Young Stock Management

Training Package for Dairy Extension workers

August, 2017

Developed with
Dairy Training Centre
Young Stock Management
Part I Training manual
Part II Training Guideline

2
Preface

SNV Ethiopia, through EDGET project (Enhancing Dairy Sector Growth in Ethiopia, 2013-
2018), engages in the capacity building, extension services and innovative support to
the Ethiopian dairy sector particularly working with smallholder dairy farmers. The aim
of the project is to increase milk production and productivity in order to double the
income of the smallholder dairy farmers. EDGET is operational in the regions Oromia,
Amhara and SNNP, and working with 65,000 dairy farming households.

The project works closely together with livestock regional bureaus and their respective
zonal, woreda and kebele staff in delivering extension and other supports. One area of
collaboration is the development of practical training and coaching tools and materials
for extension workers based on a need assessment.

SNV has engaged the Netherlands based Dairy Training Centre (DTC) for the development
of the Training package for extension workers. The documents were more elaborated
and validated with the utmost contribution of high level experts from regional Livestock
and Fisheries resources Development Bureaus/Agencies and Research Centers from
the three operational regions of EDGET.

Overall nine training packages were developed on Breed Improvement and Fertility
Management; Dairy Cattle Feeding and Nutrition Management; Dairy Cattle Health
Management; Dairy Farm Management; Dairy Housing and Manure Management; Farm
Economics; Forage Production and Management; Hygienic and Quality Milk Production;
Young Stock Management.

This training package is on Young Stock Management.

SNV, also on behalf of the experts that contributed and DTC, would hope to see the
materials widely used outside the project areas by all interested dairy development
practitioners. The materials will be available in hard copies and soft copies including on
SNV website [Link] and other relevant websites.

I
Contents
Preface ...................................................................................................... I

List of tables ............................................................................................ III

List of figures ............................................................................................. IV
I. Young stock training Manual ................................................................... 1
1. Introduction ............................................................................................ 1
2. Pregnant cow management....................................................................... 2
3. Calf Management .................................................................................... 4
3.1 Calf Feeding ............................................................................................ 5
3.1.1 Colostrum feeding .................................................................................. 5
3.1.2 Milk Feeding ....................................................................................... 6
3.1.3 Calf starter ......................................................................................... 8
3.1.4 Roughage ............................................................................................ 8
3.1.5 Water .............................................................................................. 8
3.2 Calf feeding schedule ............................................................................... 8
3.3 Calf weaning ........................................................................................... 10
3.4 Calf Housing .......................................................................................... 10
4. Heifer Management ............................................................................... 14
4.1 Heifer feed and Feeding .......................................................................... 14
4.2 Body Condition Score (BCS) ..................................................................... 16
4.3 Heat detection ........................................................................................ 17
4.4 Steaming up breeding heifer .................................................................... 18
4.5 Heifer housing ........................................................................................ 19
4.6 Dairy heifers management to reduce stress ................................................ 20
5. Common young stock diseases and health management ........................ 21
5.1 Common young stock diseases ................................................................ 21
5.2 Health management ............................................................................ 24
References ................................................................................................ 25
Annex ....................................................................................................... 26
II. Young Stock Management Training Guideline....................................... 28
A. Module Book - Rearing dairy replacement heifers .................................. 29
B. Calf rearing Lesson matrices and trainer guidelines ............................... 32
C. Calf Rearing: ........................................................................................ 42
D. Assignment Calf rearing ........................................................................ 48
E. Assessment: ......................................................................................... 50

II
List of tables
Table 1 Feeding schedule for calves .................................................................... 8
Table 2 Developmental stages of calves ............................................................. 9
Table 3 Relation between girth and body weight .................................................. 14
Table 4 Desired and reasonable body condition scores of dairy cows .................... 17
Table 5 Expected weight at age at different stages of heifers growth development .... 18
Table 6 Space required for loose and conventional housing system ......................... 19
Table 7 Feeding Space required for mature, calves and yearlings ........................... 19

III
List of figures

Figure 1 Pre-calving signs .................................................................................... 2

Figure 2 Delivery signs ...................................................................................... 2
Figure 3 Normal birth position ............................................................................. 3
Figure 4 Support difficulties during calving ......................................................... 3
Figure 5 Cow licking her calf ................................................................................ 4
Figure 6 Calf on suckling ...................................................................................... 6
Figure 7 Bucket feeding ...................................................................................... 7
Figure 8 Type of calf pen ...................................................................................... 10
Figure 9 Calf pen .............................................................................................. 11
Figure 10 Heart girth measurement ..................................................................... 13
Figure 11 Heart girth and height measurement .................................................. 14
Figure 12 Body Condition Score ........................................................................... 17

IV
I. Young stock training Manual

1. Introduction

Calf is the foundation stock of the future dairy herd which signifies the importance of
proper calf rearing. Selection of replacements for culled cows can only be effective
if good replacement heifers are available in the farm stock. A good management
programme will result improving calf mortality, age at first insemination, age at first
calving and calving interval.

Raising dairy heifers begins with choice of a bull likely to produce animals with high
genetic potential for milk. A well managed dairy farm should have as many calves born
every year as there are cows in the herd. Most farmers sell male calves at an early
age while the females are reared as dairy replacement heifers. Rearing a high number
of replacement heifers brings a dairy farmer to: obtain the best replacement heifers
through strict selection criteria from wide selection, expand the dairy herd at low cost
(without buying heifers or cows), and sell excess heifers to earn income.

Poor calf rearing allows future profits to slip away, something that is not always
easy to believe because present profit must be sacrificed (invested) to harvest the
full future profit. Following a few basic, but very important steps, will help ensure
that every calf matures into a profit-generating cow.

As a business man when look in terms of economic points of view, rearing heifers
is a financial investment that begins to bring dividends after the first calving;
therefore the goal should be to make ensure proper growth rate at minimum
costs incurred to be inseminated on time in order to realize full production and
productivity potential later in life.

2. Pregnant cow management

Pregnant cow management is important for successive calving and this achieved
by proper management such as: feeding the cow with high quality and balanced
ration, appropriate health management and housing system (refer Feed and nutrition
management, and Dairy cattle housing and manure management manuals). When
say calf management it begins before birth at last stage of pregnancy (one-two weeks
before the calf is born). At this stage the pregnant cow is transferred to a maternity
paddock and the paddock should be near the homestead (for closer observation), well
ventilated and provided good quality feed and watered.

Separation and hygiene measures

• One - two weeks before the expected date of calving the in-calved cow may be
shifted to the individual calving pen or maternity house
• The maternity house/calving pen should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected
before moving in the cow/ in-calf-heifer
• Keep the cow/in-calf heifer separate from the herd in a clean place (that is not
slippery) on a clean bedding (the maternity pen)
• Maintain fresh bedding or cow mat
• Allow the cow to show natural behaviour as much as possible
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Cow handling around calving

· Dry off the cow nearer the parturition 60 days before the expected calving date, so
that she will be able to recoup and get ready for the next lactation, so stop milking
forthwith.

· The probable dates of parturition can be known if the date of insemination accurately
recorded

· On average, the calf is born at 280 days with 7 days differnce after the conception/
last insemination.

· Steaming up (start feeding some concentrates) the cow about 3 weeks before the
expected calving date. Proper, highly palatable, feed is most important in this stage
to help the cow to make a good start of the lactation and give a strong calf.

Parturition Signs

• Relaxation of the pelvic structure and the

cervix
• The animal will be restless
• Trying to kick or search the flank region
• The udder starts to develop about a week to
ten days before parturition
• For heifers calving for the first time this
period is longer
• The vulva swells, and discharge of mucus is
normal in this stage
• Short before calving down there is change
(relaxation) of ligaments at both sides of the
tail
• When the udder runs full and the tail is
‘loose’ the moment is near! Figure 1 Pre-calving signs

Figure 2 Delivery signs

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Calf birth position

• A normal birth takes some (up to 8)

hours; normal progress should be seen
• Signs of starting birth: ‘tail-of’, separation
from the group, restless
• Contractions of the uterus open the birth
way
• The water bladder will break (not always
seen)
Figure 3 Normal birth position
• Next a bladder becomes visible containing
the front leg hoofs.
• Check that the legs are in the right position and not bent
• This bladder will also break, and in normal progress you will see the nose of the
calf coming out
• When you see the eyes of the calf coming out during a contraction it is safe to
assist and speed up the birth process
• There will be relaxation of the pelvic ligaments and muscles with raising of tail
head and dropping of the quarters
• The mammary glands develops fully and there will be some secretion

Calving

Most of the cows can give birth without giving

any support. The farmer should Observe the
cow regularly (every 30 minutes) during the
calving process! Also at night!!. If the cow
needs support during calving the farmer should
consult the expert and should understand the
important of proper hygiene and make sure
that all the necessary materials are available
such as: Water, Soap, Ropes, gloves and
Sticks etc. Figure 4 Support difficulties during calving

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3. Calf Management

A sound and well managed should start:

• After the calf is born, ensure that calf is breathing

• If breathing is not commence, the calf should be assisted (remove mucus from
nostrils and if breathing does not start hold calf by hind legs upside down and swing
several times)
• Remove all pieces of the placenta, especially from the nose and mouth
• The umbilical cord should be disinfected using disinfectant such as 7% iodine
solution or copper sulphate solution
• Put the calf in front of the cow
• Bring the calf to the calf pen

As soon as the calf is born, allow the cow to

lick it as the rough action of the tongue will
stimulate blood circulation in the calf and also
make the cow’s contraction of the uterus due
to the release of oxytocin. However, if she
refuses to do so it is important to assist by
removing the mucus from the nostrils of the
new-born and wipe it dry with a clean towel
or clothes. Sometimes the respiratory passage
may be blocked by the mucus which may lead
Figure 5 Cow licking her calf
to difficulty in breathing.

