Chapter 9 Polar Coordinates and Complex Numbers

9-1 Polar Coordinates

Pages 557–560

1. There are infinitely many ways to 2. Draw the angle u in standard

represent the angle u. Also, r position. Extend the terminal
can be positive or negative. side of the angle in the opposite
direction. Locate the point that
is r units from the pole along
this extension.
3. Sample answer: 260° and 300° 4. The points 3 units from the
origin in the opposite direction
are on the circle where r 5 3.
5. All ordered pairs of the form 6. 120˚
90˚
60˚
(r, u) where r 5 0.
150˚ 30˚
A
0˚
180˚
1 2 3 4

210˚ 330˚

240˚ 300˚
270˚

7. 2p
p
2 p 8. 120˚
90˚
60˚
3 3 C
5p p 150˚ 30˚
6 6
0˚
0 180˚
p 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
B 210˚ 330˚
7p 11p
6 6 240˚ 300˚
4p 5p 270˚
3 3p 3
2

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 227 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Chapter 9
 9. 2p
3
p
2 p
3
13p
10. Sample answer: 22, } ,
6 1 2
5p
6
p
6 1 25p 7p
22, } , 2, } , 2, }
6 6 621
19p
21 2
0
p
1 2 3 4
D
7p 11p
6 6
4p 5p
3 3p 3
2

11. 90˚ 12. 2p

p
2 p
120˚ 60˚
3 3
150˚ 30˚ 5p p
6 6
0˚
180˚ 0
1 2 3 4 p
1 2 3 4

210˚ 330˚
7p 11p
6 6
240˚ 300˚
270˚ 4p 5p
3 3p
2 3

13. 90˚ 14. 4.37

120˚ 60˚

150˚ 30˚

0˚
180˚
1 2 3 4

210˚ 330˚

240˚ 300˚
270˚

15a. 90˚ 16. 90˚

120˚ 60˚ 120˚ 60˚

150˚ 30˚ 150˚ 30˚

E
0˚ 0˚
180˚ 180˚
5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4

210˚ 330˚ 210˚ 330˚

240˚ 300˚ 240˚ 300˚

270˚ 270˚

15b. about 838 ft2

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 228 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Chapter 9
17. 18.

19. 20.

21. 22.

23. 24.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 229 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Chapter 9
25. 2p
p
2 p 26. 2p
p
2 p
3 3 3 3
5p p 5p p
6 6 6 6

0 0
p p
P 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

7p 11p 7p Q 11p
6 6 6 6
4p 5p 4p 5p
3 3p 3 3 3p 3
2 2

27.
120˚
90˚
60˚
28. Sample answer: 2, } , 1 p
3 2
150˚ R 30˚
12, }3 2
7p
, (22, 240°), (22, 600°)
0˚
180˚
1 2 3 4

210˚ 330˚

240˚ 300˚
270˚

29. Sample answer: (1.5, 540°), 30. Sample answer: 21, } , 1 7p

3 2
(1.5, 900°), (21.5, 0°),
(21.5, 360°) 121, }
13p
3 2, 11, } 2, 11, } 2
4p
3
10p
3
31. Sample answer: (4, 675°), 32. 90˚
120˚ 60˚
(4, 1035°), (24, 135°),
(24, 495°) 150˚ 30˚

0˚
180˚
1 2 3 4

210˚ 330˚

240˚ 300˚
270˚

33. 2p
p
p
34.
2
3 3
5p p
6 6

0
p
1 2 3 4

7p 11p
6 6
4p 5p
3 3p 3
2

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 230 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Chapter 9
35. 36. 90˚
120˚ 60˚
30˚
150˚

0˚
180˚
1 2 3 4

210˚ 330˚

240˚ 300˚
270˚

37. 38. 120˚ 90˚

60˚

150˚ 30˚

0˚
180˚
1 2 3 4

210˚ 330˚

240˚ 300˚
270˚

39. 40. 90˚

120˚ 60˚

150˚ 30˚

0˚
180˚
1 2 3 4

210˚ 330˚

240˚ 300˚
270˚

41. r 5 Ï2w or r 5 2Ï2 w 42. 5.63

43. 5.35 44. 3.16
45. 4.87 46. Sample answer: (5, 127°)
47. u 5 0°, u 5 60°, u 5 120° 48.
P1P2 5 Ïwr12 1 w
r22 2 w
2r1r2 cw
os (u 2w
u)
5 Ïwr12 1 rw2 2w
2 2r1r2 cw
os 0
5 Ïrw1 1w
2 r22 2 w
2r1r2
5 Ïw(r1 2 rw2)
2

5 r1 2 r2

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 231 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Chapter 9
49a. 17 knots 50a.
49b. 13 knots

50b. 15,599
51. The distance formula is 52a.
symmetric with respect to
(r1, u1) and (r2, u2). That is,
Ïwr22 1 w
r12 2 w
2r2r1 cw
os (u1w2 u2)
5 Ïrw1 1 rw
2 2
2 2 2rw1r2 cw
os[2(uw w
2 2 u1)]
5 Ïrw1 1 rw
2 2 w
2 2 2r w
1r2 cos (u2w2 u1).

