Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya

Departament d’Enginyeria Electrònica

Electronic Systems

Topic
Topic 73

COMBINATIONAL SYSTEMS

Lectures: 3 hours
Exercises: 2 hours
 COMBINATIONAL SYSTEMS

1. Introduction.
2. Combinational systems.
3. Multiplexers & Demultiplexers.
4. Decoders & Encoders.
Index

2
Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 COMBINATIONAL SYSTEMS

1. Introduction
I. Integrated circuits (IC)
II. Printed circuit boards.
2. Combinational systems.
3. Multiplexers & Demultiplexers.
4. Decoders & Encoders.
Index

3
Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 1.I. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

• Electronic circuits are usually presented as integrated

circuits.
• Integrated circuit (IC): A series of components are
manufactured on a semiconductor (silicon) wafer and
embedded in a package that includes a series of metal
1. Introduction

pins that can be used for wiring the component to the

rest of the system.

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Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 1.I. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

• IC pinout can be found in its datasheet.

• Pin #1 has an identification mark.
1. Introduction

• 74LS00: Quad 2-input NAND gate

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Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 1.I. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

• There is a wide variety of packaging depending on the

characteristics and specific applications.
1. Introduction

• A really high number of gates can be integrated in an IC.

 SSI (Small-Scale Integration): up to 10 logic gates.
 MSI (Medium-Scale Integration): from 10 to 100 gates.
 LSI (Large-Scale Integration): from 100 to 10.000 gates.
 VLSI (Very Large-Scale Integration): from 10.000 to 100.000 gates.
 ULSI (Ultra Large-Scale Integration): above 100.000 gates.
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Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 1.I. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

• For simple applications, a limited number of integrated

circuits that perform simple logic functions, SSI and MSI
ICs can be combined.
• SSI and MSI ICs contain logic gates or basic blocks.
1. Introduction

 The final circuit is made up of several interconnected

ICs.
 Medium or highly complex circuits require a large
numbers of ICs (size and reliability issues).
• In high-complexity applications, components that can
be adapted to each specific application are required.
 Some standard components are manufactured
massively and then adapted to the user specific
needs (e.g. microcontrollers).
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Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 [Link]. PRINTED CIRCUITS BOARDS

• The layout and the connections between the different

components of an electronic system are made on a
physical support.
• Board: Mounting base to make the interconnections
between the different components of a circuit.
1. Introduction

• Printed circuit board (PCB): Machined board, consisting

of a series of alternating layers of conductive material
and insulating material, where the components are
soldered.

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Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 COMBINATIONAL SYSTEMS

1. Introduction.
2. Combinational systems.
I. Digital systems classification.
II. Combinational circuits
3. Multiplexers & Demultiplexers.
4. Decoders & Encoders.
Index

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Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 2.I. DIGITAL SYSTEMS CLASSIFICATION

• Combinational systems: The output values ONLY depend

on the CURRENT system input values.
2. Combinational Systems

• Sequential systems: The output values depend on the

input values but also on the system previous state
(memory).

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Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 2.I. COMBINATIONAL CIRCUITS

• Usually integrated in MSI.

• Design standards.
2. Combinational Systems

• General features.
 Clear functionality.
 Input and output data are usually grouped into Binary
words.
 Those blocks can be wired or inter-connected with
others in order to implement more complex systems.
 Their signals can be either high-level active (1) low-
level active (0).

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Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 COMBINATIONAL SYSTEMS

1. Introduction.
2. Combinational Systems.
3. Multiplexers & Demultiplexers.
I. Multiplexers.
II. Demultiplexers.
4. Decoders & Encoder.
Index

12
Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 3.I. MULTIPLEXERS

• A multiplexer (MUX) selects one data line from two or more

input lines and routes data from the selected line to the
output.
3. Multiplexers & demultiplexers

• The particular data line that is selected is determined by the

select inputs.
• For m select inputs there are n = 2m data inputs.
• MUX n:1 – Means that the multiplexer has n input lines and
one output line.

• D0..Dn-1 – Data inputs.

• S0..Sm-1 – Data select
inputs.
• Y – Data output.

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Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 3.I. MULTIPLEXERS

• MUX 4:1
S1 S0 Y
3. Multiplexers & demultiplexers

0 0 D0 S1·S0·D0
0 1 D1 S1·S0·D1
1 0 D2 S1·S0·D 2
1 1 D3 S1·S0·D3

Y = S1·S0·D0 + S1·S0·D1 + S1·S0·D2 + S1·S0·D3

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Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 3.I. MULTIPLEXERS

• MUX 4:1
3. Multiplexers & demultiplexers

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Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 3.I. MULTIPLEXERS

• It is quite usual for multiplexers to include an enable input

line. This also applies for almost every combinational
3. Multiplexers & demultiplexers

circuit.
• Enable input (E o EN): It is used to enable or disable the
circuit. It can be High-level active or Low-level active.

