International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 07 | July 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
Numerical Differential Protection of 220/132KV, 250 MVA Auto
Transformer using Siemens make differential relay 7UT612
Hashmat Hussain1, Dr. Muhammad Naeem Arbab2, Junaid Khalil3
1Senior Engineer NPCC NTDC Islamabad, Pakistan
2Professor, Deptt of Electrical Engg, UET Peshawar, Pakistan
3Senior Engineer Protection GSO Training Centre NTDC Tarbela, Pakistan
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Abstract – Differential protection of power transformer is 1. Power T/F phase shift between HV & LV Currents as
the main protection of power transformer. First generation of per Vector group of Power T/F.
Electromechanical differential relays were difficult to balance 2. Different CT Ratios on HV & LV side of T/F.
and had limited setting ranges while 3 rd Generation 3. Power T/F Magnetization Inrush current [2]
microprocessor based Numerical Differential relays are multi 4. Zero sequence current elimination [3]
functional, has user friendly HMI, more sensitive, reliable and 5. CT saturation on external faults [4].
have vast setting ranges & options. Setting calculation and 6. Tap change operation.
balancing of differential relay for a power transformer is a 7. CT Errors.
difficult job for protection engineers. Methods used in field for 8. Through fault stability of differential relay.
elimination of zero sequence currents due to L-G external
faults and unbalanced load current, balancing of differential 1.1 Differential Circuit Balancing For
relay during CT saturation and Magnetization Inrush current Electromechanical relay (A Manual Method):
is discussed in this paper. Numerical Differential relay Siemens
7UT612 is discussed for through fault stability and harmonic For electromechanical relays of First generation we need
restraint stability for a 250MVA 220/132KV YNaod1 Auto to do manual balancing of the Power T/F Main HV and LV CT
Transformer (T/F). currents (magnitude and phase angle balancing) through
Matching CTs/Balancing CTs. For this purpose 250MVA
Key Words: Numerical Differential Relay, CT saturation, 220/132 KV Auto T/F at principal tap is selected with HV CT
Through Fault stability, Vector Group Of power ratio of 1200/1 and LV CT Ratio of 1600/1.
Transformer, Zero Sequence current elimination, add-
on stabilization, Back up protection, Magnetization 1.1.1 Phase Angle/Arrow Balancing:
Inrush current, overexcitation, harmonic restraint,
slope setting, pickup setting, 250MVA 220/132 KV Auto STEP#1: a. Draw the current magnitude arrows on star side.
Transformer. In this case double headed arrow on C/Blue phase while
single headed arrows on A/red & B/yellow phases in
1. INTRODUCTION: opposite direction.
250 MVA, 220/132KV Auto T/F (Transformer) is an b. Arrows on both side of transformer winding must be in
important piece of equipment costing more than 100 Million confirmation with subtractive polarity method.
rupees. The protection of this transformer is to be designed
c. Draw the magnitude arrows CTs secondary wires on star
carefully owing to its huge cost, long repair time and millions
side keeping in mind the subtractive polarity as shown in
of consumers that are affected if it goes down. Main
figure below.
differential protection is the main protection of power T/F
for its internal faults and it is instantaneous in its operation
while Overcurrent is the backup protection to differential
relay.
There are various external and internal faults of power
transformers such as overloads, overexcitation and through
faults while internal faults are classified into slow growing
incipient faults and active faults [1].
The incipient faults are detected by Buchholz relay while
active faults are detected by T/F main differential relay.
Differential relay balancing and setting calculation is Figure No.1: phase balancing Of Main CT Currents (step1)
very difficult job due to following reasons:
© 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1489
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 07 | July 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
STEP#2:Draw the magnitude arrows on delta side of LV and
HV MCTs keeping in mind the subtractive polarity of
transformers, i.e. If current goes from P1 to P2 on primary
side then on secondary side it must be from S2 to S1 as shown
in figure below.
Figure No.4 Phase balancing of Main CT Currents (step 4)
1.1.2 Magnitude Balancing:
Fig No.2: phase balancing of main CT Currents (step 2)
STEP#3: Extend the delta side current in wires connected
between windings and then by applying Kirchhoff’s current
rule to find the final magnitude of the current in delta side
(both in LV & HV side MCTs) as shown in figure below.