The nasal passage can be cleared by one of the following methods:

• Hold the new-born from the hock and hang it head down to allow the mucus flow
off.
• Take a twig of hay or grass and tickle its nostrils. The new-born calf will sneeze
violently and expel the mucus.
If the above methods fail artificial respiration is needed to safe the calf.

If the calf is unable to suckle, it should be assisted and be allowed to suckle colostrum
from the dam during the first week.

If the calf is taken away from the cow immediately after calving, proper care should
be taken.

• Check that the calf is put in a warm, clean and properly dried place

 The environment is very important, particularly for young calves, because during
the first 3 weeks until they adapt to the new environment. During this period
low resistance may expose them easily to infectious diseases such as diarrhoea,
pneumonia etc.

• Be sure that the calf gets colostrum from a clean bucket as soon as possible after
delivery but within half an hour.

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• The vital antibodies in the colostrum can only be absorbed by the calf during the
first 24 hours of life.

• These anti bodies protect the calf against infectious diseases

• Colostrum is also nutritious and encourages the first passing of faeces.

The digestive system of the new born calf is not well developed and milk feeding of
the calf because milk is easy for digestion. The maximum amount of milk given to calf
is about 10% of its live weight each day with the frequency of twice a day. This helps
gradual motivation of the calf to eat hay, concentrate and water is important for the
development of their digestive system. For colostrum, a minimum of 1,5 litres of high
quality colostrum, three times in the first 24 hours, results in much antibodies and in
a healthy start of life!

3.1 Calf Feeding

3.1.1 Colostrum feeding

Calves must be fed colostrum directly after being born! should be allowed to suckle
colostrum from their dams and it can help to transfer antibodies from dam to calf. These
antibodies will be absorbed by the calf to forming a ready-made antibody resistance
system for the calf against all disease. This will protect the calf against disease in early
stages, until their own anti body developing system takes place.

Hence, colostrum is different from normal milk due to:

• Antibodies, which help protect the calf against certain diseases and very rich in
nutrients and easily digested,

• Higher protein and energy content than normal milk,

• Higher levels of vitamins and minerals and

• Laxative effect that assists the calf to pass its first feaces (meconium).

Despite all that has been written about the importance of colostrum, it is evident that
poor quality and inadequate quantities are being fed in many cases. Colostrum has a
vital role in supplying antibodies that give the calf’s immunity against diseases until
its own immune system is active. Equally important, however, is a nutritional role of
colostrum. It contains a high concentration of many nutrients that are essential to
starting digestive process in the intestine.

As a general rule should have fed at least 10% of their body weight as colostrum in its
first 24 hours of life, ideally half of this within 6-12 hours of birth.

5
 Artificial colostrum

The dam either died immediately after giving birth or not giving colostrum the
farm owner should prepared artificial colostrum and feed to the calf three times a
day for four consecutive days.

Artificial colostrum does not supply the antibodies but is a good source of nutrients
for new born calf and serves as source of antibodies. Artificial colostrum can be
prepared from a combination of:

1 egg (protein source)

0.3 litre fresh warm water
1/2 litre whole milk (source of lactose and milk protein)
1/2 teaspoonful cooking oil (energy).

3.1.2 Milk Feeding

A. Suckling

The calf is separated from the cow but during

milking it is brought to suckle. The amount of
milk the calf consumes is difficult to quantify.
Some farmers will allow the calf to suckle one
quarter. This method is rarely used in commercial
dairies and also if the calf is not present, then the
cow may not let down all the milk.

It is best practise in terms of hygiene (as the calf

gets clean milk at body temperature). A rule of
thumb the calf should be suckling for 2 minutes
before milking and 10-15 minutes after milking. Figure 6 Calf on suckling

Advantages of suckling

ü Simpler system to manage

ü Milk is at the correct temperature (body temperature)

ü Milk is clean; there is no chance of contamination through poor handling or from

unclean equipment

ü Calf is unlikely to get scours

ü No investment required for feeding equipment

ü No labour is required for feeding the calf

ü For zebu cows, the calf suckling stimulates milk let down; without a calf being
present the cow cannot be milked

ü Lower mortality rate

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Disadvantage of suckling

ü Cow may not let down all milk when calf is not present

ü Difficult to know milk yield

B. Bucket feeding

It is the most commonly used method in

commercial dairy farm and the milk is placed
into a bucket. The calf trained to drink by placing
finger in the milk (bucket). As the calf suckles
your finger gently lower its mouth into the
colostrum/milk in the bucket then slowly remove
the fingers. The calf will start drinking milk
from the bucket. Stainless steel buckets, where
available, should be used for hygienic reasons as
plastic buckets are difficult to clean. Whatever
method is used, clean equipment should be
used at all times. Sick calves should always
be fed last to minimize cross contamination.
Attempts should be made to feed milk at body
Figure 7 Bucket feeding
temperature especially during the cold season.

When bucket feeding of calves care should be taken:

• Feeding excess milk to the calf can cause scouring. If scouring occurs, reduce the
amount of milk and feed water separately. Wait with feeding water for at least one
hour after feeding milk

• Give the calf its milk immediately after milking when the milk is at body temperature
or heat the milk to body temperature. Heating up can be done by “bain marie”
method - bucket with milk in a bucket with heated water to exchange heat. NEVER
MIX WATER AND MILK.

• Observe strict cleanliness and hygiene to prevent scouring and other disease
problems

• From the second week, provide the calf with clean drinking water at all times.
Never mix milk with water!

• From the second week start introducing small amounts of solid feeds, such as dairy
meal (or ideally calf feeds) and good quality hay. Feed young calves a total diet of
about 20% CP. Refresh the solids every feeding.

• If the solids do not contain (sufficient) minerals, hang a mineral lick where the calf
can get the minerals it needs.

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3.1.3 Calf starter

The starter contains slightly higher fibre content than does the pre-starter, a highly
digestible, highly palatable feed specifically formulated as the first dry feed to allow
early intake. At this stage the calf is consuming little milk and its rumen is still not fully
developed. The starter should contain 18% crude protein, low fibre, 0.7% calcium,
0.45% phosphorus and vitamins A, D and E. The calf shoud be fed 2-3 kg of concentrate
in the first one or one and a half year. Feeding sufficient concentrates will allow the calf
to reach the desired growth to calf down before 30 month.

3.1.4 Roughage

Introducing roughage and concentrates at an early age in the diets of calves will help
the rumen to establish micro-flora and development of the rumen, resulting in an
early ability to digest coarse fodders and starchy foods. In this, concentrates are the
most important investment in calf rearing. Calves should be offered only high quality
forages in early life and supplemented with concentrates (calf starter). If hay is used,
it should be of high quality, fine texture, mixed with legumes and fed ad libitum. If
they are on pasture, it would be best to always graze calves ahead of adults to control
parasites.

3.1.5 Water

Water is critical for calf’s rumen development and health. The calf’s body is 72% water.
In hot weather calves can die without water. Drinking water encourages the calf to eat
dry feed early. Feeding milk or milk replacer is not a substitute for water. Calves should
be offered fresh clean and of good quality water in addition to milk. Lack of drinking
water slows down digestion and development of the rumen. Between three weeks
and weaning, calves’ water consumption usually increases and therefore, it should be
available free choice at all time.

3.2 Calf feeding schedule

Calf feeding schedule is a critical concern on calf management and there are different
schedules of feeding calves (Table 1). When skimmed milk feeding is introduced, an
energy-rich concentrate mixture will be given. Besides these, the calves will start on
good legume hay or early cut green fodder from 2nd weeks onwards. This will stimulate
rumen development and establishments of proper rumen micro-organisms. The calf
to adapt to cheaper roughage feeding at an early stage (Refer Feed and nutrition
management manual for detail information). During 2nd week to one month calves
should be fed milk at approximately 10% of their body weight. Milk can be mixed with
other dairy products (skimmed milk).

Table 1 Feeding schedule for calves

Age of calf Milk kg/day Concentrate (kg) Roughage + clean
water
1 to 4 days Colostrum    
For the 1st
two weeks 2-3 Handful  Free choice
From 3 weeks to 8 weeks 3-4 0.2  Free choice
From 9 weeks to 10 weeks 3 0.25  Free choice
From 11 weeks to 12 weeks 2 0.5  Free choice
From 13 weeks to 16 weeks 1 0.5  Free choice
Wean the calf   2-3  Free choice
Source: HARC, 2016
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The primary concern in rearing the new-born calf is to ensure it remains healthy.
Feeding management should also be directed at addressing nutrient requirements
and encouraging rumen development. The aim of designing a calf feeding schedule is
to reduce mortality rate while maintaining a growth rate of about 270-300g/day and
switch young calves to cheaper feeds as early as possible.

Table 2 Developmental stages of calves

Phase of Calf feeding Program Types of feed offered
Colostrum Phase (1 - 4 days) Colostrum
Pre ruminant phase (5 days to 20 – 30 days) Milk
Transition stage (Liquid and dry feed) Milk replacer and calf starter
Post weaning stage (dry feeds) Calf starter
Source:KMoA,2012
After the first week during which the calf is left with the dam, there are four feeding
phases can be used for feeding depending on ease and convenience. This feeding
phase should aim to switch young calves to cheaper feeds as early as possible so that
the milk can be available for sale.

