use pronoun referencing.

Example 1
China, for example, is well known for its traditional healing methods.

 
Example 2
Traditional medicine looks at both the mind and the body. It aims to cure the patient, but also uses a variety of methods to
improve the lifestyle of the patient.

 
Example 3
Traditional medicine is growing in popularity and many people are now using methods such as acupuncture and herbal
remedies to maintain and strengthen their health. Many of those who have experienced traditional medicine believe that it
is more effective than modern medicine. I completely agree with this.

 
Example 4
People could contribute more to society if they lived longer lives, although we have to remember that this is not
automatically the case.

 
Example 5
Mozart could have produced more wonderful music if he had lived longer, but he might also have produced some musical
disasters as well.

 
Example 6
Irrigation schemes and livestock management projects frequently co-occur and both have been promoted as the solution 
to the problems of local economies. Their co-occurrence is logical, as in the case of the wet rice zone of Asia, where the
relationship between these types of projects is well established. In semi-arid regions, however, their coexistence presents
planners with new challenges.

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Identifying pronoun referencing
Writing Task 2
 
Task 2 Language Focus
Part 1: Improving your range - In the following paragraph some reference pronouns are highlighted.
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -
Grammar and Vocabulary Taking notes in university lectures requires specific skills. These include identifying main points,
understanding tasks and deciding relevance and relationships. If the notes are to be useful they should be
Part 3: Using an academic style
clear and concise. When you read them again several months later you have to be able to make sense of
Part 4: Writing cohesively and them. Some students try to write down everything in a lecture. This is not a useful technique: it shows that
coherently they have failed to understand the purposes of a lecture.
Pronoun referencing
Identifying pronoun referencing Look at the reference pronouns below. Select the subject each reference pronoun refers to from the drop-down box. There are
Signpost words more subjects than needed. You may have to use one of the subjects more than once.
Identifying signposts
Identifying more signposts These Select...
Academic phrases
Identifying academic phrases
They (first occurence) Select...
Identifying academic phrases 2
Putting it all together
Them (first occurence) Select...
Summary
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively Them (second occurence) Select...
Practice Tests
Question Bank It Select...
Assessment Tasks
They (second occurence) Select...

Check

These: skills

They (first occurence): notes

Them (first occurence): notes

Them (second occurence): notes

It: technique

They (second occurence): students

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Signpost words
Writing Task 2 Another way of creating a cohesive and coherent text is the use of signposts. Signposts can be used to link your ideas
Task 2 Language Focus between sentences and paragraphs and within sentences. Signposts that link ideas within a sentence are usually called
conjunctions.
Part 1: Improving your range -
Grammar and Vocabulary Table 1 and 2 present some of the functions of signposts in a sentence.
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -
Grammar and Vocabulary It is not practical to list all the signpost words, so we will focus on those that are most commonly used.
Part 3: Using an academic style If you would like to print the tables on this page, click on the PDF link below.
Part 4: Writing cohesively and PDF version
coherently
Pronoun referencing Table 1 Signposts usually found at the beginning of the sentence
Identifying pronoun referencing
Function Signpost
Signpost words
Identifying signposts Introduce a new subject Regarding
Identifying more signposts With regard to
Academic phrases As regards
Concerning
Identifying academic phrases
Turning to
Identifying academic phrases 2
Putting it all together
Sequence ideas Firstly
Summary The most important reason
Part 5: Expressing your ideas Another reason
effectively Finally
Practice Tests
Question Bank Introduce a contrasting idea However
Assessment Tasks In contrast
On the other hand
Nevertheless
Although
Yet

Introduce a similar idea Likewise

Similarly

Add another idea Also

Moreover
Furthermore
In addition
Besides

Give an example For example

For instance

Give the cause Because of

Due to

Give the effect Therefore

As a result
As a consequence
Consequently
For this reason

Conclude your essay In conclusion

To sum up
In summary

Table 2 Signposts usually found within a sentence (conjunctions)

Function Signpost
Introduce a contrasting idea Cities are polluted, but/while/whereas the
countryside is not.
Give an example Urbanisation causes a lot of pollution
such as air, noise and water pollution.
Add another idea. Air pollution is caused by smoke from
factories and/as well as cars. 
Air pollution is caused by smoke from
 factories too/also.
Give the cause Cities are polluted because/as there is so
much smoke.
Give the effect There is a lot of smoke in cities so/so that
they become polluted.

Testimonial

"When I read an essay that uses signposts, I feel as if the writer has paid a lot of attention to the
organisation of the essay. The writer’s ideas are much clearer. On the other hand, if too many of
these words are used it seems unnatural."

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Identifying signposts
Writing Task 2 Let s look at an extract from an essay about the advantages and disadvantages of people living for 150 years. Signpost words
Task 2 Language Focus are underlined. Roll your mouse over the underlined words and you will see an alternative signpost.
Part 1: Improving your range - Note that some signposts do not have an alternative. Also, you must pay attention to the grammar when replacing one
Grammar and Vocabulary signpost with another.
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -
Grammar and Vocabulary Note that there is no alternative for and and such as .
Part 3: Using an academic style
Part 4: Writing cohesively and However, compared with the advantages, there are more disadvantages if people lived to 150.
coherently
Firstly, people might be unhealthy in their later years and may be afflicted by painful diseases such as arthritis.
Pronoun referencing Also, there may be ethical questions involved because an inflated elderly population would cause many
Identifying pronoun referencing problems for society. For example, it would place great strain on the social security system - a situation already
Signpost words developing in countries such as Japan. Finally, the overpopulation of the earth could result in catastrophic
damage to the earth's ecosystem. Similarly, it could lead to ecological disaster.
Identifying signposts
Identifying more signposts In conclusion, I believe that the disadvantages for people living to 150 years old far outweigh the
advantages. Therefore, this development would be a largely negative one for our society.
Academic phrases
Identifying academic phrases
Identifying academic phrases 2  
Putting it all together
Summary Activity 1 - Matching signpost words to their function
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively  
Practice Tests Here are the signposts used in the previous essay extract. Match each signpost word in the first column to its
Question Bank function in the second column.
Assessment Tasks
Signpost words Functions
a. however 1. give an example
b. firstly 2. introduce a similar idea
c. and 3. give an example
d. also 4. sequence ideas
e. because 5. sequence ideas
f. for example 6. show contrast
g. such as 7. conclude your essay
h. finally 8. add another idea
i. similarly 9. give the effect
j. in conclusion 10. give the cause
k. therefore 11. add another idea

Check

Signpost words Functions

a. however 6. show contrast
b. firstly 4. sequence ideas
c. and 8. add another idea
d. also 11. add another idea
e. because 10. give the cause
f. for example 1. give an example
g. such as 3. give an example
h. finally 5. sequence ideas
i. similarly 2. introduce a similar idea
j. in conclusion 7. conclude your essay
k. therefore 9. give the effect

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Writing Study Strategies Identifying more signposts
Writing Task 1
Let’s look at another extract, this time from a Problem Solution essay about people living to 150.
Writing Task 2
Task 2 Language Focus Click on the underlined signpost word and you will see an alternative signpost.
Part 1: Improving your range -
Grammar and Vocabulary Nevertheless, practical solutions to the above problems could be found. The government could increase the
Part 2: Improving your accuracy - retirement age, so that people are contributing tax for a longer period. Regarding the health of elderly people,
Grammar and Vocabulary although the government would have to spend more on specialist hospitals, they should be able to recoup
Part 3: Using an academic style their costs as elderly people are often the wealthiest members of the population, while younger people have
Part 4: Writing cohesively and not yet had the opportunity to make money. In education too, the government could introduce high fees to
coherently fund universities that serve older people. Besides more higher education institutions, a growth in the elderly
population could boost other types of education such as online education.
Pronoun referencing
Identifying pronoun referencing
Signpost words
Identifying signposts  
Identifying more signposts
Academic phrases Activity 2 - Matching signpost words to their function
Identifying academic phrases  
Identifying academic phrases 2
Here are the signpost words used in the above essay extract. Match the signpost word in the first column to
Putting it all together
its function in the second column.
Summary
Part 5: Expressing your ideas Signpost words Functions
effectively
Practice Tests a. nevertheless 1. introduce a new subject
Question Bank b. so that 2. give the cause
Assessment Tasks
c. regarding 3. show contrast
d. although 4. add another idea
e. as 5. add another idea
f. while 6. give an example
g. too 7. give the effect
h. besides 8. show contrast
i. such as 9. show contrast

Check

Signpost words Functions

a. nevertheless 3. show contrast
b. so that 7. give the effect
c. regarding 1. introduce a new subject
d. although 8. show contrast
e. as 2. give the cause
f. while 9. show contrast
g. too 4. add another idea
h. besides 5. add another idea
i. such as 6. give an example

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Academic phrases
Writing Task 2 A further way of achieving cohesion and coherence in your Task 2 essay is the use of academic phrases. An academic phrase
Task 2 Language Focus is a group of words that is used to draw the reader's attention to your ideas making your arguments and ideas clear.
Part 1: Improving your range - If you would like to print the tables on this page, click on the PDF link below.
Grammar and Vocabulary PDF version
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -
Grammar and Vocabulary Academic phrases are used to:
Part 3: Using an academic style
Give your opinion
Part 4: Writing cohesively and
coherently
Pronoun referencing I think
I feel
Identifying pronoun referencing
I believe smoking should be banned in all restaurants.
Signpost words I am of the opinion that
Identifying signposts It is my belief that
Identifying more signposts
Academic phrases
 
Identifying academic phrases
Identifying academic phrases 2 Show to what extent you agree/disagree with a statement
Putting it all together
Summary I firmly agree/disagree
that smoking should be banned in all
Part 5: Expressing your ideas I partially agree/disagree
restaurants.
effectively I totally agree/disagree
Practice Tests
Question Bank
 
Assessment Tasks
Give the opposite side of an argument

However, I would argue that everyone should be allowed to make

To counter this, I would say their own decision.

