Jhapter VI. force Systems in Space Introduction Tn the preceding chapters on coplanar force systems, we have seen how jo fundamental concepts, (1) that which relates a force to its components id (2) the moment effect of a force, were upplied. When we consider force items in space, these same basic concepts are all that are necessary, only must be extended to include the more generai case of space forces. shall see that the magnitude and direction of the resultant is specified the summations of the components of the forces comprising the system. e position of the resultant may be determined from: the moment effect the system. However, we are not interested so much in the determi- of the resultant as in the application of the conditions under which sultant is zero, i.e., when equilibrium exists. The Three Mutually Perpendicular Components of a Force issume three concurrent forces F., Fy, and F, to act along the reference shown in Fig. 6-1. They are the mutually perpendicular components : r & B Fic. 6-1. — Resultant of three mutually perpendicular forces. 148144 Force Systems tN SPACE [Chap. V1 of a force F whose value is determined by a tip-to-tail addition of their free vectors. To the tip of F, we place the tail of F., then add F, to the tip of F. as shown in the figure. Observe carefully that the order of vector addition has no effect. on the resultant; this is true for either space forces or coplanar forces. ‘The resultant F extends from the tail of the first vector at O to the tip of the last vector at C. A glance at Fig. 6-1 shows that the tip-to-tail ad- dition of the vectors determines the sides of a box of which F is the body diagonal. Observe that OB is the resultant of F, and F, and may be de- fined by the relation (OB)? = (F.)? + (Fs)? (a) Observe also that OB and BC (which has the value F,) form a right triangle of which F is the hypotenuse, so that we have F! = OB? + BC? = F2+ Fe + Fe ) from which we finally obtain F=VFS+ FP} + FP (6-1) ‘The inclination of a force in space is defined by the angles included be- tween the reference axes and the force. It is generally denoted by @ with ‘a suitable subscript. For example, the angle between F and the X axis is defined by 0,; that between F and the Y axis by 0; and that between / ‘and the Z axis by @,. These angles are shown in Fig. 6-1, but are some- what distorted because they are angles in space. The angle shown clearest | in the figure is 0, included between F and its Y projection F,. From the trigonometry of the right triangle OHC, it is apparent that Fy = F cos 0, ‘Also from the right triangle OEC we have Fz = F eos @., and from the right triangle OAC, F. = F cos 0, The similarity of these expressions is ecen in the following summary: is F, = Fcos0, cos. = 4 FP, = Feos#,} or cos, = 3 (2) : ie F, = Fcos0,! cos, = * Note again that @, lies in the plane determined by F and the X axis; 0, lies in the plane determined by F and the ¥ axis; and @, lies in the plane de: termined by F and the Z axis. The cosines of the angles @., 6, and @, art defined as the direction cosines of the foree. Very often a force is specified in direction by the coordinates of the points- 6-2] The Three Mutually Perpendicular Components of a Force 145 ough which its line of action passes. The distance d separating such Oints is the body diagonal of a box whose sides are the mutually perpen- lar components of this distance. This box is geometrically similar to he rectangular parallelepiped formed by the components of a force; the being the body diagonal of this parallelepiped. Consequently the ponents of a force are directly proportional to the components of the tance d separating two points on the line of action of the force. ‘This tionality is an extension of the relations between the sides of a force ngle and its corresponding slope triangle that was discussed in Ilus, ob. 202 (page 17). It is expressed by a, Ei oe (6-3) s an example, let us determine the components of a force F = 300 Ib hose line of action coincides with the line joining points A and B in Fig. From this figure, the components of the distance d between A and ‘A(~ 2,1,3) a ow CB — The components of a force as determined by the coordinates of two points on its line of action. * = 5, y = 4, and z = 6 so that, upplying Eq. (6-1), the length of very? d= VG + @ + oF d=8.78146 Force Systems mn Space [Chap. Vi ‘Then from Eq. (6-3), the desired components of F are determined from FF: Fy” F300 C Tansee NR Suan’ AE ; which gives F,=1711b; F, = 1371b; F, = — 2051b Ans. The signs of the components correspond with the positive directions of the reference axes. Note that the components of the force F which here is directed, along AB from A toward B, will point in the directions correspond- ing to the paths taken in moving from A to B along directions parallel to the coordinate axes. The components, which must intersect on the line of action of the force, may be shown as acting at A or B, or at any other con- venient point on the action line of the force. 