52b. No; the planes are 3.44 miles

apart.
53. about 22.0° 54. 11; no
w
16Ï82
55. } 56. cot2 a
41
p
57. 30° 58. 5, }
2
59. one; B 5 90°, C 5 60°, 60. 3 or 1; 0; 1
c 5 16.1
61. y 5 x 2 3 62. y-axis
63. 211 64. {(23, 14), (22, 13), (21, 12),
(0, 11)}, yes
65. E

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 232 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Chapter 9
 9-2 Graphs of Polar Equations
Pages 565–567

1. Sample answer: r 5 sin 2u 2. 8; 22

3. The polar coordinates of a point 4. Barbara is correct. The interval
are not unique. A point of 0 # u # p is not always
intersection may have one sufficient. For example, the
representation that satisfies one interval 0 # u # p only
equation in a system, another generates two of the four petals
representation that satisfies the u
other equation, but no for the rose r 5 sin 2u. r 5 sin }
2
representation that satisfies both is an example where values of
simultaneously. u from 0 to 4p would have to be
considered.
5. cardioid 6. limaçon
90˚ 90˚
120˚ 60˚ 120˚ 60˚

150˚ 30˚ 150˚ 30˚

180˚ 0˚ 180˚ 0˚
1 2 2 4 6 8

210˚ 330˚ 210˚ 330˚

240˚ 300˚ 240˚ 300˚

270˚ 270˚

7. rose 8. spiral of Archimedes

p p
2p 2 p 2p 2 p
3 3 3 3
5p p 5p p
6 6 6 6

p 0 p 0
1 3 6 9 12

7p 11p 7p 11p
6 6 6 6
4p 5p 4p 5p
3 3p 3 3 3p 3
2 2

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 233 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Chapter 9
 9. 11, }p6 2, 11, }
5p
6 2, 122, } 2
3p
2
10a.

14p
10b. Sample answer: 0 # u # }
3
11. circle 12. cardioid

13. spiral of Archimedes 14. lemniscate

15. rose 16. rose

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 234 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Chapter 9
17. spiral of Archimedes 18. limaçon
p 90˚
2p 2 p 120˚
3 3 60˚
5p p
6 6 150˚ 30˚

p 0 180˚ 0˚
4 8 12 16 2 4 6 8

7p 11p 210˚ 330˚

6 6
4p 5p 240˚ 300˚
3p 270˚
3 3
2

19. cardioid 20. lemniscate

p p
2p 2 p 2p 2 p
3 3 3 3
5p p 5p p
6 6 6 6

p 0 p 0
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

7p 11p 7p 11p
6 6 6 6
4p 5p 4p 5p
3 3p 3 3 3p 3
2 2

21. rose 22. cardioid

90˚ 90˚
120˚ 60˚ 120˚ 60˚

150˚ 30˚ 150˚ 30˚

180˚ 0˚ 180˚ 0˚
1 1 2 3 4

210˚ 330˚ 210˚ 330˚

240˚ 300˚ 240˚ 300˚

270˚ 270˚

u
23. Sample answer: r 5 sin 3u 24. Sample answer: r 5 }
2
25. (3, 0) 1 p
26. 1, } , 1, }
2 21 3p
2 2
p p
2p 2 p 2p 2 p
3 3 3 3
5p p 5p p
6 6 6 6

p 0 p 0
1 2 3 4 1 2

7p 11p 7p 11p
6 6 6 6
4p 5p 4p 5p
3 3p 3 3 3p 3
2 2

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 235 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Chapter 9
 1
27. (0, 0), (0, p), 3, } ,
p
3 2 28. (1, 0.5), (1, 1.0), (1, 2.1),
(1, 2.6), (1, 3.7), (1, 4.2),
12Ï3w, }3 2
5p
(1, 5.2), (1, 5.8)

