2016 TEST 3
Reading Passage 1
Bamboo, A Wonder Plant
The wonder plant with an uncertain future: more than a billion people rely on bamboo for either their
shelter or income, while many endangered species depend on it for their survival. Despite its apparent
abundance, a new report says that species of bamboo may be under serious threat.
A. Every year, during the rainy season, the mountain gorillas of Central Africa migrate to the foothills
and lower slopes of the Virunga Mountains to graze on bamboo. For the 650 or so that remain in the
wild, it’s a vital food source. Although they at almost 150 types of plant, as well as various insects
and other invertebrates, at this time of year bamboo accounts for up to 90 per cent of their diet.
Without it, says Ian Redmond, chairman of the Ape Alliance, their chances of survival would be
reduced significantly. Gorillas aren’t the only locals keen on bamboo. For the people who live close
to the Virungas, it’s a valuable and versatile raw material used for building houses and making
household items such as mats and baskets. But in the past 100 years or so, resources have come under
increasing pressure as populations have exploded and large areas of bamboo forest have been cleared
to make way for farms and commercial plantations.
B. Sadly, this isn’t an isolated story. All over the world, the ranges of many bamboo species appear
to be shrinking, endangering the people and animals that depend upon them. But despite bamboo’s
importance, we know surprisingly little about it. A recent report published by the UN Environment
Programme (UNEP) and the International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR) has revealed
just how profound is our ignorance of global bamboo resources, particularly in relation to
conservation. There are almost 1,600 recognized species of bamboo, but the report concentrated on
the 1,200 or so woody varieties distinguished by the strong stems, or culms, that most people
associate with this versatile plant. Of these, only 38 ‘priority species’ identified for their commercial
value have been the subject of any real scientific research, and this has focused mostly on matters
relating to their viability as a commodity. This problem isn’t confined to bamboo. Compared to the
work carried out on animals, the science of assessing the conservation status of plants is still in its
infancy. “People have only started looking hard at this during the past 10-15 years, and only now are
they getting a handle on how to go about it systematically,” says Dr Valerie Kapos, one of the report’s
authors and a senior advisor in forest ecology and conservation to the UNEP
C. Bamboo is a type of grass. It comes in a wide variety of forms, ranging in height from 30
centimeters to more than 40 meters. It is also the world’s fastest-growing woody plant; some species
can grow more than a meter in a day. Bamboo’s ecological rote extends beyond providing food and
habitat for animals. Bamboo tends to grow in stands made up of groups of individual plants that grow
from root systems known as rhizomes. Its extensive rhizome systems, which tie in predicting the top
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layers of the soil, are crucial in preventing soil erosion. And there is growing evidence that bamboo
plays an important part in determining forest structure and dynamics. “Bamboo’s pattern of mass
flowering and mass death leaves behind large areas of dry biomass that attract wildfire,” says Kapos.
“When these bum, they create patches of open ground within the forest far bigger than would be left
by a fallen tree.” Patchiness helps to preserve diversity because certain plant species do better during
the early stages of regeneration when there are gaps in the canopy.
D. However, bamboo’s most immediate significance lies in its economic value. Modem processing
techniques mean that it can be used in a variety of ways, for example, flooring and laminates. One of
the fastest-growing bamboo products is paper -25 per cent of paper produced in India is made from
bamboo fibre and in Brazil, 100,000 hectares of bamboo is grown for its production. Of course,
bamboo’s main function has always been in domestic applications, and as a locally traded
commodity, it’s worth about US$4.5billion annually. Because of its versatility, flexibility and
strength (its tensile strength compares to that of some steel), it has traditionally been used in
construction. Today, more than one billion people worldwide live in bamboo houses. Bamboo is
often the only readily available raw material for people in many developing countries, says Chris
Staple-ton, a research associate at the Royal Botanic Gardens. “Bamboo can be harvested from forest
areas or grown quickly elsewhere, and then converted simply without expensive machinery or
facilities,” he says. “In this way, it contributes substantially to poverty alleviation and wealth
creation.”
E. Given bamboo’s value in economic and ecological terms, the picture painted by the UNEP report
is all the more worrying. But keen horticulturists will spot an apparent contradiction here. Those
who’ve followed the recent vogue for cultivating exotic species in their gardens will point out that if
it isn’t kept in check, bamboo can cause real problems. “In a lot of places, the people who live with
bamboo don’t perceive it as being endangered in any way,” says Kapos. “In fact, a lot of bamboo
species are actually very invasive if they’ve been introduced.” So why are so many species
endangered? There are two separate issues here, says Ray Townsend, vice president of the British
Bamboo Society and arboretum manager at the Royal Botanic Gardens. “Some plants are threatened
because they can’t survive in the habitat – they aren’t strong enough or there aren’t enough of them,
perhaps. But bamboo can take care of itself – it is strong enough to survive if left alone. What is
under threat is its habitat.” It is the physical disturbance that is the threat to bamboo, says Kapos.
“When forest goes, it is converted into something else: there isn’t any-where for forest plants such
as bamboo to grow if you create a cattle pasture.”
F. Around the world, bamboo species are routinely protected as part of forest eco-systems in national
parks and reserves, but there is next to nothing that protects bamboo in the wild for its own sake.
However, some small steps are being taken to address this situation. The UNEP-INBAR report will
help conservationists to establish effective measures aimed at protecting valuable wild bamboo
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species. Towns end, too, sees the UNEP report as an important step forward in promoting the cause
of bamboo conservation. “Until now, bamboo has been perceived as a second-class plant.
When you talk about places such as the Amazon, everyone always thinks about the hardwoods. Of
course, these are significant, but there is a tendency to overlook the plants they are associated with,
which are often bamboo species. In many ways, it is the most important plant known to man. I can’t
think of another plant that is used so much and is so commercially important in so many countries.”
He believes that the most important first step is to get scientists into the field. “We need to go out
there, look at these plants and see how they survive and then use that information to conserve them
for the future.
Questions 1-7
Reading Passage 1 has six sections A-F.
Which section contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-F in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet
NB You may use any letter more than once
1. The limited extent of existing research
2. Comparison of bamboo with other plant species
3. Commercial application of bamboo
4. Example of an animal which relies on bamboos for survival
5. The human activity that damaged large areas of bamboo
6. The approaches used to study bamboo
7. Bamboo helps the survival of a range of plants
Questions 8-11
Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-D) with opinions or deeds
below.
Write the appropriate letters A-d in boxes 8-11 on your answer sheet.
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NB you may use any letter more than once
A. Ian Redmond
B. Valerie Kapos
C. Ray Townsend
D. Chris Stapleton
8. Destroying bamboo jeopardizes to wildlife.
9. People have very confined knowledge of bamboo.
10. Some people do not think that bamboo is endangered.
11. Bamboo has loads of commercial potentials.
Questions 12-13
Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each
answer.
Write your answers in boxes 12-13 on your answer sheet
12. What problem does the bamboo’s root system prevent?
13. Which bamboo product is experiencing market expansion
Reading Passage 2
Biodiversity
A. It seems biodiversity has become a buzzword beloved of politicians, conservationists, protesters
and scientists alike. But what exactly is it? The Convention on Biological Diversity, an international
agreement to conserve and share the planet’s biological riches, provides a good working definition:
biodiversity comprises every form of life, from the smallest microbe to the largest animal or plant,
the genes that give them their specific characteristics and the ecosystems of which they are apart.
B. In October, the World Conservation Union (also known as the IUCN) published its updated Red
List of Threatened Species, a roll call of 11,167 creatures facing extinction – 121 more than when
the list was last published in 2000. But the new figures almost certainly underestimate the crisis.
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Some 1.2 million species of animals and 270,000 species of plants have been classified, but the well-
being of only a fraction has been assessed. The resources are simply not available. The RJCN reports
that 5714 plants are threatened, for example, but admits that only 4 per cent of known plants have
been assessed. And, of course, there are thousands of species that we have yet to discover. Many of
these could also be facing extinction.
C. It is important to develop a picture of the diversity of life on Earth now so that comparisons can
be made in the future and trends identified. But it isn’t necessary to observe every single type of
organism in an area to get a snapshot of the health of the ecosystem. In many habitats, there are
species that are particularly susceptible to shifting conditions, and these can be used as indicator
species.
D. In the media, it is usually large, charismatic animals such as pandas, elephants, tigers and whales
that get all the attention when the loss of biodiversity is discussed. However, animals or plants far
lower down the food chain are often the ones vital for preserving habitats – in the process saving the
skins of those more glamorous species. These are known as keystone species.
E. By studying the complex feeding relationships within habitats, species can be identified that have
a particularly important impact on the environment. For example, the members of the fig family are
the staple food for hundreds of different species in many different countries, so important that
scientists sometimes call figs “jungle burgers”. A whole range of animals, from tiny insects to birds
and large mammals, feed on everything from the tree’s bark and leaves to its flowers and fruits. Many
fig species have very specific pollinators. There are several dozen species of fig trees in Costa Rica,
and a different type of wasp has evolved to pollinate each one. Chris Lyle of the Natural History
Museum in London – who is also involved in the Global Taxonomy Initiative of the Convention on
Biological Diversity – points out that if fig trees are affected by global warming, pollution, disease
or any other catastrophe, the loss of biodiversity will be enormous.
F. Similarly, sea otters play a major role in the survival of giant kelp forests along the coasts of
California and Alaska. These “marine rainforests” provide a home for a wide range of other species.
The kelp itself is the main food of purple and red sea urchins and in turn, the urchins are eaten by
predators, particularly sea otters. They detach an urchin from the seabed then float to the surface and
lie on their backs with the urchin shell on their tummy, smashing it open with a stone before eating
the contents. Urchins that are not eaten tend to spend their time in rock crevices to avoid the predators.
This allows the kelp to grow – and it can grow many centimeters in a day. As the forests form, bits
of kelp break off and fall to the bottom to provide food for the urchins in their crevices. The sea otters
thrive hunting for sea urchins in the kelp, and many other fish and invertebrates live among the
fronds. The problems start when the sea otter population declines. As large predators they are
vulnerable – their numbers are relatively small so disease or human hunters can wipe them out. The
result is that the sea urchin population grows unchecked and they roam the seafloor eating young
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kelp fronds. This tends to keep the kelp very short and stops forests developing, which has a huge
impact on biodiversity.
G. Conversely, keystone species can also make dangerous alien species: they can wreak havoc if they
end up in the wrong ecosystem. The cactus moth, whose caterpillar is a voracious eater of prickly
pear was introduced to Australia to control the rampant cacti. It was so successful that someone
thought it would be a good idea to introduce it to the Caribbean islands that had the same problem.
It solved the cactus menace, but unfortunately, some of the moths have now reached the US mainland
– borne on winds and in tourists’ luggage – where they are devastating the native cactus populations
of Florida.
H. Organizations like the Convention on Biological Diversity work with groups such as the UN and
with governments and scientists to raise awareness and fund research. A number of major
international meetings – including the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg
this year – have set targets for governments around the world to slow the loss of biodiversity. And
the CITES meeting in Santiago last month added several more names to its list of endangered species
for which trade is controlled. Of course, these agreements will prove of limited value if some
countries refuse to implement them.
I. There is cause for optimism, however. There seems to be a growing understanding of the need for
sustainable agriculture and sustainable tourism to conserve biodiversity. Problems such as illegal
logging are being tackled through sustainable forestry programs, with the emphasis on minimizing
the use of rainforest hardwoods in the developed world and on rigorous replanting of whatever trees
are harvested. CITES is playing its part by controlling trade in wood from endangered tree species.
In the same way, sustainable farming techniques that minimize environmental damage and avoid
monoculture.
J. Action at a national level often means investing in public education and awareness. Getting people
like you and me involved can be very effective. Australia and many European countries are becoming
increasingly efficient at recycling much of their domestic waste, for example, preserving natural
resources and reducing the use of fossil fuels. This, in turn, has a direct effect on biodiversity by
minimizing pollution, and an indirect effect by reducing the number of greenhouse gases emitted
from incinerators and landfill sites. Preserving ecosystems intact for future generations to enjoy is
obviously important, but biodiversity is not some kind of optional extra. Variety may be “the spice
of life”, but biological variety is also our life-support system.
Questions 14-20
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2
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In boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE, if the statement is true
FALSE, if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN, if the information is not given in the passage
14. The term “biodiversity” consists of living creatures and the environment that they live in.
15. There are species that have not been researched because it’s unnecessary to study all creatures.
16. It is not necessary to investigate all creatures in a certain place.
17. The press more often than not focuses on animals well-known.
18. There is a successful case that cactus moth plays a positive role in the US.
19. Usage of hardwoods is forbidden in some European countries.
20. Agriculture experts advise farmers to plant single crops in the field in terms of sustainable
farming
Questions 21-26
Summary
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than two
words from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 21-26 on your answer sheet.
Because of the ignorance brought by media, people tend to neglect significant creatures called 21
………………..Every creature has diet connections with others, such as 22 ………………. which
provide a majority of foods for other species. In some states of America, the decline in the number
of sea otters leads to the boom of 23 ………………. An impressing case is that imported 24
successfully tackles the plant cacti in 25 ………………. However, the operation is needed for the
government to increase its financial support in 26 ………………..
Reading Passage 3
Sunset for the Oil Business
The world is about to run out of oil. Or perhaps not. It depends on who you believe…
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A. Members of the Department Analysis Centre (ODAC) recently met in London and presented
technical data that support their grim forecast that the world is perilously close to running out of oil.
Leading lights of this moment, including the geologist Colin Campbell, rejected rival views presented
by the American geological survey and the international energy agency that contradicted their
findings. Dr Campbell even decried the amazing display of ignorance, denial, and obfuscation by
government, industry, and academics on this topic.
B. So is the oil really running out? The answer is easy: Yes. Nobody seriously disputes the notion
that oil is, for all practical purposes, a non-renewable resource that will run out someday, be that
years or decades away. The harder question is determining when precisely oil will begin to get scarce.
And answering that question involves scaling Hubbert’s peak.
C. M. King Hubbert, a Shell geologist of legendary status among depletion experts, forecast in 1956
that oil production in the United States would peak in the early 1970s and then slowly decline, in
something resembling a bell-shaped curve. At the time, his forecast was controversial, and many
rubbished it. After 1970, however, empirical evidence proved him correct: oil production in America
did indeed peak and has been in decline ever since.
D. Dr Hubbert’s analysis drew on the observation that oil production in a new area typically rises
quickly at first, as the easiest and cheapest reserves are tapped. Over time, reservoirs age and go into
decline, and so lifting oil becomes more expensive. Oil from that area then becomes less competitive
in relation to other fuels, or to oil from other areas. As a result, production slows down and usually
tapers off and declines. That, he argued, made for a bell-shaped curve.
E. His successful prediction has emboldened a new generation of geologists to apply his
methodology on a global scale. Chief among them are the experts at ODAC, who worry that the
global peak in production will come in the next decade. Dr. Campbell used to argue that the peak
should have come already; he now thinks it is just around the comer. A heavyweight has now joined
this gloomy chorus. Kenneth Deffeyes of Princeton University argues in a lively new book (“The
View from Hubbert’s Peak”) that global oil production could peak as soon as 2004.
F. That sharply contradicts mainstream thinking. America’s Geological Survey prepared an
exhaustive study of oil depletion last year (in part to rebut Dr. Campbell’s arguments) that put the
peak of production some decades off. The IEA has just weighed in with its new “World Energy
Outlook”, which foresees enough oil to comfortably meet the demand to 2020 from remaining
reserves. Rene Dahan, one of ExxonMobil’s top managers, goes further: with an assurance
characteristic of the world’s largest energy company, he insists that the world will be awash in oil for
another 70 years.
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G. Who is right? In making sense of these wildly opposing views, it is useful to look back at the
pitiful history of oil forecasting. Doomsters have been predicting dry wells since the 1970s, but so
far the oil is still gushing. Nearly all the predictions for 2000 made after the 1970s oil shocks were
far too pessimistic. America’s Department of Energy thought that oil would reach $150 a barrel (at
2000 prices); even Exxon predicted a price of $ 100.
H. Michael Lynch of DRI-WEFA, an economic consultancy, is one of the few oil forecasters who
has got things generally right. In a new paper, Dr. Lynch analyses those historical forecasts. He finds
evidence of both bias and recurring errors, which suggests that methodological mistakes (rather than
just poor data) were the problem. In particular, he faults forecasters who used Hubbert-style analysis
for relying on fixed estimates of how much “ultimately recoverable” oil there really is below ground,
in the industry’s jargon: that figure, he insists, is actually a dynamic one, as improvements in
infrastructure, knowledge, and technology raise the amount of oil which is recoverable.
I. That points to what will probably determine whether the pessimists or the optimists are right:
technological innovation. The first camp tends to be dismissive of claims of forthcoming
technological revolutions in such areas as deep-water drilling and enhanced recovery. Dr. Deffeyes
captures this end-of-technology mindset well. He argues that because the industry has already spent
billions on technology development, it makes it difficult to ask today for new technology, as most of
the wheels have already been invented.
J. Yet techno-optimists argue that the technological revolution in oil has only just begun. Average
recovery rates (how much of the known oil in a reservoir can actually be brought to the surface) are
still only around 30-35%. Industry optimists believe that new techniques on the drawing board
today could lift that figure to 50-60% within a decade.
K. Given the industry’s astonishing track record of innovation, it may be foolish to bet against it.
That is the result of adversity: the nationalizations of the 1970s forced Big Oil to develop reserves in
expensive, inaccessible places such as the North Sea and Alaska, undermining Dr. Hubbert’s
assumption that cheap reserves are developed first. The resulting upstream investments have driven
down the cost of finding and developing wells over the last two decades from over $20 a barrel to
around $6 a barrel. The cost of producing oil has fallen by half, to under $4 a barrel.
L. Such miracles will not come cheap, however, since much of the world’s oil is now produced in
ageing fields that are rapidly declining. The IEA concludes that global oil production need not peak
in the next two decades if the necessary investments are made. So how much is necessary? If oil
companies are to replace the output lost at those ageing fields and meet the world’s ever-rising
demand for oil, the agency reckons they must invest $ 1 trillion in non-OPEC countries over the next
decade alone. That’s quite a figure.
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Questions 27-31
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3
In boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet, write
YES, if the statement agrees with the information
NO, if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN, if there is no information on this
27. Hubbert has a high-profile reputation amongst ODAC members.
28. Oil is likely to last longer than some other energy sources.
29. The majority of geologists believe that oil will start to run out sometime this decade.
30. Over 50 per cent of the oil we know about is currently being recovered.
31. History has shown that some of Hubbert’s principles were mistaken.
Question 32-35
Complete the notes below
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet.
Many people believed Hubbert’s theory was 32…………….. when it was originally presented.
The recovery of the oil gets more 34 ………………..as the reservoir gets older
When an aild field is 33……….., it is easy to………………….
The oil field can’t be as 35…………………… as other areas
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Questions 36-40
Look at the following statements (questions 36-40) and the list of people below.
Match each statement with the correct person, A-E.
Write the correct letter, A-E in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
36. has found fault in a geological research procedure
37. has provided the longest-range forecast regarding oil supply
38. has convinced others that oil production will follow a particular model
39. has accused fellow scientists of refusing to see the truth
40. has expressed doubt over whether improved methods of extracting oil are possible.
List of People
A. Colin Campbell
B. M. King Hubbert
C. Kenneth Deffeyes
D. Rene Dahan
E. Michael Lynch
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