PME403 POWER SYSTEM

ANALYSIS II
(2-0-3)
Pre-requisite: PME 303
POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS I
Dr. Hamdy Mohamed Soliman
Power System Stability
Power system operates in synchronous mode
Power system is subjected to a wide range of disturbances
(small and large)
- Loads and generation changes
- Network changes
- Faults and outages of equipment
Hence, the stability of the power system will be affected.
Power System Stability
 Power system stability involves the study of the dynamics
of the power system under disturbances.
 From the classical point of view, power system instability
can be seen as loss of synchronism (i.e., some
synchronous machines going out of step)when the system
is subjected to a particular disturbance.
Power System Stability
 Power system stability is the ability of an electric power
system, for a given initial operating condition, to regain
a state of operating equilibrium after being subjected to
a physical disturbance, with most system variables
bounded so that practically the entire system remains
intact.
Power System Stability
Stability can be defined only in terms of
 Initial operating condition
 Nature and magnitude of disturbance
Definition of stability
 The stability of a power system is defined as the ability
of the power system to return to normal or stable
operation after having been subjected to some form of
disturbance.
Disturbances threatening the stability of a system:
 Smalland large disturbances A power system is subjected
to a variety of disturbances. These are classified into two
categories:
• Small disturbances ( perturbations )
• Large disturbances (perturbations )
Small Perturbations
 Perturbationsare characterized as small if the changes in
system states are small due to these perturbations.
Random changes in load which occur in the system
continuously are an example of small perturbation.
Stability problem associated with small perturbation is
known as dynamic stability.
Large perturbations
A power system may be subjected to large perturbations
such as:
• Occurrence of faults on the line
• Loss of large generating units
• Loss of major transmission facilities
• Loss of large loads
Energy fluctuation and Changes
 Energy fluctuation as a result of disturbance:
between capacitors and inductances
between rotating masses (most important factor)
boilers in power plants, or combustion chambers
 Changes can be seen in the quantities P, Q, V, I
time constants between 10 ms–10 s
period of oscillations between 0.5–5 s
Categorization of stability in practice
Categorization of stability in practice
1- Rotor angle stability
2- Voltage stability
3- Frequency stability
Rotor angle stability and Voltage stability
1- Rotor angle stability (Loss of synchronism) Load angle
differences of generators become too large causing
tripping of generators
2- Voltage stability
Voltage stability refers to the ability of a power system to
maintain steady voltages at all buses in the system after
being subjected to a disturbance. Collapse of voltage
makes interconnected operation impossible
Frequency stability
3- Frequency stability
Frequency stability refers to the ability of a power system
to maintain steady frequency at all buses in the system
after being subjected to a disturbance. Collapse of
frequency makes interconnected operation impossible
Rotor angle stability (Synchronous operation)
The stability of synchronous machines depends on the state
of the network and the nature of the disturbance. In
general, the rotor angle stability problems are classified
into three types:
 steady-state stability
 transient stability
 dynamic stability
 Steady state stability
Steady state stability: The ability of the power system to
remain in synchronism when subject to small disturbances
(Small Perturbations due to random variation of loading).
Steady state stability of power systems results from gradual
system changes.
Example: Gradual load increase as in the addition of MW at
load terminals or in gradual load decrease, as in steam change
at the prime mover power.
The power system is capable to resist the changes that occurs
after the disturbance and hence remain in stable form that is
capable of maintain equilibrium.
Steady state stability limit
 Steady state stability limit is the maximum power
transfer of that system without loss of equilibrium.
Transient stability
 The stability problem associated with large perturbations
is known as transient stability. It concerns with the study
of behavior of the power system when is subject to fast
changes with large magnitudes. Transient stability studies
are normally performed for a period of 1 second.
Transient stability
 The faults that are normally taken into consideration for
the transient stability studies are: faults of heavily
loaded lines, the tripping of a loaded generator or the
dropping of a large load.
 The transient stability limit is generally lower than the
steady state stability limit.
 In practice, transient stability is determined by
computer calculation. Manual calculation is possible only
in simple cases.
Example of sudden system changes (Transient Stability)
are:
 Fault
occurrences, autoreclosure schemes, energization
process of a T.L. and de-energization of a T.L.
Illustration of Steady State Stability Concept
 Consider the synchronous generator-motor system shown
in Fig. The generator and motor have reactances Xg and
Xm respectively. They are connected through a line of
reactance Xe' The various voltages are indicated.