425. but not les than 450 mm.

The number r
pliccs in prin ipnl tensile reinforccmcnl shall be kept to a
prnclical minimum. Whcr splices arc nccc sar • they
e
hall be staggered at least <1 , ith not more thon onethird
of the rein I' rccmcnt pli cd Gl nny cction.
428.6 Construction
428.6.1 When removal of formwork is based on a
specific modulus of elasticity of concrete because of
stability or deflection considerations, the value of the
modulus of elasticity Ee shall be determined from flexural
tests of field-cured beam specimens. The number of test
specimens, the dimensions of test beam specimens, and
test procedures shall be specified by the engineer-ofrecord.
428.6.2 Contract documents shall specify the
tolerances for the shape of the shell. If construction results
in deviations from the shape greater than the specified
tolerances, an analysis of the effect of the deviations shall
be made and any required remedial actions shall be taken
to ensure safe behavior.
SECTION 429
ALTERNATE DESIGN METHOD
429.l Notations
See Section 402.2.
429.2 Scope
429.2.1 Non-prestressed reinforced concrete members
shall be permitted to be designed using service loads
(without load factors) and permissible service load
stresses in accordance with provisions of Section 429.
429.2.2 For design of members not covered by Section
424, appropriate provisions of this Code shall apply.
429.2.3 All applicable provisions of this Code for nonprestressed
concrete, except Section 406.5, shall apply to
members designed by the Alternate Design Method.
429.2.4 Flexural members shall meet requirements for
deflection control in Section 424.2.1, and requirements of
Sections 408.7.2, 409.2.3, 409.6.1, and 409.9 of this
Code.
429.3 General
429.3.1 Load factors and strength reduction factors </J
shall be taken as unity for members designed by the
Alternate Design Method.
429.3.2 It shall be permitted to proportion members for
75 percent of capacities required by other parts of Section
429 when considering wind or earthquake forces
combined with other loads, provided the resulting section
is not less than that required for the combination of dead
and live load.
429.3.3 When dead load reduces effects of other loads,
members shall be designed for 85 percent of dead load in
combination with the other loads.
429.4 Permissible Service Load Stresses
429.4.l Stresses in concrete shall not exceed the
following:
I . Flexure
Extreme fiber stress in compression .. .. .... 0. 45/~
Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (ASEP)
2. Shear*
Beams and one-way slabs and footings:
Shear carried by concrete, Ve .................
1

\ ,ff;
Maximum shear carried by concrete plus shear
reinforcement, Ve ** ......................... ......... 'fiffi
Joists:
Shear carried by concrete, Ve ........... .. ........ /
1 ,ff;
Two-way slabs and footings:
Shear carried by concrete,

Ve ....... - .............................................. .... (tJ (1 + 2/Pe),.{f;