Give the opinion of others

Some people say that smoking in restaurants affects non-

Many people would argue smokers as much as smokers.

Give a solution to a problem

I would recommend that all restaurants have a special smoking

A good solution would be area.

Show the cause followed by the effect

Smoking causes cancer.

is the cause of
results in
is the reason for

Show the effect followed by the cause

Cancer is caused by smoking.

is due to
is the result of
is the consequence of

  
Make a prediction
 that restaurants will be forced to ban smoking in
I feel confident the future.
I am certain
I am sure

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Identifying academic phrases
Writing Task 2 Read the following extract from an argument essay about people living to 150. The academic phrases are highlighted.
Task 2 Language Focus
Part 1: Improving your range - Those people who believe in living a longer life would argue that there are significant advantages in favour of
Grammar and Vocabulary living to one hundred and fifty years old, such as having more time for a quality lifestyle and being able to
Part 2: Improving your accuracy - achieve more personal goals. To counter this, I would say that other more important issues such as poor
Grammar and Vocabulary quality of life due to ill health and limited world resources need to be considered. Therefore, I would strongly
Part 3: Using an academic style agree with the statement that living to one hundred and fifty years old would be a negative and dangerous
development for both our lives and our planet.
Part 4: Writing cohesively and
coherently
Pronoun referencing
Identifying pronoun referencing  
Signpost words
Identifying signposts Choosing the correct function of academic phrases
Identifying more signposts
 
Academic phrases
Identifying academic phrases Read the following sentences from the essay extract. Choose the correct function of each academic phrase
Identifying academic phrases 2 which is in bold. The first one has been done for you.
Putting it all together 1 Those people who believe in living a longer life would argue that there are significant advantages ...
Summary
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively A make a prediction
Practice Tests
Question Bank B show the cause
Assessment Tasks
C give the opinion of others

2 To counter this, I would say that other more important issues need to be considered.

A give the opposite side of an argument

B show to what extent you agree/disagree

C give a solution to a problem

3 I would strongly agree with the statement that living to one hundred and fifty years ...

A give the opposite side of an argument

B give your opinion

C show to what extent you agree/ disagree

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Identifying academic phrases 2
Writing Task 2 Read the following extract from an advantages/disadvantages essay about people living to 150. The academic phrases are
Task 2 Language Focus highlighted.
Part 1: Improving your range -
Grammar and Vocabulary However, compared with the advantages, there are more disadvantages if people lived for one hundred and
Part 2: Improving your accuracy - fifty years. Firstly, people might be unhealthy in their later years and may suffer from painful diseases such
Grammar and Vocabulary as arthritis. Additionally, an increasing older population would cause many problems for society. For
Part 3: Using an academic style example, it would place great pressure on the social welfare system - a situation already developing in
countries such as Japan. Finally, the overpopulation of the earth could result in damage to the earth’s
Part 4: Writing cohesively and
ecosystem and could lead to ecological disaster
coherently
Pronoun referencing In conclusion, I believe that the disadvantages for people living for one hundred and fifty years far outweigh
the advantages. Therefore, this development would be a largely negative one for our society.
Identifying pronoun referencing
Signpost words
Identifying signposts
Identifying more signposts  
Academic phrases
Identifying academic phrases Choosing alternative academic phrases
Identifying academic phrases 2  
Putting it all together
Summary Read the following sentences from the essay extract. Choose an alternative academic phrase for each
academic phrase which is in bold. The first one has been done for you.
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively 1 An inflated elderly population would cause many problems for society.
Practice Tests
Question Bank
A would result in
Assessment Tasks

B would be the result of

C would be caused by

2 The overpopulation of the earth could result in catastrophic damage to the earth’s ecosystem...

A could be due to

B could be the consequence of

C could be the reason for

3 ...and could lead to ecological disaster.

A could cause

B would be a solution to

C could be caused by

4 In conclusion, I believe that the disadvantages ...

A I would recommend that

B I am of the opinion that

C some people say

  

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Putting it all together
Writing Task 2
 
Task 2 Language Focus
Part 1: Improving your range - Look at the following paragraph. Some of the reference pronouns, signpost words and academic phrases have
Grammar and Vocabulary been left out. Select the appropriate words from the drop-down box. The first one has been done for you.
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -
Grammar and Vocabulary
Some people argue that it is not fair to use examinations to test a student’s understanding
Part 3: Using an academic style
and ability of a subject. A major reason for this is that select... measure only
Part 4: Writing cohesively and
coherently a small part of what a student knows. select... , they do not really show a
student’s ability. As a result, a good student may not perform well in an examination for
Pronoun referencing
unavoidable health reasons. select... , a headache can completely destroy
Identifying pronoun referencing
select... concentration. select... , it has been argued
Signpost words
that examinations are fair because they are the same for everyone, and that they are the easiest
Identifying signposts way of examining large numbers of students. However, these arguments have not persuaded
Identifying more signposts those who are against examinations. select... , there may not be
Academic phrases examinations in the future.
Identifying academic phrases
Identifying academic phrases 2
Check
Putting it all together
Summary
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively Some people argue that it is not fair to use examinations to test a student's understanding and ability
of a subject. A major reason for this is that they measure only a small part of what a student knows.
Practice Tests
Moreover, they do not really show a student's ability. As a result, a good student may not perform well
Question Bank in an examination for unavoidable health reasons. For example, a headache can completely destroy
Assessment Tasks their concentration. On the other hand, it has been argued that examinations are fair because they
are the same for everyone, and that they are the easiest way of examining large numbers of students.
However, these arguments have not persuaded those who are against examinations. Consequently,
there may not be examinations in the future.

