Introduction 41 Two of the photos above show kinds of extreme weather - extreme heat and extreme cold, How can extreme weather conditions like these affect people's lives? 2 Two of the photos above show types of natural disasters - flooding and a forest fire. a How do these affect people's lives? b What safety measures could be taken to prevent them happening? 3 Have you ever expertenced elther kind of extreme weather or natural disaster? punose § yununit 9 arund us Reading and Use of English part 5 Think ahead 1 Bofore you read the text below about volcances, try to answer questions a-c. 1a Approximately how many active volcanoes are there in the world? 4 457 2 1,350 2 16,000 b How many people live in the vicinity of an active volcano? 4dmillion 2 40milion 3 billion ‘© Where ic the world's largeet active volcano? 2 Italy 2 Hawall 3 Mexico s They died where they stood. Violently, with almost no warning, Wealthy women in theie jewels. Armed soldiers. Babies. Almost 2,000 years ago, two towns in southern Italy had the misfortune 10 be in the shadow of Mount Vesuvius — one of Europe's active s volcanoes — at the wrong time. The 16,000 infabitants of the Roman towns of Herculaneum and neighbouring Pompeii who ‘were burled beneath thiny metres of st on an August night in AAD 79 bore silent witness to the destructive force of volcanoes, Objects of terror and fascination since the beginning of human time, volcanoes take thelr name from Vulcan, the Roman god of fire, Today there are some 1,360 active volcanoes in the word. Acany given moment, somewhere between one dozen and two dozen are throwing out ash and molten rock from the earth's core. Approximately one billion people live in their dangerous .s shadows. Experts expect the number to rise, Ihe rapid growth cof population, greater competition for land and an increase in, Urban migration are driving more and more people to settle around volcanoes, significantly increasing the potential loss of life and property in the event of eruptions. |. Despite major advances in technology, the abiuty to predict When a volcano might erupt remains imprecise. But meeting the challenge is vital because volcanoes are ‘people magnets. ‘Arocont study identified 457 volcanoas winere there are one rmillion or more people Uving within 100 kllometres. Many of these volcanoes ~ sevaral in Indonesia and Japan, for instance = have surrounding populations greally exceeding one rillion. For example, today, 375 million people live within 30 kilometres of the summit of Mount Vesuvius in the southei Italian city of Naples. ‘What do they do if it starts erupting? No one can imagine evacuating a city the size of Naples, said Dan Miller, chief ofthe US Geological Survey's Volcano Disaster Assistance Program. “Persuading people to move permanently out of hazard zones Is not usuelly an option. May of Une land-use patterns are ong established, and people just wan't do it’ Miller went on, ‘The sonly thing you cat! Uu iy have aysternatit volcan niunituring Wo detect the earliest departure from normal activity "Nowadays, it is easier to predict volcanic activity, but evaluating Ure Uireet uf eruption fy frequently sult uiMivul, Mexicu City knows the problem well. The city, which has a population of ownure att 20 onlin, es witht 60 kiloeties uf Ue surat uf Popncatepetl,a volcano which has enunted at least 15 times in 106 2 Quichly read the text to check your answers. the Last 400 years. the flanks and valleys surrounding ‘Popo’ have ben evacuated sovoral times sinco 1994 in response to earthquakes and eruptions of volcanic ash and plumes of steam, Each time the mountain has settled down without a major eruption, although some activity has continued. Yet when, or if, ‘a major eruption will occur next remains unknown. “There could be weeks, months or years between the time a Volcano shows some activity and the time of its eruption,” said Miller. ‘It may never erupt. Most people are willing to be evacuated once. But if nothing happens, the loss of credibility could cause people to ignore future warnings.” Volcanic eruptions. when they do come, are sometimes relatively slow and quiet. There was no loss of life when the world’s largest active volcano erupted in 1984, The people who lived in the proximity of Hawair’s Mauna Loa volcano had plenty of time to get out of the way when it erupted in 1984. Its ava crept cown the slope at about the spec of honey. At ‘other times the eruption is sudden and violent, and evacuationoo Choose the option you think. Js correct. Then check your answer by trying to eliminate the other three options. Multiple choice Word puttaing Over to you Exam practice } 3 For questions 1-6, choose the answer (A,B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text. 11 What happened when Mount Vesuvius erupted in AD 792 ‘A The rich managed to escape. B It covered many towns with dust. © Atew people were killed. D People were unprepared. 