but not greater than ................................... ~,ff;
3. Bearing on loaded area+ .................................. 0. 3f~
429.4.2 Tensile stress in reinforcement f 5shall not
exceed the following:
1. Grade 280 reinforcement ....... ... ... ........... .. 140 MPa
2. Grade 420 reinforcement or greater and welded wire
fabric (plain or deformed) ............. ........... 170 MP a
3. For flexural reinforcement, </)10 mm or less, in oneway
slabs of not more than 4 m span but not greater
than 200 MP a .............. .... ... ....... ............... 0. 50 f y
429.5 Development and Splices of Reinforcement
429.5.1 Development and splices of reinforcement
shall be as required in Section 425 of this chapter.
429.5.2 In satisfying requirements of Section
409.7.3.8.3, Mn shall be taken as computed moment
capacity assuming all pos1hve moment tension
reinforcement at the section to be stressed to the
permissible tensile stress f 5 , and Vu shall be taken as
unfactored shear force at the section.
• For more detailed calculation of the shear stress carried by concrete Ve
and shear values for lightweight aggregate concrete, see Section 429.8.4.
** Designed in accordance with Section 406.4 of this code.
+when the supporting surface is wider on all sides than the loaded area,
permissible bearing stress on the loaded area shall be permitted to be
multiplied by ✓ A2 / A1 but not more than 2. When the supporting
surface is sloped or stepped, A2 shall be permitted to be taken as the
area of the lower base of the largest frustum of a right pyramid or cone
contained wholly within the support and having for its upper base the
loaded area, and having side slopes of I vertical-to 2 horizontal.
CHAPTER 4 -· Strnctural Concrete lr-195
429.6 Flexure
For investigation of stresses at service loads, straight-line
theory for flexure shall be used with the following
assumptions:
429.6.1 Strains vary linearly as the distance from the
neutral axis, except for deep flexural members with
overall depth-span ratios greater than 2/5 for continuous
spans and 4/5 for simple spans, a nonlinear distribution of
strain shall be considered. See Section 409.9 of this
Chapter.
429.6.2 Stress-strain relationship of concrete is a
straight line under service loads within permissible
service load stresses.
429.6.3 In reinforced concrete members, concrete
resists no tension.
429.6.4 It shall be permitted to take the modular ratio,
n = Es/ Ee,as the nearest whole number (but not less than
6). Except in calculations for deflections, value of nfor
lightweight concrete shall be assumed to be the same as
for normal weight concrete of the same strength.
429.6.5 In doubly reinforced flexural members, an
effective modular ratio of 2£5 / Ee shall be used to
transform compression reinforcement for stress
computations. Compressive stress in such reinforcement
shall not exceed permissible tensile stress.
429.7 Compression Members With or Without
Flexure
429.7.1 Combined flexure and axial load capacity of
compression members shall be taken as 40 percent of that
computed in accordance with provisions in Section 422 of
this Chapter.
429.7.2 Slenderness effects shall be included
according to requirements of Table 406.6.3.1.1 (b ),
Sections 406.6.4.4.1 through 406.4.4.2, 406.6.4.5.1. In
Eqs. 406.6.4.4.1, 406.6.4.5.1 and 406.6.4.5.2 the term Pu
shall be replaced by 2.5 times the design axial load, and
the factor 0.75 shall be taken equal to 1.0.
427.7.3 Walls shall be designed in accordance with
Section 411 of this Chapter with flexure and axial load
capacities taken as 40 percent of that computed using
Section 411. In Eq. 411.5.3.1, <p shall be taken equal to
1.0.
429.8 Shear and Torsion
429.8.1 Design shear stress vshall be computed by
National Structural Code of the Philippines Volume I, 7th Edition, 2015
4- 196 CHArTFf< /\ - Struclu r:1! Concrr-~te
(429.8. 1)
where V is design shear force at section considered.
429.8.2 When the reacti< n in direction or 11pplicu
shcor, introduce comprc sion into lhe end regi n r a
mcmb r, sccti ns located less than a distance cl from foce
or support shall b permitted to be de lgne I for I.he • amc
shear v as that mputcd at a distance cl.
429.8.3 Whenever applicab le, ffcc ts of tor. ion in
accordance wi th pro isions of Section 409.5.4, shall be
adJed. Shear and lorsional 1110111 nt strength pro ided by
con r ·le an I limi ting maximum tr llglhs fi r l rsion shall
be taken a~ 5 percent of the va lues given in ection 409.
429.8.4 Shear Stress Carried by Concrete
429.8.4.1 F ,r member subje I LO shear and flexur
on ly, shear stress carried by concrcl'e Ve ·hall not x ecd
0. 09..{f; unless a more detai led ca lcul ution is made in
accordance with Section 429 . .4.4.
429.8.4.2 For members subject to axial compression,
shear stress carried by concrete Ve, shall not exceed
0. 09../f'c unless a more detailed calculation is made in
accordance with Section 429.8.4.5.
429.8.4.3 For members subject to significant axial
tension, shear reinforcement shall be designed to carry
total shear, unless a more detailed calculation is made
using
(429.8.4.3)
Where N is negative for tension. Quantity N / Ag shall be
expressed in MPa.
429.8.4.4 For members subject to shear and flexure
only, it shall be pennitted to compute Ve by
V e = 0. 083JTc + 9pw Vd/M (429.8.4.4)
but shall not exceed 0. 14../f'c. Quantity V d/ M shall not
be taken greater than 1.0, where M is design moment
occurring simultaneously with V at section considered.
429.8.4.5 For members subject to axial compression, it
shall be permitted to compute v c by
( 429 .8.4.5)
Quantity N / Ag shall be expressed in M Pa.
429.8.4.6 Shear stresses carried by concrete Ve, apply to
normal-weight concrete. When lightweight aggregate
concrete is used, one of the following modifications shal I
apply:
When f et is specified and concrete is proportioned in
accordance with Section 426.4.4, f a/6. 7 shall be