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Expressing your ideas effectively
Writing Task 2 Your Writing Task 2 essay is assessed on how effectively you present your arguments, ideas and evidence. In this section, we
Task 2 Language Focus will look at how you can express your arguments and ideas effectively by using:
Part 1: Improving your range - modal verbs to express ideas:
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 2: Improving your accuracy - with certainty
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 3: Using an academic style tentatively.
Part 4: Writing cohesively and
coherently
quantifiers (words and phrases showing quantity) to:
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively avoid generalisations
Modal verbs
add further information.
Expressing ideas with certainty
Sample essay - Expressing ideas with The following pages will increase your awareness of the importance of these aspects of language in academic writing, and
certainty give examples of how this language can be used.
Expressing ideas tentatively
Expressing ideas tentatively about the
future
Sample essay - Express ideas
tentatively about the future
Using if-clauses to express ideas
tentatively about the future
Identifying possible or imaginary
future situations
Modal verbs - Summary chart
Giving suggestions / making © Access Macquarie Limited Proudly Supported by Support
recommendations
Modal verbs to give a strong
suggestion or recommendation
Modal verbs - suggestions or
recommendations
Quantifiers
Generalisations
Using quantifiers to avoid
generalizations
Adding further information
Using quantifiers to add further
information
Using modal verbs and quantifiers
Using modal verbs and quantifiers
Summary
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Modal verbs
Writing Task 2 Modal verbs are a type of auxiliary verb and include verbs such as: can, could, may, might, will, would, should, ought to, must.
Task 2 Language Focus
In this section we will look at how:
Part 1: Improving your range -
Grammar and Vocabulary can, could, may, might, would, will are used to express possibility
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -
Grammar and Vocabulary
could, should, ought to, must are used to give suggestions or make recommendations.
Part 3: Using an academic style
Part 4: Writing cohesively and We will also look at how these modal verbs express possibility, give suggestions and make recommendations
coherently
Part 5: Expressing your ideas with certainty
effectively
tentatively.
Modal verbs
Expressing ideas with certainty Using modal verbs in this way will help you to express your ideas in your Task 2 essay more effectively.
Sample essay - Expressing ideas with
Let's start by looking at how to express ideas with certainty.
certainty
Expressing ideas tentatively
Expressing ideas tentatively about the   
future
Sample essay - Express ideas
tentatively about the future
Using if-clauses to express ideas
tentatively about the future
Identifying possible or imaginary
future situations
Modal verbs - Summary chart
Giving suggestions / making © Access Macquarie Limited Proudly Supported by Support
recommendations
Modal verbs to give a strong
suggestion or recommendation
Modal verbs - suggestions or
recommendations
Quantifiers
Generalisations
Using quantifiers to avoid
generalizations
Adding further information
Using quantifiers to add further
information
Using modal verbs and quantifiers
Using modal verbs and quantifiers
Summary
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Expressing ideas with certainty
Writing Task 2 If you express your ideas with certainty, then you are expressing your ideas strongly.
Task 2 Language Focus
Expressing ideas strongly is common in an Argument essay. This is because an Argument essay requires you to present a
Part 1: Improving your range - strong argument for or against a particular viewpoint. In other words, you are trying to persuade the reader to agree with your
Grammar and Vocabulary viewpoint.
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 3: Using an academic style
Part 4: Writing cohesively and
Modal verbs to express ideas with certainty
coherently The modal verb will is often used to express an idea or situation the writer thinks is certain.
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively Let’s look at a sample paragraph from an Argument essay. Look at how the writer’s argument is expressed with certainty.
Modal verbs
Sample paragraph
Expressing ideas with certainty
Sample essay - Expressing ideas with
certainty Tropical logging in developing countries brings many long-term environmental risks. If
Expressing ideas tentatively logging is uncontrolled, deforestation, soil erosion and even climatic changes will occur.
Expressing ideas tentatively about the Until the governments realise the important role forests play in maintaining our natural
future environment, they will continue to exploit and destroy these forests.
Sample essay - Express ideas
tentatively about the future
Using if-clauses to express ideas
tentatively about the future
Identifying possible or imaginary In this paragraph, the modal verb will is used to:
future situations
Modal verbs - Summary chart express the writer’s ideas with certainty - the writer is certain that (a) deforestation, soil erosion and climatic changes
are a result of logging, and (b) governments will exploit and destroy forests
Giving suggestions / making
recommendations
persuade the reader to agree with the writer’s ideas - this is the purpose of an Argument essay.
Modal verbs to give a strong
suggestion or recommendation The modal verb can is also used to express an idea or situation the writer thinks is certain, and is commonly used in Argument
Modal verbs - suggestions or essays. However, it is not as strong as the modal verb will.
recommendations
Quantifiers   
Generalisations
Using quantifiers to avoid
generalizations
Adding further information
Using quantifiers to add further
information
Using modal verbs and quantifiers
Using modal verbs and quantifiers
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Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Sample essay - expressing ideas with certainty
Writing Task 2 Now let’s look at the following Task 2 Argument essay to see how the modal verbs will and can have been used to express
Task 2 Language Focus ideas with certainty.
Part 1: Improving your range - First read the Task 2 question for this essay.
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -
Grammar and Vocabulary Due to the influence of world-wide media such as television and computers, the gap between cultures is narrowing. The
introduction of this global culture is of great benefit to the world.
Part 3: Using an academic style
Part 4: Writing cohesively and To what extent do you agree with this viewpoint?
coherently
Part 5: Expressing your ideas This Argument essay question asks you to argue for or against the viewpoint that global culture benefits the world.
effectively
Modal verbs
Expressing ideas with certainty
Sample essay - Expressing ideas with Sample Argument essay
certainty The majority of people today share more information than they used to due to the internationalisation of
Expressing ideas tentatively the mass media. Some people believe this is closing the gap between cultures and is bringing many
Expressing ideas tentatively about the benefits worldwide. I agree with this statement for the following reasons.
future One advantage of world-wide media is that films, plays, music and sports events can be enjoyed and
Sample essay - Express ideas celebrated around the world. Many people believe that sharing these aspects will create a global culture
tentatively about the future that brings people closer together.
Using if-clauses to express ideas Another advantage of world-wide media is that issues such as human rights abuses become
tentatively about the future internationally recognised. Countries that try to keep these atrocities hidden are made public by the
Identifying possible or imaginary media. As a result, the globalisation of the media can help to raise people’s awareness of these issues
future situations and this may help to reduce or even eliminate the problem in the future.
Modal verbs - Summary chart In addition, the international media has provided a valuable educational tool for children and adults alike.
Giving suggestions / making Foreign television teams keep the public up-to-date with news and images of different cultures and ways
recommendations of life. Thus, people can educate themselves about these cultures not just by reading books but by
Modal verbs to give a strong watching news programs and documentaries. In this way, global culture will bring valuable educational
suggestion or recommendation benefits worldwide.
Modal verbs - suggestions or In conclusion, the international media serves to educate and involve people in cultural and political
recommendations issues. I therefore believe that the global culture created by this media has brought and will continue to
Quantifiers bring many benefits worldwide.
Generalisations
Using quantifiers to avoid
generalizations  
Adding further information Because this essay question asks you to argue for or against a particular viewpoint, the writer’s aim is to persuade the reader
Using quantifiers to add further to agree with his/her side of the argument. Therefore, the writer has used the modal verbs can and will more frequently than
information other types of modal verbs, to express ideas with certainty.
Using modal verbs and quantifiers
Using modal verbs and quantifiers   
Summary
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Expressing ideas tentatively
Writing Task 2 The word tentatively means 'carefully' or 'with caution'. Therefore, if you express your ideas tentatively, you are showing that
Task 2 Language Focus someting is possible, but not definite.
Part 1: Improving your range - Writers often present their ideas tentatively:
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 2: Improving your accuracy - if they want to avoid making a definite statement - a definite statement can sometimes sound too strong, especially in a
Grammar and Vocabulary Discussion essay
Part 3: Using an academic style
because it shows that the writer’s ideas are not the only ideas about the topic - other writers may have different ideas.
Part 4: Writing cohesively and
coherently
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively Modal verbs to express ideas tentatively
Modal verbs
Modal verbs such as may, might, can, could are often used to express ideas tentatively.
Expressing ideas with certainty
Sample essay - Expressing ideas with Expressing ideas tentatively is common in Discussion essay types. This is because a Discussion essay requires you to write
certainty about a topic from different viewpoints. Therefore, you should present your ideas tentatively to show that there are different
Expressing ideas tentatively viewpoints to the topic, not just your viewpoint.