HV Side MCT Calculations:
Primary Ampere Turns Secondary Amperes Turns
P1—P2 S1—S2
0.547 x 1 = 0.547 AT 0.577 x 1 = 0.577 AT
Select the number of turns on both sides where Ampere
turns are almost equal. Converting 1 A current from Star to
delta side of MCT we get 0.577 A on secondary side of MCT.
Finding the Secondary side current with given turns ratio
Figure No.3 phase balancing main CT Currents (step 3)
STEP#4:By applying Kirchhoff’s current law check the sum
of current magnitudes coming at the point of operating coil
of each phase and going out of the that point. If the sum is
equal then the relay is balanced otherwise not. Here in this
specific case three magnitude of current are coming and
Converting phase current into line current as relay is
going out at ‘A/a’ and ‘C/c’ phases whereas at ‘B’ phase
connected on delta side of HV MCT.
current is already zero from both HV/MCT and LV MCT as
shown in figure below. Hence the differential relay will be
stabilized. ILine = IPhase
IHV MCT (sec) = 1.732 x 0.547 = 0.95A
LV SIDE MCT CALCULATION
P1—P2 S1—S2
© 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1490
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 07 | July 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
0.683 x 1 = 0.683 AT 0.577 x 1 = 0.577 AT tap mismatch error. Due to these the spill current in relay
operating coil increases. These all are added and therefore
0.683 x 2 = 1.366 AT 0.577 x 2 = 1.154 AT the pickup setting of Differential relay operating coil is kept
25% of IN i.e. 1.25 A(IN=5A for E/M Relays)[1],[5]. This
0.683 x 3 = 2.049 AT 0.577 x 3 = 1.731 AT means that some sensitivity is lost particularly for high
impedance internal faults of Power T/F.
0.683 x 4 = 2.732 AT 0.577 x 4 = 2.308 AT
In some E/M Differential relays the pickup setting is fixed
0.683 x 5 = 3.415 AT 0.577 x 5 = 2.885 AT
at 15% of Relay IN and slope setting is variable. While in
some E/M relays the slope is fixed at 50% while pickup
0.683 x 6 = 4.098 AT 0.577 x 6 = 3.462 AT
setting is variable (20%, 30%, 40%, 50% of Relay IN).
0.683 x 7 = 4.781 AT 0.577 x 7 = 4.039 AT There is also stability issue regarding close external
through faults as spill current increases along with
Finding the Secondary side current with given turns ratio
restraining current but due to T/F Main CT saturation the
spill current is increased to a value that relay may operate.
There is no mechanism or intelligence in E/M Relays to
detect CT saturation phenomena and consequently block the
relay during external fault.
Regarding 2nd Harmonic restraint due to power T/F
magnetizing inrush current the E/M differential relay has
Converting phase current into line current as relay is fixed factory setting value of 15% or 20% (I2f/I0f). This
connected on delta side of LV MCT. cannot be changed. While there is no 5th harmonic restraint.
ILine = IPhase 3. SIEMENS MAKE 7UT612 NUMERICAL
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY:
ILV MCT (sec) = 1.732 x 0.585 = 1.014 A
Numerical differential relays are 3rd generation
Finding spill current into relay coil Differential relays having 32 bit microprocessor, A/D
Convertors , Digital Signal Processing, multiple Binary I/O,
I(Spill) = I2(LV-MCT) - I2(HV-MCT) external PC Communication capabilities and easy HMI.
I(Spill) = 1.014 – 0.95= 0.064 A which is 6.4 % of IN
Figure No.6 Hardware structure of siemens 7UT612
Figure No.5: Final Balanced Differential Circuit. Relay.
2. LIMITATION OF E/M DIFFERENTIAL RELAY The numerical differential protection 7UT612 is a fast
and selective short-circuit protection for transformers of all
There are certain limitation in electromechanical relays voltage levels, for rotating machines, for series and shunt
regarding setting range and stability issue on through faults reactors, or for short lines and mini-busbars with two
and magnetization inrush currents. feeders. It can also be used as a single-phase protection for
busbars with up to seven feeders. The individual application
The pickup setting of differential relay operating coil is can be configured, which ensures optimum matching to the
kept a bit higher due to tap changer +10% error and relay protected object.