substituted for JTc but the value of fctf6. 7 shall not

exceed ffi.
I. When /er is not . pedficd, Lite value ol' .{f; shall be
multiplied by 0.75 for "'ill -li ghtweight" c ncrctc u11d
by 0.85 for 'sand-lightweight ' ·oncrete. Linear
intcrp lauon shall be pcrmlllcd when p:utial sand
replacement is used.
429.8.4.7 In determining shear stress carried by concrete
Vr. whenever appl ic11ble, effect. o axial tension du ' 10
ere ·p an I shrinknge in re !mined member. sha ll be
included nd i1 ·hal l be p · rmillcd t inc lude efl'cct of
incl ined 11cxural compr ion in vnriab lc-dcpth members.
429.8.5 Shear Stress Carried by Shear
Reinforcement
429.8.5.1 Types of Shear Reinforcement
Shear reinforcement shall consist of one of the following:
1. Stirrups perpendi~ular to axis of member;
2. Welded wire fabric with wires located perpendicular
to axis of member making an angle of 45 degrees or
more with longitudinal tension reinforcement;
3. Longitudinal reinforcement with bent portion
making an angle of 30 degrees or more with
longitudinal tension reinforcement;
4. Combinations of stirrups and bent longitudinal
reinforcement;
5. Spirals.
429.8.5.2 Design yield strength of shear reinforcement
shall not exceed 420 MPa.
429.8.5.3 tirrups and other bars or wires used as
shear reinforcement shall ex tend to a di ·tance d from
e lreme omprcssion fiber and shall be anchored al both
ends according to eel.ion 425.7.1 f this section lo
develop design yield strength of reinforcement.
Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (ASEP)

"
429.8.5.4 Spacing Limits for Shear Reinforcement
429.8.5.4.1 Spacing of shear reinforcement placed
perpendicular to axis of member shall not exceed d/2,
nor 600 mm.
429.8.5.4.2 Inclined stirrups and bent longitudinal
reinforcement shall be so spaced that every 45-degree
line, extending toward the reaction from mid-depth of
member (d/2) to longitudinal tension reinforcement,
shall be crossed by at least one line of shear
reinforcement.
429.8.5.4.3 When (v-vc) exceeds ~ffi, maximum
spacing given in Sections 429.8.5.4.1 and 429.8.5.4.2
shall be reduced by one-half.
429.8.5.5 Minimum Shear Reinforcement
429.8.5.5.1 A minimum area of shear reinforcement
shall be provided in all reinforced concrete flexural
members where design shear stress v is greater than onehalf
the permissible shear stress Ve carried by concrete,
except:
1. Slabs and footings;
2. Concrete joist construction defined by Section 408.8
of this section;
3. Beam with total depth not greater than 250 mm, 2.5
times thickness of flange, or one-half the width of
web, whichever is greatest.
429.8.5.5.2 Minimum shear reinforcement requirements
of Section 429.8.5.5.1 shall be permitted to be waived if
shown by test that required ultimate flexural and shear
strength can be developed when shear reinforcement is
omitted.
429.8.5.5.3 Where shear reinforcement is required by
Section 429.8.5.5.1 or by analysis, minimum area of shear
reinforcement shall be computed by:
(429.8.5.5.3)
where bw ands are in mm.
429.8.5.6 Design of Shear Reinforcement
429.8.5.6.1 Where design shear stress v exceeds shear
stress carried by concrete v e, shear reinforcement shall be
provided in accordance with Sections 429.8.5.6.2 through
429.8.5.6.8.
Cf-1,1\P fEf-< 4 -- Sl 1uct1nal Co11ci ele 4-1 Sil
429.8.5.6.2 When shear reinforcement perpendicular to
axis of member is used:
( 429.8.5.6.2)
429.8.5.6.3 When inclined stirrups are used as shear
reinforcement:
(11 - Vc)bwS
A =-------
vf (sina +cosa)
(429.8.5.6.3)
429.8.5.6.4 When shear reinforcement consists of a
single bar or a single group of parallel bars, all bent up at
the same distance from the support:
( 429.8.5.6.4)

where (v-ve) shall not exceed GD m.

