Multiplication

The product law of exponents i.e., x an = a finds great use in the multiplicationofalgeb
expressions.
Multiplication of Monomials
coefficients) x (Product of their Variable
Product of Monomials = (Product of their numerical pa

Example 1. Multiply :
2
(i,i,) 3x2, [Link] and 4xy .
(i) 3a 2 by (—4a3).

2yz and —xy (iv) a 2bc 3 and = ab 2x.

(iii) —7x 5 4

Solution: We have :
5
(i) 3a2 x (—4a3) = {3 x (—4))x (a2 x a ) = —120
(ii) 3x2 x 2a•yx 4xy2 = (3 x 2 x 4) x (x2 x xy x xy2) = 24x4y3.
2 14 3 4
—7
(iii) (2 x yz x —xy x x yz x xy3)
3
3

(iv)
823
——a bc x
3 ab2x
a bc xab2)x 6333
5 4 5

8 1
Example 2. Multiply : (—5x2y), ——xyz , —xyz and
3 15 4
8
Solution : We have : (—5x2y) x ——xyz x —xyz x 1
3 15 4
-1 -4
(x2y x xy z x xyz2 x z) = -— xyz.
3 15 4 9

Multiplication of a Polynomial by a Monomial

In this case, we apply distributivelaws and thus, multiply each term of the polynomialby
monomial.
Distributive Laws
(i) (a + ac + bc and (a = ac bc,
(ii) a.(b + c) = ab + ac and a.(b —c) ab ac.
Example 3. Multiply : 40 + 3b 5 by 20,
Solution : We have :
20 x (40 + 3b 5) = 20 x 'ia + 20 x 3b 20 x 5
= 802 + Gab 100,
 Example 4. Simnplify
(i) 20b (act + 5b) (i,i)mn (tn2 n 2)
Solution : We have :
(i) 20b (30 + 5b) 2ab x 3a + [Link] 5b =
6a2b + 10ab2.
(ii) mn (m n ) = mn x nt mn x n o = m' n ---mn3.
Example 5. Multiply : 3p 2q -- 4q 2r + 2P —5q by —3pqr.
Solution : We have :
(--3pqr) x (3p 2q —4q2r + 2P -- 5q)
= (—3pqr) x 3p2q (—3pqr)x 4q2r + (—3pqr)x 2P —(—3pqr)x 5q
= —9p3q 2r + 12 pq 3r2 6p qr + 15pq2r.

Multiplicationof Two Polynomials

Rule : Multiply each term ofone polynomial by each term ofanother polynomial and then
add the like terms.
Example 6. Find the product of2a + 3b and 3a + 4b.
Solution : Multiplying each term of one polynomial with each term of another polynomial and
adding the like terms, we get :
3b

9ab [Multiplying first expression by 3al

8ab + 12b2 [Multiplying second expression by 4b]
6a 2 17ab + 12b2 [Adding like terms]

Alternative Method :
(2a + 3b) x (3a + 4b)
= 20 x (3a + 4b) + 3b x (3a + 4b)
= 20 x 3a + 2a x 4b + 3b x 3a + 3b x 4b
2
= 60 2 + 8ab + 9ba + 12b
+ 170b + 12b'.
6xy —y2).
Example 7. Find the product : (x —2y) x (x2 +
Solution : We have :
(x —2y) x ($2 + 6xy
= x x ($2 + 6xy —y2) — x (x2 + (ivy --y 2)
2.y x '20'x (ivy 2y x (—y
2)
x x x2 + x x 6x,y-- x
= x') + 6x2,y xy2 2x2y 12xy2 + 2)'a xa + ,1x2y 1&v.y2+ avg.

