What is AI(Artificial Intelligence)?

Artificial intelligence (AI) is wide-ranging branch of computer science concerned with building
smart machines capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines,
especially computer systems. Specific applications of AI include expert systems, natural
language processing (NLP), speech recognition and machine vision.
Artificial intelligence (AI) makes it possible for machines to learn from experience, adjust to
new inputs and perform human-like tasks

Father of AI: John McCarthy.

Three Domains of AI

Data
Computer Vision Natural Language
(CV) Processing (NLP)

Data:
 Data is a raw information .
 It can be numeric (temperature, loan amount, Interest rate), categorical (gender, colour,
highest degree earned)etc .
 Data can be collected from traditional and digital sources inside and outside a company
that represents a source for ongoing discovery and analysis.
 This data we collect is used to make AI solutions.
 Collecting data allows you to capture a record of past events so that we can use data
analysis to find recurring(repeating) patterns.
 From those patterns, you build predictive models using machine learning algorithms that
look for trends and predict future changes.
  The data need to be error-free (garbage in, garbage out) and contain relevant information
for the task at hand.

Computer vision
 Computer vision relies on pattern recognition and deep learning to recognize what’s in a
picture or video.
 When machines can process, analyze and understand images, they can capture images or
videos in real time and interpret their surrounding’.

 Images are broken down into pixels, which are considered to be the elements of the
picture or the smallest unit of information that make up the picture.

 Computer vision is not just about converting a picture into pixels and then trying to make
sense of what’s in the picture through those pixels.

 Neural networks and Deep Learning are Making Computer Vision More Capable of
Replicating Human Vision

NLP
 Natural Language Processing, or NLP, is broadly defined as the automatic manipulation
of natural language, like speech and text, by software.
 NLP is used to analyze text, allowing machines to understand how human’s speak.
 Social media analysis is a great example of NLP use. Brands track conversations online to
understand what customers are saying, and clean insight into user behavior.
 One of the most compelling ways NLP offers valuable intelligence is by tracking
sentiment — the tone of a written message (tweet, Facebook update, etc.) — and tag that
text as positive, negative or neutral.
 Game Descriptions:
Rock, Paper & Scissors: A game based on Data for AI where the machine tries to predict the
next move of the participant. It is a replica of basic rock, paper and scissors game where the
machine tries to win ahead by learning from the participant’s previous moves.
Mystery Animal: A game based on Natural Language Processing where the participant has to
guess the animal by asking maximum 20 questions to AI. The animal randomly gets selected for
each game by AI and the machine replies in either yes or no.
Emoji Scavenger Hunt: A game based on Computer Vision where the machine initiates the
game by showing an emoji. The participant is expected to show a similar object in-front of the
camera while the machine keeps on guessing what is being shown to it.
When to intervene?
Rock, Paper & Scissors: How does the machine react if they
1. Make moves in a specific pattern,
2. Make moves randomly.

Mystery Animal: Ask students to figure out basic characteristics of the animal by asking
questions like “Can you swim?”, “Are you a carnivore?”, “Are you a mammal”, etc.
Emoji Scavenger Hunt: Ask them to try new things like drawing the emoji on paper and
showing it to the machine.

Applications of AI:
 Commercial Flights Use an AI Autopilot

AI autopilots in commercial airlines is a  surprisingly early use of AI technology. The New York

Most large banks offer the ability to deposit checks through a smartphone app, eliminating a need for customers
to physically deliver a check to the bank. The vast majority of major banks rely on technology developed
by Mitek, which uses AI and ML to decipher and convert handwriting on checks into text via OCR. 

Smart Personal Assistants

The first iteration were simpler phone assistants like Siri and Google Now (now succeeded by the
more sophisticated Google Assistant), which could perform internet searches, set reminders, and
integrate with your calendar.

Amazon expanded upon this model with the announcement of complimentary hardware and
software components: 

 Alexa, an AI-powered personal assistant that accepts voice commands to create to-do lists, order
items online, set reminders, and answer questions (via internet searches)

 Echo (and later, Dot) smart speakers that allow you to integrate Alexa into your living room and
use voice commands to ask natural language questions, play music, order pizza, hail an Uber, and
integrate with smart home devices.
Branches of AI

Six major branches of Artificial Intelligence

1. Machine learning
 
 It provides systems the ability to automatic learn and improve from experience without being explicitly
programmed.
 The main goal is to allow computers learn automatically.

 Machine Learning is the science that enables machines to translate, execute and investigate data for
solving real-world problems.

 ML algorithms are created by complex mathematical skills that are coded in a machine language in
order to make a complete ML system.

 ML enables individuals to execute tasks to categorize, decipher and estimate data from a given dataset.
 2. Neural Network

 The neural network is a branch of artificial intelligence that makes use of neurology ( a part of biology
that concerns the nerve and nervous system of the human brain). 

 It uses processing of brain as a basics to develop algorithms that can be used to model complex patterns
and prediction problems.

 Neural networks used for image processing, character recognition (like hand writing has lots of
applications in fraud detection),sales forecasting.

3. Robotics 
This has emerged as a very sizzling field of artificial intelligence.
 
 It deals with the study of creating intelligent and efficient robots.

 Robotics is an interdisciplinary field of science and engineering incorporated with mechanical

 Robots are deployed often for conducting tasks that might be laborious for humans to perform steadily.
 
 Major of robotics tasks involved- assembly line for automobile manufacturing, for moving large objects
in space by NASA.
 
 AI researchers are also developing robots using machine learning to set interaction at social levels.
 4. Expert Systems
 
 Under the umbrella of an AI technology, an expert system refers to a computer system that mimics the
decision-making intelligence of a human expert. 
 
 Expert systems are built to deal with complex problems expressed especially in particular of “if-then”
rules instead of traditional agenda to code.
 It improves the decision quality.
 It helps us to get fast and accurate answers.
 Expert systems are used in stock market, warehouse etc.

5. Fuzzy Logic 
In the real world, sometimes we face a condition where it is difficult to recognize whether the condition is true
or not, their fuzzy logic gives relevant flexibility for reasoning that leads to inaccuracies and uncertainties of
any condition.
 
 Fuzzy logic Systems produce acceptable but definite output in response to incomplete,distorted or
inaccurate(fuzzy)input.
 This method of reasoning that resembles human reasoning.
 The approach of FL imitates the way of decision making in humans that involves all intermediate
possibilities between digital values Yes or No.
 FL is used in aerospace field for altitude control of spacecraft and satellite.
 It controls the speed and traffic in automatic systems.

6. Natural Language Processing