[22, 2] scl:1 by [22, 2] scl:1

29. (2, 3.5), (2, 5.9) 30. (3.6, 0.6), (2.0, 4.7)

[26, 6] scl:1 by [26, 6] scl:1 [24, 4] scl:1 by [24, 4] scl:1

31a. r 2 5 9 cos 2u or r 2 5 9 sin 2u 32. 120˚

90˚
60˚
31b. r 2 5 16 cos 2u or
r 2 5 16 sin 2u 150˚ 30˚

0˚
180˚
2 4 6 8

210˚ 330˚

240˚ 300˚
270˚

This microphone will pick up

more sounds from behind than
the cardioid microphone.
33. 0 # u # 4p

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 236 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Chapter 9
34a. All screens are [21, 1] scl:1 by [21, 1] scl:1

When n 5 10, two more outer rings will appear.

34b. All screens are [21, 1] scl:1 by [21, 1] scl:1

When n 5 11, the innermost loop will be on the left and there will be
an additional outer ring.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 237 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Chapter 9
35. Sample answer: 36a. b . a
r 5 21 2 sin u 36b. b # a , 2b
36c. a $ 2b
37a. counterclockwise rotation by an 38. Sample answer: (4, 405°),
angle of a (4, 765°), (24, 2135°),
37b. rotation about the polar axis or (24, 225°)
x-axis
37c. reflection about the origin
37d. a dilation by a factor of c
39. 712, 28, 78; 40. 3.5 cm, 87°
72, 3, 08 ? 712, 28, 78 5 0,
721, 2, 48 ? 712, 28, 78 5 0
sin2 x
41. }}} 0 tan2 x 42. C = 109°59, b = 23.3, a = 11.1
cos4 x 1 cos2 x sin2 x
sin2 x
}}} 0 tan2 x
cos2 x(cos2 x 1 sin2 x)
sin2 x
}} 0 tan2 x
(cos2 x)(1)
sin2 x
} 0 tan2 x
cos2 x

tan2 x 5 tan2 x
NY LA Miami
43. Bus
Train 3$240
$254
$199
$322
$260
$426 4 44. A

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 238 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Chapter 9
 9-3 Polar and Rectangular Coordinates
Pages 571–573

w, 45°)
1. Sample answer: (2Ï2 2. The quadrant that the point lies
in determines whether u is
y
given by Arctan } or
x
y
Arctan } 1 p.
x
3. r 5 2sec u
4. To convert from polar
coordinates to rectangular
coordinates, substitute r and u
into the equations
x 5 r cos u and y 5 r sin u.
To convert from rectangular
coordinates to polar
coordinates,
use the equation r 5 Ïw
x2 1 y 2w
y
to find r. If x . 0, u 5 Arctan } .
x
y
If x , 0, u 5 Arctan } 1 p.
x
p
If x 5 0, you can use } or any
2
coterminal angle for u.

5. 12, }4 2
3p
6. (5.39, 4.33)
7. (1, Ï3w) 8. (20.86, 22.35)
9. r 5 2csc u 10. r 5 4 or r 5 24
11. x 2 1 y 2 5 36 12. x 5 21

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 239 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Chapter 9
13a.
120˚
90˚
60˚
1
w, }
14. 2Ï2
7p
4 2
150˚ 30˚

180˚ 0˚
1 2 3 4

210˚ 330˚

240˚ 300˚
270˚

13b. No. The given point is on the

negative x-axis, directly behind
the microphone. The polar
pattern indicates that the
microphone does not pick up
any sound from this direction.

1 p2 2
15. 1, } 1
16. 2, }
p
3 2
17. 1 }21 , }3 2
4p
18. (8.54, 1.21)
19. (8.06, 5.23) 20. (0, 3)
w
Ï2 Ï2w Ï3w
1
21. 2 } , }
4 4 2 1
22. 2 } , }
2
1
2 2
23. (0, 2) 24. (22Ï3 w, 22)
25. (29.00, 10.72) 26. r 5 27 sec u
27. r 5 5 csc u 28. r 5 5 or r 5 25
29. r 5 2 sin u 30. r 2 5 sec 2u
31. r 5 4 sin u 32. x2 1 y2 5 4
33. x2 1 y2 5 9 34. y 5 Ï3 wx
35. y52 36. x 2 1 y 2 5 3x
p
37. xy 5 4 38. u 5 }
4
39. x 2 1 y 2 5 y 40. (111.16, 305.40)

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 240 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Chapter 9
41. 0.52 unit 42. Drop a perpendicular from the
point with polar coordinates (r, u)
to the x-axis. r is the length
of the hypotenuse in the
resulting right triangle. x is the
length of the side adjacent to
x
angle u, so cos u 5 } . Solving
r
for x gives x 5 r cos u. y is the
length of the side opposite
y
angle u, so sin u 5 } . Solving
r
for y gives y 5 r sin u. (The
figure is drawn for a point in the
first quadrant, but the signs work
out correctly regardless of where
in the plane the point is located.)

