TECHNICAL REPORT

ON

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE

SCHEME (SIWES)

UNDERTAKEN AT

CENTER FOR INDUSTRIAL STUDIES (CIS)

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY OWERRI,IMO STATE

BY
IHEKWOABA GREG C.
20161954013
SUBMITTED TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL & BIORESOURCES
ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, P.M.B 1526,

OWERRI, IMO STATE

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURAL AND
BIORESOURCES ENGINEERING

AUGUST, 2021

1
 Dedication

This report is dedicated to the glory of God, for his goodness and for his wonderful works
to us children of men. I also dedicate it to my families and other well-wishers for their
wonderful love. May God bless you all.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My sincere and profound gratitude goes to almighty God, the author and finisher of my
faith who made the SIWES a reality. I am grateful to my loving parent for their financial
and moral support and also for their assistance in getting the placement. I cannot but
appreciate the other members of my family for their king gestures towards me. My
unalloyed gratitude also goes to the entire staff of Center for Industrial Studies. Most
especially the members of Engineering & Workshop department for their moral support
and for making my SIWES training period worthwhile. Lastly, I want to appreciate all
my departmental lecturers for what they have invested in me for taking us through the
realm of misinformed to properly informed about the knowledge that lies in the world of
food science technology and other affiliate courses.

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 ABOUT THE INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FUND (I.T.F)

In October 1971, the federal government established the Industrial Training Fund (I.T.F).
In its policy statement no.1 published in 1973, a clause was inserted dealing with the issue of
practical skills among the locally trained professionals in the tertiary institutions especially
the Universities of Technology, Mono-technics, Polytechnics, Colleges of Education and
Technical Colleges. Section 15 of the policy statement states clearly that “Great emphasis will
be placed on assisting certain products of the post-secondary school system to adapt or
orientate easily to their possible post-graduation job environments”, subsequently leading to
the launch of a scheme known as the Student’s Industrial work Experience Scheme(SIWES).

1.1 ABOUT SIWES

The S.I.W.E.S. was launched in 1973 by the Industrial Training Fund (I.T.F) as a
program designed to impart the undergraduate of the nation’s tertiary institutions studying
various professional courses with the practical methods of performing professional functions
to real life situations on site, in the office or even the factory and how they apply themselves
mentally, intellectually and physically in relation to what they have been taught in the
classrooms theoretically. It works with the following professional bodies to function
effectively across the tertiary institutions nationwide. These are the Nigeria University
Commission (N.U.C), National Board for Technical Education (N.B.T.E.) and the National
Commission for Colleges of Education (N.C.C.E.). Thus, equipping the students with the
necessary skills and technical knowledge to make them highly competitive and professional
individuals in the labor Market

1.2 SCOPE
The scheme as conducted by the Industrial Training Fund (I.T.F) through their
representative liaison units and offices situated within the various institution and in major
cities or towns in Nigeria with the necessary industrial rudiments needed to corroborate,
practicalize and then actualize the required technical knowledge. The Industrial Training

4
 experience not only puts them in real life situations buts also exposes their practical
knowledge of the course of study, consequently perfecting this knowledge thereby producing
very competent and versatile professionals.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF S.I.W.E.S

The aim of S.I.W.E.S is to bridge the gap between the level of knowledge acquired in
tertiary institutions and the practical application of such knowledge in the field of work.
The Objectives are:
 To provide an avenue for students in industries of higher learning to acquire industrial
skills and experience in their course of study.
 To prepare students for the work situations they are to meet after graduation.
 To expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and machinery
that may not available in the educational institution.
 To make transition from school to the world of work easier and enhance students contact
for later job placements.
 To improve student’s interpersonal relationship with others in their field.
To prove students an opportunity to apply his/her knowledge in real work situation,
thereby bridging the gap between college work and actual practice

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0. BRIEF HISTORY ABOUT THE COMPANY

Center for Industrial Studies being a private property of FUTO, the Engineering
Workshops is a section of the Institution. In collaboration with the other
departments, its prime purpose is to provide several metal and woodwork services
such as milling, drilling, welding, grinding, lathe operations and several metal
works mostly welding operations and metal fabrication.