6-3. Resultant of Concurrent Force Systems in Space ‘The resultant of a system of concurrent space forces is found in a fashion similar to that used for coplanar concurrent forces. The X, Y, and Z com- ponents of the resultant are equal to the algebraic summations of the X, Y, and Z components of the forces composing the system. Having deter- mined the components of the resultant, we may apply the methods outlined in Art. 6-2 to determine the resultant itself. In determining the resultant, it is necessary to give the magnitude of the resultant, its direction cosines, and its pointing in space. For example, the pointing of a force that passes through the origin and the point (3, —4, 5) may be described as forward and down to the right. ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM 601. Determine the resultant of the system of concurrent forces having the fol- lowing magnitudes and passing through the origin and the indicated points: P = 200 Ib (+-4, +3, +5); Q = 400 Ib (+6, —3, —5); F = 300 lb (—3, 6, —4). ‘Solution: Figure 6-3 shows the forces as they act in space and as they appear in the top and front views. It is convenient to tabulate the components of distances and of forces as follows: Components of Distance |p tarice Forces = ai 4 |x Comp. | Y Comp.| Z Comp. P=200 +4 +3 +5 7.07 +1133 | + 84.8 | +1414 Q= 400 +6 -3 5 8.37 +287 —143.4 | —239 F300 | 23 | +6 | —4 | 781 | —1152 | +2905 | —1537_ Totale | 2081 | sare | —2018 |rt. 6-3] Resultant of Concurrent Force Systems in Space 17 The table is almost self-explanatory. The terms in the column headed Distance e found from -vetyre] ForP: d= V# +345 = 7.07 Fig. 6-3. e signs of the components of the forces are evident from their directions in 6-3b, or may be deduced from the directions followed in moving along paths illel to the coordinate axes from O to the points A, B, and C in Fig. 6-3a.. The snitudes of the components are determined from. P, = 113.31b; Py = 84.81b; P, = 141.4 Ib n the totals of the columns, we have 2X = +285.1 lb ZY = +171.9 1b BZ = —251.3 lb uualizing a vector addition of these terms, we see that the resultant points > fight, up, and backward. The magnitude and the direction cosines of the ant are determined from the following equations: xX) + (SYP + az] R= 85.1) + 071.9) + ala) . R=416lb Ans.148 Force Systems IN SPACE {Chap. VI 285.1 é [cos 6. ©0802 = “ig = 0.686 0, = 46.7° Ans. 171.9 ; site [+ = 008 8y = “yg = OAIS 6, = 65.6° Ans. =z 251.3 - [+s = 08 8, = iq = 0.004 0, = 528° Ans. Note that no signs are used in the direction cosines; the visualization of the point- ing of the force deseribes the angles completely. PROBLEMS 602. Determine the magnitude of the resultant, its pointing, and its direction cosines for the following system of non-coplanar, concurrent forces. 300 Ib (+3, 4, +6); 400 Ib (—2, +4, —5); 200 Ib (—4, +5, —3). Ans. 297 1b pointing backward, up, and to theleft; cos 0, = 0.895; cos By = 0,763; cos @e = 0.511 603. Determine the magnitude of the resultant, its pointing, and its direction cosines for the followsiag xystem of non-coplanar, concurrent forces. 100 Ib (+2, “£3, +4); 300 Ib (—3, —4, +5); 200 Ib (0, 0, +4). “Ans. R= 508 Ib pointing forward, down. and to the left; cos 6. = 0.178; cos 6, = 0.225; cos 6, = 0.959 G04. Determine the magnitude of the resultant, its pointing, and ite direction cosines for the following system of non-coplanar, concurrent forces, 200 Ib (+4, “£5, —3); 400 Ib (—6, +4, —5); 300 Ib (+4, —2, ~3)- G05. Three concurrent forces P, Q, and F have a resultant of 5 Ih directed forward sind up to the rehit at J, — @D%, 0, = OP, 6, ~ 45". F equals 20 [band ‘posses through the origin and the point (2,1, 4). ‘The value of @ is also 20 fb and Tepasees through the point (5,2, 3). Determine the magnitude of the third fore F ‘and the angles it makes with the reference axes. Mins, F = 337 lb pointing down, back, and to theleft, 0, = 484°, y = 75.7", 0, = 45.6° 6-4. Moment of a Force about an Axis By definition, the moment of a force about: an axis is a meastire of its rotational effeet about the axis. The idea of a moment arm of i force, developed in Art. 2-4, is not of much use when dealing with forees in space however, the prineiple that the moment of a force is equal to the moment sum of its components (Art. 2-5) is of great value. ‘To understand the physical significance of the moment of any force about any axis, Iot us imagine a device like that shown in Fig, 64a. Assume the fnais (the X axis in this instance) to be a taut wire on which is mounted the