MULTIMEDIA UNIVERSITY EME 1066 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
LAB REPORT
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
EME1066
TRIMESTER 2 (2019/2020)
Experiment 2: Torsion of Round Wire and Bar
Prepared by:
Student Name Dhanush Mahendran
Student ID 1151101042
Date of experiment 07/02/2020
MULTIMEDIA UNIVERSITY EME 1066 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
CONTENT
ABSTRACT--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
OBJECTIVE--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
INTRODUCTION-------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND-----------------------------------------------------------3
METHODOLOGY-------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
APPARATUS------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
PROCEDURE------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
RESULTS ------------------------------------------------------8
ANALYSIS--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
DISCUSSION-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------10
PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED WHILE DOING EXPERIMENT-----------------------10
CONCLUSION---------------------------------------------------------------------------------10
APPENDICES----------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
REFERENCES----------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
MULTIMEDIA UNIVERSITY EME 1066 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
ABSTRACT
This experiment clearly shows how to determine the deformation and fracture of wire
subjected to torsion when torque is applied to a bar until it fractures. Four different
specimens with different diameter and different length were used to conduct this
experiment which were namely, carbon, copper, aluminium and stainless steel. These
specimens were used as samples to see how different materials react during testing
conditions. The length and diameter were measured as the first step of this experiment for
comparing purposes. Data from the experiment were recorded to observe the characteristics
of each material whether would it fail in brittle or ductile manner.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the deformation and fracture of wire subjected to torsion.
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MULTIMEDIA UNIVERSITY EME 1066 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
INTRODUCTION
Torsion is an important type of loading that produces critical stresses. It is an angular
deformation that is produced by the torque about the longitudinal axis. Many products are
subjected to torsional forces when used. Testing materials in torsion enables manufacturers to
check quality of the outcome. Many materials are able to undergo torsion test to verify the
torsional properties of a specific material. Torsion test is conducted in a torsion tester. It
imparts a gradually increasing torsional load and provides mechanical properties which are
shear modulus and yield. Failure may occur due to shear alone or can be accompanied by
stretching or bending.
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MULTIMEDIA UNIVERSITY EME 1066 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
When a torque is applied to a cylindrical shaft, shearing stresses are produced within that
shaft. Shear stress is linearly distributed within the material.
Shear stress, is defined as:
Tr
τ=
J
For a circular cross-section, J is defined as:
1
J= π r 4
2
Therefore, for a rod of maximum radius c, the maximum shear stress that results from an
applied torque T is:
Tc 2 T
τ= =
J π c3
Shear strain, , is a measure of twist and also varies with distance from the center axis of the
rod:
∅r
γ=
L
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MULTIMEDIA UNIVERSITY EME 1066 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
For a rod of maximum radius c, the maximum shear strain is thus:
∅c
γ=
L
Hooke’s Law for shearing stress and strain indicates that shear stress and shear strain are
linearly related in the linear elastic range for the material.
τ =Gγ
The Shear Modulus, G, also called Modulus of Rigidity, is the constant of proportionality
between shear stress and strain that is valid below the proportional limit for that material. The
slope of the linear portion of the stress-strain curve therefore is G. The Modulus of Rupture is
defined as the value of shear stress at rupture.
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MULTIMEDIA UNIVERSITY EME 1066 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
METHODOLOGY
1. In this experiment, different type of materials with different lengths and diameter of
the specimens were prepared for the purpose used to investigate the relationship
between diameter and angle of twist, and the relationship of length and angle of twist.
The angle of twist was determined by using the wire torsion testing machine.
2. The diameter and the length of each specimen were measured by using vernier
calliper.
3. According to the specimen, the suitable clip was selected. The specimen was clamped
together with the clip and to be inserted into the machine.
4. The weight device was installed at the left side. We should fixed the height of the load
weights from the table at about 50mm which is the best height when installing the
load weights.
5. The magnet and sensor spacing must be adjusted. The weight will be dropped when
the specimen is fractured, and the distance between the magnet and sensor increased,
then the motor will stop immediately.
6. We choose the speed selection by using this table.
Wire diameter d or Maximum torsion speed
feature D (mm) steel Steel and copper Aluminium and
alloys aluminium alloys
0.1 ≤d(D) < 1.0 1 or 3 5
1.0 ≤d(D) < 1.5 2
1.5 ≤d(D) < 3.0 0.5 or 1 1.5 1
3.0 ≤d(D) < 3.6 1
3.6 ≤d(D) < 5.0
5.0 ≤d(D) < 10.0 0.25 or 0.5 0.5
10.0 ≤d(D) < 14 0.1 - -
7. The operation was started by press the FWD button.
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MULTIMEDIA UNIVERSITY EME 1066 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
APPARATUS
1. Copper wire
2. Stainless steel wire
3. Aluminium wire
4. Carbon wire
5. Vernier calliper
6. Weight
7. Wrench
8. Wire torsion testing machine
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MULTIMEDIA UNIVERSITY EME 1066 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
a) Different materials with same length and diameter of the wires.
1. 4 different materials are prepared which are carbons, stainless steel, aluminium, and
copper.
2. The specimen is fixed tightly in the wire torsion testing machine with 22cm of length
set up.(refer to figure 1c)
3. Start the torsion machine by making reference with speed table provide.
4. Record the value of FWD when the specimen broke.
5. Step 1 to 4 is repeated by replace other materials.
b) Different diameters with same material and length of the wires.
