1
RC (Resistor-Capacitor) Circuits
AP Physics C
2 RC Circuit – Initial Conditions
An RC circuit is one where you have a capacitor and resistor in the same circuit. Suppose we
have the following circuit:Initially, the capacitor is UNCHARGED (q = 0) and the current
through the resistor is zero. A switch (in red) then closes the circuit by moving upwards.The
question is: What happens to the current and voltage across the resistor and capacitor as
the capacitor begins to charge as a function of time?Which path do you think it takes?
VCTime(s)
3 Voltage Across the Resistor - Initially
If we assume the battery has NO internal resistance, the voltage across the resistor will be
the EMF.eVResistort (sec)After a very long time, Vcap= e, as a result the potential difference
between these two points will be ZERO. Therefore, there will be NO voltage drop across the
resistor after the capacitor charges.Note: This is while the capacitor is CHARGING.
4 Current Across the Resistor - Initially
Imax=e/Rt (sec)Since the voltage drop across the resistor decreases as the capacitor
charges, the current across the resistor will reach ZERO after a very long time.Note: This is
while the capacitor is CHARGING.
5 Voltage Across the Capacitor - Initially
Vcapt (sec)As the capacitor charges it eventually reaches the same voltage as the battery or
the EMF in this case after a very long time. This increase DOES NOT happen linearly.Note:
This is while the capacitor is CHARGING.
6 Current Across the Capacitor - Initially
Imax=e/Rt (sec)Since the capacitor is in SERIES with the resistor the current will decrease as
the potential difference between it and the battery approaches zero. It is the potential
difference which drives the value for the current.Note: This is while the capacitor is
CHARGING.
7 Time Domain BehaviorThe graphs we have just seen show us that this process depends
on the time. Let’s look then at the UNITS of both the resistance and capacitance.Unit for
Resistance = W = Volts/AmpsUnit for Capacitance = Farad = Coulombs/Volts
8 The “Time” ConstantIt is clear, that for a GIVEN value of "C”, for any value of “R” it effects
the time rate at which the capacitor charges or discharges.Thus the PRODUCT of R and C
produce what is called the CIRCUIT Capacitive TIME CONSTANT.We use the Greek letter, Tau,
for this time constant.The question is: What exactly is the time constant?
9 The “Time” ConstantThe time constant is the time that it takes for the capacitor to reach
63% of the EMF value during charging.
10 Charging Behavior eIs there a function that will allow us to calculate the voltage at any
given time “t”?Let’s begin by using KVLVcapet (sec)We now have a first order differential
equation.
11 Charging function eHow do we solve this when we have 2 changing variables?To get rid
of the differential we must integrate. To make it easier we must get our two changing
variables on different sides of the equation and integrate each side respectively.Re-
arranging algebraically.Getting the common denominatorSeparating the numerator from
the denominator,Cross multiplying.Since both changing variables are on opposite side we
can now integrate.
12 Charging function eHowever if we divide our function by a CONSTANT, in this case “C”,
we get our voltage function.As it turns out we have derived a function that defines the
CHARGE as a function of time.
Applying each time constant produces the charging curve we see. For practical purposes the
capacitor is considered fully charged after 4-5 time constants( steady state). Before that
time, it is in a transient state.
14 Charging FunctionsLikewise, the voltage function can be divided by another constant, in
this case, “R”, to derive the current charging function.Now we have 3 functions that allows us
to calculate the Charge, Voltage, or Current at any given time “t” while the capacitor is
charging.
15 Capacitor Discharge – Resistor’s Voltage
Suppose now the switch moves downwards towards the other terminal. This prevents the
original EMF source to be a part of the circuit.eAt t =0, the resistor gets maximum voltage
but as the capacitor cannot keep its charge, the voltage drop decreases.VResistort (sec)
16 Capacitor Discharge – Resistor’s Current
Similar to its charging graph, the current through the resistor must decrease as the voltage
drop decreases due to the loss of charge on the capacitor.I=e/RIResistort (sec)
17 Capacitor Discharge – Capacitor's Voltage
The discharging graph for the capacitor is the same as that of the resistor. There WILL be a
time delay due to the TIME CONSTANT of the circuit.In this case, the time constant is
reached when the voltage of the capacitor is 37% of the EMF.
18 Capacitor Discharge – Capacitor’s Current
Similar to its charging graph, the current through the capacitor must decrease as the voltage
drop decreases due to the loss of charge on the capacitor.I=e/RIcapt (sec)
19 Discharging Functions
Once again we start with KVL, however, the reason we start with ZERO is because the
SOURCE is now gone from the circuit.
20 Discharging Functions
We now can calculate the charge, current, or voltage for any time “t” during the capacitors
discharge.