2.1. SERVICES AND MAJOR FUNCTION

The infrastructure of the Engineering Workshops could provide the following

listed services to its consumers.

i. Machining of metals
ii. Welding
iii. Smith and fitting work
iv. Woodwork
v. Vehicle repair

Subject to the rules established by the company, deploying the following

functions is expected from it.

 Provide above mentioned services to clients and clientele who are in

need of several demands regarding metal work, fabrication and
welding

 Within the feasibility limits, provide above mentioned services to the

public.

(Service cost is usually expected to be charged from the service consumers).

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 It is important to distinctly note that the Engineering Workshops could provide
related knowledge wise services to other engineering organizations and to the
public who need assistance in their work.

2.2. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

CHAPTER THREE

3.0. INTRODUCTION TO WELDING OPERATIONS

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Welding is a fabrication or sculpturalprocess that joins materials, usually metals or
thermoplastics, by using high heat to melt the parts together and allowing them to cool
causing fusion. Welding is distinct from lower temperature metal-joining techniques such
as brazing and soldering, which do not melt the base metal.

In addition to melting the base metal, a filler material is typically added to the joint to
form a pool of molten material (the weld pool) that cools to form a joint that, based on
weld configuration (butt, full penetration, fillet, etc.), can be stronger than the base
material (parent metal). Pressure may also be used in conjunction with heat, or by itself,
to produce a weld. Welding also requires a form of shield to protect the filler metals or
melted metals from being contaminated or oxidized.

Although less common, there are also solid state welding processes such as friction
welding in which the base metal does not melt. Some of the best known welding methods
include:

 Oxy-fuel welding – also known as oxy-acetylene welding or oxy welding, uses

fuel gases and oxygen to weld and cut metals.
 Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) – also known as "stick welding" or "electric
welding", uses an arc of electric current between the material and an electrode
stick, which is held in the hand in an electrode holder, to weld metals together.
Flux on the electrode and slag on the weld protects the weld puddle from
atmospheric contamination.
 Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) – also known as TIG (tungsten inert gas), uses
a non-consumable tungsten electrode to produce the weld. The weld area is
protected from atmospheric contamination by an inert shielding gas such as argon
or helium.
 Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) – commonly termed MIG (metal inert gas), uses
a wire feeding gun that feeds wire at an adjustable speed and flows an argon-based
shielding gas or a mix of argon and carbon dioxide (CO2) over the weld puddle to

8
 protect it from atmospheric contamination. MAG welding (metal, active gas) is
similar but uses an active gas such as 75% Argon and 25% Carbon Dioxide which
reacts with the molten weld puddle while also shielding it.
 Flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) – almost identical to MIG welding except it uses
a special tubular wire filled with flux; it can be used with or without shielding gas,
depending on the filler.
 Submerged arc welding (SAW) – uses an automatically fed consumable electrode
and a blanket of granular fusible flux. The molten weld and the arc zone are
protected from atmospheric contamination by being "submerged" under the flux
blanket.
 Electroslag welding (ESW) – a highly productive, single pass welding process for
thicker materials between 1 inch (25 mm) and 12 inches (300 mm) in a vertical or
close to vertical position.
 Electric resistance welding (ERW) – a welding process that produces coalescence
of laying surfaces where heat to form the weld is generated by the electrical
resistance of the material. In general, an efficient method, but limited to relatively
thin material.

Many different energy sources can be used for welding, including a gas flame (chemical),
an electric arc (electrical), a laser, an electron beam, friction, and ultrasound. While often
an industrial process, welding may be performed in many different environments,
including in open air, under water, and in outer space. Welding is a hazardous
undertaking and precautions are required to avoid burns, electric shock, vision damage,
inhalation of poisonous gases and fumes, and exposure to intense ultraviolet radiation.

3.1. Arc

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These processes use a welding power supply to create and maintain an electric arc
between an electrode and the base material to melt metals at the welding point. They can
use either direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC), and consumable or non-
consumable electrodes. The welding region is sometimes protected by some type of inert
or semi-inert gas, known as a shielding gas, and filler material is sometimes used as well.

