The word Is derived from

“PERSONALITY LATIN word ‘PERSONA’

Which
means

MASK
Or
MAKE UP

In context of above etymology we can say that

personality is the impression we make on others;
the mask we present to the world
 Physical

Emotional

Is total
PERSONALITY integration Intellectual
of

Social

Character
✓ Allport: “Personality is the dynamic organization within the
individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his
unique adjustment to the environment.”

✓ Woodworth: Personality as the “total quality of individual’s

behavior.”

✓ Kurt Lewin: “Personality is a dynamic totality of systems.”

✓ J.P. Guilford: “An individual’s personality is his unique

pattern of traits.”
 Totality of Personality
means individual’s

Behaviour Actions

Dressing Walking
Style Style

Speaking Eating &

Style Drinking Style

Working
Style Attitude
 Traits, Dimensions
or
Aspects of Personality

Physical • Appearance, Weight,

Traits Voice, Colour.

Intellectual • Memory, Imagination,

Traits Thinking, Reasoning

• Reactions,
Emotional Sentiments, Attitudes,
Traits Desires.

Social Traits • Adjustment, Morality,

Acceptance etc.
 Characteristics of Personality
• Dynamic • Adjustability

• Organised and
• Sociability
Integrated

• Psycho-physical
• Goal-directed
system

• Determining
• Consistency
tendencies

• Self-
• Unique consciousness
 Psychological
Factors

✓ Motives ✓ Attitudes

✓ Interests

✓ Will Power ✓ Sentiments

✓ Emotions

✓ Character ✓ Motivation

✓ Memory

✓ Intelligence
✓ Behaviour
 Theories of Personality

• Allport’s Theory of Personality Traits

• R.B. Cattell’s Theory of Personality

• Eysenck's Theory of Personality

• Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory of

Personality

• Maslow’s Humanistic Theory of Personality

 Allport’s Theory of Personality Traits

Gordon Willard Allport spent nearly

his entire academic career at
Harvard, completing both his
bachelor’s degree and his PhD at the
university, and serving as a faculty
member from 1930 – 1967.

Allport pioneered research on human

personality. At a time when
behaviorism held sway in psychology
departments in the U.S., and
psychoanalytic approaches dominated
elsewhere, Allport championed an
empirical methodology that
considered the influences of current
context and conscious motivations,
without dismissing the possible
contribution of unconscious
memories and/or mechanisms to
human thought and behavior.
 Trait: may be defined as the basic units or characteristics of the
personality by which we can identify or differentiate any person. Allport
classified trait into three classification:. Cardinal, Central and
Secondary traits.
 Allport suggested that cardinal traits are rare,
and dominate, usually developing later in life. They tend to define a
person to such an extent that their names become synonymous with
their personality, such as: Religiousness, Hate, Non Violence etc.

These general characteristics form basic

personality foundations. While central traits are not as dominating
as cardinal traits, they describe the major characteristics you might
use to describe another person. Terms such as intelligent, Honesty,
Kindness, Helpful, Shy etc.

A Secondary traits are sometimes related

to attitudes or preferences. They often appear only in certain
situations or under specific circumstances. Such as: Impatience,
angriness etc.
 Educational Implications of Allport’s
Trait Theory of Personality

1. Development of Traits:
• Curriculum.
• Methods of Teaching
• Co-curricular Activities.

2. Importance of Motivation

3. Importance of Individual Differences:

• Limited size of class.
• Proper division of the class.
• Home Work.
• Curriculum.
• Educational Guidance.
• Vocational Guidance
1. Instincts: as the determinant of the human behaviour. It
helps the individual to understand the dynamics of the
personality. There are two types of instincts:
• Life Instinct (Eros)
• Death Instinct (Thanatos)

• Life Instinct (Eros): are the source of the feelings for survival with
the preservation of life and psychic energy associated with instincts
named ‘Libido’.