Expressing ideas tentatively about the Let’s look at a sample paragraph from a Discussion essay. Look at how the writer has expressed their viewpoint tentatively.
future
Sample essay - Express ideas Sample paragraph
tentatively about the future
Using if-clauses to express ideas
tentatively about the future However, it is important that the disadvantages of tourism are not overlooked. One serious risk
of international travel is that it might spread contagious diseases. A foreign tourist, who has
Identifying possible or imaginary
become infected with a disease, could start an epidemic when they return home or travel to
future situations
other countries. The HIV virus is one example of a disease that has now become a worldwide
Modal verbs - Summary chart epidemic.
Giving suggestions / making
recommendations
Modal verbs to give a strong
suggestion or recommendation In this paragraph, the modal verbs might and could are used to:
Modal verbs - suggestions or introduce the possibility that these two disadvantages of tourism could happen
recommendations
Quantifiers express the writer’s ideas tentatively - the writer is not 100% definite that international travel (a) spreads contagious
Generalisations diseases or (b) causes epidemics.
Using quantifiers to avoid
generalizations   
Adding further information
Using quantifiers to add further
information
Using modal verbs and quantifiers
Using modal verbs and quantifiers
Summary
Practice Tests
Question Bank
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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Expressing ideas tentatively about the future
Writing Task 2 Some IELTS Task 2 questions ask you to write about the future.
Task 2 Language Focus
When writers express their ideas about the future, they often express them tentatively. This is because nobody can be 100%
Part 1: Improving your range - certain about what will happen in the future.
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 2: Improving your accuracy - The modal verbs may, might, could, would are often used to express ideas tentatively about the future.
Grammar and Vocabulary
Look at how some of these modal verbs have been used in the following paragraph.
Part 3: Using an academic style
Part 4: Writing cohesively and Sample paragraph
coherently
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively There are also some advantages to cloning. Many couples are desperate to have
Modal verbs children but are unable to have children naturally. Cloning may solve this problem.
Expressing ideas with certainty Cloning could also be used to create spare organs for surgery. Therefore, if you
needed a heart transplant, you could be given a spare heart which has been cloned in
Sample essay - Expressing ideas with an organ bank.
certainty
Expressing ideas tentatively
Expressing ideas tentatively about the
future
Sample essay - Express ideas In this paragraph, the writer has used the modal verbs may and could to:
tentatively about the future
present the possibility of these two advantages happening in the future
Using if-clauses to express ideas
tentatively about the future show that these ideas are tentative - the writer cannot be 100% definite that these ideas are possible in the future.
Identifying possible or imaginary
future situations
Modal verbs - Summary chart   
Giving suggestions / making
recommendations
Modal verbs to give a strong
suggestion or recommendation
Modal verbs - suggestions or
recommendations
Quantifiers
Generalisations
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Using quantifiers to avoid
generalizations
Adding further information
Using quantifiers to add further
information
Using modal verbs and quantifiers
Using modal verbs and quantifiers
Summary
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks
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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Sample essay - expressing ideas tentatively about
Writing Task 2
Task 2 Language Focus
the future
Part 1: Improving your range - Now let's look at a sample Task 2 Discussion essay to see how modal verbs have been used to express ideas tentatively about
Grammar and Vocabulary the future.
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -
First read the Task 2 question for this essay.
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 3: Using an academic style
Part 4: Writing cohesively and Soon it may be scientifically possible to clone humans.
coherently What are the advantages and disadvantages of this?
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively
This Discussion essay question asks you to write about the advantages and disadvantages of human cloning (which may be
Modal verbs possible in the near future).
Expressing ideas with certainty
Sample essay - Expressing ideas with
certainty
Expressing ideas tentatively Sample discussion essay
Expressing ideas tentatively about the Over the past hundred years modern science has advanced faster than ever before. One hundred years
future ago people were only just starting to use electricity and scientists had not yet discovered antibiotics.
Sample essay - Express ideas Now as a result of medical science, human cloning will soon be possible. This essay will discuss some
tentatively about the future drawbacks and benefits of cloning humans.
Using if-clauses to express ideas Many people disagree with the idea of cloning humans because they feel that the world is already facing
tentatively about the future overpopulation. Cloning could increase the seriousness of this problem if no restrictions were enforced.
Identifying possible or imaginary Human cloning might also be used to duplicate powerful politicians or dictators. This could be terrible for
future situations some populations that then have no way of ending powerful dictatorships and regimes. What is more,
Modal verbs - Summary chart some leaders may try to make a master race or a population that only has qualities that they consider
desirable. This type of technology could be very dangerous if used for purposes such as these.
Giving suggestions / making
recommendations However, there are also some benefits to human cloning. Some couples are desperate to start a family
Modal verbs to give a strong but are unable to have children naturally. Cloning may solve this problem. Cloning could also be used for
suggestion or recommendation medical purposes, for example, to create spare organs for surgery. Therefore, if you needed a heart
transplant, you could be given a spare heart which has been cloned in an organ bank.
Modal verbs - suggestions or
recommendations In conclusion, human cloning offers many possibilities to improve our health and lifestyle yet also brings
Quantifiers many risks if not strictly controlled. In my opinion, the disadvantages of cloning mentioned above
outweigh the advantages. Therefore, scientists should think very carefully before cloning humans.
Generalisations
Using quantifiers to avoid
generalizations
 
Adding further information
Using quantifiers to add further In this essay, may, might, could, are used to express ideas tentatively and should is used to make a recommendation in the
information conclusion.
Using modal verbs and quantifiers
The writer has expressed their ideas tentatively because:
Using modal verbs and quantifiers
Summary it is a Discussion essay - therefore the writer has considered many different viewpoints and ideas
Practice Tests
the writer cannot be 100% sure that these ideas are possible in the future.
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks
  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Using if-clauses to express ideas tentatively about the future
Writing Task 2 The modal verbs could, may, might are often used with if-clauses to express ideas tentatively about the future.
Task 2 Language Focus
Look at the following examples.
Part 1: Improving your range -
Grammar and Vocabulary Example sentences
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -
Grammar and Vocabulary a. If you needed a heart transplant, you could be given a spare heart which has been cloned in an organ bank.
Part 3: Using an academic style
b. If scientists spent more time studying new species of rainforest plants, they might find a cure for cancer.
Part 4: Writing cohesively and
coherently
c. If governments spent extra money on space research, it may one day be possible to live on another planet.
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively
Modal verbs
Expressing ideas with certainty
Using if-clauses to express ideas about the future which are more certain
Sample essay - Expressing ideas with The modal verbs would and will are often used with if-clauses to express ideas about the future which are more certain.
certainty
Expressing ideas tentatively Look at the following examples.
Expressing ideas tentatively about the
future Example sentences
Sample essay - Express ideas d. If people lived for two hundred years, their body organs would start to deteriorate.
tentatively about the future
Using if-clauses to express ideas e. If governments cannot control logging, the result will be deforestation, soil erosion and even climatic changes.
tentatively about the future
Let’s look at the sentence structure for these sentences. Sentences (a), (b), (c) and (d) have the same structure. They all use an
Identifying possible or imaginary if-clause with past tense, and a modal verb.
future situations
Modal verbs - Summary chart
Giving suggestions / making
recommendations
Modal verbs to give a strong
suggestion or recommendation
Modal verbs - suggestions or
recommendations
Quantifiers
Sentences (a), (b) and (c) express tentative ideas about the future because they use the modal verbs could, may, might.
Generalisations
Using quantifiers to avoid Sentences (d) and (e) express certain ideas about the future. They use the modal verbs will and would.
generalizations
However, sentence (e) has a different structure. It uses an if-clause with present tense, and a modal verb.
Adding further information
Using quantifiers to add further
information
Using modal verbs and quantifiers
Using modal verbs and quantifiers
Summary
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks Note that will is used to express an idea that the writer believes is certain in the future, while would is often used in situations
that are not real or are imaginary.

For example, we do not know if:

human cloning

finding a cure for cancer

living on another planet

living for 200 years

are possible in the future. Therefore, we use past tense and would.

However, we know that:

deforestation

soil erosion

climatic changes

are possible now and in the future. Therefore, we use present tense and will.

  
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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity – Identifying possible or imaginary future situations
Writing Task 2
 
Task 2 Language Focus
Part 1: Improving your range -  
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 2: Improving your accuracy - Look at the following sentences and decide if (A) we know it is possible in the future, or (B) it is an imaginary situation.
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 3: Using an academic style 1 If every person in the world started to recycle items such as paper, glass and plastic, then the products made from
Part 4: Writing cohesively and these materials would be much cheaper.
coherently
A We know it is possible in the future
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively B It is an imaginary situation
Modal verbs
Expressing ideas with certainty  
Sample essay - Expressing ideas with 2 If robots continue to replace people in factories, many employees will be forced to learn new skills in order to find
certainty other employment.
Expressing ideas tentatively
A We know it is possible in the future
Expressing ideas tentatively about the
future B It is an imaginary situation
Sample essay - Express ideas
tentatively about the future  
Using if-clauses to express ideas 3 If the government allowed teenagers to buy guns, there would be a dramatic increase in shooting related crime.
tentatively about the future
Identifying possible or imaginary A We know it is possible in the future
future situations
B It is an imaginary situation
Modal verbs - Summary chart
Giving suggestions / making
recommendations
  
Modal verbs to give a strong
suggestion or recommendation
Modal verbs - suggestions or
recommendations
Quantifiers
Generalisations
Using quantifiers to avoid
generalizations
Adding further information © Access Macquarie Limited Proudly Supported by Support
Using quantifiers to add further
information
Using modal verbs and quantifiers
Using modal verbs and quantifiers
Summary
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Modal verbs - Summary chart
Writing Task 2 The following chart shows modal verbs which express ideas that are (a) tentative, (b) less tentative and (c) certain.
Task 2 Language Focus
Part 1: Improving your range - might, could, may tentative
Grammar and Vocabulary can less tentative
Part 2: Improving your accuracy - will, would certain
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 3: Using an academic style
Part 4: Writing cohesively and  
coherently
Part 5: Expressing your ideas Activity - Identifying ideas that are tentative, less tentative or certain
effectively
Modal verbs  
Expressing ideas with certainty
Read the following ideas and decide which ones are (A) tentative, (B) less tentative or (C) certain. The first
Sample essay - Expressing ideas with one has been done for you.
certainty
Expressing ideas tentatively 1 With the development of science and technology, it might be possible for people to live for 200 years in the near future.
Expressing ideas tentatively about the The correct answer is (a) tentative. The modal verbs may, might, could are used to express an idea tentatively.
future
Sample essay - Express ideas Now you try!
tentatively about the future
Using if-clauses to express ideas
tentatively about the future 2 The overpopulation of the earth may result in catastrophic changes to the earth’s ecosystem and could lead to
Identifying possible or imaginary ecological disaster.
future situations
A tentative
Modal verbs - Summary chart
Giving suggestions / making B less tentative
recommendations
C certain
Modal verbs to give a strong
suggestion or recommendation
 
Modal verbs - suggestions or
recommendations 3 Many people agree that stricter laws to control gun ownership will reduce the amount of shooting related crimes.
Quantifiers A tentative
Generalisations
Using quantifiers to avoid B less tentative
generalizations
C certain
Adding further information
Using quantifiers to add further  
information
4 Continual change and development of technology may lead to a change in traditional culture.
Using modal verbs and quantifiers
Using modal verbs and quantifiers A tentative
Summary
B less tentative
Practice Tests
Question Bank C certain
Assessment Tasks
 
5 Government spending on art and entertainment can enrich many aspects of our culture.

A tentative

B less tentative

C certain

 
6 If people do not replace their clothes or cars every few years with a newer model, manufacturing industries will go
bankrupt because of lack of demand.