429.8.5.6.5 When shear reinforcement consists of a
series of parallel bent-up bars or groups of parallel bentup
bars at different distances from the support, required
area shall be computed by Eq. 429.8.5.6.3.
429.8.5.6.6 Only the center three-quarters of the inclined
portion of any longitudinal bent bar shall be considered
effective for shear reinforcement.
429.8.5.6.7 When more than one type of shear
reinforcement is used to reinforce the same portion of a
member, requir~d area shall be computed as the sum of
the various types separately. In such computations, Ve
shall be included only once.

429.8.5.6.8 Value of ( v- v e) shall not exceed G) m.

429.8.6 Shear-Friction
Where it is appropriate to consider shear transfer across a
given plane, such as an existing or potential crack, an
interface between dissimilar materials, or an interface
between two concretes cast at different times, shearfriction
provisions of Section 422.9 of this Chapter shall
be permitted to be applied, with limiting maximum stress
for shear taken as 55 percent of that given in Section
422.9.4.4. Permissible stress in shear-friction
reinforcement shall be that given in Section 429.4.2.
429.8.7 Special Provisions for Slabs and Footings
429.8.7.1 Shear capacity of slabs and footings in the
vicinity of concentrated loads or reactions is governed by
the more severe of two conditions:
National Structural Code of the Philippines Volume I, 7th Edition, 2015
4 19R CHAPTER t1 - Structurnl Concrete
42i.8.7.1.1 Beam action r r slab or lo ling, 1 iLh a
critical section extending in a plane acros the entire
width and located at a di!iton e d from face of
concentrated load or reaction area. f.or this condilion, the
slab or footing shall be de ·igncd in ace rdanc · with
Sections 429.8.1 through 429.8.5.
429.8.7.1.2 Two-way action for slab or footing, with a
critical section perpendicular to plane of slab and located
so that its perimeter is a minimum, but need not approach
closer than d/2 to perimeter of concentrated load or
reaction area. For this condition, the slab or footing shall
be designed in accordance with Sections 429.8.7.2 and
429.8.7.3.
429.8.7.2 Design shear stress v shall be computed by
(429.8.7.2)
where V and b0 , shall be taken at the critical section
defined in Section 429.8.7.1.2.
429.8.7.3 Design shear stress v shall not exceed Ve
given by Eq. 429.8.7 .3 unless shear reinforcement is
provided
(429 .8 .7.3)

but Ve shall n l xcecd(¾) .fHPc i. the ratio f long

side Lo hort ·ide of concentrated load or re11otion area.
When lightweight aggrega1e concr~lc i u e I, the
modifica tions of eclion 429.8.4.6 shall r1p1 ly.
429.8.7.4 If shear reinforcement consisting of bars or
wires is provided in accordance with Section 408.7.6 of
this section, Ve shall not exceed (
1\)-JH, and v shall not
exceed 0. 25-[f;.
429.8.7.5 rr hear reinforcement c n i. t'ing of steel Ior
-shaped sections (shearheads) i provided in
accordan e wi th ection 408.7.7 of this eclion v on lhe
critical eclion defined in Section 429.8. 7. 1.2 shall not
exceed 0. 3.JH and von the critical section defined in
ection 422.6.9.8 hall not exceed (¾) ffc.
In Eqs. 422.6.9.6 and 422.6.9.7, des ign shear force V
shall be mulliplied by 2 and substituted for V,, .
429.8.8 Special Provisions for Other Members
For design of deep flexural members, brackets and
corbels, and walls, the special provisions of Section 416.4
of this section shall be used, with shear strengths provided
by concrete and limiting 111ax1111um str .. mgths for shear
taken as 55 percent of the values given in Section 416. In
Section 411.5.4.6, the design axial load shall be
multiplied by 1.2 if compression nncl 2.0 if tension, and
substituted for Nu·
429.8.9 Composite Concrete Flexural Members
For d sign of c 111po. i1e concret flexurnl members,
permissible horiz ntal shc11r st ress v 1, shall not exceed 55
percent of' the h riiontal shear str ng1hs given in , ection