structure shown. ‘Through the structure a hole is drilled which is slightly Jarger than the diameter of the wire. ‘The dimensions of the structure av. 6-4] Moment of a Force about an Axis 149 h that the end of the arm contains point A through which a force F sses. (The force is represented by means of its X, ¥, and Z components.) he component F’, which is parallel to the axis (i.c., the wire) can only slate the structure along the wire; it is evidently impossible for F. to End View (@) (b) Fra. 6-4. — Moment of a force about the X axis. te the structure about the axis. From another point of view we could that F. intersects the X axis at infinity and therefore has no moment about the axis. In any event, we conclude that a force has no moment out a parallel ax: different situation exists, however, with respect to both F, and F,. dking at the end view of the structure (Fig. 6-4b), we recognize a condi- a similar to that for moments of coplanar forces. In fact, F, and F. are nar, and the X axis appears as a point which is the center of moments. he counterclockwise sense of rotation be assumed as positive, then as joment of F about the X axis we obtain M.=Fy-2- Fey similar analysis may be made to determine the moment M, of F about ¥ axis or the moment M, of F about the Z axis. In general, the moment force about any axis is due to the components of the force lying in the plane pendicular to the axis of moments. Thus, as developed above, the moment force about the X axis is due solely to the ¥ and Z components of the te. It is helpful to observe that there is always one X term, one ¥ term, mc Z term involved in the moment of a force component about a co- ate axis; e.g., the moment arm of the Y component of a force rbout axis is its Z coordinate. e moment of a force about an axis can be represented geometrically vector. By convention, the vector is directed along the axis in such a sy that it points in the direction of the extended thumb of the right150 Foncx Syerrua ry Space [Chap hand when the fingers of that hand are curled about the axis of mem in the pense of the moment. ‘This is known as the righthand rule. vight-hand role is also convenient, to determine the sign of a moment. tend the thumb in the direction from the origin along the positive se of the coordinate axis. ‘The positive sense of moment. about, ihe axis ma then be taken to correspond with the curling of the fingers of that hand. | Fig, 6-6.— Vector cepresentation of a rement and ita ponents For example, in Fig. 6-5 the moment of u foree ubout line N is represents uy the vector M. ‘The components of the moment vcetor ure M,, My, MM. directed as shown. The sense of the moment. is indiested in each « hy the small curved arrows ‘The moment Af acts in the plane ABC wl is perpendicular to line NW. ‘The direecion of the plane 4 BC is defined by angles 8, 0), and @, (not shown) which iss normal V makes with (ie eu nate axes, ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM 806. As shown in Fig. (6, a 200-1 force F pusues through point 4 to point Compute the moment af fore F shout each courdinute axis. Solution: Tt is canvuniont ty consider the moment of # as equivalent 10 the ol the moments nf Hy cosipunenis, (Ve begin by realving F into ils X, ¥, andArt. 64] Moment! of a Force shout an Arts ML | ¥ oo ar at Fre, 6-4. eomponents acting 2t A. Proceeding as in Art, 6-3, we obtain the componenta of F from ine equations [e=~ +e] da AR VP PPS FH 64 Peeps Fa Fe _ Fa _ 20 fo hy eee. £5 4 oe whenre the magnitudes of the componente ane B. = 125lb; Fy = 947 1b; PF, = 125 1b To deterniine the moment Af, sbout the X axis, we observe that #, is parallel to the X uxis and hence hus nu ctorment about it; thet F, intersects the X axis and therefore also dora not rontrihute to M,, [we asaume counterclockwise moments to be positive when looking in the direction of the positive end af the aais-toward the origin (another way of stating the right-hand rule), we obtain M,=—F,X4= 08.7 x4— —874B lth Ans. Tadetermine the moment M, abuul the ¥ axis, we aseume that counterviorkwise Moments are pusitive when viewed from the positive end of Ue axis toward the origin. Sinee Fie parallel to the ¥ axis it produces zero moment, whence My Fe 6— Prod = 1256 ~ 128 4 = O80Ie Ans. termine M,, the moment of about the Z uxis, we observe that the ranment in due only to Fo and #,, In this ease F, interecta the Z axis and produces zero Jroment. 