• In this example, a high-level

enable signal is assumed: En S1 S0 Y
0 X X 0
 En = ‘1’: Normal operation of the
1 0 0 D0
circuit: the output line is driven by
the selected data input. 1 0 1 D1
1 1 0 D2
 En = ‘0’: The circuit is disabled
1 1 1 D3
and, therefore, the output is at
the non-active level (Y=0).

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Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 3.I. MULTIPLEXORS

• Integrated circuit 74HC153

3. Multiplexers & demultiplexers

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Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 3.I. MULTIPLEXERS

• Multiplexer applications
 Data router: Choosing a data source among multiple
3. Multiplexers & demultiplexers

inputs..

D0
D1
Data sources ... MUX
Communication
channel
Dn-1

...
Select

 Implementation of logic functions: Easy to synthesize

functions expressed in a SoP form.

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Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 3.I. MULTIPLEXERS

• Implementation of logic functions:

 With a multiplexer with m select inputs, an m-variable
3. Multiplexers & demultiplexers

function can be implemented. These are the steps to

follow:
 Choose which variables are to be used as select inputs. Tip:
It is preferred to choose m adjacent variables (either the most
or the least significant ones).
 Connect each data input to either ‘0’ or ‘1’ according to the
value of the function.
 With a multiplexer with m select inputs and a NOT gate, a
function of m+1 variables can be implemented. These are
the steps to follow:
 Choose which variables are to be used as select inputs. Tip: It is
preferred to choose m adjacent variables (either the most or the
least significant ones).
 Connect each data input to either ‘0’, ‘1’, 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛−1 , or 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛−1 according to
the value of the function.
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Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 3.I. MULTIPLEXERS

• Example 1 – Using a 74HC151 mux implement the three-variable

function described in the truth table below:
3. Multiplexers & demultiplexers

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Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 3.I. MULTIPLEXERS

• Example 1 – Using a 74HC151 mux implement the three variable

function described in the truth table below:
3. Multiplexers & demultiplexers

21
Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 3.I. MULTIPLEXERS

• Example 2 – Using a 74HC151 mux implement the four-variable

function described in the following truth table:
3. Multiplexers & demultiplexers

22
Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 3.I. MULTIPLEXERS

• Example 2 – Using a 74HC151 mux implement the four-variable

function described in the following truth table:
3. Multiplexers & demultiplexers

23
Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 [Link]. DEMULTIPLEXER

• The function of a demultiplexer

3. Multiplexers & demultiplexers

1:4 DEMUX
(DEMUX) is the opposite of the
function of a MUX. 00 Y0

• It routes data from one input line 01 Y1

In
to one out of (n) output lines 10 Y2
depending on the (m) select
inputs. 11 Y3

• For m select inputs there are S1‘0’

S0‘0’
n = 2m outputs.

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Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 [Link]. DEMULTIPLEXER

1:4 DEMUX

• 1:n DEMUX - Demultiplexer 00 Y0

3. Multiplexers & demultiplexers

with one input and n outputs.

01 Y1
• In – Data input. Ent
10 Y2
• Y0..Yn-1 – Data outputs.
11 Y3
• S0..Sm-1 – Select inputs.
S1‘0’
S0‘0’

S1 S0 Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3
0 0 Ent 0 0 0 Y 0 = S1·S0·Ent
Y1 = S1·S0·Ent
0 1 0 Ent 0 0
Y 2 = S1·S0·Ent
1 0 0 0 Ent 0
Y3 = S1·S0·Ent
1 1 0 0 0 Ent
25
Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 [Link]. DEMULTIPLEXER

 Example:
 Imagine a 4-led panel in which a led is ON when it
3. Multiplexers & demultiplexers

gets a high-level voltage (1).

 Depending on the number applied to the A1A0 inputs,
the led to be activated can be chosen.

LED0
A1 A0 LED0 LED1 LED2 LED3 00

0 0 P 0 0 0 01 LED1
P=‘1’
1 0 0 P 0 0
10 LED2
1 0 0 0 P 0
1 1 0 0 0 P 11 LED3

A1
A0
26
Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 [Link]. DEMULTIPLEXER

• Multiplexers and demultiplexers as data routers.

 Multiple-source / multiple-receiver communication with a
3. Multiplexers & demultiplexers

single channel is possible.

 Less communication lines and simpler systems.
 Data transmission over a bus (group of wires which can
convey a group of binary variables).