43. 75 m east; 118.30 m north 44a. 73.76, 1.378; 71.71, 4.708

44b. 75.47, 6.078
44c. 8.17/47.98°
44d. 8.17 sin(3.14t 1 47.98°)

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 241 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Chapter 9
45. Circle centered at (a, a) with 46. 90˚
120˚ 60˚
radius Ï2wa;
150˚ 30˚
(x 2 a)2 1 (y 2 a)2 5 2a 2
180˚ 0˚
1 2 3 4

210˚ 330˚

240˚ 300˚
270˚

47. Sample answer: (22, 405°), 48. 382.52 mph, 3°459 west of
(22, 765°), (2, 225°), south
(2, 585°)
49. 0° 50. y
2
y 5 2 cos u
1

O 90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚ u

21
22

w
Ï3
51. 2 } 52. Sample answer:
2
y 5 20.07x 2 1 0.73x 2 1.36
53. x 4 1 2x 3 1 4x 2 1 5x 1 10 54. y 5 60x 2 875
55. C

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 242 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Chapter 9
 9-4 Polar Form of a Linear Equation
Pages 577–579

1. The polar equation of a line is 2. u 5 f.

p 5 r cos(u 2 f). r and u are the
variables. p is the length of the
normal segment from the line to
the origin and f is the angle the
normal makes with the positive
x-axis.
3. The graph of the equation x 5 k 4. You can use the extra ordered
is a vertical line. Since the line is pairs as a check on your work.
vertical, the x-axis is the normal If all the ordered pairs you plot
line through the origin. are not collinear, then you have
Therefore, f 5 0° or f 5 180°, made a mistake.
depending on whether k is
positive or negative,
respectively. The origin is k
units from the given vertical line,
so p 5 k. The polar form of
the given line is k 5 r cos(u 2 0°)
if k is positive or 2k 5
r cos(u 2 180°) if k is negative.
Both equations simplify to k 5 r
cos u.
9Ï5w
5. 2 5 r cos(u 2 307°) 6. } 5 r cos(u 2 117°)
10
7. x 1 Ï3
wy 2 6 5 0 8. Ï2
wx 2 Ï2
wy 2 4 5 0
9. 10.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 243 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Chapter 9
 5p
11a. (5, } ) 12. 4 5 r cos(u 2 106°)
6
11b. 2p
p
2 p
3 3
5p p
6 6

0
p
2 4 6 8

7p 11p
6 6
4p 5p
3 3p 3
2

13. 3 5 r cos(u 2 44°) 14. 2.1 5 r cos(u 2 307°)

w
5Ï13 w
10Ï41
15. } 5 r cos(u 2 34°) 16. } 5 r cos(u 2 309°)
13 41
w
7Ï10
17. } 5 r cos(u 2 108°) 18. 2x 1 Ï3
wy 2 12 5 0
10
19. Ï2wx 2 Ï2wy 2 8 5 0 20. x 5 22
21. Ï3wx 2 y 2 2 5 0 22. 2Ï3 wx 1 y 2 22 5 0
23. x 1 Ï3wy 2 10 5 0 24. 90˚
120˚ 60˚

150˚ 30˚

0˚
180˚
3 6 9 12

210˚ 330˚

240˚ 300˚
270˚

25. 2p
p
2 p 26. 90˚
120˚ 60˚
3 3
5p p 150˚ 30˚
6 6
0˚
0 180˚
p 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4

210˚ 330˚
7p 11p
6 6
240˚ 300˚
4p 5p 270˚
3 3p 3
2

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 244 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Chapter 9
27. 28.

w
5Ï13
29. 30. } 5 r cos(u 2 56°)
13

31. 0.31 5 r cos(u 2 2.25) 32a. 6 cm

32b. (6, 15°)
33. Sample answer: 34. 4 5 r cos(u 2 90°)
2 5 r cos(u 2 45°) and
2 5 r cos(u 2 135°)