The calf has low immunity at birth and therefore must be given colostrum. The colostrum
has antibodies that protect the calf against diseases the cow has been exposed to and
their absorption is highest within 12 hrs after birth and very low after 24 hr. As such
the calf must suckle colostrum immediately after birth and if necessary it should be
given using a nipple bottle. The calf depends on the colostrum antibodies for about
2 weeks when it develops its own immunity. If new animals are introduced into the
herd just before calving, it may be necessary to vaccinate them against the common
diseases so that they can develop antibodies.

The new-born calf is dependent on milk for nutrition and growth in its early life, as
the rumen is not functional. The suckling reflex forms a fold (groove) which serves as
a pipe for delivering milk straight from the esophagus to abomasum in young calves
(by passing fore- stomachs). The suckling reflex of this esophageal groove will only
function when milk is fed at the right temperature, in the right concentration and when
the calf is ready to suckle.

Therefore, young calves should only be fed on liquid diets (the groove will not allow
solids to pass) and milk may never be diluted with water.

Calves secrete high amounts of lactase enzyme (breaks down lactose in milk to glucose
and galactose to supply energy). The other carbohydrate digesting enzymes are low
and therefore, milk which has a high lactose level should be fed to the calves. During
formulation of milk replacers, the energy source should be milk lactose. Calves have
no sucrase enzyme, and should not be fed on sucrose (ordinary sugar).

Since the rumen is not functional, the calf cannot synthesize the B vitamins and they
must be supplied in the diet. The diet of the new-born calf should contain milk proteins
since enzymes to break down complex proteins do not develop until 7-10 days after
birth.

Introduce calf to solid feed. As calf is introduced to solid feed, the rumen starts developing
and the calf can be weaned as soon as it can consume enough dry feed (1.5% of Live
9
body weight). It should be noted that dry feed should be introduced early, as solid feed
is required for rumen development. Concentrate based diets promote faster growth of
rumen papillae (which promotes rumen function) compared to roughages.

3.3 Calf weaning

Weaning is the withdrawal of milk or milk replacer when the calf becomes fully
dependent on other feeds. Traditionally, most dairy calves are weaned based on age,
12 - 16 weeks being the most common. Early weaning is possible if more milk is
fed and calves introduced to pre-starter and starter early in life. To minimize stress,
weaning should be done gradually.

Criteria for weaning:

• When calf attains twice the birth weight

• When the calf can consume 1.5% of its body weight of dry feed and
• Depending on age of the calf
Liquid milk is reduced from 3 weeks of age to encourage the calf to consume and
maximize intake of dry feeds.

3.4 Calf Housing

Housing of calves is an important aspect of calf management. Claves are housed

for several reasons, the most important being protection from adverse weather
conditions and predators, avoid internal and external parasites and control feeding and
management. A calf pen should be constructed where possible from locally available
materials.

It should be constructed to:

• Allow approximately 2 m2 (1.2 X 1.5 m) space per calf

• Be well drained or bedded
• Be well lighted (artificial or natural).
• Be well ventilated
• Strong to stand predator invasion.

Calves can be housed permanently

indoor until weaning time (when
they are turned to pasture or
semi-indoor where they housed
only at night). The calf house can
be permanent or temporary and
movable. Permanent houses are
easy to clean when a new calf is
introduced. Temporary houses
are moved from one location to
another when new calf moves in.
Figure 8 Type of calf pen

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A calf house floor can be on ground level or raised. If at ground level, the floor should
be made of easily cleanable material (e.g. concrete) and should be bedded using straw.
The sides can be made of concrete or wooden. The raised pens should have a slatted
floor. They are made of timber spaced at 1 inch (25.4 mm) to allow urine and faeces
to fall on the ground. The house should be at least 1 foot (30.5 cm) from the ground.

In big dairies, calves can be housed individually or in groups. Individual housing is

recommended during the first one month. When not possible then group housing can
be done though there are several disadvantages including:

• Difficulty in feeding and management.

• Disease control is difficult.

• Fights among calves - decreased growth rate.

 Calves suckling each other which could lead to ingested hair (tend to form hair
balls), blind teats and removal of disinfectant from umbilical cord.

Raised calf pen

This type of calf pen is suitable for a zero-grazing unit newborn calves. It is placed
inside the roofed and walled section of the unit. It may be permanent or movable.

· Individual pens for calves from birth to 2 to 3 months of age are often built with an
elevated slatted floor. This floor will ensure that the calf is always dry and clean.

· The required minimum internal dimensions for an individual calf pen are 1200 by
800 mm for a pen where the calf is kept up to two weeks of age, 1200 by l000 mm
where the calf is kept to 6 to 8 weeks of age and 1500 by 1 200 mm where the
calf is kept from 6 to 14 weeks of age. Three sides of the pens should be tight to
prevent contact with other calves and to prevent draughts. Draughts through the
slatted floor may be prevented by covering the floor with litter until the calf is at
least one month of age.

· The front of the pen should be

made so that the calf can be fed
milk, concentrates and water
easily from buckets or a trough
fixed to the outside of the pen
and so that the calf can be moved
out of the pen without lifting.

Figure 9 Calf pen

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4. Heifer Management

A heifer is defined as any female calf from six months up to her first calving. Dairy
replacement heifers are usually separated from their mothers (dams) within two days
after birth and managed to achieve specific growth rates throughout the rearing period
until calving at the planned age, weight and body condition (Annex1).

The ultimate aim of dairy heifer management is to produce well developed heifers able
to express full yield potential at the desired calving age, with minimum costs, losses
and health problems, and with the potential to milk for at least 6 lactations

The progressive dairy farmer of today realises more and more that heifers have to
receive the correct type and amount of feed if a high quality dairy cow is to be produced
at a relatively early stage. One can only hope that the practice of leaving weaned
heifers in the open grassland field until near the end of gestation period is something
of the past and less productive through out of their life.

The progress of the herd depends largely on the way in which heifers are managed for
replacement purposes. A sound herd cannot be established by the continual purchased
of new heifers of whose history is not much known. The costs are relatively low when
compared with prices at which heifers are sold. The best way in which the dairy
farmer can determine the efficiency of his managerial programme is by measuring the
performance of his heifers in accordance with accepted standards. Rearing replacement
heifers has not always been seen as a fundamental part of the dairying enterprise
but, when correctly planned and specific feeding programmes have been used overall
improvement in herd longevity and farm profitability results. Feeding and managing
replacement heifers must be given as much priority as dealing with the milking cow
and it must be seen as an investment in tomorrow’s profit generators.

Managing replacement heifers is important for

• Replacement of culled cows

• Increase in herd size
• Introduction of new blood lines that means genetic improvement
• Increase of genetic base and
• Improvement of disease control

4.1 Heifer feed and Feeding

The first essential in heifer rearing is to ensure all calves receive sufficient colostrum
early enough to absorb the very high levels of antibodies. While these antibodies can
only be effectively absorbed by the young calf over the first 24 hours of life, they are
also valuable after this time to protect against infections within the gut.

Feeding a dairy heifer is to develop her into a cow of good size, with a strong constitution
and with the capacity to turn feed into milk efficiently. Heifer calves should continue
to grow steadily from the time they are about 5 months old until they are ready to be
inseminated. But they should not become fat. It is much better to keep them on the
thin side. During this growing period, roughage feeding should be stepped up. If the
heifers are being fed in the barn, increase hay feeding. If they are out for pasture, feed
them some hay in a rack/feeding trough to supplement the pasture.

12
When feeding replacement heifers, the farmer should aim to:

· Reduce interval between weaning and first lactation. This will increase number of
calving’s per lifetime (more of lactations) and lead to faster genetic improvement.

· Minimize mortality

· Achieve a required growth rate (0.45 - 0.5 kg/day)

· Achieve first calving at 24 to 30 months of age and

· Ensure that heifers reach target live weights for breeding at 13 - 18 months of age.

Heifers can be reared on good quality pasture only as their nutrient requirements are
low (growth and maintenance). Supplementation with concentrate should be at 1%
of body weight. Generally the amount of concentrate given to heifers should be 1 to 4
kg depending on age (size) of the heifer and forage quality. Mineral salt supplement is
recommended on a free-choice basis.

Combining adequate development (230 kg Lwt.) and early age at calving has several
advantages in:

• Decreasing risk of calving difficulty,

• Improving lifetime milk production
• Reducing rearing costs (feed, labour, veterinary expenses etc.)

In most farms, heifers are normally the most neglected group in terms of feeding
resulting in delayed calving. When heifers are fed as a group, competition for
concentrate is high related to different ages and aggressiveness. Hence, the young
and weak consume less compared to others.

For small animals like jersey and zebu feed

intake are 3.4 kg hay (or hay equivalent in
silage), 1.0 - 2.5 kg concentrate and plus free
access of straw and clean water is supplied ad
libitum. While for large animals like Holstein
Friesians the daily feed intake are 7 kg of hay
(or hay equivalent in silage), 1.0 - 2.5 kg of
concentrate and plus free access of straw and
clean water should be always be available.
Both under and over-feeding heifers are
undesirable during heifer rearing.

It is therefore important to monitor

performance of heifers, particularly the body
weight change and height at withers. Body
weight and height at withers are important Figure 10 Heart girth measurement
measurements used to evaluate heifer
growth. The weight is estimated with a weight
band (heart girth) and height by graduated
piece of timber (Figure 11).