A tentative

B less tentative

C certain

 
7 If we do not continue to protect our natural environment, some plant and animal species might not survive
beyond this decade.


A tentative

B less tentative
 C certain

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Giving suggestions/making recommendations
Writing Task 2 Giving suggestions or making recommendations is a requirement in Task 2 Problem-Solution essays.
Task 2 Language Focus
Problem-Solution essays require you to explain a problem and then offer some solutions or suggestions to this problem. You
Part 1: Improving your range - may also give a recommendation in the conclusion of your essay. You can express your solutions, suggestions and
Grammar and Vocabulary recommendations tentatively or with certainty.
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 3: Using an academic style
Part 4: Writing cohesively and
Modal verbs to give suggestions or make recommendations tentatively
coherently Modal verbs such as could, ought to, should are often used to give suggestions or make recommendations tentatively.
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively Look at how the modal verbs could and should have been used in the following paragraph.
Modal verbs
Sample paragraph
Expressing ideas with certainty
Sample essay - Expressing ideas with
certainty One of the major problems today is that natural resources such as coal and oil
Expressing ideas tentatively are not renewable and are running out extremely quickly. It is therefore
Expressing ideas tentatively about the important to reduce the quantity of natural resources used. The most obvious
future way of doing this is to be more economical. For example, the government
should encourage people to drive smaller cars, and cars could be adapted to
Sample essay - Express ideas
use petrol more efficiently. Moreover, people should use public transport
tentatively about the future
whenever possible. This could be done by taxing cars heavily and using this
Using if-clauses to express ideas money to improve the quality of public transport.
tentatively about the future
Identifying possible or imaginary
future situations In this paragraph, the writer has used the modal verbs should and could:
Modal verbs - Summary chart to give tentative suggestions and recommendations on how to reduce the quantity of natural resources currently used
Giving suggestions / making
recommendations to show that there are other possible suggestions and recommendations that the writer has not included - other writers
Modal verbs to give a strong may have different suggestions and recommendations.
suggestion or recommendation
Note that should is less tentative than could when giving suggestions or making recommendations.
Modal verbs - suggestions or
recommendations
Quantifiers   
Generalisations
Using quantifiers to avoid
generalizations
Adding further information
Using quantifiers to add further
information
Using modal verbs and quantifiers
Using modal verbs and quantifiers
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Summary
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Modal verbs to give a strong suggestion or recommendation
Writing Task 2 The modal verb must is used to give a strong suggestion or recommendation.
Task 2 Language Focus Look at how must is used in the following sentence.
Part 1: Improving your range -
Grammar and Vocabulary Encouraging people to save energy is only a very small step towards saving our resources. In the long term the government
Part 2: Improving your accuracy - must find alternative sources of power.
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 3: Using an academic style In this sentence, the writer has used the modal verb must:
Part 4: Writing cohesively and
coherently to give a strong recommendation (must find alternative sources of power)
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively to show that this recommendation is very important and perhaps the most important recommendation in the essay.
Modal verbs Now let’s look at a sample Task 2 Problem-Solution essay to see how modal verbs have been used to give suggestions or
Expressing ideas with certainty make recommendations.
Sample essay - Expressing ideas with
First read the Task 2 question for this essay.
certainty
Expressing ideas tentatively
Expressing ideas tentatively about the During the last century, the phenomenal popularity of cars has meant that the world’s environment is now at risk. Some
future scientists, for example, claim that motor vehicles have been responsible for the temperature of the world rising by several
degrees during the last few decades.
Sample essay - Express ideas
tentatively about the future What motivates people to buy cars and what can we do to stop people from buying them?
Using if-clauses to express ideas
tentatively about the future This Problem-Solution essay question asks you to explain why people buy cars, and suggest ways to stop people from buying
Identifying possible or imaginary cars.
future situations
Modal verbs - Summary chart
Giving suggestions / making
recommendations Sample Problem-Solution essay
Modal verbs to give a strong Most people now use cars as their main form of transport. However, scientists claim that the pollution
suggestion or recommendation from cars is causing environmental problems. This essay will examine why cars are so popular and what
Modal verbs - suggestions or can be done to discourage people from buying them.
recommendations People choose to buy cars because they are a convenient method of transport. For example, while on
Quantifiers holiday, people who own a car can easily travel to destinations that are not accessible by public transport.
Generalisations Thus, there are no limitations on where and when to travel, and they do not have to worry about bookings
Using quantifiers to avoid and timetables. People also buy cars because using them can be more economical than paying for public
generalizations transport. For instance, it is often cheaper for families or couples to travel in the same car than to pay
bus or train fares for each adult or child.
Adding further information
Using quantifiers to add further In order to stop people from buying cars, they should be encouraged to use public transport. One way to
information do this is to improve existing transport systems by making services cheaper and more frequent. Another
way is to introduce or extend existing underground transport systems so commuters can avoid traffic
Using modal verbs and quantifiers problems. In addition, councils could enforce higher parking fees or charge people to drive into city areas.
Using modal verbs and quantifiers This is being done in some cities in England where drivers display a special sticker to show that they
Summary have paid to enter a city area.
Practice Tests To sum up, cars are popular because they are a convenient and economical method of transport. In order
Question Bank to reduce the problems this may cause to the environment, governments must give serious consideration
to ways in which citizens can be encouraged to use alternative transport that is less damaging to the
Assessment Tasks
environment.
(289 words)

In this Problem-Solution essay, the writer has used the modal verbs should and could to give tentative suggestions, and has
used the modal verb must to give a strong recommendation in the conclusion.

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Modal verbs - suggestions or recommendations
Writing Task 2 The following chart shows modal verbs to give suggestions or make recommendations that are (a) tentative, (c) less tentative
Task 2 Language Focus and (c) strong.
Part 1: Improving your range -
Grammar and Vocabulary could tentative
Part 2: Improving your accuracy - should, ought to less tentative
Grammar and Vocabulary must strong
Part 3: Using an academic style
Part 4: Writing cohesively and
coherently  
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively Activity - Giving suggestions or recommendations
Modal verbs
Expressing ideas with certainty  
Sample essay - Expressing ideas with  
certainty
Expressing ideas tentatively Use the following ideas to write (a) tentative (b) less tentative or (c) strong suggestions or recommendations. The first one
has been done for you.
Expressing ideas tentatively about the
future
Example
Sample essay - Express ideas
tentatively about the future 1 Smoking / banned in all public places (less tentative suggestion or recommendation)
Using if-clauses to express ideas
tentatively about the future Answer: Smoking should/ought to be banned in all public places.
Identifying possible or imaginary Should and ought to can be used to make less tentative suggestions or recommendations.
future situations
Modal verbs - Summary chart
Giving suggestions / making Now you try!
recommendations
Modal verbs to give a strong
suggestion or recommendation
Modal verbs - suggestions or 2 Politicians select adopt policies that benefit the lives of their people. (strong suggestion or
recommendations recommendation)
Quantifiers 3 People select be forced to drive smaller cars, and cars select be adapted to use
Generalisations petrol as efficiently as possible. (less tentative suggestion or recommendation)
Using quantifiers to avoid
4 In the long term, alternative sources of power select be found. (strong suggestion or
generalizations
recommendation)
Adding further information
Using quantifiers to add further 5 Traffic congestion in large cities select be solved by taxing private cars. (tentative suggestion or
information recommendation)
Using modal verbs and quantifiers
Using modal verbs and quantifiers
Check
Summary
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks 2. Politicians must adopt policies that benefit the lives of their people. (strong suggestion or
recommendation)

3. People should, ought to be forced to drive smaller cars, and cars should, ought to be adapted to
use petrol as efficiently as possible. (less tentative suggestion or recommendation)

4. In the long term, alternative sources of power must be found. (strong suggestion or
recommendation)

5. Traffic congestion in large cities could be solved by taxing private cars. (tentative suggestion or
recommendation)

So far we have looked at how modal verbs can be used in academic writing to express ideas more effectively.