2 What do experts think will happen in the future? A More volcanoes will become active. B More people will farm in volcanic areas. © More people will set up home near volcanoes. D Around one bilion people will die in volcanic eruntions. 3 According to the article, what is the present situation regarding volcanic eruptions? Ak Eruptions aro most lkaly to happen in Indonesia and Japan. B Technological breakthroughs have led to accurate predictions. Most large cities have no appropriate evacuation plans in place. D People will be less affected Uran before. 4 What does the article say about Popocetepet!? A There was a maior eruption in 1994 B There have been no eruptions in the last 20 years. © Nobody can say whether there willbe a major eruption in the future. People who live nearby are fed up with being evacuated. 5. Why was the eruption of Mauna Loa less dangerous? AA People had been evacuated from the area beforetard B People were able to keep ahead ofthe lava © Scientists had warned people well in advance. D It was not a major eruption. 6 What would be the most appropriate title for this article? 18 Voloanoee: Sioeping threat for milione B Volcanic eruptions and other natural disasters © Voleanoes: Advances in their prediction D Yoleanic eruption: A stusy of volcanic benaviour 4 Underline all the nouns In the text related to these root verbs. How are they similar? compete erupt evacuate fascinate migrate populate 5 Undertine all the adjectives in the text related to these root verbs and nouns. fact danger destroy system volcano 6 Complete these sentences with an appropriate form of a word from the list. act devastate fascinate migrate science system ‘a Agreat deal of ______ research is being carried out on volcanoes. b The early nineteenth century was a period of mass. ‘from ireland, ¢ Not long after the tsunami struck, & search for survivors began. @ I nave never really understood the some people have for tornadoes. e t The recent hurricanes caused widespread ___in the areas affected. Nocturnal animals, ike foxes, are ____at night. 7 Discuss these questions. ‘2 Why do poopie choose to live near voloanoes? Would you? 'b What are the problems with evacuating a large city? Can you think af any solutions? 107 sn punose g 3qununit 9 around us Grammar 108 Relative clauses > Grammar reference page 170, 1 Complete these sentences from the article with the relative pronouns who, which, that or whose. Give as many alternatives for each answer as you can. Then, check your Ideas witn te arucie. a The city, ____has a population of more than 20 million, ies within 60 kilometres of the summit of Popocatepetl, a volcano ___has erupted at least 45 times in the last 400 years, b The people __ lived in the proximity of Hawaii's Mauna Loa voleano had plenty of time to get out of the way when It erupted In 1984. 2 Look at these two sentences. In which sentence does the speaker have one sister? In which sentence does the speaker have more than one sister? In which sentence is the Information in the relative clause essential? a My sister who lives in Mexico has two children, b My sister, who lives in Mexico, has two children, 3 Decide whether the relative clauses in the following sentences are defining (they ‘cantain essential informatian) or nan-clefining (they contain non-essential information). It the clause is non-defining, add commas. ‘a Scientists who study voloanie activity are known as vulcanologiets. b Vulcanologists who study volcanic activity are often able ta warn of possible volranie eruption, ¢ Lava which is the hot molten rock emitted from a voleano when it erupts is not necessarily the most dangerous thing associated with a volcano. One of the worst things is voleanic ash which can be carried on the wind for thousands of kilometres. ‘@ Dozens of planes which have flown through clouds of ash have crashed or suffered serious damage. f Not all countries whose inhabitants are at risk from voleanic eruption are able to carty out large-scale evacuation. 4 Which of the relative pronouns in 3 can be replaced by other relative pronouns? 5 Relative clauses can also be introduced by why, where and when. Complete these sentences with one of these words, auuing cormimias where necessary. Gam te relatlve pronoun be left out in any of these sentences? Bushfires are natural phenomena particularly common in Australia, but which also ‘occur in many places around the world there are plenty of forests that, can burn b The Northetr Territory Is must at tls OF Lustifres at Ute eid OF Ue ry seson In ‘September and October temperatures have risen but monsoon rains have not yet antived, © The rcason__ most bushfires start ia because people are negligent or start them deliberately. 