13
Figure 11 Heart girth and height measurement

Table 3 Relation between girth and body weight

Girth in (cm) Body weight (kg) Girth in (cm) Body weight (kg)
65 28 151 290
70 34 155 310
75 41 159 330
80 49 163 350
85 58 166 370
90 68 169 390
95 79 172 410
100 91 175 430
105 104 178 445
110 120 180 460
118 145 183 480
125 170 186 500
132 195 190 530
138 220 195 570
143 240 200 608
147 260 205 645
Source: KMLD, 2012

Monthly checking the girth of all young stock at the farm will help to monitor the
growth (Low growth indicates most likely that the feeding need to be improved).

14
Other factors influencing growth:

· Health
· Stress and Parasites
· Too much exercise on un controlled management on poor grazing land (paddock
without proper grass) may affect growth of the young stock
· In all cases low growth rates the farmer needs to improve his/her management of
the young stock

Example

Take as example a calf born on the 1st of January, its girth is then 70 cm
corresponding with 34 kg of live weight. On the 1st of April, we measure this calf
again; the girth is now 100 cm. corresponding with 91 kg.

Calculate total weight and daily weight gain of the calf:

The weight gain is 91 kg. – 34 kg = 57 kg (57.000 gram)

This weight gain is reached in 90 days. (From January 1st to April 1st)

The daily weight gain (growth rate) was: 57.000gr. = 633 gr. / day

While designing a feeding schedule for heifers, the following should be considered:

· Puberty (thus calving) is related to size (feeding) rather than age.

 The consequences of poor feeding are manifested in delayed calving resulting in

delayed milk production.

· Feeding heifers too much energy leads to deposition of fat in mammary gland
tissue displacing secretory tissue resulting in reduced milk yield.

 The key period in mammary gland development is between 3 and 9 months of age
(mammary tissue is growing 3.5 times faster than body tissue).

· Heifers fed high-concentrate rations develop less milk secretory tissues in the
mammary gland than heifers raised on recommended rations.

· Under-feeding heifers results in small bodied heifers which experience dystocia

· Heifers calving at 24 months have a higher lactation milk yield compared to calving
at an older age.

· Size of animal is related to milk yield.

Heifers should move from a steady growth rate after breeding to a rapidly growing
phase to the last two to three months of pregnancy. Heifers growing rapidly at calving
time, but needing additional growth during the first lactation, were found to be more
persistent milkers than full-sized heifers at calving. The exact amount of concentrate
to feed before calving will depend on forage quality, size, and condition of the heifer.

Weaned heifers do, however, require less attention than milk-fed calves and milking
cows. Dairy heifers need to be well fed between weaning and first calving. If growth
15
rates are not maintained, heifers will not reach their target live weights for mating
and first calving. Undersized heifers have more calving difficulties, produce less milk
and have greater difficulty getting back into calf during their first lactation. When
lactating, they compete poorly with older, bigger cows for feed. Because they are still
growing, they use feed for growth rather than for producing milk. Many studies have
demonstrated the benefits of well-grown heifers in terms of fertility, milk production
and longevity.

Assignment

The above-mentioned calf is measured again on the 1st of May

The girth is now 110 cm. corresponding with 120 kg.

Answer the following Questions

· The weight gain of this animal from January to May is ……………… Kg.

· The growth rate per day of the whole rearing period is ………………… gr. / day

· In the month of April, the animal gained ……………………………………… Kg.

· The growth rate during the month of April was ……………………… gr. / day

Weighing the calves every month should be done every time at the same
moment of the day. Let’s say in the morning after coffee break. In that situation,
you can expect all animals to have sufficiently eaten after morning feeding.

Why is this important?

When you are the owner of the above-mentioned calf would you be satisfied?

Motivate your answer:

In case you measure a girth of 121 cm, how will you read the table? (121 is
in between 118 and 125 cm representing 145 kg. and 170 kg. 7 cm difference
represent 25 kg => every cm represents 3,5 kg weight difference.) The weight of
a calf having a girth of 121 cm is ……………. Kg.

4.2 Body Condition Score (BCS)

It can be assess the feeding regimes in dairy cattle. Several system has been suggests
but the 1‐5 scoring has been the most used. The animals are scored based on the
protrusion of the hooks (tuber coxae) and the pins (tuber ischii) and the depression
under the tail head (figure 12). And as a rule of thumb the desired and reasonable
body condition scores of dairy cows different accordingly (Table 4).

16
 Condition scoring is the
visual assessment of the
amount of muscle and
fat covering the bones
of the cattle. It can be
assessed independently
of live weight, gut fill and
pregnancy status and
involves observing specific
points on the animal
Figure 12 Body Condition Score (annex 1).

Table 4 Desired and reasonable body condition scores of dairy cows

Time of Scoring Desired score Reasonable range
Calving 3.5 3.0-4.0
Peak Milk 2.0 1.5-2.0
Mid-lactation 2.5 2.0-2.5
Dry Off 3.5 3.0-3.5
Source:HARC, 2017

Body condition affects milk production and reproductive performance. Scoring enables
farmers to compare the condition of their cows with recommended targets. Knowledge
of condition scoring then enables farmers to manage their feeding programs better.

It should be done throughout the year to take account of seasonal variations in feeding
management, but particularly at the following stages of the lactation cycle:

1. At drying off, when cows that is too thin or too fat should be managed to achieve
the target by calving.

2. Just before calving, and if there are still too many thin or fat cows, feeding
management should be changed for future calving.

3. At 40 to 60 days after calving, to assess body condition loss in early lactation. If it

is excessive, feeding management should be changed leading to the next calving
and in early lactation.

4.3 Heat detection

Anatomically, the female sex organs are ready at birth. However, they do not become
functional until the animal reaches sexual maturity. This is when a heifer ovulates
for the first time and shows the first symptoms of heat, after which the oestrus cycle
begins. This can only takes place once the brain is mature enough to produce enough
hormones to start the sexual cycle. Before sexual maturity symptoms resembling heat
may appear, such as clear discharge from the vulva. This is caused by follicles which
develop but do not ovulate. Sexual maturity does not always mean that a heifer is
ready for pregnancy. If she is inseminated too early her growth may slow down and
she may have parturition problems.

17
Age and body weight are important for the onset of sexual maturity in heifers,
body weight is apparently the most important. This means that with improper feeding
sexual maturity delayed. The weight and age at which the first heat appears varies
depending on the breeds. Because sexual maturity can be reached earlier with proper
feeding, the time of first insemination should be chosen according to the size and
development of the body rather than the age of the animal.

The age for bulling depends upon the breed and also upon the requirement of the
desired calving pattern. Certainly the smaller breeds tend to become mature earlier
than the larger breeds but this has to be correlated to the practical demands of the
annual milk production cycle. The onset of puberty, and commencement of cycling, is
related to live weight more than to age. A delay in puberty means later conception.
All heifers should achieve their target weight before joining, because lighter heifers
have lower conception rates. Calving problems depend more on heifer live weights at
mating, than on live weights or body condition at calving. Frame size is determined
early, so there is doubtful merit in the practice of feeding older heifers to make up for
poor growth earlier in life. For detail information see manual of breed improvement
and fertility management.

For example: Friesian heifers mated at live weight below 260 kg had 34% conception
to first insemination compared to 58% for heifers mated weighing 300 kg live weight
or more. Of the smaller heifers, 24% had difficult calvings. This declined to 8% in
heifers mated at 260 to 280 kg and was lowest in 340 to 360 kg heifers.

Heifers underweight at mating required considerable assistance if in difficulty during

calving. It is generally suggested that heifers should not calve before twenty four (24)
months old but should calve as soon as possible after that age (Table 5). Growing of
young stock needs proper feeding. Said differently growth is a result of good feeding!
The ration of these animals therefore needs to contain enough energy and protein.

Table 5 Expected weight at age at different stages of heifers growth development

Stage Common name Age(Months) Weight(Kg)
Weaning Weaner 3-4 70 - 80
Puberty Bulling Heifer 12 220 - 240
Insemination In-calf Heifer 15 - 18 275 - 300
First calving Milking Heifer 24 - 27 400 - 450
Drying   36  
Source: Charles K.G,et al.(2012)

4.4 Steaming up breeding heifer

It is putting a pregnant animal on a high plane of nutrition a few weeks before it gives
birth, that means in case of heifers, it refers to providing extra concentrate to a
pregnant heifer in the last 4 weeks of pregnancy.

This feeding is also intended to allow the rumen bacteria to get accustomed to high
levels of concentrate. It provides extra nutrients for the animal and the growing foetus.
Steaming up also allows the heifer to put on extra weight (reserve energy) to promote
maximum milk production from the very beginning of the lactation. Once heifers are
pregnant, feeding should be adequate to ensure proper development to avoid calving
problems and poor first‐lactation yield.
18
Pregnant heifers may be maintained on good quality forage alone but concentrates
should be given if the forage is of low quality. During the last two months of pregnancy,
the feeding regime can affect milk production during the first lactation.

As rule of thumb the heifer should be fed concentrate at 1 percent of body weight
starting at about 6 weeks before calving with a ration balanced in protein, minerals,
and vitamins.

Feeding concentrates allows the rumen bacteria to get used to digesting high levels
of concentrate, which is very important during early lactation. Excess salt intakes can
contribute to udder oedema and should be avoided the last 2 weeks before calving.
Underfed or poorly grown heifers also will require more assistance at calving and have
a higher death rate at calving than normal sized heifers. Ssee the dairy cattle feeding
and nutrition management manual for the detail information.