In the next section, we look at how quantifiers (words and phrases that show quantity) can be used in academic writing to
avoid generalisations.

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Quantifiers
Writing Task 2 As we have seen, modal verbs can be used in academic writing to help you express your ideas and arguments effectively. As
Task 2 Language Focus well, using quantifiers helps to express ideas in an effective way. Quantifiers are words and phrases that indicate quantity.
Examples of these include a few, some, many and most.
Part 1: Improving your range -
Grammar and Vocabulary In academic writing quantifiers are often used to:
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -
Grammar and Vocabulary avoid generalisations
Part 3: Using an academic style
add further information.
Part 4: Writing cohesively and
coherently
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively Avoiding generalisations
Modal verbs
Generalisations are statements that are too general. They are usually incorrect because they do not apply to all situations or
Expressing ideas with certainty all people.
Sample essay - Expressing ideas with
certainty Look at the following examples.
Expressing ideas tentatively
a. Internet sites provide reliable and current information to the public.
Expressing ideas tentatively about the
future b. Some Internet sites provide reliable and current information to the public.
Sample essay - Express ideas
tentatively about the future Statement (a) is a generalisation. It does not use a quantifier and therefore indicates that:
Using if-clauses to express ideas (all) Internet sites provide reliable and current information to the public.
tentatively about the future
Identifying possible or imaginary Of course, this statement is incorrect.
future situations
Modal verbs - Summary chart Statement (b) is not a generalisation because it uses the quantifier some. Therefore, this statement is true - we know that
some Internet sites are reliable and current.
Giving suggestions / making
recommendations Below are some other examples of quantifiers which will help you avoid generalisations in your Task 2 essay.
Modal verbs to give a strong
suggestion or recommendation
Very large quantities innumerable
Modal verbs - suggestions or
recommendations countless
Quantifiers
Generalisations Large quantities much (of)
Using quantifiers to avoid many (of)
generalizations a great deal of
Adding further information a large number of
Using quantifiers to add further a large proportion of
information
Using modal verbs and quantifiers
Using modal verbs and quantifiers Small quantities a few
Summary some
several
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks Very small quantities few
little
not many
a small number of
a small proportion of

Let's now look more closely at how you can avoid generalisations in academic writing.

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Generalisations
Writing Task 2 Let’s look at a paragraph that contains generalisations.
Task 2 Language Focus
Part 1: Improving your range - Countries encourage consumer spending and consumption as it stimulates economic growth and provides people with jobs.
Grammar and Vocabulary However, the products purchased are thrown away after a few months’ use. This is a problem because our natural resources
Part 2: Improving your accuracy - are finite.
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 3: Using an academic style Were you able to identify the generalisations in the paragraph above?
Part 4: Writing cohesively and
coherently Now let's look at how quantifiers (words and phrases showing quantity) can be used to avoid generalisations.
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively Some countries encourage consumer spending and consumption as it stimulates economic growth and provides a large
Modal verbs number of people with jobs. However, many of the products purchased are thrown away after a few months’ use. This is a
Expressing ideas with certainty problem because our natural resources are finite.
Sample essay - Expressing ideas with
certainty This paragraph is effective because it avoids generalisations by using quantifiers.
Expressing ideas tentatively
Note that quantifiers are like adjectives and come before the noun.
Expressing ideas tentatively about the
future
Sample essay - Express ideas   
tentatively about the future
Using if-clauses to express ideas
tentatively about the future
Identifying possible or imaginary
future situations
Modal verbs - Summary chart
Giving suggestions / making
recommendations
Modal verbs to give a strong © Access Macquarie Limited Proudly Supported by Support
suggestion or recommendation
Modal verbs - suggestions or
recommendations
Quantifiers
Generalisations
Using quantifiers to avoid
generalizations
Adding further information
Using quantifiers to add further
information
Using modal verbs and quantifiers
Using modal verbs and quantifiers
Summary
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity – Using quantifiers to avoid generalisations
Writing Task 2
 
Task 2 Language Focus
Part 1: Improving your range -  
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 2: Improving your accuracy - Read the following sentences which are generalisations. Change them into effective statements by using quantifiers. The first
Grammar and Vocabulary one has been done for you.
Part 3: Using an academic style
Example
Part 4: Writing cohesively and
coherently 1 Developed countries are unwilling to send food to areas affected by hunger because it is uneconomical.
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively Many/most developed countries are unwilling to send food to areas
affected by hunger because it is uneconomical.
Modal verbs
Expressing ideas with certainty
Sample essay - Expressing ideas with
certainty
Expressing ideas tentatively Now you try!
Expressing ideas tentatively about the
future
Sample essay - Express ideas 2 Traffic congestion in cities is a major problem for countries.
tentatively about the future
Using if-clauses to express ideas
tentatively about the future
Identifying possible or imaginary
future situations Check
Modal verbs - Summary chart
Giving suggestions / making
recommendations
Suggested answer:
Modal verbs to give a strong
suggestion or recommendation Traffic congestion in cities is a major problem for many/most/a large number of countries.
Modal verbs - suggestions or
recommendations
Quantifiers
Generalisations  
Using quantifiers to avoid
3 People would disagree that excessive consumption of fast foods can lead to obesity.
generalizations
Adding further information
Using quantifiers to add further
information
Using modal verbs and quantifiers
Check
Using modal verbs and quantifiers
Summary
Practice Tests
Suggested answer:
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks Few people would disagree that excessive consumption of fast foods can lead to obesity.

4 Jobs are unproductive and a waste of time.

Check

Suggested answer:

Some/a few jobs are unproductive and a waste of time.

5 Australians participate in various types of sporting activities.


Check

Suggested answer:

A large proportion of/many Australians participate in various types of sporting activities.

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Adding further information
Writing Task 2 As we have seen, using quantifiers in academic writing helps us to avoid making generalisations. Another advantage of using
Task 2 Language Focus quantifiers is that they add further information which indicates quantity, therefore making your writing more effective.
Part 1: Improving your range - Look at the following recommendations and decide which one is more effective.
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 2: Improving your accuracy - a. Money should be allocated to discovering alternative ways of treating people addicted to drugs.
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 3: Using an academic style b. A large amount of money should be allocated to discovering alternative ways of treating people addicted to drugs.
Part 4: Writing cohesively and The second recommendation is more effective because it uses a quantifier a large amount of which adds further information
coherently to the noun money.
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively Look at the following paragraph. Note how the quantifiers add further information and therefore present each idea more
Modal verbs effectively.
Expressing ideas with certainty
There have been innumerable cases throughout history where a change in
Sample essay - Expressing ideas with technology has not lead to a change in traditional culture. For example, when
certainty farmers all around the world started using machines instead of animals to plough
Expressing ideas tentatively their fields, much of their productivity and lifestyle improved, but there was little
Expressing ideas tentatively about the change in their behaviour, beliefs and customs. The technology was incorporated
future into their traditional culture without changing it.
Sample essay - Express ideas
tentatively about the future
Using if-clauses to express ideas
tentatively about the future
  
Identifying possible or imaginary
future situations
Modal verbs - Summary chart
Giving suggestions / making
recommendations
Modal verbs to give a strong
suggestion or recommendation
Modal verbs - suggestions or
recommendations
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Quantifiers
Generalisations
Using quantifiers to avoid
generalizations
Adding further information
Using quantifiers to add further
information
Using modal verbs and quantifiers
Using modal verbs and quantifiers
Summary
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks

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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity – Using quantifiers to add further information
Writing Task 2
 
Task 2 Language Focus
Part 1: Improving your range -  
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 2: Improving your accuracy - Make the following sentences more effective by using quantifiers. The first one has been done for you as an example.
Grammar and Vocabulary
1 Research is necessary in order to determine how television violence affects young children.
Part 3: Using an academic style
Part 4: Writing cohesively and A great deal of /much research is necessary in order to determine how
coherently television violence affects young children.
Part 5: Expressing your ideas
effectively
Modal verbs
Expressing ideas with certainty Now you try!
Sample essay - Expressing ideas with
certainty
2 Older employees contribute their knowledge and expertise to the younger workforce.
Expressing ideas tentatively
Expressing ideas tentatively about the
future
Sample essay - Express ideas
tentatively about the future
Using if-clauses to express ideas Check
tentatively about the future
Identifying possible or imaginary
future situations
Modal verbs - Summary chart Suggested answer:
Giving suggestions / making
Many / Some older employees contribute a great deal of / a large amount of / much of their
recommendations
knowledge and expertise to the younger workforce.
Modal verbs to give a strong
suggestion or recommendation
Modal verbs - suggestions or
recommendations  
Quantifiers
Generalisations 3 Air pollution is created by traffic congestion in cities.
Using quantifiers to avoid
generalizations
Adding further information
Using quantifiers to add further
information
Check
Using modal verbs and quantifiers
Using modal verbs and quantifiers
Summary
Suggested answer:
Practice Tests
Question Bank A great deal of / a large amount of air pollution is created by traffic congestion in cities.
Assessment Tasks

4 Consumer spending and consumption stimulate economic growth and provide people with jobs.

Check

Suggested answer:

Consumer spending and consumption stimulate economic growth and provide many / a large
number of people with jobs.