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 245 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Chapter 9
35a. 90˚ 36. k 5 r sin(u 2 a)
120˚ 60˚
k 5 r [sin u cos a 2 cos u sin a]
150˚ 30˚ k 5 r sin u cos a 2 r cos u sin a
0˚ k 5 y cos a 2 x sin a
180˚
This is the equation of a line in

5
0
505
0
12
25
37
210˚ 330˚ rectangular coordinates.
Solving the last equation for y
240˚ 300˚
270˚ k
yields y 5 (tan a)x 1 } .
35b. 124.43 5 r cos(u 2 135°) cos a
The slope of the line shows that
a is the angle the line makes
with the x-axis. To find the
length of the normal segment in
the figure, observe that the
complementary angle to a in
the right triangle is 90° 2 a, so
the u-coordinate of P in polar
coordinates is 180° 2 (90° 2 a)
5 a 1 90°. Substitute into the
original polar equation to find
the r-coordinate of P:
k 5 r sin(a 1 90° 2 a)
k 5 r sin 90°
k5r
Therefore, k is the length of the
normal segment.
y ,

a
O x

37. 32.36 5 r cos(u 2 36°) 38. x 2 1 y 2 5 36

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 246 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Chapter 9
 1
39. rose 40. x 5 t, y 5 } t 2 2
3
41. about 20.42 ft2 42. 0
3
43. 0, } , 24 44. 4
2

Chapter 9 Mid-Chapter Quiz

Page 579

1. 2.

3. 4.

5. 12, }4 2
5p
6. 14, }2 2
3p

7. r 5 6 or r 5 26 8. y 5 2
3 w
Ï10
9. } 5 r cos(u 2 113°) 10. } 5 r cos(u 2 252°)
13 10

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 247 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Chapter 9
 9-5 Simplifying Complex Numbers
Pages 583–585

1. Find the (positive) remainder 2. Complex Numbers (a 1 bi )

when the exponent is divided by
Reals Imaginary
4. If the remainder is 0, the (b 5 0) (b ° 0)
answer is 1; if the remainder is
1, the answer is i; if the Pure
remainder is 2, the answer is Imaginary
21; and if the remainder is 3, (a 5 0)
the answer is 2i.
3. When you multiply the 4. Sample answer: x 2 1 1 5 0
denominators, you will be
multiplying a complex number
and its conjugate. This makes
the denominator of the product
a real number, so you can then
write the answer in the form
a 1 bi.
5. 21 6. 22
7. 24 1 4i 8. 3.5 1 10.4i
9. 1 1 9i 10. 3 1 4i
2 1
11. } 1 } i 12. 23.7 1 7.4i N
5 5
13. 21 14. 2i
15. 1 16. 0
17. 21 1 8i 18. 9 2 7i
3
19. 2 } 1 2i 20. 27 1 4i
2
21. 5 1 10i 22. 215 1 8i
23. (22 1 Ï35
w) 1 (22Ï7
w 2 Ï5
w)i wi
24. 28 1 3Ï3
4 3 10 11
25. } 2 } i 26. 2 } 1 } i
5 5 17 17
12 5
27. } 2 } i 28. x 2 1 1 5 0
13 13
29. x 2 2 4x 1 5 5 0 30. 12 2 31i
31. 212 2 16i 32.
1 1 Ï6
} 2 }
6 3
w
2 1 Ï3
w
1 } 1 } i
3
Ï2
6
w
2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 248 Advanced Mathematical Concepts
Chapter 9
 w Ï2w w
33. 1 }25 2 }
2Ï3
15 2 1 12 } 2 } 2i
5
2Ï6
15
13
34. } 2 } i
25
9
25
24 10
35. 2 } 1 } i 36a.10 2 j ohms; 3 1 0j ohms
169 169
36b. 13 2 j ohms
36c. 0.13 2 0.07j siemens
37a. 63 2 4i 38. f(x 1 yi) 5 (x 1 yi) 2
37b. No 5 x 2 1 2xyi 2 y 2
37c. The solutions need not be 5 (x 2 2 y 2) 1 2xyi
complex conjugates because
the coefficients in the equation
are not all real.
37d.
(3 2 4i)2 1 8i(3 2 4i) 2 25 0 0
27 2 24i 1 24i 1 32 2 25 0 0
05 0
(23 2 4i)2 1 8i(23 2 4i) 2 25 0 0
27 1 24i 2 24i 1 32 2 25 0 0
05 0
11 2
39a. 1 1 2i, 22 1 i, 21 2 2i, 2 2 i, 40. 2 } 1 } i
125 125
1 1 2i
39b. 0.5 2 0.866i,
20.500 2 0.866i,
21.000 2 0.000i,
20.500 1 0.866i,
0.500 1 0.866i
w
3Ï10
41. c1 5 c2 42. } 5 r cos(u 2 162°)
20