4.5 Heifer housing

Heifers from about weaning age to breeding age are to be housed separately from the
suckling calves. Generally no male calves are kept on farm beyond six months of age.
When a large number of young stock is there, they should be divided in to different
age groups and each group housed separately. When the number of young stock is
small, the young stock shed may be an extension of the dry animal shed or it may be
a separate unit near to it.

The shed shall be constructed in a simple row of sheds facing each other. The
constructional details of young stock sheds are the same as for cow sheds except for
the difference in dimension of the mangers and water troughs (Tables 6 and 7), for the
details see dairy animal housing and manure management.

Table 6 Space required for loose and conventional housing system

Animal type Loose house area meter2 Confined house area meter2

Cows 7 3.5
Calves up to 3 month 2 1
3-6 month 3 2
6-12 month 4.5 2
Bull pen 30 12
Source: HARC, 2016

Table 7 Feeding Space required for mature, calves and yearlings

Animal type space/animal(cm) Trough height (cm) Depth of manager(cm)
Mature animals 60-75 60 40
Calve & yearlings 40-50 40 15
Source: Sastry, N. S. R. and Thomas, C. K.(1981)

19
4.6 Dairy heifers management to reduce stress

Grouping dairy heifers with mature cows soon after calving often results in stress
caused by initial interactions with older, more dominant cows and the re-establishment
of hierarchies which can seriously affect performance. Care should be taken during
introduction of heifer to a herd.

Guidelines for dairy heifer management to reduce stresses:

· Where possible, heifers should be kept as a separate milking group for at least the
first four months of the lactation – promoting fair competition at the feed trough
and allowing them to continue growing so they reach their peak yield and get back
into calf before having to compete with older animals

· If they are to be managed as part of a cow group, heifers need to be well-grown

and the facilities must provide adequate lying-space for the whole herd

· Heifers should always be kept in a recently calved group and not mixed with the
herd until at least five days after calving

· Initial introduction into the herd should take place after the afternoon or evening
milking when cows are less socially active.

· Accustoming heifers to the milking prior to calving has also been shown to encourage
milk production by reducing their fear.

· Although separating the calf within 24 hours of birth is less stressful and easier to
manage, there is evidence that heifers that are allowed to suckle their calves for
eight weeks experience a more complete milk let down, improving whole lactation
yields.

20
5. Common young stock diseases and health management

5.1 Common young stock diseases

A. Calf Scours

The disease that occurs due to unhygienic management characterized by diarrhoea,

appears dull and refuses to drink and eat.

Signs

ü The dung of the calf appears: - Liquid

ü Whitish in colour
ü Strong smell
Prevention:

ü Feed sufficient colostrum

ü Keep calf pen clean at all times
ü Use clean utensils
ü Wash hands
ü Give clean and fresh water daily
Treatment:

ü Dilute in 3 liters lukewarm water (9 soda bottles):1 teaspoon of table salt and 1
teaspoon of baking powder

Ø Day 1: replace milk for the above solution and feed this in 3 feedings of 1 liter (3
soda bottles each time)

Ø Day 2: Start feeding 1-1.5 litre of milk again and make a new solution and continue
treatment. Wait with feeding the solution for at least 1 hour after feeding milk.

Ø Day 3: make a new solution and feed 3 times a day and also feed 2 liters of water
two times on day three

ü If no improvement consult veterinarian

B. Dermatitis

It is an inflammation of the skin due to direct contact with irritants, allergens from bite
of ectoparasites, trauma and burn. It is the disease of commonly young animals.

Clinical Signs

ü Itching

ü Lesions on the skin

ü Presence of vesicles and crusts on the skin

ü Wet skin

21
Treatment

ü Depends on the primary cause of the disease

ü Systemic or topical application of corticosteroids; predinisole and dexamethasone.

C. Photosensitization

It refers to hyper sensitivity of lightly coloured skin to sun light. The disease also may
arise from consumption of photosensitive plants like phylloerythrin or some times from
liver disease.

Clinical signs

Characterized by demarcated inflammatory reactions.

Treatment:

ü Administration of anti-inflammatory drugs like dexamethasone is curative.

ü Antibiotics is recommended for secondary bacterial complication.

D. Salmonellosis

It is the most important and common bacterial disease of young animals characterized
by septicaemia, acute enteritis and chronic enteritis. The common sources of infection
are stress, warm and moist environment and inappropriate storage highly portentous
feeds like bone meal, meat meal in the garbage.

Clinical signs

ü Diarrheal containing intestinal erosions and putrid smell

ü Tenesmus and dysentery

ü Depression due to fever

ü Dullness

ü Bluish skin discoloration

ü Severe dehydration

Treatment

ü Chloramphenicol, Ampicillin and Gentamycin.

ü Supportive therapy for fluid replacement

Control measures

Hygienic management of feeds

Vaccination

22
E. Pneumonia

Pneumonia is inflammation of the lung tissue. It is a highly contagious bacterial disease

affecting bovines and characterized by bronchitis and pleurisy. The principal route
of infection is inhalation where cattle are overcrowded and transmission is by direct
contact between infected and susceptible animals by means of infected aerosols from
exhaled air.

Clinical signs

ü Excessive nasal discharge

ü Sudden rise in body temperature

ü Absence of rumination

ü Extension of head and neck

ü Open mouth breathing with grunting

ü Coughing and sneezing

Treatment : depends on the primary cause of the disease:

For bacterial infection:

ü Oxytetracycline 10% 1ml/10kg of body weight of the animal intramuscular for 3

consecutive days

ü Oxytetracycline 20% 1ml/10kg of body weight of the animal intramuscular may be

repeated after 48 hours of injection.

ü Procaine penicillin 20,000 IU/kg of body of the animal intramuscular for 3

consecutive days.

For parasitic pneumonia:

ü Broad spectrum anthelmintic

ü Ivermictin 1%

Prevention and control

ü Do not mix animals from un known sources

ü Avoid stress conditions

ü Proper ventilation and regular vaccination

23
F. Ectoparasitic infestation

Young animals are mostly infested by ectoparasites like ticks, fleas and lice because
they stay most of the time on bedding material which is favourable environment for
multiplication of these parasites.

Prevention and control

ü Changing the bedding material every 1-2 weeks to break the life cycle of parasites

ü Check the hair coat of the calves every week

ü In case of parasitic infestation the drug of choice is ivermictin 1% 1ml/50 kg body

weight of the animal.

There are also some anatomical disorders that may occur congenitally in new born
calves. In such cases consult veterinarians for required surgical corrections.

5.2 Health management

Raising healthy heifers is important in all dairy production systems as health affects
growth rate, fertility and hence age at first calving and milk production. Losses are also
incurred in form of veterinary costs and death limiting the opportunity for selection
of high quality animals and/or sales. Most of the common diseases affecting calves
are also important in heifer rearing and have been dealt with in the dairy health
management and breed improvement and fertility management manuals.

Tools to monitor the young stock

· Measuring tape (or a rope with nuts at known distances)

· Thermometer (health control)

· Individual calf/heifer cards to record

 Date of birth

 Body weight at different ages

 Preventive health care / vaccinations

 Insemination and Weaning time (age)

· Growth chart for height and weight

· Mention the body condition score with parameters

24
References

Charles Karuku Gachuiri, University of Nairobi, , Margaret Nyawira Lukuyu, KAResearch

Institute, Camillus Ahuya, Animal Resources Consultants Ltd. 2012:Dairy cattle
training manual. Ministry of Livestock Development, Nairobi, Kenya.

Lukuyu B, Gachuiri CK, Lukuyu MN, Lusweti C and Mwendia S (eds). 2012: Feeding
dairy cattle in East Africa. East Africa Dairy Development Project, Nairobi, Kenya.

Marri Heinonen, 1989: Artificial Insemination of cattle in Ethiopia MOA, Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia.

Moran John Dairy Adviser, DPIV, Senior Kyabram, 120 Cooma Rd, Kyabram, Department
of Primary Industries, 2005: Feeding Management for Small Holder Dairy Farmers in
the Humid Tropics Victoria, 3620 Australia

Moran John.2002:Calf Rearing: A practical guide, Second Edition, published by

Landlinks press, Victoria, Australia

Sastry, N. S. R. and Thomas, C. K. ,1981: Farm Animal Management, Vikas publishing

House Pvt. Ltd. India.

25
Annex

Annex 1: Age at first Calving (AFC)

Age at first calving is an important trait, which directly influences productive

and reproductive performances of a cow. Age at first calving is closely
related to generation interval and influences response to selection. It also
determines the cost of female replacement. Heifers calving at a young
age will reduce replacement costs of females in a cow herd operation.
Any improvement, which reduces age at first calving, would enhance the
production of more calf and reduce the generation interval and increase
genetic improvement for the targeted traits that respond to selection.

Age at first calving for indigenous cattle types and heir crosses.
Age at first calving
Genotype Source
(Months)
Borana 41.50 Arnason and Kassa, 1987
Borana 45.20 Mekonnen, 1987
Borana 46.80 Mekonnen et al.,1993
Borana 47.00 Trail et al., 1985
Horro 50.00 McDowell, 1971
Horro 53.00 Zewdu, 2004
Arsi 32.80 Enyew et al., 1998
Arsi 34.40 Kiwuwa et al., 1983
Arsi 32.82 Enyew et al., 1992
Arsi 34.00 Zewdu, 2004
Friesian x Borana (F1) 31.50 Mekonnen,1994
¾ Friesian x Borana 32.70 Mekonnen,1994
Friesian x Borana (F1) 36.00 Sendros et al., 2004a
Jersey x Borana (F1) 35.40 Sendros et al., 2004a
Friesian x Borana (F1) 44.02 Kefena et al., 2006
Jersey x Borana (F1) 38.76 Kefena et al., 2006
Source: OARI, 2010

Intensive rearing

- Growth monitoring

- Feeding according to growth objectives

- Cost of intensive feeding vs. cost of long rearing time (roughage)

- Calculation cost benefit comparison at 40 month of age present / wanted

situation (objective) is 30 months

26
Example

New situation rearing in 30 month AFC (Age at First Calving) compared to present
situation of 40 months. Milk price 10 Birr, concentrate price 8 Birr

Extra investment (more feeding than present situation); concentrate:

800 kg x 8 Birr => 6.400 Birr

At 40 months’ heifers end the first lactation have produced

5000 kg of milk x 10 Birr => 50.000 Birr

Concentrate feeding to reach this production in first lactation

(1 kg conc. Per 3 liters of realized milk?)