1. 3 different diameter of carbon steel with same length are prepared. vernier calliper
is used to measure the diameter value.
2. The carbon steel is fixed tightly in the wire torsion testing machine with 22cm of
length set up.
3. Start the torsion machine by making reference with speed table provide.
4. Record the value of FWD when the carbon steel broke.
5. Step 1 to 4 is repeated by replace other carbon steel.
c) Different lengths with same material and diameter of the wires.
1. 4 different materials are prepared which are carbons, stainless steel, aluminium, and
copper.
2. The length of each specimen is measured.
3. The specimen is fixed tightly in the wire torsion testing machine with 15cm and 22cm
of length set up.
4. Start the torsion machine by making reference with speed table provide.
5. Record the value of FWD when the specimen broke.
6. Step 1 to 5 is repeated by replace other materials.
Figure 1a Figure 1b
Figure 1c
RESULTS
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MULTIMEDIA UNIVERSITY EME 1066 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
a) Different materials with same length and diameter of the wires.
Material Length (cm) Diameter (cm) FWD
Copper 22.0 0.21 123.8
Stainless Steel 22.0 0.21 10.1
Aluminium 22.0 0.21 42.1
Carbon 22.0 0.21 64.5
b) Different diameters with same material and length of the wires.
Material Length (cm) Diameter (cm) FWD
0.210 64.5
Carbon 22.0 0.314 40.3
0.424 32.0
c) Different lengths with same material and diameter of the wires.
Material Diameter (cm) Length (cm) FWD
Copper 0.21 15.0 15.6
22.0 123.8
Stainless Steel 0.21 15.0 5.8
22.0 10.1
Aluminium 0.21 15.0 31.9
22.0 42.1
Carbon 0.21 15.0 75.0
22.0 64.5
ANALYSIS
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MULTIMEDIA UNIVERSITY EME 1066 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
a) Different materials with same length and diameter of the wires.
According to table recorded, different types of material of wire can be twist into
different angles where the length and diameter of the wires are fixed at 22cm and
0.21cm.
The copper wire rotated 123.8 cycles which is the highest angle of twist.
The carbon is the second highest angle of twist which rotated 64.5 cycles.
However, the stainless steel is the lowest angle of twist which rotated 10.1 cycles.
b) Different diameters with same material and length of the wires.
According to table recorded, we found that the diameter of the wire will affect the
angle of twist.
The lower the diameter of the wire, the higher the angle of twist.
c) Different lengths with same material and diameter of the wires.
According to the table recorded, we found that the length of the wire will influence
the angle of twist.
The higher the length of the wire, the higher the angle of twist.
We found that the copper with 15cm were rotated 15.6 cycles while the copper with
22cm rotated 123.8 cycles.
The stainless steel with 15cm were rotated 5.8 cycles while the stainless steel with
22cm rotated 10.1 cycles.
The aluminium with 15cm were rotated 31.9 cycles while the aluminium with 22cm
rotated 42.1cm.
The carbon with 15cm were rotated 75 cycles while the carbon with 22cm rotated
64.5 cycles.
The higher the cycle of wire rotated, the higher the angle of twist.
DISCUSSION
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MULTIMEDIA UNIVERSITY EME 1066 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
We had check the clamps in the machine that held the wire was fixed to prevent
changing the shape of the wire.
We also adjusted the wire to match the centre of the clamp.
We also had follow the table of speed selection that provided in the lab sheet to get
the accurate results.
We found out the wire with same diameters and length but different in material have
different value of FWD. It is used to compare which materials are more brittle and
ductile.
PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED WHILE DOING
EXPERIMENT
Error occurred during this experiment includes parallax error due to the reading of the
measurement when using Vernier calliper. The second problem was the wire would break in
the clamping point. More than that, the wire might not twist when the machine was started
due to operational error. The sensor must tight to the torsion machine or else the machine will
not be function.
CONCLUSION
Based on the experiment, we know that type of materials, length and diameter of material
will affect the number of cycles that need to break the wire and angle of twist.
For the length, the increases the length of wire, the increases the number of cycles to break
the wire and the angle of twist. As for the diameter, the smaller the diameter of wire, the
greater the number of cycles and angle of twist.
APPENDICES
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MULTIMEDIA UNIVERSITY EME 1066 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
1. Shear stress, :
Tr
τ=
J
2. For a circular cross-section, J :
1
J= π r 4
2
3. For a rod of maximum radius c, the maximum shear stress that results from an applied
torque T is:
Tc 2 T
τ= =
J π c3
4. Shear strain, :
∅r
γ=
L
5. For a rod of maximum radius c, the maximum shear strain :
∅c
γ=
L
6. Hooke’s Law for shearing stress and strain indicates that shear stress and shear strain
are linearly related in the linear elastic range for the material.
τ =Gγ
REFERENCES
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MULTIMEDIA UNIVERSITY EME 1066 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
1. C. Lakshmana Rao, V. Narayanamurthy, and K. R. Y. Simha, Applied Impact
Mechanics. Wiley, 2016.
2. Home. (2018). Retrieved December 19, 2018, from
https://www.testresources.net/applications/test-types/torsion-test/
3. TORSION TEST. (n.d.). Retrieved December 19, 2018, from
http://www.learneasy.info/MDME/MEMmods/MEM23061A/Torsion/Torsion.html
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