6 Look at the following pairs of sentences. What are the differences between the two sentences in each pair? What rules can you work out? a That's the man to whom | spoke. That's the man (wha) | spoke to. b The speaker, about whom I'd heard so much, gave an extremely interesting talk. The speaker, who I'd heard so much about, gave an extremely interesting talk.7 Complete the following sentences with relative pronouns. Indicate where there Is more than one possibility and add commas if necessary. In which two sentences can the relative pronoun be omitted? ‘a Tornadoes __are commonly known as ‘twisters’ in the USA are a ‘common phenomenon in the American Midwest. bb Scientists and amateur Lurnado chasers alike flock to Oklahoma, Texas and Kansas in the months of May and June tomadnes are most likely to occur. ¢ Eric Rasmussen ___ is @ world authority on tornadoes does mast of his work here ___ 78% of the world's tornadoes occur. 4 The scientists ___ mission itis to find out more about tornadoes can only predict where they might form. The people _go in search of the tornadoes often have a wasted journey. 1 the damage ____a tornado causes can be immense. & One of the worst recorded events was in Marc 1925, __ nearly 700 people lost their lives. ‘h On that day the Midwest was hit by seven tornadoes, affecting an area, ‘covered over 320 km. 1 Rescue workers found buildings ___ people had lived and worked ‘completely demolished. J No one yet knows the reason _ there has been such a big increase in the number of tomadoes in the last few years. 8 Read the text quickly and answer this question. Wha or what was raspansinla for the devastation of The Great Plains - the farmers, the weather or both? —{ Exam practice }- =} Open cloze 9 For questions 1-8, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an example atthe beginning (0). CRE TS ETE Coe Nh 1n 1940 (0) __1much__of he United States and Canada, but particularly the area of ‘the Great Plains. was affected (1) ______a long-term drought. which continued fora decade Years ofbad farming practices, including the removal of native grasses @ thelrreplacement with seasonal crops, were disastrous (2) the farmere of the aes, Whon the drought caueed the cope ofl (4) wae nothing eto anchor the topsoil, (3) ___had tre to dus. The winds that often blow azossthe plains picked up the fine ds, hich formed into massive dark clouds Ua rade brewing difficult aud farm asachinery useless. The ecological disaster known, (© —____the Dust Bow! lasted through the 1930s, resulting (7) useless farmland and homeless people in their hundreds of thousands, Many went to California in search (8) _work, but the situation was no better there. After the stock marker crashed in 1929, millions of people were out of work across the whole of the USA. 109 sn punose 6 yununit 9 arsund us Vocabulary Think ahead 4 Discuss these questions, ‘a What Is the weather like In different regions of your country at different times of tho year? b Has the climate of your country changed in the last five to ten years? 2 Read the text below. What does it say is to blame for climatic changes? In recent years, the grcenhouse effect haa become the focus of large-scale sciantific investigation There is growing euirlence that past emissions of greenhouse pases [carbon dioxide, chiotofluorucerbors and nitrous oxide} could already be altering, the Earth's weather patterns and temperatures. Average global temperatures are steadily increasing, andif this trend continues the Cconsequerices For Ur plane Cuuld be Uses uu. Cat Lut anid fs bolioved tobe responsible for approximately haf of global warming, Tropical deforestation also leads to global warming by destroying one Of the Earth's onty ways of absorbing excess atmospheric Carbon. Dependent prepositions 3. Certain nouns, adjectives and verbs are followed by particular prepositions. Look ‘again at the text In 2 and find out which preposition follows the words consequences, responsible and leads. ‘4 Match the nouns in A with the correct prepositions in B. Then, complote the sentences below with a noun and a preposition. A: agreement anger ban cure damage effect respect tax threat at for on to ‘a Many of our medicines come from plants that grow in rainforests. Perhaps someday the — cancer will be found in a tropical rainforest. b Deforestation poses a serious ___ indigenous