Example 8. Find the product : (3a 2b) x (9a 2 + 4b? + 6ab),

Solution : We have :
(3a —2b) x (9a 2 + 4b 2 + 6ab)
+ 4b2 + 6ab)
= 3a x (9a 2 + 41)2 + 6ab) 2b x (9a2
x 4b 2 + 3a x Gab -- 2b x 9a2 2b x 4b2 -- 2b x 6ab
= 30 x 9a 2 + 3a
 2 12ab2
= 27a8 + 12ab2 + 18a2b 18ba
[Since ba = a2bJ

8).
Example 9. Multiply (2v2 + 4) by (x2+ 7x
Solution : By column method, we have :

[Multiplying first expression

b
[Multiplying first exprecion
35x2 + 28x by7
[Multiplyingfirst expression
-- 16x2 + 40x — 32 b
- 32 [Adding like terms]
47x2 +
68x - 32.
+ 4) x (x2+ 7x - 8) = 2x4 + 9x3- 47x2 +

E 14C
1. Find the products :
(ii) —8x3 x 5x

(iü) 2yz)
(—417')x (—3x (iv)
224
18 2 25 2
Ivy,) x —15xy z x

(viif ( 1 x 27 3 2
(viii) —abc x ——ab x —8b3c

(ix) x ——xz

2. Multiply :
(i) 2a + 3b by 3a (ii) 3m —2n by 4mn
(iii) x 2 —Y2 by 2%)' (iv) p 2q + pq 2 by —3pq
(v) 312 —5y by —4x2y (vi) —x 2yz — —xyz 2 by —xyz
(vii) 0.01%+ 0.001y by 0.1*
3. Find the followingproducts :
(i) (a +9b) (70-4b) (ii) (5a + 7b) (5a 7b)
(iv) (2x2 5y 2) (x2 + 3y 2)

(v) —x + 2y (vi)z —x y (ION—By)

(vii) (3p 2 + q2) (2p 2 3q 2)
4. Multiply :
J (i) + 3x-6by5+3x (ii) 5 —x + 3x2 by
Uiii) 2—30 + 4a2 by 02 +3 Oa 4x—5
u(iv) 6x8—2x2
(v) 2z 2 — 3z + 4 by 5 — z 2 I by & +9
(i) 6m +3 by 2m2 + 1
 5. Find the following ptoducts
(ii) (x 2 fix + 8) (x 2 + 2x
(iii)
(it')
6. Sitnplifvv :
+5) (3.v-4)
(.12 + 6) (2v 3) (3.v2 + 4x— 5) (x —2)

Division
The quotient law of exponents i.e., am a n = a finds great use in the division of algebraic
expressions.

Dividinga MonomialBy a Monomial

Method :
Step 1. Arrange them in fractional form, keeping the dividendas numerator and the divisor as
denominator.
Step 2. Divide numerical coefficients.
Step 3. Divide literal coefficients.
Step 4. Multiply the results.

Thus, we have :
Quotient of two monomials
= (Quotient of their numerical coefficients) x (Quotient of their variables)
2
Example 1. Divide : (i) 28a
3 2
b 3 by —7a b (ii) —14x 2y 3z by—2Lvy 4z 3

Solution : We have :
28a2b3 28 a 2b3 b3 2
3 2 x
(i) 28a 2b 3 + (—7a b ) 7a3b2 a
a3b2

—14x y z 23
3 d 3 x
(ii) —14x2y z + (—2Lxy z ) =
—21xyz —21 .V' z
2 x 2-1
3yz 2
Dividinga Polynomial By a Monomial
and combinethe results.
Rule : Divide each term of the polynomialby the given monomial
Example 2. Divide :
+ 18x4 by 211-- 18tnn g + 24mn J by 6m n
(ii) 12111
(i)
by
(iii) 9x2y —Oxy + 1'2ry2 '2
Solution : We have :
2
6x 6 18x 4
(i) (6x6 + 18r 4 3.v2) + 3x.2 3x2 2
 12m n, 18mn 24mn3
(ii) (12tn2n 18ntn2+ 24/11/10)6m n, -- 6m n 6m n 6m n
2 3 4n 2m —3n+4n2
mn

9x Y 6xy 12xy 2
3
(iii) (9.v2,y + 1'2r.y2) xy 3 3
2 3 xy xy
xy 2
2 2

2 2 + 12 x 2
3 3 3

Division of a Polynomial by a Polynomial

Method :
Step 1. Arrange the terms of the dividend and the divisor in descending order of their degree
Step 2. Divide the first term of the dividendby the first term of the divisor to obtain a
the quotient.
Step 3. Multiply all the terms of the divisorby the term of the quotient (obtained in step2)and
subtract the result from the dividend.
Step 4. Consider the remainder as new dividend and proceed as before.
Step 5. Repeat this process till we obtain a remainder which is either 0 or a polynomialofdegre
less than that of the divisor.

