CHAPTER 1

PARTS OF SPEECH
GRAMMAR KNOWLEDGE…………………………………

I. Parts of speech table

This is a summary of the eight parts of speech in English.

Part of speech Function Example Context

Show actions or (to) be, have, EITC is a

Verbs verb do, like, sing, fanpage. I like
can must,etc. EITC.
Name persons, dogs, work, This is my dog.
Nouns things, places or music, London, We live in
ideas happiness,etc. London.
Replace a noun I, you, he, she, Tara is Indian.
Pronouns they, we, it, She is beautiful.
some, etc.
Describes nouns a/an, the, 2, I have two
Adjectives and pronouns some, good, dogs. My dogs
big, red, etc. are big.
Describes verbs, quickly, My dogs eat
Adverbs adjective, other silently, well, quickly. When
adverbs, or the badly, very, he is very
whole sentences really, ect. hungry, he eats
really quickly.
Link a noun to to, at, after, on, We went to
Prepositions another word but, etc. school on
Mondays.
Conjunctions Join clauses or and, but, when, I like dogs and
sentences or while, etc. I like cats.
words
Express oh!, ouch!, hi!, Ouch! That
Interjections emotions, or are well, etc. hurt!
fillers in Hi! How are
 sentences you?
II. Parts of speech examples
Here are some sentences made with different English parts of speech:

Verb Noun Verb Noun Verb Verb

Stop! John works. John is working.

Pronoun Verb Noun Noun Verb Adjective Noun

Noun Verb Noun Adverb Noun Verb Adjective Noun

She loves animals. Animal like kind people.

Tara speaks English well. Tara speaks good English.
s

Pronou Verb Prepositio Adjective Noun Adverb

n n

She rans to the station qiuckly.

PART 1. VERBS

GETTING STARTED………………………………………….
 1. What is a verb?
2. How many kinds of verb are there in English? What are they?
3. How many tenses are there in English? What are they?

GRAMMAR KNOWLEDGE………………………………….

I. Definition

A verb is a kind of word (part of speech) that tells about an action or a

state. It is the main part of sentence; every sentence must have a verb.

 Example:
- The cat slept. - He said: “Hello”
- That is John. - Can you play the piano?
- She loves you. - The sleeping baby looks
- Go there on Monday. beautiful.

II. Classification
Verb can be classified in different ways:
1. According to their role in a sentence (syntactically)
2. Based on their formation (morphologically)
3. Their meaning (semantically)

1. Divisions according to their role (syntactically)

Divisions & sub – divisions Examples

Ordinary Verb
Transitive verbs (ngoại động - I met her yesterday.
từ) - She go to school with her
friends.
Intransitive verbs (nội động - My brother stood here
từ): yesterday.
walk, jump, sleep, sit, stand, lie, - Babies slept in my bed.
weep, keep, fail, fly, flow, - The children jump.
remain, die, belong, wait, come, - We walk to the station.
go, etc.
NOTES:
Transitive verbs are use - They are eating.
intransitively. - We play in the evening.
Finie Verb

- I understand.
At rare times intransitive - How did you cover all
verbs are used transitively. that distance? – We
walked it.
- I cannot stand such
nonsense.
Linking verb (VL): the link - William is excited about
between the subject and the his promotion.
subjective Complement (word - She appears upset about
or words that give information the announcement.
about the subject: - The egg smell rotten.
(be, become, seem, appear, - He went red after
feel, look, smell, tastle, sound, tripping on the rug.
grow, turn, stay, act, prove, - Building the house
remain, go, etc. proves difficult for
them
Nonfinite verb/ Verbals

Infinitives (V0)
- Full infinitives - To eat, to play, to be, etc.
- Bare infinitives - Eat, play, be, etc.
Gerunds (Ving) - Eating, palying, being,
etc.
Participles
- Present participle - Eating, playing, being.
(Ving) - Eaten, played, been.
- Past participle (Ved/3) - Having eaten, having
- Perfect participle played, having been.
 (Having Ved/3)
Primary Auxiliaries: be, do, - He is sleeping

Special verb/ Helping verbs/ Auxiliaries

have - Is he sleeping?
- Does he work here?
- It has been raining all
week.
- Have you got a pencil.
- It has been raining all
week.

Modal verbs/ Modal - I will help him.

auxiliaries: - He may not believe your
will, would, shall, should, may, story.
might, can, could, must, ought - Could you help me?
to, used to, need - You should go to
hospital.

2. Divisions according to their formation (morphological)

Divisions Examples

Regular verbs Work – works – worked – working

Irregular verbs Do – does – did – done – doing

Compound verbs Babysit (chăm sóc), overcome (vượt qua)

Phrase verbs Come in, get up, look after.