43. 44. 7x 1 3, y 2 68 5 t 71, 248

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 249 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Chapter 9
 27 33
45. 726, } , 258 46. 2 }
2 65

47. y 5 3.5 cos } t 1 p6 2 48. 221 ft

49. quadratic 50. 15 ft by 30 ft by 3 ft
51. 64 52. f 2 1(x) 5 6Ï7 w 2x
53. 3, 211 54. (0, 7, 0)
55. A

9-6 The Complex Plane and Polar Form of Complex Numbers

Pages 589–591

p p
1. To find the absolute value of 2. i 5 cos } 1 i sin }
2 2
a 1 bi, square a and b, add the
squares, then take the square
root of the sum.
3. Sample answer: z 1 5 i, z 2 5 2i 4. The conjugate of a 1 bi is
a 2 bi.
Ï(a
wi)(a
1 bw 2w bi) 5
Ïw a2 1 b2w, so the friend’s
method gives the same answer.
Sample example: The absolute
value of 2 1 3i is Ï2 w w5
2 1 32
Ï13
w. Using the friend’s method,
the absolute value is
wi)(2
Ï(2 1 3w 2w 3i ) 5
Ï4w 1 9 5 Ï13 w.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 250 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Chapter 9
 5. x 5 1, y 5 3 6. Ï5
w

7. Ï3
w 1 7p
w cos } 1 i sin }
8. 2Ï2
4
7p
4 2

9. Ï41
w(cos 0.90 1 i sin 0.90) 10. 2(cos p 1 i sin p)
wi
11. 2 1 2Ï3 12. 21.98 1 0.28i

3
13. } 14.
2

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 251 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Chapter 9
15a. about 18.03 N 16. x 5 6, y 5 23
15b. about 56.31°
1
17. x 5 } , y 5 1 18. x 5 24, y 5 8
2
19. Ï13
w i 20. 5 i
(2, 3)

O R O R

(3, 24)

21. Ï26
w i 22. 3 i

O
R O R
(0, 23)

(21, 25)

23. Ï6
w (21, Ï·5 ) i w
24. 3Ï2 i
2

1 (4, Ï·2 )

22 21 O 1 2 R O R
21

22

w
25. 2Ï13 26. 3Ï2 1 p
w cos } 1 i sin }
4
p
4 2
1 4p
27. 2 cos } 1 i sin }
3
4p
3 2 28. 10(cos 5.36 1 i sin 5.36)

29. Ï17
w(cos 2.90 1i sin 2.90) 30. 29(cos 5.47 1 i sin 5.47)
w(cos 2.03 1 i sin 2.03)
31. 2Ï5 32. 3(cos 0 1 i sin 0)

w(cos p 1 i sin p)
33. 4Ï2 1 3p
34. 2 cos } 1 i sin }
2
3p
2 2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 252 Advanced Mathematical Concepts
Chapter 9
 3Ï2w 3Ï2w Ï3w 1
35. } 1 } i 36. } 2 } i
2 2 2 2

37. 21 2 Ï3
wi 38. 9.60 2 2.79i

w 2 Ï2
39. 2Ï2 wi 40. 1.35 1 2.10i

41. 5 42. 23

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 253 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Chapter 9
43. i 44. i i
1 1
20.44 10.5i

1R
21 O 0.50 20.39i 21 O 1R
0.60 20.39i
0.44 20.44i

21
20.25 2i 21

45. i 46a. 34.64 1 20j; 30 1 51.96j

1
46b. 64.64 1 71.96j
20.5 1 0.5i 46c. v(t ) 5 96.73 sin(250t 1 48°)

21 O 1 R

20.5 2 0.5i
21

47. The moduli are the same, but 48a. 7.65 1 6.44j; 14.04 1 7.67j
the amplitudes are opposites. 48b. 21.69 1 14.11j ohms
48c. 25.88(cos 0.58 1 j sin 0.58)
ohms