Power supplies

To supply the electrical power necessary for arc welding processes, a variety of different
power supplies can be used. The most common welding power supplies are constant
current power supplies and constant voltage power supplies. In arc welding, the length of
the arc is directly related to the voltage, and the amount of heat input is related to the
current. Constant current power supplies are most often used for manual welding
processes such as gas tungsten arc welding and shielded metal arc welding, because they
maintain a relatively constant current even as the voltage varies.

The type of current used plays an important role in arc welding. Consumable electrode
processes such as shielded metal arc welding and gas metal arc welding generally use
direct current, but the electrode can be charged either positively or negatively. In
welding, the positively charged anode will have a greater heat concentration, and as a
result, changing the polarity of the electrode affects weld properties. If the electrode is
positively charged, the base metal will be hotter, increasing weld penetration and welding
speed. Alternatively, a negatively charged electrode results in more shallow welds.

3.1.1. PROCESSES

One of the most common types of arc welding is shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), it
is also known as manual metal arc welding (MMAW) or stick welding. Electric current is
used to strike an arc between the base material and consumable electrode rod, which is
made of filler material (typically steel) and is covered with a flux that protects the weld
area from oxidation and contamination by producing carbon dioxide (CO2) gas during the
10
welding process. The electrode core itself acts as filler material, making a separate filler
unnecessary.

Shielded metal arc welding

The process is versatile and can be performed with relatively inexpensive equipment,
making it well suited to shop jobs and field work. An operator can become reasonably
proficient with a modest amount of training and can achieve mastery with experience.
Weld times are rather slow, since the consumable electrodes must be frequently replaced
and because slag, the residue from the flux, must be chipped away after welding.
Furthermore, the process is generally limited to welding ferrous materials, though special
electrodes have made possible the welding of cast iron, nickel, aluminum, copper, and
other metals

Diagram of arc and weld area, in shielded metal arc welding.

1. Coating Flow
2. Rod
3. Shield Gas
4. Fusion
5. Base metal
6. Weld metal
7. Solidified Slag

Gas metal arc welding (GMAW), also known as metal inert gas or MIG welding, is a
semi-automatic or automatic process that uses a continuous wire feed as an electrode and

11
an inert or semi-inert gas mixture to protect the weld from contamination. Since the
electrode is continuous, welding speeds are greater for GMAW than for SMAW.

A related process, flux-cored arc welding (FCAW), uses similar equipment but uses
wire consisting of a steel electrode surrounding a powder fill material. This cored wire is
more expensive than the standard solid wire and can generate fumes and/or slag, but it
permits even higher welding speed and greater metal penetration.

Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), or tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding, is a manual
welding process that uses a nonconsumabletungsten electrode, an inert or semi-inert gas
mixture, and a separate filler material. Especially useful for welding thin materials, this
method is characterized by a stable arc and high quality welds, but it requires significant
operator skill and can only be accomplished at relatively low speeds. GTAW can be used
on nearly all weldable metals, though it is most often applied to stainless steel and light
metals. It is often used when quality welds are extremely important, such as in bicycle,
aircraft and naval applications..

Submerged arc welding (SAW) is a high-productivity welding method in which the arc
is struck beneath a covering layer of flux. This increases arc quality, since contaminants
in the atmosphere are blocked by the flux. The slag that forms on the weld generally
comes off by itself, and combined with the use of a continuous wire feed, the weld
deposition rate is high. Working conditions are much improved over other arc welding
processes, since the flux hides the arc and almost no smoke is produced.

Gas welding

The most common gas welding process is oxyfuel welding, also known as oxyacetylene
welding. It is one of the oldest and most versatile welding processes, but in recent years it
has become less popular in industrial applications. It is still widely used for welding pipes
and tubes, as well as repair work.

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The equipment is relatively inexpensive and simple, generally employing the combustion
of acetylene in oxygen to produce a welding flame temperature of about 3100 °C. The
flame, since it is less concentrated than an electric arc, causes slower weld cooling, which
can lead to greater residual stresses and weld distortion, though it eases the welding of
high alloy steels. A similar process, generally called oxyfuel cutting, is used to cut
metals.