Milk 50.000 Birr

Concentrate1/3 x 5000 x 8 Birr 13.333 Birr -

Milk yield – extra feeding cost 36.667 Birr

Extra investment 6.400 Birr -

Yield – extra feeding costs at 40 months 30.267 Birr

+ The value of the calf that was born

So investing in concentrates during rearing is payed back quickly. Here through a

higher 5 of the total herd produces milk.

At present animals are probably calving down for the first time at 40+ months and still
have to start production.

Intensive rearing is profitable and is sustainable

Due to older age at calving milk production capacity is lost and less calves are born. Most
likely the level of production is lower due to poor rearing. Finally, the life-production
per animal will be higher saving much more rearing costs because less young stock is
need to keep the herd on number.

Note: if the circumstances and feed quality allows the target can even go down to 24
months AFC.

27
 Young Stock Management
Training Gideline For Dairy Extension Workers

28
Young Stock Management Training Guide

A. Module Book - Rearing dairy replacement heifers

Introduction

The module Rearing dairy replacement heifers is part of the Working Package “Business
Management” introduced By SNV Ethiopia as part of the EDGET Project.

One of the EDGET project objectives is to make small holders dairy farms more aware
about “commercial farming”. The Module Rearing dairy replacement heifers will help
extension workers to acquire the knowledge and skills to make basic decisions which
will enable them to improve the performance on calf rearing of enterprises present on
small holder farms. Calf rearing is the basis for good cow production performance.

Professional situation

As an extension worker usually have to advise small holder farms on how to manage
their livestock in the most optimal way. As an extension worker you should be able
to clearly identify which kind of practices at farm level will lead to the best possible
technical results.
Dairy farms depend for the productivity of their animals on regular calving of the cows.
Besides that cows need to be replaced by young animals at the end of their productive
life. The female calves born from the cows are most likely ones to be reared to keep
the herd on level or even growing.
Calf rearing is an investment in a female animal in to make it produce milk for sale.
A direct consequence of this statement is that for dairy bull calves born on the farm
another choice must be made.
As an extension worker you have the knowledge, skills and innovations to manage
each of these enterprises in the most optimal way and you have the motivation and
“drive” to convince small holder farmers to improve on their knowledge and skills in
order to improve rearing of heifer calves into well developed and high producing dairy
cows.
As an extension workers you are able to recognize signs of an approaching birth,
abnormal positions, give support during calving and handle the just born calve. You can
support the farmer is proper feeding practices, health control and growth monitoring.
You are able to recognize health problems and know how to (ask for) support (in)
health care.
As an extension worker you are also able to explain the benefits of good calf rearing,
how it can lead to earlier returns on investment and a higher (life) production.
You will also be able to explain what kind of recordkeeping will help the farmer to
monitor calf rearing.
You will be able to explain small holder farmers what it means to become a specialized
dairy farmer.
But you (and the owner) have other responsibilities as well; how to deal with
environmental and social issues. In the end any business is only really sustainable if it
is taking into account the three P’s; People, Planet & Profit.
29
Required entry qualification

To take part in this module on Management you should comply with the following entry
requirements:

· Competent in the English language.

· Competent in skills on animal feeding, health control, record keeping and calculation

· Have basic insight/experience in managing small holder dairy farms.

Specific objectives and related topics

Specific objectives and related topics are:

a. At the end of the course participants are able to recognize approaching birth, support a
cow calving down, take care of the just born calf. They can monitor sufficient feeding,
health care, growth objectives in order to realize calving down of the animal at the
previously set age of first calving in the right body condition and body weight using
record keeping on animal registration, feeding, health, growth and inseminations.

Related topics are:

· Dry cow management

· Birth of a calf
· Just born calf
· Feeding and health care
· Calf diseases
b. At the end of the course participants can analyse present performance of calf rearing
and give advises to improve to (smallholder) dairy farmers.

Related topics are:

· Housing and growth

· Health observation
· Record keeping
Assessment

During the course one assessment will be conducted to measure the competence level
of the participants to advise a small holder farm on his/ her calf rearing performances.
The assessment will be a group assignment. The group (maximum 5-6 persons) will
have to visit an assigned small holder farm and implement the following tasks:

· Report present calf rearing method from birth to first calving

· Report present age at first calving
· Report policy of breeding (dairy/crossbreed) and method used
· Where do the bull calves go?
· Write an advise to the farmer (how to improve)
· In the advise hand over simple tools to the farmer to monitor the improvement

30
Activities

Below an overview of all activities related to this module are presented:

All activities of this module are done in a real farm environment having cows and
young stock of different age as well as a classroom available.

Day Time Subject

Introduction Module/ participants/ trainer and introduction into rear-
Mon 1st
ing replacement stock
Cow handling around calving, (including pedigree of the expected
  2nd
calf)
Calving process, hygiene, abnormal positions, difficult births, the just
  3rd
born calf
Feeding the just born calf, the milk feeding period, housing and health
  4th
care of the young calf. Farm objectives on age at first calving
Tue  1st Calf rearing after weaning, young stock. observation + exercises
Influence of good calf rearing on cow performance and life production.
  2nd
observation + exercises. (return on investment time)
Use of simple tools to make monitoring of growth and health possible.
  3rd
Practicals.
Introduction to the assessment, formation of groups and preparing to
  4th
use monitoring tools of assigned farmers
 Wed 1st Assessment
  2 nd
Assessment
3 rd
Assessment
4 th
Assessment
Thur 1 st
Working out assessment
2 nd
Working out assessment
Interaction Trainer / Participants at group level
3rd
Participants react on observations. And can ask questions
Overview module “The influence of calf rearing on smallholder dairy
4th
farm output”
Fri 1st Prepare for presentation
2nd Presentation in presence of farmers
  3 rd
Brainstorm on farmer training
  4th Course Evaluation and closing

31
B. Calf rearing Lesson matrices and trainer guidelines

Lesson Matrix
# Topic / Serial
Practical Lesson Lesson 1 Calf rearing
Date
Venue
Duration day/ Day 1 of the Course 1
Type of students EDGET Extension Workers
Number of students Maximum 8
Starting situation Students have very little or no experience with calf rearing
Outcomes :The student is able to
Skills .Recognize and separate a cow, approaching to calf down, from the herd-
Recognize a normal progress in the calving down process, and normal-
.position of the unborn calf
Support calving down process, and use materials in the proper way-
Feel up a calving cow in case the position is abnormal-
Recognize abnormal position and call in veterinarian support if necessary-
Caretaking of the jus born calf and properly feed colostrum-
Knowledge Explain benefits of maternity area and how to take hygiene measures in-
.it
Explain normal birth process, and how to support it-
Explain how to make use of support materials during normal calving-
Explain when to call in the veterinarian-
Explain how to treat and feed the just born calf-
Attitude Convince farmers that care taking during the calving down process of the
cow and just born calf is essential in successful calf rearing

32
Time in Brief Content Role trainer Teaching aids Role/activities
minutes /didactical Participants
methods
30 -Opening of the Course, -Explaining/ -Module Book -Listening,
getting acquainted with guiding/ making introduction of
each other, explanation trainees feel at themselves, asking
Module Book and Course ease questions, answering
Objectives questions
30 -Sharing experiences -Asking for -Example Farm -Sharing experiences
with calf rearing experiences -Calf rearing -Participate in
-Introduction into calf to get an idea manual example explanation
rearing about student
-Check contents of
level
-Distribution lesson Manual
materials.
60 -Explanation “Cow -Explaining -PPT -Observing theory
handling around calving”. theory + -Manual -Checking practical
- assignments examples
-exercises
-Asking questions
-Study theory
20 Break
60 -Explanation on how to -Explaining -Real farm
recognize and support theory + situation -Farm practical
the calving down process practical -Worksheets -Asking questions
of a cow assignment
-Manual -Fill out worksheets
-Practical assignment

60 -Explanation on how to -Explaining -Real farm -Farm examples

prepare maternity area theory + situation -Asking questions
-Explanation of the birth practical -Exercise -Practical exercises
supporting materials and assignment separation of
how to use it cow
-Exercise use of
birth supporting
materials
60 Lunch
60 -Explanation on difficult -Explaining -PPT -Study theory
births theory + -Manual -Study examples
assignment
-discussion -Asking questions
-Making assignment
60 -Explanation caretaking -Explaining -PPT -Study theory
of the just born calf theory + -Manual -farm examples
-Explanation feeding assignment
-discussion -Asking questions

20 Break
120 -Practical at farm -explanation -Real farm -Practical exercises
of practical situation -Asking questions
approach -all materials -Practice skills
needed for good
practices

33
LESSON Day 1:

The cow calving down, caretaking of the new born calf

Required materials:

-Manual Young stock rearing

-Exercises
-Practical dairy farm environment

1. Sharing experiences with Calf rearing

2. Introduction

- Distribute and discuss course plan

- Distribute book “Calf rearing”
- Discussion on Calf rearing practices and constrains to be tackled

3. Lecturing the manual:

- Introduce topic “cow handling around calving” on White Board (WB) or Black Board
(BB) + PPT make example assignments.

