Faraday’s law

Self Inductance
Energy stored in magnetic field
LR circuits
Displacement current

Faraday’s law
 Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction

The magnitude of induced emf in a circuit is equal to the rate at which the
magnetic flux through the circuit is changing with time.

……..(i)

negative sign indicates that the induced

emf oppose the rate of change of magnetic
flux. also known as lenz’s law
 In equation (i) the magnetic flux linked with coil is directly proportional to
the current through the coil
flux (φB )  I

or φB =LI …………..(ii)

Where L is a proportionality constant and known as self inductance of the coil.

Hence the induced emf in a coil is ……..(iii)

or,

Therefore Self Inductance of coil can be defined as the induced emf per unit rate
of change of induced current. Its SI unit is VSA-1 or Henry(H), which is a property of
a coil and oppose the change in current analogous to inertia of a body which
oppose the change in velocity.
 The Induced electric field and the Maxwell’s third equation

To flow the induced current in a coil there could be an electric field produced by
an external magnetic field , which is known as induced electric field. Here the magnetic
field is the source of an electric field and vice versa.

Consider a circular coil of radius r is placed in a changing I

magnetic flux. Due to the change in flux let the induced
emf in coil is and the induced electric field is E .
x x
Let a test charge q0 is placed near the circular coil.
Force experienced by the test charge is x r x
F= Eq0 ………..(i)
This force derives the test charge along the direction of induced
x x
current round the circle. Performing a total work done
W = Force x Displacement
or, W= Eq0 x2πr…………..(ii) in one cycle
Also the work done by induced emf on test charge q0 is
……………..(iii)
From equation (ii) and (iii)

………..(iv) which is Faraday’s law in integral form or

Maxwell’s 3rd equation

In differential form above equation can be expressed in differential form as,

1. If a test charge revolves round a circular path of radius 8.5cm where the magnetic field
increases at a steady rate 0.13T/s, calculate the magnitude of induced electric field at a
point 12.5cm from centre .
E=?

r =12.5cm

R=8.5cm

3.757×10-3 Vm-1
 l

Consider a solenoid of length l, number of turns B

N carries a current I as shown in figure.

We know magnetic field along the axis of solenoid

I I
B= μ0nI……(i)

Total magnetic flux linked with coil (φ)= NBA……..(ii) , Where A is cross sectional area.

Which shows that self induction of a coil

……………(iii) depends on its geometry only.

Again the self inductance per unit length of solenoid is (L/l) = μ0n2I ……….(iv)
Where N/l is number of turns per unit length of solenoid
 Energy stored in magnetic field L

Suppose an inductor is connected with a battery of emf E. As the

switch is ON, current in the circuit rise continuously. While
current is rising an induced back emf  appears across inductor.
So, the source must do some work against the back emf. E

Now, rate of doing work or power delivered by source,

Now ,the small work done by the source in small time dt is (dw)= Pdt ………..(ii)
Total work done or energy stored by an inductor can be obtained
by integrating small work done
Energy density in magnetic field (uB )
The energy stored by an inductor per unit volume is called energy density.

i.e. Energy density

∵ for solenoid

B= μ0nI for solenoid

∵

or, uB  B2

Hence the energy density in magnetic field is directly proportional to the square of
the magnetic field.
 LR Circuits ε

Consider L and R be the inductance and a L R

resistance of inductor and resistor respectively, A
and ε be the emf. of the source.
b

Rise of Current in LR Circuit

If inductor were not present, current would quickly rise to steady value
ε/R. When the switch is towards ‘a’, current flow in anticlockwise
direction then we can apply Kirchhoff’s loop rule to this circuit.
ε = VL + VR ………………........(i)
 Where

And

Now, integrate equation (ii) from limit 0 to I for current and 0 to t for time

Or,
 =

This is the expression for value of current at any time t.

At time t = τL equation (iii) becomes

equation (iii) becomes I= 0.63I0 =63% of I0

Hence the inductive time constant is define as the time
taken for the current
To reach the 63% of maximum current.
I0 =

0.63I0

τL t
Fall of Current in LR Circuit

Now, if switch is thrown from a to b as the current reaches Io, then decaying
of current starts due to absence of battery in the circuit. Applying Kirchhoff's
rule results;
VL + VR = 0……….(i)
ε
a L R
A
……….(ii) b

Integrate eq (ii) from limit I0 to I for current and 0 to t for time

…………(iii) this is the expression for value

of current at any time t.
 At time t = τL

equation (iii) becomes I= 0.37I0 =37% of I0

Hence the inductive time constant is define as the time taken for
the current to reduce to 63% of maximum current.

I0

0.37I0

τL
t
The current flowing across the plates of capacitor is termed as
displacement current. It is not produced by actual motion of charge. It is
current in the sense that it produce magnetic field around the plates,
displacement current is produced due to the variation of electric field
between the plates. The magnetic field produced by displacement current is
called induced magnetic field.

For a capacitor connected with a source of potential difference V, charge

stored at any time is given by
q = CV………(i)
Differentiating with respect to time,

∵ Is the capacitance of parallel

plate capacitor

And the displacement current density is ;

The induced magnetic field produced by displacement current can be obtained by
using Ampere’s circuital law ;

By introducing the value of displacement current Maxwell modifies the Ampere’s law
which is Maxwell’s fourth equation or Ampere- Maxwell’s law

Which is Maxwell’s 4th equation in integral form and can be expressed in

differential form as ;
1. A solenoid has an inductance of 50H and resistance of 30 ohms. If it is
connected to 100V battery, how long will it take for the current to
reach one half of its final equilibrium value?

I=I0 / 2

Ans: 1.2s
2. A parallel plate capacitor with circular plates of radius a is charged by the
current I. (a) What is the magnitude of ∮[Link] in terms of µ0 and I between the
plates of r = a/5 from centre? (b) What is the induced magnetic field for r = a/5
in terms of displacement current?
I

a/5

Current density(J) =
I’
3. A wire of length L carries a current I. If the wire is formed in to a circular coil. Show
that the maximum torque in a given magnetic field B developed for a single turn is

x
B
τ = BINA x
R
2πR = L
R = L/2π
x x

= BIπR2
4. A parallel plate capacitor with circular plates is being charged by time varying
electric field of 1.5 × 1012 V/ms. Calculate the displacement current and induced
magnetic field if the radius of the plate is 55 mm

ε0 = 8.85x10-12 F/m

μ0 = 4π ×10-7 H/m
5. Calculate the displacement current between the capacitor plates of area
1.5×10-2 m2 and rate of electric field change is 1.5×1012 Vm-1s-1. Also
calculate displacement current density and induced magnetic field for
r=R=69mm.

(199mA,13.28A/m2,575nT)
6. If a parallel circular plate capacitor of radius R be charged ,prove that the induced
magnetic field at radius r in the region between the plates

I
r

I’
7. An LR circuit containing L=10H, R= 2Ω with source voltage10V. Find
the time to reach magnetic energy (¼) th of its initial value

E=E0 /4

(3.47s)