D0 Y0
D1 Y1
D2 ... MUX DEMUX ... Y2 Output
data
Dn-1 Transmission Ym-1

Data sources channel

...
...

Input-select Output-select
inputs inputs

27
Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 COMBINATIONAL SYSTEMS

1. Introduction.
2. Combinational Systems.
3. Multiplexers & Demultiplexers.
4. Decoders & Encoders.
I. Decoders.
Index

II. Encoders.

28
Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 4.I. DECODERS

• A decoder is a logic circuit that detects the presence of

a specific combination of bits at its input
• Only one of its multiple outputs can active at any time.
4. Decoders & Encoders

• The active output is determined by the input

combination at any moment.
• If not enabled, there is not any active output.
• For n input bits there can be up to 2n outputs.
2:4 Decoder
• n:2n Decoder 00
 Decoder with n inputs En S0
and 2n outputs. A0 01 S1
 En: Enable signal A1 10 S2
S3
29
Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 4.I. DECODERS

• 2 to 4 decoder 2 to 4 Decoder
00
A1 A0 S0 S1 S2 S3 S0
4. Decoders & Encoders

0 0 1 0 0 0 S0 = A1·A 0 01
A0 S1
0 1 0 1 0 0 S1 = A1·A 0
A1 10 S2
1 0 0 0 1 0 S2 = A1·A 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 S3 = A1·A 0 S3

2 1
A0

2
1
2 1 3
S0
A1

2
1
3
S1

2
1
3
S2

2
1
3
S3
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Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 4.I. DECODERS

• 74HC154: 4:16 decoder with

low level (0) active outputs.
4. Decoders & Encoders

Electronic Systems. Topic 7 31

 4.I. DECODERS

• 74HC154: 4:16 decoder with

low level (0) active outputs.
4. Decoders & Encoders

Electronic Systems. Topic 7 32

 4.I. DECODERS

• BCD to 7-segment decoder:

• Properly speaking, this is not a decoder but a code
converter as there can be several active outputs at the
4. Decoders & Encoders

same time.
• The input code is a BCD word.
• The output code corresponds to the state of the
segments to display the specific number.
+5.0 V
1.0 kΩ
+5.0 V
74LS47 16
R's = MAN72
BCD/7-seg
3 VCC 330 Ω 3, 9, 14
LT a 13 1 a
4
BI/RBO b 12 13 b
5 11 10
RBI c c
6 A 10 8
d d
2 B e 9 7 e
BCD
input 1 C f 15 2 f
g 14 11 g
7
D
GND
8 33
Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 4.I. DECODERS

• BCD to 7-segment decoder:

 Numbers in red illustrate that in numbers “6” and “9”,
segments “a” and “d” are at low level, respectively.
4. Decoders & Encoders

D C B A a b c d e f g
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 X X X X X X X
. . . . . . . . . . . 34
Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 4.I. DECODERS

• BCD – 7 segment decoder.

4. Decoders & Encoders

• Active-High
inputs

• Active-High
outputs

35
Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 [Link]. ENCODERS

 An encoder accepts an active logic level on one of its

inputs and converts it to a coded output, such as
BCD or binary.
4. Decoders & Encoders

 The number of inputs is higher than the number of

bits of the output code.

Binary encoder 2n:n:

4 to 2 Encoder
 Circuit with 2n inputs
and n output bits. A0

 Output code is the A1 S0

number assigned to
A2 S1
the active input.
A3
36
Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 [Link]. ENCODERS

• 4 to 2 Encoder:
Buttons 4 to 2 Encoder
4. Decoders & Encoders

A3 A2 A1 A0 S1 S0 CD A0
0 0 0 1 0 0 A1
DVD S0
0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 0 RADIO FM A2 S1
1 0 0 0 1 1 A3
AUX

 This circuit could be used to encode the pressed button

to select the source in a music player.
 Only one button must be pressed at any time.

37
Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 [Link]. ENCODERS

• The 74HC147 is an IC
encoder.
4. Decoders & Encoders

• It is has ten active-LOW

inputs and converts the
active input to an active-
LOW BCD output

 There is no zero input because all the outputs are LOW

when there are no active inputs.
 This is a priority encoder. This means that if there are
more than one active inputs, the output code will
correspond to the one with the highest input number.
38
Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 [Link]. ENCODERS

• 74HC147: Keyboard
encoder application.
4. Decoders & Encoders

39
Electronic Systems. Topic 7
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 DIGITAL FUNDAMENTALS, 11TH edition, Thomas L. Floyd. Editorial

Pearson. Capítol: 6.
Fundamentos de sistemas digitales, 9ª edición, Thomas L. Floyd.
Editorial Pearson. Capítol: 6.
4. Decoders & Encoders

40
Electronic Systems. Topic 7