3. Division according their meaning. (semantically)

Divisions Examples
 Action verb: verbs that express actions. - Jenna brings Mrs. Smith lunch
Some common action verbs: every day.
Vi: bring, send, owe, contain, buy,
show, take, tell, verify, check, get,
wash, finalize, annoy, lay, lend, offer,
edit, make, phone
VT: come, explode, laugh, sit, rise,
excel, respond, cough, swim, emigrate,
smile, act, cry, immigrate, lie, arrive,
continue, die, go
Statetive verbs: verbs express a state - Paul feels rotten today. He
rather than an action. They usaully has a bad cold.
relate to thoughts, emotions, - Do you recognize him? He is
relationships, senses, states of being and a famous rock star.
measurements. These verbs are not - Our client appreciated all the
usually used with ing form in work we did for him.
progressive (continuous) tense even
though they take on time express such But:
as now and at the moment. We use the
simple tenses for them. - I see Micheal, but he can’t
List: adore, agree, appear (seem), see me. I’m too far away.
appreciate, be (exist), believe, belong # James is seeing Marsha.
to, concern, consist of, contain, cost, They’ve been together for a
deny, depend on, deserve, detest, month. (He’s dating her.)
disagree, dislike, doubt, equal, feel, - Jeremy has a Mercedes. (He
hate, have (possession), hear, imagine, owns it.)
include, involve, know, lack, like, #Sara is having lunch with her
loathe (kinh tởm), look (seem), love, editor. (She’s eating lunch.)
matter, mean, measure, mind, need, - I hear music coming from the
owe, own, possess, promise, realize, Smith’s apartment. Someone
recognize, remember, resemble, satisfy, must be home now. (To
see, seem, smell, sound, suppose, experience sound)
surprise, taste, think (opinion), # I’m hearing voices. (I’m
understand, want, weigh, wish imagining it.)

III. Verb Formation

 It is not always possible to identify a verb by its form. However, some
word-end (suffixes) can show that the word is probably a verb.

Suffix Examples
- ate appreciate, celebrate, congratulate
- en frighten, soften, widen
- ify identify, specifiy, qualify
- ise/ - ize realise, reccognise, modernize

Verbs sometimes have the same form as nouns or adjectives.

- Could you hand me the dictionary?

Verbs - We should position the noticeboard where everyone
related to nouns can see it.
-I’ll email Sally to see if she is free in Thursday.
- I needed to calm my nerves before the interview.
Verbs - The government hopes to slow the growthe in road
related to adjective traffic over the next five years.
- As the get older, most people’s hair starts to thin.

Compound Verbs
Coumpound verbs are two words which combine to make one
meaning. The first word is usually a noun, an adjective or a preposition, and
the second word is a verb. The words are sometimes written as one word and
sometimes joined by hyphens.
Compound verbs are much less common than compound nouns or
compound adjectives.
Noun + verb (hand-wash) - Sorry, I was daydreaming. What did you say?
Adjective + verb (highlight) - Do you have to hand-wash this sweater or can
Preposition + verb go to in the washing machine?
(overcome) - The arline upgraded me to business class.

IV. Verbs Tenses

A. Rules for forming Singular Verbs in Simple Present Tense.
Verbs ending in “SH, CH, S, X, Z, O” washes, watches, misses, fixes, buzzes,
goes
Verbs ending in “Y”
 Consonant: -Y  C-I-E-S try – tries, but buy – buys
 Vowel: - Y  V-Y-S obey – obeys, play – plays, buy – buys

Add “-S” to other verbs sees, runs, moves, faces

B. Rules for forming Present Participle in Contious Tenses.

Add – ING to the Infinitive: drink – drinking, cry – crying, laugh –
V + ING laughing, read – reading, etc.

V.s ending in –E: drop –E before write – writing, smile – smiling, phone –
adding –ING phoning, hate – hating, etc.
BUT: agree – agreeing, see – seeing, age
– ageing, dye – dyeing, singe – singeing
Monosyllable Verbs with 1 vowel hit – hitting, cut – cutting, run – running,
ending in 1 consonant: double the stop – stopping, etc.
consonant before adding – ING BUT: mix – mixing, fix –fixing, row –
rowing, throw – throwing
Two-syllable Verbs stressed on the admit – admitting, begin – beginning,
2nd syllable & ending in 1V–1C: prefer – preferring, etc.
double the C before adding –ING BUT: hammer - hammering

Verbs ending in –IE, change –IE to lie – lying, die – dying, tie – tying
-Y before adding –ING

Verbs ending in –L: double –L before travel – travelling/ traveling, level –

adding –ING in British English, not levelling/ leveling, marvel –
in American English marvelling/marveling.