1 we oguin assume the vounterclirkwise sense to be positive when view- Ing the 4 usit frum its positive end toward the origin, we obtain My, =F, 6 = 99.7 X 6 = 5022 rfl Ans, The positive sense of moments used in this problema rurresponds to the right-hand yule previously discused. Tlowever, we may choose any convenient sense of Moment vs positive provided that se are consistent in this cheniee, Asan exercise, you should check these results by resolving F inte ins components152 FORCE DYSTEMS IN DYAUE acting at B. Is it more convenient to find the moment effects by resolving the force into components acting at A or at B? PROBLEMS 607. A force of 100 Ib is directed from A toward B in the cube shown in Fig, P-607. Determine the moment of the force about each of the coordinate axes. ‘Ans. M, = —62.4 lb-ft; My = 250 Ib-ft; M. = —280 Ib-ft \¥ P-607. 608. A force of 200 Ib is directed from B toward C in the eube shown in Fig. P-607. Determine the moment of the force about each of the coordinate es, 609. A force of 300 Ib is directed from B toward D in the cube shown in Fig, P-607. Determine the moment of the force about each of the coordinate axes 610. A force of 400 Ib is directed from C toward £ in the cube shown in Fig. P-607. Determine the moment of the force about each of the coordinate axes. ‘Ans. M, = 653 lb-ft; M, = 979 lb-ft; Mz = —1306 lb-ft 611. A force P, directed from F toward B in the cube shown in Fig. P-607, causes a moment My — 16001b-ft, Determine P and its moment about the X and Z axes. 612. A force P isdirected from a point A (4, 1, 4) toward a point B (—3, 4, —1). If it causes a moment M, = 1900 lb-ft, determine the moment of P about the X and Y axes, Ans. M, = —1700 lb-ft; M, = —800 lb-ft 6-6. Equilibrium of Concurrent Space Forces As stated in Art. 3-1, equilibrium is defined as that condition when the resultant of a system of forces is zero. Therefore the conditions of equi- librium of concurrent space forces are expressed by those equations whichrt. U-D] Lqurtrvum of Concurrent space Worces 153 psure that the resultant will be zero. In Art. 6-3, the resultant of con rent. space forces was determined in magnitude by the equation R= V(X) + CY)? + GzP Obviously F will be zero, and hence equilibrium will exist, only under e following conditions: BX = 0 zY=o0 (6-4) zZ=0, e three independent conditions of equilibrium may be used to deter- \ine a maximum of three unknown quantities to maintain equilibrium of a meurrent space system of forces. “It is also possible to express the conditions for equilibrium in terms of ent equations. If moments are taken about some axis which does not ersect the line of action of the resultant force, it is evident that M = +d will equal zero only when R = 0. The moment M of the resultant as three components, consisting of the moment summations =M., =M,, nd =M., for the forces composing the system with respect to coordinate Y, and Z axes. Therefore, R will also be zero when (6-6) Either Eqs. (6-4) or (6-5) or some combination of them may be used to mine the three unknown quantities necessary to maintain equilibrium concurrent space forces. The choice depends upon the particular prob- n to be solved. ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM 13. ‘The framework shown in Fig. 6-7 is composed of three members, AB, AC, AD. Points B and C are in the same horizontel plane. Points C and D are in je same vertical plane. At A a 1000-Ib force acts in a direction parallel to the X Neglecting the weights of the members, determine the forces in AB, AC, AD. olution: Since the weights of the members are neglected, each member is acted by only two forces: those applied at the ends of the member. Accordingly, as ywn in Art. 4-2, the force in each member must be axial, It will be convenient denote the internal forces by the forces acting at the ends B, C, and D of the rate members. These forces have been resolved into their X, Y, and Z com- nts as shown in the figure. Because the direction of the force is known to 1g the member, the determination of any component, such as D., will de- the corresponding force D and its other components from the relations154 Force Systems in Space [Chap. VI Dyes Di y y, #, and d are determined by the com- ponents of the distance d separating points A and D. Note that the com- ponents of a force, such as that at D, which is directed along AD from A toward D, will point in the directions corresponding to the path taken in moving from A to D along coordinate axes. Denote by Yc a line through C par- allel to the Y axis. (Line Ye is not shown on the figure.) A moment sum- mation about Ye equated to zero will determine D, because the forces at ( and the force D, intersect the axis of moments, and because B, and Dy, being parallel to Yc, have no effect on the moment summation. Thus we get. The values of x, [2My, = 0] 15 Dz — 1000 X 10 = 0 Dz = 667 |b Applying Eq. (6-2), we find the other components and magnitude of D to be eee, 2 G07 _ Dy _Ds_ _D_ es y z@ TO 14S NEAT from which Dy = 933 lb; D, = 333 lb; D = 1192 lb T Ans. A moment summation about Yp (not shown in the figure) equated to