- Assignment:

· distribute exercise 1, 2 and 3

· discuss Exercises

- homework

4. Evaluation:

- Summary of the lessons, any questions?

- Home work (write on WB):
- Work out group assignment to smallholder
5. End of day 1

34
Lesson Matrix
Topic / Serial #
Practical Lesson Lesson 2 Calf rearing
Date
Venue
Duration 1 day/ Day 2 of the Course
Type of students EDGET Extension Workers
Suggested number of 8
students
Starting situation Students have very little or no experience with calf rearing
Outcomes The student is able to:
Skills -Measure the girth of a calf and convert the girth to body weight
-Calculate growth rate based on available information
-Feed calves right amount of milk, roughage and concentrates
-Recognize health
-Advise a farmer to optimize calf rearing
Knowledge -Explain benefits of growth measurements for proper rearing.
-Explain ration composition to cover requirements for good growth
-Explain the need of treatments and preventive health care
-Explain when and why to call in the veterinarian in case results are
below standard
Attitude Convince farmers that monitoring growth and preventive healthcare
is important and economic in successful calf rearing

35
Time in Brief Content Role trainer Teaching aids Role/activities
minutes /didactical Participants
methods
10 -Recap day one - guiding - -Listening, asking
making trainees questions, answering
feel at ease questions

30 -Introduction feeding and -Asking for -calf rearing -Sharing experiences

growth issues as part of experiences manual -Participate in
calf rearing to get an idea WB / BB example explanation
-Distribution lesson about student
Internet access -Check contents of
materials. level
Manual, Observing
theory
80 -Explanation of terms -asking Example Farm -Checking practical
used in farm calf rearing questions -Calf rearing examples
-Assignment -Support manual -Asking questions
activities of -exercises -Making exercises
students
30 Break
60 -Explanation on how to -stimulate -Real farm -Study open sources
feed young calves in a discussion the situation -Farm practical
proper way group -Worksheets -search on internet
-Practical assignment -stimulate on -Manual -Fill out worksheets
using available
open sources
like the internet
60 -Explanation on how -coaching -Real farm -Farm examples
to do the best possible situation -Asking questions
feeding with the available -wall paper -Practical exercises
feeds discussion
-Make a suitable handout
for farmers for feeding
60 Lunch
60 -Explanation on how -Explaining -PPT -Study theory
to monitor growth and theory + -Manual -Study examples
healthcare assignment
-Asking questions
- Explain the value of
-Making assignment
good housing
Farm practical to -Coaching -Exercises Answering and
discover; exercises -worksheets asking questions.
-Growth facts -Common lack
-Important of record of information Writing
keeping -Homework administration model
-Needed tools for assignment for all farmers
monitoring
-Value of proper
(preventive) health care
Finally leading to a
unified recordkeeping
model for smallholder
farmers

36
LESSON Day 2:

Feeding the calves properly, monitor growth and health. Do record keeping.

Required materials:

- Manual Young stock rearing

- Exercises
- Practical dairy farm environment
- Access to Internet
1. Sharing experiences with monitoring Calf rearing based on records

2. Introduction

- Distribute and discuss exercises

- Arrange access to internet sources
- Discussion on feeding, growth monitoring and recordkeeping
- Introduce objectives to be monitored
3. Lecturing the manual:

- Introduce topic “Feeding, growth, housing, recordkeeping” on White Board (WB) or

Black Board (BB) + PPT make example assignments.
- Assignment:
· distribute exercise 4 and 5
· discuss Exercises
- homework
4. Evaluation:

- Summary of the lessons, any questions?

- Home work (write on WB):
- Work out group assignment to smallholder

37
5. End of day 2

Lesson Matrix
Topic / Serial #
Practical Lesson Day 3 calf rearing
Date
Venue
Duration 1 day/ day 3 of the Course (Farm visits; 2 farms per group)
Type of students EDGET Extension Workers
Suggested num- 8
ber of students
Starting situation Students have very little or no experience with calf rearing
Outcomes The student is able to:
Skills -Make an analysis of present calf rearing at any farm by using growth
calculation and record analyses
-Use the analyses to advise farmers to optimize.
-Use the calculated benefits of optimization to convince small holder
farmers and adopt the optimization practices.
Knowledge -Explain how growth is calculated
-Explain the advantages of better calf rearing
-Explain how to use record keeping as a tool.
-Explain how farm (value)output will improve due to better rearing
Attitude Convince farmers that for commercialization of their small holder
farms calf rearing is an essential part of farm management

Time in Brief Content Role trainer / Teaching aids Role/activities

minutes didactical Participants
methods
240 -Travel to target farmers -Guidance and -Target farms -Observing
-Groups to observe the total coaching -Interviewing
farm herd. -Collection of
-Groups to meet with their information
assigned farmer and collect
calf rearing info and verify
with their observations
-Return to workshop
premises
60 Lunch
240 -Travel to target farmers -Guidance and -Target farms -Observing
-Groups to observe the total coaching -Interviewing
farm herd. -Collection of
-Groups to meet with their information
assigned farmer and collect
calf rearing info and verify
with their observations
-Return to hostel

38
Lesson Matrix
Topic / Serial #
Practical Lesson Day 4 Calf rearing
Date
Venue
Duration 1 day/ Day 4 of the Course
Type of students EDGET Extension Workers
Suggested number of 8
students
Starting situation Students have very little or no experience with calf rearing
Outcomes The student is able to:
Skills -Collect required information to work out calf rearing practices
and technical results present on small holder farms
-Prepare to present and explain small holder farms how they
perform in calf rearing and advise them on optimization of calf
rearing on their farm
-Prepare to Introduce new calf rearing approach, making use of
objectives, monitoring method and active (preventive) health
care.
Knowledge -Explain farmers calf rearing method
-Explain farmers monitoring and record keeping
-Explain farmers how to monitoring preventive health care
Attitude Convince farmers that calf rearing is an essential part of
farm management, and that a planned approach, making use
of targets supported by recordkeeping will lead to better
economics.

39
Time in Brief Content Role trainer Teaching aids Role/activities Par-
minutes /didactical ticipants
methods
120 Students work out Guidance and Collected infor- Formulate advise per
observations of two coaching mation class- farm
farms visited room, internet,
Students come to an flipcharts
advise to the farmers
30 Break
120 Students work out -Guidance and -target farms -Preparing handout
the farm approach coaching
of the different exer-
cise assignments per
group
60 Lunch
120 Students work out -Guidance and -target farms -Preparing handout
the farm approach coaching - preparing Record-
of the different exer- keeping aids
cise assignments per
group
120 Different groups Guiding and -group discus- -common message to
come to one shared coaching sion farmers supported by
approach on calf Handouts and record-
rearing at target keeping aids for dif-
farms ferent aspects of good
calf rearing practices

Lesson Matrix
Topic / Serial #
Practical Lesson Day 5 Calf rearing
Date
Venue
Duration 1 day/ Day 5 of the Course
Type of students EDGET Extension Workers
Suggested number of stu- 8
dents
Starting situation Students have very little or no experience with calf rearing
Outcomes The student is able to:
Skills -Present and explain small holder farms how they perform in calf
rearing and advise them on optimization of calf rearing on their farm
-Introduce new calf rearing approach, making use of objectives,
monitoring method and active (preventive) health care.
Knowledge -Explain farmers calf rearing method
-Explain farmers monitoring and record keeping
-Explain farmers how to monitoring preventive health care
Attitude Convince farmers that for commercialization of their small holder
farms calf rearing is an essential part of farm management

40
Time in Brief Content Role trainer Teaching aids Role/activities Par-
minutes /didactical ticipants
methods
120 Students prepare for -Guidance and -target farms -Preparing presentation
presentation coaching

60 Break and arrival of

farmers
120 Presentation of calf -Assessing per- -Projector/ white -Group presentations
rearing performance formance board/ flipovers
and advises to target
farms by groups
60 Lunch (students and
farmers)
60 -Assessment result -Reflection on -Discussion per -Reflection and discuss-
per group assignment group ing assessment result
results and as-
sessment score
60 Evaluation of course -Explaining -Evaluation form -Filling evaluation form
evaluation form

41
C. Calf Rearing:
Calf rearing Exercise 1

1. Mention at least 3 signs to be observed at a highly pregnant cows shortly before

calving.

1.
2.
3.

A B

2. Which sign is shown here? (A -> B)

3. What is indicated in picture B?

4. Make a shortlist of all possible materials a farmer must have available to monitor
and support the calving down process in a hygienical and safe way

5. What would you recommend a

smallholder farmer as far as the
maternity area is concerned?









42
Calf rearing Exercise 2

Observation of calving down process

If no calving’s take place at the farm during lesson time, make use of the internet to find
related video’s and watch them! [Link]

Birth support

How to put on the rope to the legs of the unborn calf? and how to connect the sticks
to pull??

When birth support must be given, there is little time to finish the job. Therefor it is
necessary to know how to deal with the materials “blindly”.

· Discuss how, and test on one and other the available materials for birth support.

· Write down how to deal with the materials before and after to maintain hygiene
also for the next time you need it.

· Decide on how to communicate one clear message to farmers and make a protocol
Poster.