Resistance

Resistance welding involves the generation of heat by passing current through the
resistance caused by the contact between two or more metal surfaces. Small pools of
molten metal are formed at the weld area as high current (1000–100,000 A) is passed
through the metal. In general, resistance welding methods are efficient and cause little
pollution, but their applications are somewhat limited and the equipment cost can be
high.

3.2. WELDING JOINT & GEOMETRY

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Common welding joint types – (1) Square butt joint, (2) V butt joint, (3) Lap joint, (4) T-
joint

Welds can be geometrically prepared in many different ways. The five basic types of
weld joints are the butt joint, lap joint, corner joint, edge joint, and T-joint (a variant of
this last is the cruciform joint). Other variations exist as well—for example, double-V
preparation joints are characterized by the two pieces of material each tapering to a single
center point at one-half their height. Single-U and double-U preparation joints are also
fairly common—instead of having straight edges like the single-V and double-V
preparation joints, they are curved, forming the shape of a U. Lap joints are also
commonly more than two pieces thick—depending on the process used and the thickness
of the material, many pieces can be welded together in a lap joint geometry.

Metallurgy

Most solids used are engineering materials consisting of crystalline solids in which the
atoms or ions are arranged in a repetitive geometric pattern which is known as a lattice
structure. The only exception is material that is made from glass which is a combination
of a supercooled liquid and polymers which are aggregates of large organic molecules.

Crystalline solids cohesion is obtained by a metallic or chemical bond which is formed

between the constituent atoms. Chemical bonds can be grouped into two types consisting
of ionic and covalent. To form an ionic bond, either a valence or bonding electron
separates from one atom and becomes attached to another atom to form oppositely
charged ions. The bonding in the static position is when the ions occupy an equilibrium
position where the resulting force between them is zero. When the ions are exerted in
tension force, the inter-ionic spacing increases creating an electrostatic attractive force,
while a repulsing force under compressive force between the atomic nuclei is dominant.

Covalent bonding takes place when one of the constituent atoms loses one or more
electrons, with the other atom gaining the electrons, resulting in an electron cloud that is
14
shared by the molecule as a whole. In both ionic and covalent bonding the location of the
ions and electrons are constrained relative to each other, thereby resulting in the bond
being characteristically brittle.

Metallic bonding can be classified as a type of covalent bonding for which the constituent
atoms of the same type and do not combine with one another to form a chemical bond.
Atoms will lose an electron(s) forming an array of positive ions. These electrons are
shared by the lattice which makes the electron cluster mobile, as the electrons are free to
move as well as the ions. For this, it gives metals their relatively high thermal and
electrical conductivity as well as being characteristically ductile.

Ductility is an important factor in ensuring the integrity of structures by enabling them to

sustain local stress concentrations without fracture. In addition, structures are required to
be of an acceptable strength, which is related to a material's yield strength. In general, as
the yield strength of a material increases, there is a corresponding reduction in fracture
toughness.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0. SKILL ACQUIRED AND KNOWLEDGE OBTAINED

During my two months industrial training at the workshop, I was taught a lot about metal
welding and metal works design. It was very important that all the equipment and
facilities used to carry out the welding process was known. Large number of tools are
used in workshop for laying out, measuring and marking etc. These tools are valuable to
help in different jobs and operations. A person who works in workshop, must be known
about these tools.

TYPES:
a. Surface Plate
b. Height Gauge
c. Scribers
d. Punches
e. Hammers
f. Dividers
g. Wrenches
h. Pliers
i. Screw Drivers
j. Bench Vice

a. Surface Plate:
A surface plate is very important and expensive piece of equipment used
for marking, laying out and inspecting work pieces. The importance of
surface plate is that it provides true, smooth, plain surfaces from witch

16
 accurate measuring and marking may be made. These plates are made of
either cast iron or granite.

b. Height Gauge:
Height gauge is used for measuring or in layout work for accurately
scribing lines in relation to a given faces or surfaces. In using this tool caution
must be exercise to see that reading are taken from the proper side of the blade.
Different shapes of work pieces can easily be marked with the help of angle plate
and V- blocks.