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 254 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Chapter 9
49a. Translate 2 units to the right 50a. Sample answer: let
and down 3 units. z1 5 1 1 i and z2 5 3 1 4i.
49b. Rotate 90° counterclockwise Then z1z2 5 (1 1 i)(3 1 4i)
about the origin.
5 21 1 7i
49c. Dilate by a factor of 3.
50b.
49d. Reflect about the real axis.
1 p
z1 5 2 cos } 1 i sin }
4
p
4 2
< 1.41(cos 0.79 1 i sin 0.79)
z2 5 5(cos 0.93 1 i sin 0.93)
z1z2 5 5Ï2w(cos 1.71 1 i sin 1.71)
< 7.07(cos 1.71 1 i sin 1.71)
50c. Sample answer: let
z1 5 2 2 4i and z2 5 21 1 3i.
Then
z1 5 2Ï5w(cos 5.18 1 i sin 5.18)
< 4.47(cos 5.18 1 i sin 5.18),
z2 5 Ï10
w(cos 1.89 1 i sin 1.89)
< 3.16(cos 1.89 1 i sin 1.89),
z1z2 5 (2 2 4i)(21 1 3i)
5 10 1 10i

1 p
w cos } 1 i sin }
= 10Ï2
4
p
4 2
< 14.14(cos 0.79 1 i sin 0.79)
50d. To multiply two complex
numbers in polar form, multiply
the moduli and add the
amplitudes. (In the sample
answer for 50c, note that 5.18
1 1.89 5 7.07, which is
coterminal with 0.79.)
w 3Ï2w
51. 26 1 22i 52. 1}
3Ï2
2
, }2
2
53. 58, 23iY 1 7jY 54. 22 2 Ï3 w
55. about 13.57 m/s 56. 41.8°
57. 4 58. as x → `, y → `, as x → 2`,
y→`
59. D

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 255 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Chapter 9
 9-7 Products and Quotients of
Complex Numbers in Polar Form
Pages 596–598

1. The modulus of the quotient is 2. Square the modulus of the

the quotient of the moduli of the given complex number and
two complex numbers. The double its amplitude.
amplitude of the quotient is the
difference of the amplitudes of
the two complex numbers.
3. Addition and subtraction are 4. 4
easier in rectangular form.
Multiplication and division are
easier in polar form. See
students’ work for examples.
3
5. 2 } i w 1 Ï2
6. 2Ï2 wi
4
3Ï3w 3
7. 2 } 2 } i wi
8. 212 24Ï3
2 2

1 p
9. 6 cos } 1 j sin } volts
6
p
6 2 10. 228
w
Ï3 1
11. 3i 12. } 1 } i
12 12
w 2 5Ï2
13. 5Ï2 wi 14. 18i
3Ï3w 3
15. } 2 } i wi
16. 3 2 3Ï3
2 2
17. 22 18. 1.46 1 0.32i
4
19. 3.10 1 2.53i 20. 2 } i
3

21. 22 2 2i w 1 6i
22. 6Ï3
wi
23. 24 2 4Ï3 24. 12i
Ï3w 1
25. 212 26. } 1 } i
4 4

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 256 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Chapter 9
 2Ï2w
27. } i 28. 3 1 2j amps
3
29. 16 1 12j ohms 30. Start at z1 in the complex
plane. Since the modulus of z2
z
is 1, z1z2 and }1 will both have
z 2
the same modulus as z1.
z
Then z1z2 and }1 can be
z 2

p
located by rotating z1 by }
6
counterclockwise and
clockwise, respectively.

31a. The point is rotated 31b. The point is rotated 60°

counterclockwise about the counterclockwise about the
origin by an angle of u. origin.
32. Since a 5 1, the equation will be of the form z 2 1 bz 1 c 5 0.
The coefficient c is the product of the solutions, which is
7p 7p
w 2 3i in rectangular form. The
6(cos } 1 i sin } ), or 23Ï3
6 6
coefficient b is the opposite of the sum of the solutions, so convert the
solutions to rectangular form to do the addition.

31 p
3
p
2 1
b 5 2 3 cos } 1 i sin } 1 2 cos } 1 i sin }
3
5p
6
5p
6 24
w
31 32 3Ï3
w 1 i)
5 2 } 1 } i 1 (2Ï3
2 2 4
3 w22
23Ï3
5 (2 } 1 Ï3
w) 1 ( }} )i
2 2
Therefore, the equation is
w22
z2 1 312 }32 1 Ï3w2 1 1 }}
23Ï3
2 2i 4z 1 (23Ï3w 2 3i) 5 0.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 257 Advanced Mathematical Concepts
Chapter 9
33. 13(cos 5.11 1 i sin 5.11) 34. 2Ï3 wx 1 y 2 10 5 0
35. about 27.21 lb 36. 0°, 30°
37. y 5 arccos x 38. C