Verbs ending in –C: add –K before mimic – mimicking, picnic - picnicking

adding –ING

C. Pronunciation of the ending ‘-S’ or ‘ES’

 Ending Pronunciation of Example
‘s’
/f/, /p/, /k/, /t/ /s/ laughs, stops, works, wants
watches, washes, changes, uses,
/t∫/, /∫/, /dʒ/, /z/, /s/ /iz/, /əz/ buzzes, dances, fixes

Others /z/ goes, buys, comes, opens, lives

D. Pronunciation of the ending ‘-ED’

Ending Pronunciation of Example
‘ed’
/t/, /d/ /ɪd/ wanted, visited, needed, ended

laughed, stopped, worked,

/k/, /f/, /s/, /∫/, /t∫/, /p/ /t/ looked, washed, kissed

Others : webbed, called, named, fanned,

 /b/, /l/, /v/, /z/, /m/, /n/, /d/ loved, managed, buzzed,
/dʒ/, /θ/ breathed

E. Conjugation

Affirmative Negative Interrogative Interro-Negtive

Present S + am/is/are… S + are/is/are + Am/is/are + S...? Is/are/ + S + not...
simple not…
S + Ve/es…. S + do/does + not Do/Does + S + Do/does + S +
+ Vo Vo ? not…?
S + modal + Vo S + modal + not + Modal + S +
Vo Modal + S + Vo? not…?
He is nice. He is not nice. Is she nice? Isn’t she nice?
They do not Do they
They work. work/sing. work/sing? Don’t they work?

Shen can sing. She cannot/can’t Can she sing? Can’t she sing?
sing.
Past simple S + was/were… S + was/were + Was/were + S Was/were + S +
S + Ved/3 …. not… …? not …?
 S+ did + not + Vo Did + S +…? Did + S + not…?
He was nice. She was not nice. Was she nice? Wasn’t she nice?

They worked. They didn’t work. Did the work? Didn’t the work?

She could sing. She couldn’t sing. Could she sing? Couldn’t she sing?
Future S + will + Vo S + will + not + Vo Will + S + Vo ? Will + S + not +
simple Vo ?
He will be here. He will not be Will he be here? Won’t he be here?
here.
They will work. They will not Will they work? Won’t the work?
work.
She will sing. Will she sing? Won’t she sing?
She will not sing
Present S + is/am/are + S + is/am/are + not Am/is/are + S + Am/is/are + S +
Continuous Ving ... + Ving Ving? not + Ving?

They are They are not Are they Aren’t they

working. working. working? working?

She is singing. She is not Is she singing? Isn’t she singing?

singing.

Past S + was/ were S + was/ were + Was/were + S + Was/were+ not +

Continuous +Ving … not +Ving … Ving …? S + Ving …?
They were They were not Were they Weren’t they
working. working. working? working?

She was singing. She was not Was she Wasn’t she
singing. singing? singing?

Present S + have/has + S + have/has + not Have/has + S + Have/has + not +

Perfect Ved/3… + Ved/3… Ved/3…? S + Ved/3…?
He has been nice. He has not been Has she been Hasn’t she been
nice. nice? nice?
The have worked. The have not Have the Haven’t the
worked. worked? worked?
She has sung. She has not sung. Hasn’t she sung?
Has she sung?

Past S + had + Ved/3… S + had + not + Had + S + Ved/3? Had + not + S +

perfect Ved/3… Ved/3…?
 He had been nice. He hadn’t been Had she been Hadn’t she been
nice. nice? nice?
They had They hadn’t Hadn’t the
worked. worked. Had the worked? worked?

She had sung. She hadn’t sung. Had she sung? Hadn’t she sung?

Future S + will have + S + will not have + Will + S + have Will + not + S +
Perfect Ved/3… Ved/3… + Ved/3…? have + Ved/3…?
They will have They will not have Will they have Won’t they have
worked. worked. worked? worked?

She will have She will not have Will she have Won’t she not
sung. sung. sung have sung
Present S + have/has + S + have/has + not Has/Have + S + Has/Have + not +
perfect been + Ving… + been + Ving… been + Ving …? S + been + Ving …?
Continuous
They have been They have not Have the been Haven’t the been
working. been working. working ? working ?

She has been She has not been Has she been Hasn’t she been
singing. singing. singing? singing?
Past S + had been + S + had not been + Had + S + been Had + S + not +
perfect Ving… Ving… + Ving…? been + Ving…?
Continuous
They had been They had not been Had they been Had they been
working. working. working? working?