© 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1491
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 07 | July 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
For use as transformer protection, the device is normally
connected to the current transformer sets at the higher
voltage side and the lower voltage side of the power
transformer.
The device provides backup time overcurrent protection
functions for all types of protected objects. The functions can
be enabled for any side.
A thermal overload protection is available for any type of
machine.
A version for 16 2/3 Hz two-phase application is available
for traction supply (transformers or generators) which
provides all functions suited for this application (differential
protection, restricted earth fault protection, overcurrent
protection and overload protection).
A circuit breaker failure protection checks the reaction of
one circuit breaker after a trip command. It can be assigned
to any of the sides of the protected object.
7UT612 Relay can be used as:
1. Differential Protection for Transformers.
2. Differential Protection for Generators and Motors. Figure 7: Connection diagram of 7UT612 Relay
3. Differential Protection for Mini-Bus bars and Short
Lines. 3.1 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION OF TWO WINDING
4. Bus-Bar Protection. T/F BY 7UT612 RELAY:
5. Restricted Earth Fault Protection.
When a fault occurs in the zone limited by the
6. High-Impedance Unit Protection.
transformers, a current I1 + I2 which is proportional to the
7. Tank Leakage Protection.
fault currents i1 + i2 flowing in from both sides is fed to the
8. Time Overcurrent Protection for Phase Currents
measuring element. As a result, the simple circuit shown in
and Residual Current.
above figure ensures a reliable tripping of the protection if
9. Time Overcurrent Protection for Earth Current.
the fault current flowing into the protected zone during a
10. Single-Phase Time Overcurrent Protection.
11. Unbalanced Load Protection. fault is high enough for the measuring element M to respond.
12. Thermal Overload Protection.
13. Circuit Breaker Failure Protection.
14. External Direct Trip.
15. Processing of External Information.
16. User Defined Logic Functions (CFC).
Fig No.8: basic diagram to explain differential protection.
3.2 CURRENT RESTRAINT & ADD-ON STABILIZATION ON
THROUGH FAULT CT SATURATION:
The following definitions apply:
A tripping effect or differential current
IDiff = |I1 + I2|
and a stabilization or restraining current
IRest = |I1| + |I2|
© 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1492
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 07 | July 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
IDiff is calculated from the fundamental wave of the Besides the second harmonic, another harmonic can be
measured currents and produces the tripping effect quantity, selected to cause blocking.
IRest counteracts this effect.
A choice can be made between the third and fifth harmonic.
To clarify the situation, three important operating conditions
should be examined Overexcitation of the transformer iron is characterized by
the presence of odd harmonics in the current. Thus, the third
or fifth harmonic is suitable to detect such phenomena. But,
as the third harmonic is often eliminated in power
transformers (e.g. by the delta winding), the use of the fifth
is more common [6].
The differential quantities are examined as to their harmonic
content. Numerical filters are used to perform a Fourier
analysis of the differential currents. As soon as the harmonic
contents exceed the set values, a restraint of the respective
phase evaluation is introduced. The filter algorithms are
optimized with regard to their transient behavior such that
additional measures for stabilization during dynamic
conditions are not necessary.
Since the harmonic restraint operates individually per phase,
Figure No.9 Tripping Characteristics of 7UT612 Relay. the protection is fully operative even when e.g. the
transformer is switched onto a single-phase fault, whereby
During an external fault which produces a high through- inrush currents may possibly be present in one of the
flowing fault current causing current transformer saturation, healthy phases. However, it is also possible to set the
a considerable differential current can be simulated, protection such that not only the phase with inrush current
especially when the degree of saturation is different at the exhibiting harmonic content in excess of the permissible
two sides. If the quantities IDiff/IRest result in an operating value is restrained but also the other phases of the
point which lies in the trip area of the operating differential stage are blocked (so called “cross block
characteristic, trip signal would be the consequence if there function”).
were no special measures.
This cross block can be limited to a selectable duration.