9-8 Powers and Roots of Complex Numbers

Pages 604–606

1. Same results, 24 2 4i; answers 2. Finding a reciprocal is the same

may vary. as raising a number to the 21
power, so take the reciprocal of
the modulus and multiply the
amplitude by 21.
3. i 4. Shembala is correct. The polar
2a 1 ai a 1 ai
a form of a 1 ai is
p p
w(cos } 1 i sin } ).
aÏ2
4 4
2a O a R
By De Moivre’s Theorem, the
polar form of (a 1 ai)2 is
2a 2 ai a 2 ai p p
2a 2a 2(cos } 1 i sin } ). Since
2 2
p
cos } 5 0, this is a pure
2
imaginary number.
5. 28i 6. 2644 1 960i
7. 0.97 1 0.26i 8. 0.82 2 1.02i
9. 0.38 1 0.92i, 20.92 1 0.38i, 10. 0.47 1 1.22i, 21.29 2 0.20i,
20.38 2 0.92i, 0.92 2 0.38i 0.82 2 1.02i
i 0.38 1 0.92i i 0.47 1 1.22i
1
1
20.92 1 0.38i

21 O 1R 21 O 1 R
21.29 2 0.20i
0.92 2 0.38i
20.38 2 0.92i 21
21 0.82 2 1.02i

11. Escape set; the iterates escape 12. 27i

to infinity.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 258 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Chapter 9
13. 216Ï2 w 2 16Ï2wi 14. 16 1 16i
15. 28 2 8Ï3 wi 16. 2567 1 1944i
17. 20.03 2 0.07i 18. 2112 2 384i
19. 1.83 1 0.81i 20. 0.71 1 0.71i
21. 0.96 1 0.76i 22. 1.60 2 0.13i
23. 1.37 1 0.37i 24. 0.91 2 0.61i
1 Ï3w 1 Ï3w
25. 0.71 1 0.71i 26. 1, 2 } 1 } i, 2 } 2 } i
2 2 2 2

27. 0.81 1 0.59i, 20.31 1 0.95i, w, 2Ï2

28. 2Ï2 wi, 22Ï2
w,22Ï2
wi
21, 20.31 2 0.95i, 0.81 2 0.59i

29. Ï2
w 1 Ï2wi, 2Ï2w 1 Ï2
wi, 30. 1.07 1 0.21i, 20.21 1 1.07i,
2Ï2w 2 Ï2wi, Ï2
w 2 Ï2
wi 21.07 2 0.21i, 0.21 2 1.07i

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 259 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Chapter 9
31. 0.59 1 1.03i, 21.03 1 0.59i, 32. 0.75 1 1.51i, 21.20 1 1.18i,
20.59 2 1.03i, 1.03 2 0.59i 21.49 2 0.78i, 0.28 2 1.66i,
i 1.66 2 0.25i
1
0.59 1 1.03i

21.03 1 0.59i

21 O 1R
1.03 2 0.59i

20.59 2 1.03i
21

33. 1.26 1 0.24i, 0.43 1 1.21i, 34. 1.59 1 0.10i, 1.05 1 1.19i,
20.83 1 0.97i, 21.26 2 0.24i, 20.10 1 1.59i, 21.19 1 1.05i,
20.43 2 1.21i, 0.83 2 0.97i 21.59 2 0.10i, 21.05 2 1.19i,
0.10 2 1.59i, 1.19 2 1.05i
35. Prisoner set; the iterates 36a. 1
approach 0. 16p
36b. sin } , or about 0.9987
31
1 Ï3w 1 w
Ï3
37. 1, } 1 } i, 2 } 1 } i, 38a. 0.5 1 0.5i
2 2 2 2
38b. The square is rotated 90°
1 Ï3w 1 Ï3w counterclockwise and dilated
21, 2 } 2 } i, } 2 } i by a factor of 0.5.
2 2 2 2
39. The roots are the vertices of a 40. 3Ï3w 2 3i
regular polygon. Since one of
the roots must be a positive real
number, a vertex of the polygon
lies on the positive real axis and
the polygon is symmetric about
the real axis. This means the
non-real complex roots occur in
conjugate pairs. Since the
imaginary part of the sum of two
complex conjugates is 0, the
imaginary part of the sum of all
the roots must be 0.
41. 5 2 i 42. x 5 t, y 5 22t 1 7
Ïw
2 1 Ï2
w
43. }} 44. B 5 8°459, a 5 181.9,
2
c 5 184.1
45. 800 large bears, 400 small bears 46. A

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 260 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Chapter 9