Objective: Miniature Cooling Refrigerator
About:
Refrigeration is the process of heat-removal from a space in order to bring it to a
lower temperature than surrounding temperature. This project topic, “Peltier
cooling module” which works on thermoelectric refrigeration, aims to provide
cooling by using thermoelectric effects rather than the more prevalent conventional
methods like ‘vapour compression cycle’ or the ‘vapour absorption cycle'. Peltier
cooler works on the Peltier effect; which states that when voltage is applied across
two junctions of dissimilar electrical conductors, heat is absorbed from one
junction and heat is rejected at another junction.
There are three types of thermoelectric effect :-
Thermoelectric effect
The thermoelectric effect is the direct conversion of temperature differences to
electric voltage and vice versa. A thermoelectric device creates voltage when there
is a different temperature on each side. Conversely, when a voltage is applied to it,
it creates a temperature difference. At the atomic scale, an applied temperature
gradient causes charge carriers in the material to diffuse from the hot side to the
cold side.
The term "thermoelectric effect" encompasses three separately identified effects:
the Seebeck effect, Peltier effect, and Thomson effect.
The Seebeck effect
The Seebeck effect is the conversion of heat directly into electricity at the junction
of dissimilar electrical conductors. It is named for the Baltic German physicist
Thomas Johann Seebeck.
The Peltier effect
Peltier effect is an opposite phenomenon to the Seebeck Effect; the electrical
current flowing through the junction connecting two materials will emit or absorb
heat per unit time at the junction to balance the difference in the chemical potential
of the two materials.
The Thomson effect
As per the Thomson effect, when an electric current is passed through a conductor
having a temperature gradient over its length, heat will be either absorbed by or
expelled from the conductor. Whether heat is absorbed or expelled depends on the
direction of both the electric current and temperature gradient.
Advantages of Peltier Refrigerator:
Peltier cooler lacks moving parts or circulating liquid.
It has a very long life.
It is invulnerability to leaks.
Small in size.
Flexible shape
Components used:
Evaporator
Pump
Sump
12v Battery
Heat Sink
Insulation Material
Plastic Tube
Future Scope:
Despite the fact the Peltier effect is older than a century, the Peltier elements are
rising strongly the last couple of years. Because of the positive development in the
semiconducting industry past decade, Peltier elements can be made that can realize
a limited cooling. Because the capabilities are still quite limited, in the beginning
air cooling is suitable to abduct energy. In this version there are a lot of products
on the market which are available. However, the cooling is often experienced as
quite limited and are sufficient in the most applications only when small
capabilities are required. Up-scaling often goes at the expense of price, space and
efficiency of the system.
Peltier Refrigerator circuit diagram:
OBJECTIVE: AUTOMATIC SOLAR SUN TRACKING SYSTEM
ABOUT:
Energy day by day is put to use at its best to fulfill the desires and ambition of the peoples at
large. Each and every Corner of our life is caged with various layers of impediment and in this
response; energy is becoming an indispensable factor. Therefore, the source of energy needs to
be endless/ perpetual in order to carry this colossal population ahead.
One of the best and endless amount of energy can be get through sun with the help of solar
panels. : Solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells are used to convert light energy into
electricity. Photovoltaic cells work on the principle of the photovoltaic effect, which is similar to
the photoelectric effect. Differences being that the electrons in photovoltaic are not emitted
instead contained in the material around the surface, creating a voltage difference. Solar cells are
forged with crystalline silicon. It is the most commonly used material in a solar cell. The use of
silicon in the solar cell has been very efficient and low cost.
Mechanical Structure:
The mechanical structure uses steel rods to create two pillars of support for the solar panel. One
Of the pillars supports uses two rods of length 30 cm, while the other one is supported by two
rods of 46cm each. The structure utilizes a rod of length 40cm as the rotational axis. The floor of
the structure is made of a rectangular wooden base of cross-section 39.5cm x 21.8cm. The solar
panel used is the project is 18.4 wide and has a length of 29.1cm.
(Dimensions can be altered for different size of solar panels )
Advantages of Solar Energy:-
The process of attaining solar energy is unsoiled.
It is a renewable source of energy.
The investment is done only during the installation of solar panels, the expenses of
acquired solar energy after installation is little.
There is no adulteration is the process of acquiring solar energy.
The yield rate is very high, using solar panels.
It requires the least maintenance, once the setup is installed.
Solar energy is very useful and can be easily drawn into applications in rural areas
where the extraction of electricity is difficult.
Solar energy does not create noises compared to the noises created by the machinery
in the extraction of other natural resources.
Components required:
Solar panel
ATmega328 Micro Controller
Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) x 2
10KΩ x 3
Servo Motor
16MHz Crystal
22pF Ceramic Capacitors x 2
Push Button
Breadboard
Cardboard
Connecting Wires
Future scope:
The very embodiment through which the futuristic conundrum be set aside, is the project called
“Automatic Solar Tracking System”. A trailblazer by its spirit, this system works in its utmost
efficiency, whether that be in terms of its pecuniary ability or in terms of its accessibility. In the
smoke of the darkness where pollution engulfing every spheres of advancement as an outcome of
producibility, this device in its very efficiency work towards only advancement and development
by flushing out the pollution at large.
Sun Tracking Solar Panel Circuit Diagram:
