articles (1) article use depending on context ‘© When we refer to something we have already mentioned, we use the definite article. First, [grate some cheese. Then I sprinkle the cheese into the sauce. ‘® Anoun can be made definite by the details which follow it. This is called post-modification. There's a tower over there. Yes it's the Tower of London. ‘© Some things are definite because they are already known to the people talking about them, Jim sat the pub. (= The one we all usually go to.) Pass the vegetables, please. (= These ones on the table.) groups and classes '® An example of a thing, instrument etc uses a /an. A barometer is used to measure air pressure. © We use a/an for one of a class of things or people. Peters a German. Maria is a teacher. This is an electric shaver © We use a /an for one of a set of named things. They've bought a Picasso. (=a work of art) This is a Henry Moore sculpture. ‘© We use zero article with plurals and uncountables when they refer to a class of things or people in general. Teachers often work very long hours. Water is becoming a scarce resource. Girls are better at learning foreign languages than boys. These too can be made specific, eg by the details which follow. The water tastes funny (= the water from the tap) The girls in my class learn fast. (= these particular girls) © Asingular noun to describe a class of things uses the. The bicycle is becoming increasingly popular The whale isin danger of extinction. ideas © Abstract ideas use zero article. Health is one of the ant things in life. rast fro Note that an abstract noun can be made specific by what comes after it ~ then we use the. The health of millions of people may be at risk numbers and measurement © With rates and speeds use a/ an. The car was going at 50km an hour. The rent is £500 a month ©. Use a /an for large whole numbers, fractions with singular nouns, weights and distances. ahundred a milion a third a fifth two anda half akilo a metre anda But: two and seven eighths half-way Half is usually used without an at He has eaten half of the cake. ile.people © We use zero article with names of people, unless we specify the person. Tom lives in Bristol. 1s he the Tom Davis you went to school with? ‘© We can use a / an with names when we mean ‘a person called ..." is there a Tom Davis staying here? ‘© We can use the with the names of groups, when these are clearly plural the Democrats However, if a proper name comes before the noun there will be zero article. Euro MPs Manchester United supporters ‘© Names of music groups vary a great deal, and may not fit general rules. The Who Primal Scream ‘Many groups of people are described by the + singular adjective. the unemployed the dead cities, towns, streets, places Use zero article with proper names, though the is used when there is post modification with of. Hive in Allan Road in Bristol nan area called Redland. Oxford University the University of Oxford © Use the with the names of shops and places with a general reference. at the cinema / the supermarket in the garden / in the mountains /at the beach etc © Other places vary. If they begin with the name of a place or person, then they tend to use zero article. London Bridge Waterloo Station Madame Tussaud's But: the London Eye Otherwise they use the. the Golden Gate Bridge the Hard Rock Café the Odeon Cinema ‘© Note that a place name can also be used as an adjective, in which case we could use the. The London rush hour can cause long delays Some other cities have adjective forms, eg Paris / Parisian, Rome / Roman. unique objects © The is used with some familiar objects when we think of them as the only one. The Sun was setting over the sea. The moon rose into the sky illness ete © A/an is used with a headache, a cold etc ta cold/ a headache /a toothache / an earache? Most illness words use zero article. 1've got flu. She's suffering from appendicitis exclamations ©. Use a /an in the expressions what a ...!, such a . We use what a... when we are surprised or impressed by something What a fantastic sight! What an awful room! We use such a /an ... for emphasis with singular nouns. This s such a grear film! He is such an interesting person (See also Unit 21.)1. Complete the text with the or zero article. The survival of most large mammals is being put at risk by global warming, 1s person you are talking about Jane Small you knew at university? foreigners often have trouble getting used to Scottish climate decoration in____small bedroom is realy pleasing but I don’t like colour of curtains. Imissed beginning of film, so didn't understand plot until half-way through experts disagree as to whether men are __better drivers than women, most of people | know don’t always get on with other people first time they meet them What exactly is difference between rhythm of a piece of music and tune? Helen has gone to library to get___information she needs for __project she’s doing at school, | don’t know why you always put sugar in your coffee if you're trying to lose weight 2. Complete the text with a/an or the, or leave blank for zero article. George Orwell a The author George Orwell (1903-1950: real name Eric Bair) was b English novelist, critic and political and cultural commentator He is best known for c novels Animal Form and Nineteen Eighy-Four, both of which ‘were written and published toward e end of his life. He chose f name George Orwell ng carly 1930s when his first book, Down and Out in Paris and London, was published. This book describes what it was like to be h poor and i homeless inj Britain, and ako described Kime he pent in Paris working in : \ 1 echen ofm hives hetd.n Ornate i “ father vas 0: BEE In. and rw gre up in ee P middle-class family. He was q pupil at Eton, r wellknown English school, and as his family could nat afford to send him to university he joined s Indian Imperial Police. He learnt t lot abou u Bricsh Empire, but came to hate v job,and in 1927 he resigned and decided to become w writer: He worked as x schoolteacher, and in y bookshop, wrote z book about 1 poverty in 2 northern England (The Rood to Wigan Per) and also fought for 3 Republican side in 4 Spanish Civil war He developed § career as 6 journalist and reviewer, and during 7 Second World War he made & regular Broadeasts on 9 BBC. He died of 10 tuberculosis 3 in 1950 at 11 age of 46. oo3. Complete the sentences with a / an or the. b d The tiger is animal which struggles to survive in modern world. Ineed _kiloand half of minced beef, but I want all__fat taken off please. art gallery used toown Picasso, but it was stolen in daring daylight robbery. first thing students need to appreciate is that laboratory can be dangerous place. Wespent week in Parisand had. great time going up _Eiffel Tower, and taking tripalong —Seinein__ small boat. ‘Tom Gibson, architect mainly responsible for design of ___new building, lives in farmhouse in country. rent is €1000_ month because apartment is ‘most expensive part of ity. Ican never understand US elections, because I'm not sure [know difference between Democrats and Republicans. Worst thing about travelling on the motorway is that if there is accident, there is usually huge traffic jam. My dad is down at pub having drink with, other members of, pub-quiz team, 4 Complete the text with a /an or the, or leave blank for zero article. Bird migration Whethera 4 partelar species of br migrates depends on ¢_ numberof terse. most lig impectatinfuence on f mga sg... elmate of hr areawhere | bids bred, and}. smal number fics remain in an area where theres. bh witec Sa h__Sanciowi em —__ anid inn egy ALBA BE oa grees pc Europe where @ winters are ikl Another ator i r type of s food involved. Some birds eat mainly t insects which are not available in winter so these birds have to undertake w migration in order to find food. However lack of v food is not w trigger for ‘migration, and birds need to be well fed before they start x long-distance fight. The main reasons for y migrating seem to. bbe partly genetic and partly as z result of 1 small in2 ‘weather or in 3 length of 4 day une a hae Choose a paragraph from a book and make a practice passage like the ones in Exercises 2 and 4, Remove all articles and leave a space, add spaces for zero article, and add some trick spaces. Ask someone else in the class to complete your practice passage, and show them the original passage so they can check their answers. ‘Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 208.unit20 Aericces (4) = bthe, the, ~ the d the, the, the, the e the, the the f-,-,-,- @-the,-, the the, the,~,the ithe, the, the, Ex2 aThe ban cthe d- ethe fthe gthe h- i j- kthe [the ma n- oa pa qa rthe sthe ta uthe vthe wa xa ya za 1- 2- 3the Athe 5a 6a 7the 8- Sthe 10- 11 the Ex3 athe,an,the ba,a,the cthe,a,a dthe,a,a @a,a, the, a, the,a the, the, the, a, the g the, a, the, the, the h the, the, the, the ithe, an, a j the, a, the, the Ex4 aa b- ca d- eThe f- gthe hthe ithe ja ka I- mthe na o- p- qthe/- rthe s~ t~ u- v- wa xa y- za 1- 2the 3the 4the