  
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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Using modal verbs and quantifiers
Writing Task 2 Now let’s look at the following Task 2 Argument essay to see how ideas have been expressed effectively using modal verbs
Task 2 Language Focus and quantifiers.
Part 1: Improving your range - First read the Task 2 question for this essay.
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 2: Improving your accuracy -
Grammar and Vocabulary In the future, it may be possible for people to live for 150 years. This is a largely negative development with dangerous
effects on our society.
Part 3: Using an academic style
Part 4: Writing cohesively and To what extent do you agree with this statement?
coherently
Part 5: Expressing your ideas This Argument essay question asks you to argue for or against the viewpoint that living for 150 years will have a dangerous
effectively effect on our society.
Modal verbs
Expressing ideas with certainty
Sample essay - Expressing ideas with
certainty Sample Argument essay
Expressing ideas tentatively To live a longer life has been a dream for countless years. Yet if science delivers this development to
Expressing ideas tentatively about the humankind, it could be a disaster for life on earth. This essay will argue that living a longer life is a
future negative development for both individuals and for society as a whole.
Sample essay - Express ideas People who believe in living a longer life argue that there are many advantages such as more time for a
tentatively about the future quality lifestyle and to achieve more personal goals. However, some people argue that other more
Using if-clauses to express ideas important issues such as poor quality of life due to ill health and limited world resources need to be
tentatively about the future considered.
Identifying possible or imaginary For individual quality of life, living for one hundred and fifty years might be more of a liability than an
future situations advantage. If people lived to an extreme age their body organs could start to deteriorate and they may
Modal verbs - Summary chart feel unhealthy for many years. They may also have to live with long periods of illnesses such as arthritis
Giving suggestions / making that are common among elderly people.
recommendations From a more practical point of view, problems could occur when increasing numbers of elderly people
Modal verbs to give a strong begin to rely on the welfare system. We have already seen a similar situation in Japan, where a small
suggestion or recommendation number of young people have to pay large amounts of tax to support an increasing elderly population. In
Modal verbs - suggestions or addition, there could be a serious decline in world resources if people lived longer. As it is, there is barely
recommendations enough water for the present population of the world.
Quantifiers Therefore, I strongly agree with the statement that living for two hundred years is a negative and
Generalisations dangerous development for both individuals and for our planet.
Using quantifiers to avoid
generalizations
Adding further information
  
Using quantifiers to add further
information
Using modal verbs and quantifiers
Using modal verbs and quantifiers
Summary
Practice Tests
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks
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Writing Study Strategies
Writing Task 1 Activity - Using modal verbs and quantifiers
Writing Task 2
 
Task 2 Language Focus
Part 1: Improving your range - Look at the following sentences from the previous essay and choose the correct answer for each.
Grammar and Vocabulary
Part 2: Improving your accuracy - 1 Some people argue that other more important issues such as poor quality of life due to ill health and limited world resources
Grammar and Vocabulary need to be considered.
Part 3: Using an academic style
Part 4: Writing cohesively and A expressing an idea which is certain.
coherently
Part 5: Expressing your ideas B expressing an idea tentatively
effectively
Modal verbs C avoiding a generalisation / adding further information
Expressing ideas with certainty
Sample essay - Expressing ideas with
certainty Feedback
Expressing ideas tentatively
Expressing ideas tentatively about the
future Answer: C In this sentence the quantifier some is used to avoid a generalisation and indicate quantity.
Sample essay - Express ideas Without this quantifier, the sentence would mean "All people argue that..."
tentatively about the future
Using if-clauses to express ideas
tentatively about the future
Identifying possible or imaginary  
future situations
Modal verbs - Summary chart 2 We have already seen a similar situation in Japan, where a small number of young people have to pay large amounts of tax.
Giving suggestions / making
recommendations A expressing an idea which is certain.
Modal verbs to give a strong
suggestion or recommendation B expressing an idea tentatively
Modal verbs - suggestions or
recommendations C avoiding a generalisation / adding further information
Quantifiers
Generalisations Feedback
Using quantifiers to avoid
generalizations
Adding further information
Answer: C In this sentence, the phrase a small number of is used to avoid a generalisation and
Using quantifiers to add further indicate quantity. Without this quantifier, the sentence would mean: "... in Japan, where all young
information people have to pay tax." The phrase large amounts of , though, adds further information to be more
Using modal verbs and quantifiers specific.
Using modal verbs and quantifiers
Summary
Practice Tests
 
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks 3 If people lived to an extreme age their body organs could start to deteriorate and they may feel unhealthy.

A expressing an idea which is certain.

B expressing an idea tentatively

C avoiding a generalisation / adding further information

Feedback

Answer: B In this sentence, the modal verbs could and may are used with an if-clause to express an
idea tentatively about the future.

4 Yet if science delivers this development to humankind, it could be a disaster for life on earth

A expressing an idea which is certain.

B expressing an idea tentatively 

C avoiding a generalisation / adding further information
 

5 For individual quality of life, living for one hundred and fifty years might be more of a liability than an advantage.

A expressing an idea which is certain.

B expressing an idea tentatively

C avoiding a generalisation / adding further information

  

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Writing Practice Test 1
Task 1 Language Focus Task 1
Writing Task 2 We recommend that you write an answer to each question using all the skills you have learnt in Steps 1 to 6 of the GT Writing
Task 2 Language Focus Task 1 module. Remember to time yourself – you should take only twenty minutes.
Practice Tests
When you have finished, assess your answer using the four assessment categories we looked at in Step 6 (Task Achievement,
Writing Practice Test 1 Coherence and Cohesion, Lexical Resource and Grammatical Range and Accuracy).
Writing Practice Test 2
Click on the button below to use the four assessment categories to assess your answer.
Writing Practice Test 3
Writing Practice Test 4
View Assessment Categories
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks
TIME GIVEN

20 minutes
TIME REMAINING

Start reset

You are interested in enrolling in a cooking class at a local college and would like a friend to come with
you.
Write a letter to your friend.  In your letter

say where and when the class will be held

give reasons why you think your friend might be interested
suggest a time and place to meet to discuss the idea

Write at least 150 words.

You do NOT need to write any addresses.
Begin your letter as follows:
Dear…

Write your answer in the box below. When you have finished writing your answer, click on the Check button to see the sample
answer. Compare your answer to the sample answer provided. Remember that your answer will not be exactly the same as the
sample answer, but it should achieve all elements of the assessment criteria.

0 words written (at least 150 words expected)

Check

Task 2
We recommend that you write an answer to the question below using all the skills you have learnt in Steps 1 to 7. Remember to
time yourself – you should take only forty minutes.

Click on the button below to use the four assessment categories to assess your answer.
 View Assessment Categories

TIME GIVEN

40 minutes
TIME REMAINING

Start reset

Write about the following topic:

There has been a dramatic growth in the number of people studying at universities in the last few
decades. While some people see this as a positive trend which raises the general level of education
within the community, others fear that it is lowering the quality of education.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the increase in student numbers at university?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Write at least 250 words.

Write your answer in the box below. When you have finished writing your answer, click on the Check button to see the sample
answer. Compare your answer to the sample answer provided. Remember that your answer will not be exactly the same as the
sample answer, but it should achieve all elements of the assessment criteria.

0 words written (at least 250 words expected)

Check

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Writing Practice Test 2
Task 1 Language Focus Task 1
Writing Task 2 We recommend that you write an answer to each question using all the skills you have learnt in Steps 1 to 6 of the GT Writing
Task 2 Language Focus Task 1 module. Remember to time yourself – you should take only twenty minutes.
Practice Tests
When you have finished, assess your answer using the four assessment categories we looked at in Step 6 (Task Achievement,
Writing Practice Test 1 Coherence and Cohesion, Lexical Resource and Grammatical Range and Accuracy).
Writing Practice Test 2
Click on the button below to use the four assessment categories to assess your answer.
Writing Practice Test 3
Writing Practice Test 4
View Assessment Categories
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks
TIME GIVEN

20 minutes
TIME REMAINING

Start reset

You recently returned by plane from an overseas trip.  When you reached home, you realised you had left
your hand luggage on the plane.  Write a letter to the airline. 
In your letter:

say when and where you lost your hand luggage

describe the bag and its contents
suggest the action you would like the airline to take

Write at least 150 words.