7UT612 provides a saturation indicator which detects such
phenomena and initiates add-on stabilization measures. The 4. SETTINGS OF 7UT612 RELAY FOR 250MVA
saturation indicator considers the dynamic behavior of the
differential and restraint quantity.
220/132KV AUTO T/F YNaod1:
The dashed line in figure shows an example of the shape of After putting the basic T/F info such as vector group,
the instantaneous quantities during a through-fault current MVA Capacity, rated HV and LV Voltages, Main HV and LV
with current transformer saturation at one side. CTs rated primary and secondary currents and most
importantly direction of Star point of Wye connected main
3.3 HARMONIC RESTRAINT DURING T/F INRUSH CTs the following important settings are considered for
captioned Auto T/F after enabling Differential protection
AND OVEREXCITATION CONDITION:
and disabling all other protection schemes.
When switching unloaded transformers or shunt reactors
1. Pickup setting = 0.25 Idiff/IN0.
on a live busbar, high magnetizing (inrush) currents may
occur. These inrush currents produce differential quantities 2. Pickup for high set trip = 8.0 Idiff/IN0
as they seem like single-end fed fault currents. Also during
paralleling of transformers, or an overexcitation of a power 3. Slope No.1 = 25% , Base Point = 0.00 I/IN0
transformer, differential quantities may occur due to
magnetizing currents cause by increased voltage and/or 4. Slope No.2 = 60%, base point = 2.00 I/IN0.
decreased frequency [6].
5. Maximum permissible starting time = 5 sec.
The inrush current can amount to a multiple of the rated
current and is characterized by a considerable 2nd harmonic 6. Pick up for add-on stabilization = 4.00 I/ IN0
content (double rated frequency)[6] which is practically
absent in the case of a short-circuit. If the second harmonic 7. Duration of add-on stabilization = 15 cycles.
content exceeds a selectable threshold, trip is blocked.
8. Time for cross blocking add-on stabilization = 15
cycles
© 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1493
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 07 | July 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
9. Nth harmonic = 5th harmonic https://selinc.com/literature/technical-papers/.
Presented at WPRC 2006, MIPSYCON 2007.
10. 2nd harmonic restraint setting = 15%
7. Siemens 7UT613 Manual.
11. Time for cross blocking 2nd harmonic = 3 cycles.
12. 5th harmonic restraint setting = 35%
13. Time for cross blocking nth harmonic = 0 cycles
14. Limit for nth (5th) harmonic restraint = 0.5 I/IN0
5. CONCLUSIONS:
Due to multiple protection schemes in single
numerical relay, exclusion of matching CTs, Add-On
stabilization due to External fault CT saturation phenomena,
5th harmonic restraint, vast setting range for differential
protection and easy HMI 7UT612 Numerical Differential
relay is replacing electromechanical differential relays in
field on almost all power T/Fs whether big or small except
for distribution T/Fs where it is not feasible to install
differential protection due to added cost.
Only one shortcoming exist for 7UT612 which is
restriction of use on two winding T/F only while for 3
winding power T/Fs Siemens has developed 7UT613 [7].
REFERENCES
1. P.M Anderson “Power System Protection” IEEE
Press 1999
2. Ming Ji, Yuanlong Liu “A new inrush current
identification algorithm based on transformer core
saturation” 2017 IEEE Power & Energy Society General
Meeting, 16-20 July 2017.
3. Xu Guangfu ; Guo Jinxue ; Zhang Chunhe ; Yu
Qunbing “The influence of low resistance grounding
system in delta side of transformer
on differential protection and its solutions.” CICED 2010
Proceedings, 2010.
4. Michael Stanbury and Zarko Djekic, “The Impact of
Current Transformer Saturation on Transformer
Differential Protection.” IEEE Transactions on Power
Delivery, December 2014.
5. Michael J Thompson, “Percentage Restrained
Differential, Percentage of What?” Schweitzer
Engineering Laboratories, Inc.,
https://selinc.com/literature/technical-papers/.
Presented at WPRC 2010, Texas A&M Relay Conference
2011.
6. Ken Behrendt, Normann Fischer, and Casper
Labuschagne, “Considerations for Using Harmonic
Blocking and Harmonic Restraint Techniques on
Transformer Differential Relays.” Schweitzer
Engineering Laboratories,Inc.,
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