• Death Instinct (Thanatos): it is the ultimate cause of all

human activity, because there is no longer stuggle to satisfy
the biological needs. Frued claimed it the aim of life is
death.
Instincts

Eros
(Life) Thanatos
(Death)
 2. Structure of Personality

Topographical
Dynamic Aspect
Aspect

➢ Dynamic Aspect :
according to Freud ➢ Topographical Aspect :
these are the agents of Freud refers it as the
personality which Conscious,
conflicts in the Unconscious and sub
instincts are worked conscious aspects.
out.
Dynamic Aspect

Id (Animal
Self)

Ego (Social
Self)

Super-ego
(Moral Self)
 Id Ego
(Animal Self) Super-ego
(Social Self) (Moral Self)
The id is the primitive
The ego operates
The superego's function is
and instinctive
according to the reality
to control the id's
component of personality.
principle, working out
impulses, especially those
It consists of all the
realistic ways of satisfying
which society forbids,
inherited (i.e., biological)
the id’s demands, often
such as Sucidal and
components of
compromising or
aggression. It also has the
personality present at
postponing satisfaction to
function of persuading the
birth, including the
avoid negative
ego to turn to moralistic
survival (life) instinct –
consequences of society.
goals rather than simply
Eros (which contains the
The ego considers social
realistic ones and to strive
libido), and the
realities and norms,
for perfection.
aggressive (death)
etiquette and rules in
instinct - Thanatos.
deciding how to behave.
• Conscious Mind: It includes everything that we are aware of.
This is the aspect of our mental processing that we can think and
talk about rationally .
• Events & experiences that are easily remembered or retrieved are
considered to be within one’s conscious awareness.
• Example - Telephone numbers, birthday of self & dates of special
holidays.

• Sub-conscious Mind: It includes all memories that may

have been forgotten or are not in present awareness but with
attention can be readily recalled into consciousness .
• Example - telephone numbers, addresses once known but
little used.

• Unconscious Mind: It includes all memories that one is

unableto bring to conscious awareness.
• It is the largest of the three topographical levels.
• It consists of unpleasant & non essential memories that have
been repressed & can be retrieved through therapy, hypnosis &
with other substances that alter awareness
According to Freud personality development is the organization
and expression of basic sexual energy (libido), which comes
through to following stages:
In the first stage the libido is
centered in a baby's mouth.
During the oral stages, the baby
gets much satisfaction from
putting all sorts of things in its
mouth to satisfy the libido, and
thus its id demands. such as
sucking and biting. We see oral
personalities all around us such
as smokers, nail-biters, finger-
chewers, and thumb suckers.
This is from 18 month to 3
years. Anal stage starts from 12
to 15 month of the age where
the main emphasize is on toilet
training. This training leaves a
great and deep effect on the
personality and socialization
process of a person/child. The
major source of pleasure
changes from mouth to the anal
region and children derives
considerable pleasure from both
retention and expulsion of
feces.
At this Freud psychosexual
stage, the focus of pleasure is
the genitals. Boys start to
perceive their father as rivals
for their mother’s affections,
while girls feel similarly
towards their mother. Fear of
punishment can lead to
repression of feelings felt
toward the opposite sex
parent. Fixation at this stage
may bring about sexual
deviancy or weak sexual
identity.
Now the child enters the age of
latency throughout this period the
child repress his/her sexual
feelings, making their sexuality
latent and relatively inactive. The
child takes interest in school
work, new thing, playing, etc.
Thus the sexual concerns are
more or less put to rest even in
the unconscious.
Also known as adolescent stage,
at this stage the person feels the
pleasure in having homosexual
and heterosexual relationships
(Love Relationships) and they
begin to prepare for marriage.
 Educational Implications of
Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality

❖ Importance of childhood experiences.

❖ Importance of unconscious motivation.

❖ Widening the aim of education,

❖ Broad based curriculum.

❖ Methods of teaching.

❖ Importance of guidance.