peoples, as well as to the climate. ¢ Environmentalists warn thet unless people show more ___ the ‘environment, humankind will pay a heavy price. In many countries the government leaded fuel is higher than that an unleaded fuel 5 Choose the correct preposition which follows the underlined adjectives. Environmentalist groups in Britain are opposed against / to new road-building projects. They argue that they are harmful for / ta the environment, often destroying plant and animal habitats. Environmontalists warn that unloce govornments booome more auiare of / to tho effects of their actions, the world we leave our children willbe very different to / with the world we know today. ¢ Fveryone is canable af / in making lifestyle changes which would be beneficial ta / in the environment. Walking or cycling to work is much better for / to you than taking the car. Although only comprising /% of the global population, the USA is tesponsible for / to 22% of all greenhouse gas emissions. uoKey word transformation If you have written more than five words, your answer is wrong, You need to think of | a different way of expressing the idea, | | | G Match the verbs in A with the correct prepositions in B. A: appeal believe complain contribute depend insist Invest. result sympathize B: about in on to with 7 Match these sentence beginnings a-e with their endings 1-5, adding an appropriate proposition. a Inall of nature, but particularly in rainforests, plants and animals depend bb Logging for tropical timber and gold mining have contributed © Local councils need to invest more money d It’s no good complaining | aympathize reoyoling schemes. pollution. You have to be prepared to do something about it. leach other for survival people who live near big alports. ‘the destruction of the tropieal rainforest, thaugh they are not the only factors involved. —{ Exam practice }— 8 For questions 1-6, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning ta the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given, You must use. between two and five words, including the word given, 11 Cars are not allowed in the city centre, BAN There is ________ in the city contre, 2 We should invest in renewable energy sources like solar energy. MAKE We ougnt____________ renewable energy sources tke solar energy. 3 Somme people von’t seem able tu change tnelr Lad tablts. INCAPABLE Some people seem to — _ their bad habits. 4. Switching off your television at night can save you 40% on your energy bil RESULT ‘Switching off your television at night can 40% on your energy bill 5 The environment can be negatively affected by modern farming methods. EFFECT Modern farming methods can —__ the environment, 6 They ere planning to build @ third runway, which is making people angry. ANGER There to build a third runway. lanes a sn punose 6 yunaround us unit 9 ‘Think ahead Pronunciation shor extant - Answer the questions as fully as you can. Give explanations, examples or Uelails as appropriate. uz 4 Work with a partner and anewor these 2 What isthe weather like where you ive indifferent seasons? b Does the weather affect your mood? How? 2 Which of these adjectives describe (a) the weather (b) towns / cities? What other adjectives can you add? breezy bustling close cosmopolitan dull freezing storie humid industnal overcast provincial showery sprawling vibrant 3 2.07 Listen to two candidates doing a Part 4 task. Work with a partner. Student A: Write down the questions the examiner asks the candidates. Student B: Take notes on the answers the candidates give. bb How would you answer the questians? Give as full answers as passiale 4 4) 2.08 Listen to these sentences. Does the intonation go up or down on the words in rales? What rules can you work out? 2 | stay at home and maybe watch a DYD, play my guitar or listen to musi. You can find all sorts of small shops, bars and restaurants there 5 4) 2.09 Listen and repeat 4 After I got home, | made somathing to eat, watched TV and then did my homework. fh Can you gat ma same mill, sugar and rca, please? ¢ |'l have the prawns for starters, the duck for the main course and ice eream for dessert © Work with a partner to anew these questions, Try Wo Bive 2 oF 3 examples I eat ase ‘8 What languages can you say ‘thanks yout in? b How many countries (or cities in your country) have you visited? © What do you usually have for breakfast? 7 Work with partner. Take turns to answer these Pert 4 questions as fully es you can. a Is there any kind of weather you dislike? (Why2) b What did you do the last time the weather was good? © What do vou disiike about vour hometown? 4 Is your hometown interesting for tourists? (Why? / Why not?)