Difficult births

In most cases (95%+) everything will be normal, this includes a reverse birth position.
Still a reverse birth is most of the time more difficult and risky for the calf and cow.
Note what risks and difficulties are involved in a ‘normal’ reverse calving.

43
Difficult and abnormal birth positions are shown below. These are just examples.
Another abnormality that sometimes occurs is a twisted Uterus. This means that the
birth channel is blocked due to one or more twists of the Uterus. In these cases, it is
not possible to feel up the position of the calf because of this blockade.

When the birth process takes too long or when you observe abnormalities it is wise to
do a feel up inside the birth channel. Maintain proper hygiene when you do this!

Discuss within the group how to deal with the different situation show in the picture,
and decide in which cases you need support of a veterinarian.

Note if and how you will communicate this with small holder farmers.

Calf rearing Exercise 3

The new born calf.

Most important for a new-born calf is starting to breath.

In case a calf is born revers, there is always the risk that lungs are full of moist.

Note how the mother cow after a natural birth is stimulating the calf to activate (start
breathing).

44
What other possibilities can a farm worker add in case the calf needs extra stimulation?

Second very important demand of the young calf is Colostrum.

In natural behaviour, the calf will stand up 30-60 minutes after being born and tries to
find one of the teats to drink milk (colostrum).

In dairy farming, it is common to separate cow and calf immediately.

Still the calf needs 1,5 litre of colostrum as soon as possible, but within half an hour
after birth (even in the middle of the night) This should be fed, warm and from its
own mother!

Explain why feeding colostrum is one of the most important moments in calf rearing.

Teat bottle to feed colostrum

45
Calf rearing Exercise 4

The milk feeding period

Colostrum feeding is important for a healthy start of calf rearing.

Colostrum: start immediately and repeat often (3-4 times per day) so the calf will
drink => MUCH!

A dairy farmer opts for milk to sell. This means that the milk needed for calf rearing
competes with milk to be sold. Still good calf rearing is the bases for a well reared dairy
cow in the future.

Discuss in the group the essence of feeding whole milk to a calf to be reared for
replacement. Also, discuss if and what kind of alternatives are available and reachable
for small holder farmers in Ethiopia.

Briefly note your findings:

In natural situations, a calf might drink milk from its mother for a period of 9 months
or even longer.

By making use of good quality concentrates, and under good housing conditions it is
possible to realize good and healthy growth rates with limited milk input.

Discuss the feeding program as given in the handout within the group and find out how
it can be implemented in the Ethiopian situation. Where to get the concentrates, what
kind of roughage etc.

Compare your findings with the common practices at smallholder farms and write
down were changes must be introduced.

Make an approach plan to communicate this message.

Note: Include in your group discussion what is the best way to deal with the bull
calves.

Calf rearing is an investment for replacement stock => future milk production.

If bull calves stay in the farm as swell they will also need milk, which is basically cash
output of the dairy farm, so they compete with milk sales.

What is the economical consequence of feeding milk to bulls, or is there even profit by
bull fattening to expect? Are there alternatives like selling the bulls at young age,…?

46
Calf rearing Exercise 5

Monitoring growth

Feeding

Feeding and disease management are of great influence to growth of young stock.

In chapter 3 and 4 of the ‘Young stock Management manual’ some information is given
about feed requirements and (preventive) disease control.

Discuss in the group how a smallholder farmer can feed the growing young stock
according to requirement (table). Make use of available information (internet or locally)
about possible intake, digestibility and feeding values of available feeds (roughages
and concentrates).

Write down the suggested ration for an animal of 180 kg. life weight (separate paper)

(preventive) Health care

Discuss in the group all suggested treatments and vaccinations at chapter 5 of the
‘Young stock Management manual’. Decide upon a suitable program for the Ethiopian
situation.

How is the present situation for farmers in your area according to accessibility to
(preventive) care?

Make a treatment and vaccination plan suitable for Ethiopia and discuss how to
implement it at the small holder farms. (separate paper)

Monitoring growth

Fill out the table below as complete as possible based on the available farm information

Data sheet young stock

Date of visit
….…/……../………

Calf Date Birth Girth Present body Growth per day Previous Previous Growth per day
weight weight since birth gr./ Weighing weight in since previous
Name / nr. of birth in kg. in cm. in kg. day date kg. weighing gr./day

Is all information available (on paper)?

If not: discuss within your group how to improve availability of information, and give
suggestions for a uniformed way for smallholders to administrate. (record
keeping system)

47
D. Assignment Calf rearing

During the course one assessment will be conducted to measure the competence level
of the participants to advise a small holder farm on good cow handling around calving,
and monitoring good calf rearing practices for replacement stock. The assessment will
be a group assignment. The groups (5 - 6 persons) will have to visit some assigned
small holder farms and implement the following tasks:

Day one and two

Presentation, discussion, exercises, knowledge exchange, setting of calf rearing

objectives to be implemented and monitored.

Trainer – student interaction leading to set: “Objectives in calf rearing in the dairy
sector of Ethiopia”

Groups of 5 - 6 persons have been formed, in cooperation with the trainer you analyze
a present farm situation at a farm where animals of all rearing ages are present.

How to look, how to collect information and how to develop an opinion on the present
situation.

During the day within the formed groups you make a list of important observations,
materials needed and farm information needed.

Module exercises 1 – 5 support the assignment in preparation.

· Discuss with your group members the assignment and divide tasks among the
members

· Decide upon the necessary observations, and measurements to be done on the

small holder farm, and the way to write down (secure) the information.

· Decide upon the additional information to be given by the small holder farmer
about calf rearing related issues.

· Prepare a questionnaire for collecting relevant information you think is necessary

for being able analyze present calf rearing performance.

Day three (2 farm visits one in morning one in afternoon)

· Organize brief meeting with the farmer and his/ her family during which the group
introduces themselves and explains the exercise and purpose of the visit.

· Requests the farmer and family to show the dairy farm, and to give the needed
information of individual animals, farm practices, availability of feedstuffs on your
request

· Organize your own observations and measurements (during farm tour) in presence
of the farmer and write down the information.

· Give some brief information on your intentions of using the collected information.

· At the end of the interview thank the farmer and the family for their time and
information and invite them to attend the presentation of the results and advice for
two days later.
48
Day four

· Work out the gathered information on calf rearing of the two farms separately.

· Compare the two outcomes and discuss the differences

· Give your comments, find out if the two farmers can learn something from one
another.

· Work out your comments into an advice for the farmer on calf rearing practices.

· Support your advice with a motivation based on its consequences in farm practices.
What to change, what investment or direct costs are involved, and what to expect
in return.

· Make clear suggestions to the farmers for implementation of optimalization.

· This day your trainer is available for interaction, discussion and questions.

Day five

· Each group prepares a presentation (in were every group member takes part) the
presentation contains at least:

 The gathered information per farm, and your commend

 The results per farm compared to the objectives set on day one

 What is good / what needs improvement

 Your advice for optimization to the farms

 Consequences investment / returns

· Each group prepares an advice sheet on “Good calf rearing practices” as a handout
for the farmers containing practical tips (and tools) on one A4 paper.

· After morning tea break the presentation is held for the whole group of participant
as well as the invited farmers (time allowance 30 minutes).

· There is time for interaction between group and farmers after each presentation
(10 minutes)

· The presentation content and the advice sheet are directly after presentation
submitted to the trainer for assessment (digitally!)

49
E. Assessment:

· Each group receives a group score for their presentation (ppt. content) and advice
sheet.

· Each group member receives an individual score for their individual presentation.

· Assessment results will be discussed with the groups the same day.

· Assessment forms see annex 1 and 2 of this assignment.

Assessment form ppt presentation (Group score)

Group members: .............................................................................................

Subject / Title: ................................................................................................

Group Score: ...................................................................................................

Excellent Good Average Poor Very poor

1. Introduction
- Group members and visited farms
are given.
- Method of work is explained
- Content of the presentation is intro-
duced

2. Description of the actual situation

- Description of the calf rearing system
- Motivation of the farmer
- Numbers of animals in different
groups at the farm.
- Farming system (i.g. zero grazing)

3. Data collection
- Data collection / relevant
- Accuracy of data
4. Analyses of the collected data
- Fact value of outcome
- Identification / importance of con-
straints
5. Proposal for improvement
- Technical description of the proposal
- Motivation of choices made
- Impact of the proposal investments /
benefits
- Needed skills / knowledge for suc-
cessful implementation
6. Quality of the Report
- Language
- Level (for farmer)
- Lay out

50
For each main item, the group can score between 1 and 5 points (1= very poor, 5 =
excellent)

Assessment is passed with a score of minimum 18 points (out of 30)

Assessment form for observation of student during presentation (Individual

score)

Name trainer: ..................................................................................................

Enterprise presented: ........................................................................................

Observer: ........................................................................................................

Date: ..............................................................................................................

Remarks and score by observer

Behaviour criteria;
(range from 0 (insufficient) to 5
The participant:
(exellent))
1. Has prepared the correct and required
teaching aids
2. Presentation can be followed by all including
farmers
3. Presentation follows a logical path and is
divided in clear steps if required
4. Links the level of knowledge and skills
instructed to the level of the farmers
5. Can execute the basic skills required for the
lesson
6. Speaks clearly and is pleasant to listen to
7. Makes contact with the group and keeps this
momentum during the lesson
8. Stimulates interaction with the participants
9. Provides for feedback during the
presentation to check if message comes
through
10. Can describe to which extend outcome was
realised

Further Remarks and final score :

Minimum score for passing the assessment will be 30.

51
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