Example 3. Divide : 3x2 —7x + 2 by x —2.

Solution : Arranging the terms of the dividend and the divisor in descending order ofpowersd'
x and then dividing, we get :

x-2 3x2-7x+2 3x-1

3x2 —6x

Verification : The division algorithm for numbers

Dividend Divisor x Quotient + Remainder.
also holds good in algebra.
As such, it may be used to verify your answer.

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 Thus, in the above example, we have
Divisor x Quotient + Remainder = (x -- 2) (3x —1) + 0

= 3x2 —x 6x + 2 = 3x2 -- 7x+2

= Dividend.
Hence, the quotient obtained on division is correct.

Example Divide 2x —21 by x 3. Verify your answer.

Solution : Here, dividend = x3 + 0. x 2 —2x -- 21 and divisor = x —3.

x —3 x3 + ()x2 —2x -21 x2 +3X+7

x 3 —3x 2

3x2 —'2x —21

3x2 9x

a -21
a -21

Quotient = x2 + 3x + 7.
Verification : We have :
Divisor x Quotient + Remainder

= 21
= Dividend.
Hence, the quotient obtained is correct.
Example 5. Divide 10x4 + 17x3 - 62x2 + 30x -3 by + 7x -1.
Solution : 2x2 +7x-1 10x4 + 17x3 -62x 2 +30x-3 5x2 -at+3
10x4 + 35x 3 —5x 2

57x2 + 30s -3
18x3 63x 2 + 9x

6.$2 + 2 Ix

Quotient 5x2 9x + 3.
Example 6. Find the quotient and the remainder when 5 is divided by
x2 —x + 6, Verify your answere

t'25
Solution : 2x2 + x— 1
x 2 —x + 6 —x8 + 10x2 + 8x—5
+ 12x•2

x3 2x 2 + 8x -- 5

+2x-5

Quotient = 2x2 + x —1 and Remainder = x + 1.

Verification : We have :
Divisor x Quotient + Remainder = (x2—x+ 6) (2x2 + x —1) + (x + 1)
= (2x4 + x3 —x2 —2x3 —x2 + x + 12x2 + 6x—
= (2x4 —x3 + IOX2 + 7x —6) + (x + I)
= 2x 4 —x3 + 10x2 + 8x —5
= Dividend.
Hence, the answer is correct. -t

EXERCISE 14D
1. Divide :
(if 18x2 by 6x (,ii) 6a 3b 4 by 4ab 2 (iii 32m 2n by —8mn2
by —7pqr (v 9p 2q 3r 4 by —12pq 4r 2

2. Divide :
(i) 8m 2 —6mn by 2m (ii) 12a 2b —18ab 2 by 6ab
(iii) 9x 3y 3 —15x 4y + 24x 2y 4 by —3x2y 2 (iv) 15a 2b —20ab —35ab 2 by
3. Divide and verifyyour answer. Writethe quotient and remainder in each •916+284
case :
(i) x2 + 5x —24 by x —3 (ii) 2x2 —1 Ix + 12 by x —4
(iii) x3 —x + 8 by x + 2 (iv) 3x2 + 26x + 45 by 3x + 5
(v) " 3 —125 by y —5 (vi) z3 + 64 byz +4
(vii) 10x3 x2 + 4x + 35 by 2x2 —3x + 5
(viii) 8x4 + 14x3 —2x2 + 7x 8 by 4x2 + 3x 2

SIMPLIFICATIONOF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

Use of Grouping Symbols
When we make operations on two or more algebraic expressions,
of groupings namely, parentheses ( ), braces { ) and brackets [ we separate them by the symbols
l.
In simplifying such expressions, we first remove the grouping :
symbols, using the laws given below
(i) If a '+' sign precedes a symbol of grouping, the grouping
symbol may be removed withoUt

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