c. Scribers:
A scriber is sharp pointed steel tool used to scribe lines on metal work
pieces. The scriber point usually made from carbon tool steel, hardened
and tempered then honed on an oil stone to a needle point so it produce
a fine sharp line. There are different types of scribers such as double
end, plain, pocket and carbide point pocket scriber.

d. Center Punch:
It is use to mark indent the intersections of laying out lines to locate hole
centers, and to provide a small center mark so a drill can be started in the exact
location. A center punch point is grounded to a cylinder point having a 90o angle.
A center punch is made of hardened tool steel.

e. Hammers:
The hammers are used in workshop for different purposes such as striking
punches, chisels, riveting, bending, stretching, straitening etc. Hammers are
available in many sizes and shapes and classified into two kinds;

i. Soft Hammer ii). Hard Hammer

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 i) Soft Hammer: A soft hammer may have the entire head made of
soft material such as lead, copper, brass, rubber, plastic etc. These
are used for striking finished or semi finished surfaces of work
pieces to prevent from any damaging, scratching or denting.

ii) Hard Hammer: A hard hammer is used for striking punches, cold
chisels, steel letters and figures. It is also use for forging hot metal,
riveting, bending, straitening, penning, stretching and swaging.
These hammers are made of carbon steel and forged to shape and
size. It is heat treated to make the striking faces hard. There are three
types of hard hammers which are mostly used in work shops such as;
straight-peen, ball- peen and cross-peen.

f. Dividers:
Dividers are used for measuring between points, for transferring or laying
out distances, or for scribing arcs of circles. The legs of scriber usually round and
drawn to a fine point; they are hinged at the head end on a hardened stud, the
opening and closing of the legs being controlled by the knurled nut and the screw.

g. Wrenches:
A wrench is a tool for turning nuts or bolts. It is usually made of
steel. There are man kinds of wrenches. They may consist of a slot,
sockets, pins, moveable jaws for griping the nut, with the rest of the tool
serving as a handle for applying the torque.

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 [Link]:
Pliers are used for griping, holding, tightening and loosening, bending and
cutting. There are many types of pliers such as;

Combination pliers: It can be use for various purposes e.g. bending,

cutting and holding. The plastic and rubber covered handle pliers are used
by electricians to protect them against dangerous shocks.

Flat- nose Pliers: Flat – Nose pliers are used for light bending work

Round-Nose Pliers: The round nose pliers are used for bending curved and
round shapes like eyes in metal wire.

i. Screw Driver:
The screw drivers are designed to turn the screws. The shank is made of
steel with a wooden or plastic handle. Generally screw drivers are available in
different shapes such as Philips Head screw driver, Offset screw driver, Flat head
screw driver etc

j. Bench Vice:
In work shop a number of operation like filing, sawing, cutting, threads by
hand, reaming and debarring are carried out by hand. Bench vise is most
commonly used for holding jobs.

Before any welding operation or activity is carried out, the following rules and workshop
code of ethics is usually obeyed;

 Dress Code –Strict enforcement of PPCE (Personal Protective Clothing and

Equipment) i.e. flame proof overalls, steel toe capped shoes or boots, safety
glasses.
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  No JEWELLERY
 No food or drink in the workshop
 No flammable liquids in the workshop (including lighters)
 No flammable material in the workshop
 No storage of personal items in the workshop
 No headphones/MP3 players/mobile phones

4.1. WELDING METALS

There are several types of welding metals, their selection depends on the requirements for
the jobs. The common welding metals include

Steel
Stainless
Aluminum
Copper
Nickel
Magnesium

4.1.1. Considerations

There are several considerations when selecting a metal for welding. This includes:

 Melting point
 Ductility: how the metal reacts to bending, stretching
 Electrical Conductivity: effects what the metal can be used for
 Strength: what is the breaking point of a metal

4.1.2. METAL TYPES

1. Hot rolled steel

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2. Cold rolled steel
3. Tool steel
4. Alloy steel
5. Stainless steel
6. Aluminum
7. Copper
8. Brass
9. Bronze
[Link] (usually sheet stock)

4.1.3. DIMENSIONS
Stock may be measured in a variety of dimensions, including width, thickness, wall
thickness, and length. Pipe is measured by the inside diameter. Sometimes there will be
two different widths (one could be called depth), as in the case of tubing, angle iron, and
channel. Weight is important as it helps identify and price most metals, particularly
precious metals. Web thickness is important in angle, channel and I-beam. There are also
some very specific dimensions that are used with some sheet materials, like expanded
metal or tread plate.