You do NOT need to write any addresses.
Begin your letter as follows:
Dear Sir or Madam,

Write your answer in the box below. When you have finished writing your answer, click on the Check button to see the sample
answer. Compare your answer to the sample answer provided. Remember that your answer will not be exactly the same as the
sample answer, but it should achieve all elements of the assessment criteria.

0 words written (at least 150 words expected)

Check

Task 2
We recommend that you write an answer to the question below using all the skills you have learnt in Steps 1 to 7. Remember to
time yourself – you should take only forty minutes. 
Click on the button below to use the four assessment categories to assess your answer.
 View Assessment Categories

TIME GIVEN

40 minutes
TIME REMAINING

Start reset

Write about the following topic:

Reading books keeps a person’s mind active, whereas watching films and television is passive and
does not require a person to use their imagination.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Write at least 250 words.

Write your answer in the box below. When you have finished writing your answer, click on the Check button to see the sample
answer. Compare your answer to the sample answer provided. Remember that your answer will not be exactly the same as the
sample answer, but it should achieve all elements of the assessment criteria.

0 words written (at least 250 words expected)

Check

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Writing Practice Test 3
Task 1 Language Focus Task 1
Writing Task 2 We recommend that you write an answer to each question using all the skills you have learnt in Steps 1 to 6 of the GT Writing
Task 2 Language Focus Task 1 module. Remember to time yourself – you should take only twenty minutes.
Practice Tests
When you have finished, assess your answer using the four assessment categories we looked at in Step 6 (Task Achievement,
Writing Practice Test 1 Coherence and Cohesion, Lexical Resource and Grammatical Range and Accuracy).
Writing Practice Test 2
Click on the button below to use the four assessment categories to assess your answer.
Writing Practice Test 3
Writing Practice Test 4
View Assessment Categories
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks
TIME GIVEN

20 minutes
TIME REMAINING

Start reset

There are plans to build a new factory in parkland near where you live. Write a letter to the local council. 
In your letter

 give reasons why you are against the plans

explain why the parkland should stay
suggest what action  the council should take

Write at least 150 words.

You do NOT need to write any addresses.
Begin your letter as follows:
Dear Sir or Madam,

Write your answer in the box below. When you have finished writing your answer, click on the Check button to see the sample
answer. Compare your answer to the sample answer provided. Remember that your answer will not be exactly the same as the
sample answer, but it should achieve all elements of the assessment criteria.

0 words written (at least 150 words expected)

Check

Task 2
We recommend that you write an answer to the question below using all the skills you have learnt in Steps 1 to 7. Remember to
time yourself – you should take only forty minutes.

Click on the button below to use the four assessment categories to assess your answer.

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TIME GIVEN

40 minutes
TIME REMAINING

Start reset

Write about the following topic:

People spend large amounts of time and money on clothes, hairstyles and make up to change their
appearance.
Is it important for people to be concerned about the way they look? What are the consequences of
focussing on physical appearance?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Write at least 250 words.

Write your answer in the box below. When you have finished writing your answer, click on the Check button to see the sample
answer. Compare your answer to the sample answer provided. Remember that your answer will not be exactly the same as the
sample answer, but it should achieve all elements of the assessment criteria.

0 words written (at least 250 words expected)

Check

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Writing Study Strategies

Writing Task 1
Writing Practice Test 4
Task 1 Language Focus Task 1
Writing Task 2 We recommend that you write an answer to each question using all the skills you have learnt in Steps 1 to 6 of the GT Writing
Task 2 Language Focus Task 1 module. Remember to time yourself – you should take only twenty minutes.
Practice Tests
When you have finished, assess your answer using the four assessment categories we looked at in Step 6 (Task Achievement,
Writing Practice Test 1 Coherence and Cohesion, Lexical Resource and Grammatical Range and Accuracy).
Writing Practice Test 2
Writing Practice Test 3 Click on the button below to use the four assessment categories to assess your answer.

Writing Practice Test 4

View Assessment Categories
Question Bank
Assessment Tasks
TIME GIVEN

20 minutes
TIME REMAINING

Start reset

Last year you went on a holiday with your family. A friend has contacted you about the holiday and asked
whether you would recommend it.
Write a letter to your friend. In your letter

say where you went and how you travelled

describe the place and the accommodation
suggest why your friend should or should not go on this holiday

Write at least 150 words.

You do NOT need to write any addresses.
Begin your letter as follows:
Dear…

Write your answer in the box below. When you have finished writing your answer, click on the Check button to see the sample
answer. Compare your answer to the sample answer provided. Remember that your answer will not be exactly the same as the
sample answer, but it should achieve all elements of the assessment criteria.

0 words written (at least 150 words expected)

Check

Task 2
We recommend that you write an answer to the question below using all the skills you have learnt in Steps 1 to 7. Remember to
time yourself – you should take only forty minutes.

Click on the button below to use the four assessment categories to assess your answer. 
 View Assessment Categories

TIME GIVEN

40 minutes
TIME REMAINING

Start reset

Write about the following topic:

Some people say that relationships should be based on honesty and trust. Others believe that it is
sometimes necessary to be dishonest in order to maintain harmony.
Which approach do you consider to be better in relationships and why?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Write at least 250 words.

Write your answer in the box below. When you have finished writing your answer, click on the Check button to see the sample
answer. Compare your answer to the sample answer provided. Remember that your answer will not be exactly the same as the
sample answer, but it should achieve all elements of the assessment criteria.

0 words written (at least 250 words expected)

Check

Go to the Assessment Task

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Question Bank
Below is the list of Writing Task 2 topics which have been used in the online IELTS course. You can
use these topics to practise writing Task 2 answers.

ESSAY ONE - Theme: Education

In the last decade, there has been a great increase in the number and variety of online courses
available to adults. This has been welcomed as a great opportunity by many students, however, other
students see these courses as less effective than classroom teaching.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of studying an online course?

OR

Universities are becoming increasingly expensive to operate. In some countries, money from taxation
has met these costs. However, this is not always enough to maintain the quality of universities.
What are some ways universities could be funded in future?

ESSAY TWO - Theme: Health and leisure

Life has become much more stressful compared to our parent’s generation. As a result, stress related
illnesses are increasing around the world. Why is stress such a problem in the modern world and what
do you think can be done to overcome the problems caused by stress?

OR

Traditional medicine, such as acupuncture and herbal remedies, is very popular in some countries.
Those who practise traditional medicine claim it is better than modern medicine in maintaining and
improving health.
Do you agree or disagree with this viewpoint?

ESSAY THREE - Theme: The arts and entertainment

Over the past fifty years, international sports events such as the Olympic Games and world cup
competitions have played an increasingly important role in our society. However, many people think
such events are an enormous waste of money, time and effort.
Do you agree?

ESSAY FOUR - Theme: The environment

Most major cities around the world continue to grow at a phenomenal rate due to the massive
increase in population. This has led to a general decline in the quality of life in city areas as the
environment becomes more crowded and polluted.
Give some reasons why this growth has occurred and suggest some practical solutions to this
problem.

ESSAY FIVE - Theme: Science and technology

During the last century, the use of cars has increased dramatically. This has caused problems such as
pollution and overcrowded roads.
Why do people buy cars and what can we do to stop people from buying them?

OR

In the future, it may be scientifically possible for people to live for 150 years. This could be good for
individuals but it may have negative consequences for society.
 What are the benefits and risks of people living to 150?

ESSAY SIX - Theme: Social issues

Many governments have laws that ban the sale and use of hard drugs such as heroin and cocaine, yet
they allow people to buy drugs such as tobacco and alcohol. Laws that prohibit the sale and use of
hard drugs should be applied to all drugs, including tobacco and alcohol.
What is your opinion?

ESSAY SEVEN - Theme: Relationships

Some people say that the Internet is bringing people together by making the world smaller.
To what extent do you agree that the Internet is making it easier for people to communicate with one
another?

ESSAY EIGHT - Theme: Business and work

Some governments provide financial assistance for retired, unemployed and disabled citizens. In other
countries, families provide support for these people.
Discuss both systems and give your opinion about which one you think is better.

ESSAY NINE - Theme: Development issues

Every year large numbers of people migrate from one country to another for different reasons.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of migration for the individual and for society as a whole.