She had been She had not been Had she been Had she been
working. working. singing? singing?
Future S + will have S + will not have Will + S + have Will + not + S +
Perfect been + Ving… been + Ving… been + Ving…? have been +
Continuous Ving…?
They will have They will not have Will they have Won’t they have
been working. been working. working? working?

She will have She will not have Will she have Won’t she have
been singing. been singing. been singing? been singing?

F. Contraction
Contraction are not = aren’t do not = don’t can not = can’t
of is not = isn’t does not = doesn’t could not = couldn’t
Auxiliaries was not = wasn’t did not = didn’t would not = wouldn’t
with NOT were not = weren’t have not = haven’t must not = mustn’t
ought not = oughtn’t has not = hasn’t should not = shouldn’t
had not = hadn’t
Contraction AM  I’m reading a book.  She’s been here for a
HAS
of IS  She’s stuying. year.
Auxiliaries ARE   I’ve finished my
You’re working hard. HAVE
with DID  Ø work.
Pronouns WILL  I’ll come later.  They’d never waiting
HAD
for you.
WOULD He’d go to here.
Contraction AM  Ø HAS  Sally’s never met
of IS  My book’s on the table. him.
Auxiliaries ARE  The teachers’re at the HAVE  The students’ve
with Nouns meeting. finished their test.
DID  Ø HAD  The books’d been s
WILL  The weather’ll be nice. tolen.
Contraction AM  What’m I supposed to HAS  Where’s Sally been
of do? living?
Auxiliaries IS  Where’s Sally? What’s been going
with What’s that man? on?
Questions ARE  What’re you doing? HAVE  Where’ve you been?
Words? Where’re they doing? How’ve you been?
DID  What’d you do last HAD  Who’d been there
night? before?
How’d you do on the Where’d you been
test? before?
WILL  Who’ll be at meeting? WOULD  Where’d you like to
Where’ll you be at go?
ten?

EXERCISE
Exercise 1: Decide whether the following verbs are transitive,
intransitive or both:
1. The workmen have been painting for hours. paint (son, ve) transitive
2. When they call from the charity, Mrs. Alpert always gives generously.
Call – transitive, give - transitive
3. Before you send the proposal, make sure you edit it carefully.
4. That perfume smells nice.
Smell – transitive (nguoi)
I smell.
5. My new car cost me a small fortune.
Cost (noun: gia ca) (verb: lay đi tien)
Cost : intransitive.
6. Jim owed his lanlord $450.
Owed – intrasitive
7. Pete emigrated from Australia in 1998. Emigrated: both
8. The customer was tired to paint the celling too? transitive
9. Please take the documents over to Mrs. Samueles’s office.
Take – both
Exercise 2: Use suffixes (hau to) form verbs. The spelling of the
base form may change when you add the suffix.

-fy -ify -ize -ate -en

Example: hospital => hospitalize

deep => deepen
regular => regulate
1. Immune  4. Captive  7. Liberty 
immuize captivate liberate
2. Broad  broden 5. Solid  solidify 8. Sympathy 
3. False  falsity 6. Fright  frighten 9. Flat 
10. Beauty
 11. General  13. Simple  15. Identity 
12. Origin  14. Dark 

INFINITIVE
A. Form

ACTIVE PASSIVE

Present Infinitive (to) V (to) be + Ved/3

Continous Infinitive (to) be + V-ing (to) be + being + Ved/3

Perfect Infinitive (to) have+ Ved/3 (to) have been + Ved/3

Perfect Continous (to) have been + V-ing (to) have been being + Ved/3
Infinitive

B. Function

1. As subject - To love is to forgive.

2. Object of Verb - I like to walk in the rain.
3. Complement - My hobby is to collect money.
4. Object of Preposstion - He did everything but learn.
5. Modifier as Adverb - This sentence is hard to understand.
6. Modifier as Adjective - This is a house to rent.

C. Use

1. Bare infinitive (Infinitive without “To”)

 a. After Auxilaries.
CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT, - He can swim.
WILL, WOULD, SHALL, MUST,
HAD BETTER = HAD BETTER, - I’d rather work on the land than
in a factory.
WOULD RATHER/SOONER…(THAN)
= HAD RATHER/ SOONER…(THAN). - You’d better not to go near the
lake.

But: - You ought to pay

OUGHT = You should to pay.

+ TO V
HAVE - He need not wait.

- He doesn’t need to wait.

NEED + V  (Auxilary)
- He dare not interrupt.
DARE + TO V  (common V)
- He didn’t dare to interrupt.