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4.1.4. TERMINOLOGIES FOR METAL WELDING

 Alloy: a mixture of metals and/or elements that creates characteristics different

from those of the component materials.
 Cold rolled: steel that is processed below its recrystallization temperature. Usually
higher
 carbon, harder, and more accurately sized than hot rolled steel.
 Ductile: a material that will deform under tension (pulling force).
 Ferrous: a metal contains iron and is often magnetic.
 Fusible: capable of being fused, especially by heat.
 Hardness: a metal’s ability to resist deformation or indentation.
 Hot rolled: steel that is processed above its recrystallization temperature. Usually
lower carbon, softer, and more economical than cold rolled steel.
 Magnetic: whether or not the metal is attracted to a magnet.
 Malleable: a material that will deform under compression.
 Metal: a material that is usually hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with
good heat and

22
  electrical conductivity.
 Non-ferrous: a metal that doesn’t contain iron and is not magnetic.
 Relative weight: weight of a sample compared to other metals.

4.2. METAL WELDING PROCESSES

When carrying out welding and joinery as well as fabrication of metallic materials, the
following steps are considered

1. First, practice handling the gun without actually welding. Rest its barrel in one
hand, and support that hand on the table. The other hand operates the gun's trigger.
Stand in a comfortable position and move the gun steadily over the work surface.
Adjust your posture and gun movement so that they feel natural.

Attach the work lead to the work piece, and hold the gun so the wire meets the weld
surface at about a 30-degree angle. Touch the wire very lightly to the surface, squeeze the
trigger, and gently pull the gun toward you to make your first test weld. The wire should
melt off into the weld puddle at an even rate and make a steady crackling noise as you go.
Adjust the welder settings if needed.

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2. Mark a line with a carbide scribe or woodworker's awl, and cut with a metal-

cutting chop saw or a hacksaw. For a strong weld, clean the metal with a
degreaser.

3. Next, grind or file a slight bevel along the edges you're welding. This ensures the
weld penetrates as deeply as possible and countersinks it so you can grind it flush.
Don't overdo it or you'll burn through the metal when you weld.

24
4. When building a project like our C table, you'll need to form exact 90-degree
angles. Clamp the mitered surfaces together, leaving enough room to put down a
tack weld. The pieces should lie flat and fit neatly without a metal burr interfering

Check the assembly's position with a square. Use a carpenter's aluminum triangle
square on the inside of the joint, or a steel carpenter's square on the outside.

5. Tack the pieces together at a couple of places along each joint. Check again for
square corners; if anything shifts and puts the assembly out of square, grind away
the tack weld, reposition the parts, and try again

25
 6. After you've tacked everything into place, lay down your final weld beads to
create nice, smooth welds, it is very important to resist the temptation to overdo it.
The more metal you deposit, the more you'll need to grind off.
7. The next step is the finishing touches where the weld are grinded using a file and
extra finishing touches are done with a wired brush and subsequently a sandpaper.
Chip off the slag with a welding hammer, and then use a 36-grit grinding wheel to
knock the beads down to the surrounding metal. To ensure a flat, flush surface,
move the grinder along the weld, not across it.

4.3. WELDING SHOP SERVICES

The Welding shop is the shop comprised of the equipment to deploy

following services:

 Arc welding
 Oxyacetylene welding
 Spot welding
 Drilling

Arc Welding

Specification:

Model ----------------------------------- B – 300 F

Rated output current A --------------- 300

Rated duty cycle % -------------------- 40

Rated input capacity kvA/kw -------- 24.5/14

Rated load voltage V ---------------- 35

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 Dimension W*L*H mm -------------- 320*495*570

Frequency ------------------------------- 50 Hz

Phase ------------------------------------- single

Oxyacetylene Welding

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Spot welding

28
Hand Drill
A hand drill is versatile equipment which can be freely used for drilling holes as
well as for some other purposes where a portable rotational prime mover is
required. The specifications of the NHP1030 hand drill manufactured by Makita
Corporation, Japan are given below.

 Supply 230 VAC, 2.0 A, 50-60 Hz

 Power 430 W
 Speed 0-2700 rpm
 Maximum drill bit size 10 mm

An example of a practical performed at welding shop for the training of the

students:

4.3.1. PRACTICAL ACTIVITY ON WELDING

OBJECT:
Making a Lap Joint by Gas Welding.

MATERIAL:
Mild Steel Sheet size 140 x 60 x 1.2 mm (02 Pieces)

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS:

Gas Welding Cylinders, welding rods, Pliers, Spark lighter, Safety goggles,
Leather gloves and Leather Apron, Scriber, Welding Torch, Cylinder Key,
Shearing Machine, Anvil, Hammer, Flux powder.

PROCEDURE:
1. Prepare two pieces of mild steel plate as per size and dimension (140  60
 1.2 mm).
2. Straight and smooth both work pieces.

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 3. Clean the sides of work pieces with wire brush or emery paper.
4. Mark a centre line on both pieces with help of scriber.
5. Place both strips each other at a centre line then overlap in a horizontal
position.
6. Set the proper pressure of the gasses by means of pressure gauges.
7. Support the work pieces on welding table at a correct location and
alignment.
8. Set the proper quantity of acetylene and oxygen gas for a required flame on
welding torch.
9. With help of spark lighter gently burn the acetylene gas at the end of
nozzle after that make a neutral flame.
10. Start welding and fill the edges gapes with filler metal and repeat the same
procedure on other side and complete the lap joint.
11. Chip the carbon layer from weld by chipping hammer.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:

1. Inspect the hose pipes connections carefully.

2. Always wear goggles, apron and gloves during the welding.
3. Don’t touch the torch tip on the job.
4. Before checking the jobs cool it.
5. Make sure the top of the bench and work piece to be welded are dry and
free from dirt, corrosion and grease.
6. To continue welding pool it is necessary to make the neutral flame.
7. Before making the flame carefully check the leakage of gases.
8. Don’t weld without flux.

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 LAP JOINT

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0. CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND PROBLEMS

ENCOUNTERED

5.1. CONCLUSIONS

This report so far shows that the students’ industrial work experience scheme (SIWES)
program is a gateway towards exposing the students to the industrial culture for which
they are basically being trained. The practical approach of the program attests to this
assertion. In this report, all activities taken during my SIWES program have been
discussed. Center for Industrial Studies being a metal welding and fabrication company
and an active member of the Nigerian industrial sector, all the training that I have
received in that place were production and manufacturing which is an integral part of our
departmental works.

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Furthermore, my training also includes workshop practices and metal designs. Also
included in this report are the knowledge, experiences and skills acquired through the
activities in the workshop. Finally, in this report, the organizational structure of the
complete organization and that of my department of attachment (Organogram) were
present. In conclusion, with my exposure to this company and department has endowed
me with enough knowledge in metal welding and fabrication. I can hereby attest to it that
the main objective of the students’ industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) program
was met and I will say the (SIWES) program was a big success after all

5.2. PROBLEMS AND DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED

1. Inability of instructors to give detailed explanation of processes

2. No payment as we were regarded as knowledge gainers and not contributors
3, Venue of the workshop was far from my place

5.4. RECOMMENDATIONS

The experiences I had in the Engineering Workshops suggest me the following to

be implemented for the improvement of the place.

1. Maintain a simple booklet on materials that are used in the

Engineering Workshops.

2. This should contain the properties and the processing aspects

(cutting speeds, coolants, etc.)

3. Maintain a booklet on each machine about the capabilities of

them and the current condition.

4. Implement a method to return the unused consumable goods to

the stores.

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5. Maintain a training program for the employees at least one
session a month.

6. Teach the employees how to collaborate with others.

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