zero will similarly eliminate all unknown quantities except Cz. Hence we obtain [2My, = 0) 15 Cs—1000X5=0 a and 333 Ib 38 GC. _¢ 10 ~ 20° 10° 600, from which Cy = 667 Ib; C, = 333 Ib; C = 8151bT Ans. ‘To determine B,, set moments about Zc to zero, which eliminates all unknowns, except B, and D.. But the value for Dz has already been determined, whence (2Mz, = 0) 10 By + 6 Dz — 1000 X 20 = 0 10 B, + 6 X 667 — 20,000 = 0 B, = 16001bC Ans, If desired, the value of B, could also have been determined from the condition of equilibrium ZY = 0 since the values of C, and Dy have previously been found, ‘Thus we obtain [2Y = 0) B, — 667 — 933 = 0 By = 1600 1b C Check6-5] Equilibrium of Concurrent Space Forces 155 still another acceptable procedure would be, after having found D, from ¢ = 0, to determine Cz from 2X = 0 or C, from ZZ = 0. The ¥ com- its of D and C having been found as discussed previously, the condition "= 0 can be used to determine B,. The condition Mz, = 0 could then be as a check. PROBLEMS ‘The shear-leg derrick shown in Fig. P-614 supports a vertical load of 2000 1b edat 4. Points B, C, and D are in the same horizontal plane and A, 0, and D the XY plane. Determine the force in each member of the derrick. Fie. P-614, __ The framework shown in Fig. P-615 consists of three members AB, AC, and whose lower ends are in the same horizontal plane. A horizontal force of 1000 parallel to the X axis is applied at A. Determine the force in each mem- Ans. AB = 1118 lb C; AC = 766 lb T; AD = 523 lb T Fic. P-615 and P-616.616. Referring to Fig. P-015, replace the 1000-I) foree by = vertioal downward load of 2000 Ib, Determine the foree in each member under this revised loading. SIT. ‘The points B, ©, and D of the enntilever framework shown in Fig. 1-617 are attached tos vertical wall. The 400-Ib load is parallel to the Z auxin, and the 1:200-[b load is vertical, Compute the force in rach member, Am. AB = 1615 lb C; AC = 538 lb C; AD = 2320 1b T Fon, PAT, 618. The unsymmetrical cantilever framework shown in Fig. P-618 supports « vertical load of 1700 Ib at A. Points C and D are in the same vertical plane while # ‘is 3 ft in front of this plan. Compute ‘the force in each member. An, AB = 1757 Ib C; AC = 1200 bT; AD = 153 lb T G19. Solve Prob, 618 if the 1700-Ib lond in Fig. P-618 acta horisontally outward from A in the direction from Etoward 4, 620. The framework shown in Fig. P-620 supports a vertical load of 2000 | Mth. Points B, Cand D are in the same horizontal plane. Determine the force | | in each member. | Pre, P-018 and P-O10, Ana. aa 621. A vertical load P = 800 Ib applied to the tripod shown in Fig. P-G21 causes | compressive force of 256 Ib in leg A.B and compremive force of 253 Ib in leg AC. Determine the force in leg AD and the coordinates zo and ap of ite lower end D. Ana AD = 433 1b Cj zp = 4 ft ap158 Foncr: Systmuns im Srack {Chap. VI 2Y,and ZZ. ‘The magnitude of the resultant couple és similarly determined by the moment summations EM,, ZM,, and 2M,. If all the force summations are zero, the resultant cannot be a single force but may be a couple. The possibility of the resultant being a couple is eliminated if all the moment summations are also zero, Hence the resultant will be zero and equilibrium exist only whea all of the above summations are simultaneously equal to zero. The conditions of equilibrium therefore bi rr= rr-0 rz = 0) =M, — 0| =M, = 0 =M, = 0 ‘These equations represent a maximum of six independent conditions which may be used to determine 4 maximum of six unknown quantities that may be necessary to maintain equilibrium for a son-concurrent system of forces in space. The illustrative problems which follow indieate haw these equations of equilibrium are applied. ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS: G24. ‘The etiff-teg derrick shown in Fig. 6-8 supports » vertienl boad of 2000 Il applied st D. Points A and 8 are in the same horizontal plane. Points Band Care (6-6)6-6) Equilibrium for Non-Concurrent Space Forces ‘the same vertical plane, The mast AS ix supported in a socket at A, and the Hoan rotate about the mast. In the position shown, the boom has heen ra- forward through or = 0°. Determine the components of the bearing reaction and the forees in BE and CB. fom: Members BE and CH arg two-force members in which the load is ‘The directions of the forves Hand C at the ends of these members are there known, and the forves in these members can be determined from any of their cnents, ‘The mast AF, however, 6. three-forve member beciuse wf the boom. direction of the reaction al A is hence not known,' and each of the components 4 murt be determined since the relations hetween them are not known. Thus e are five unknown quantities ta bo determined in the problom. Mie begin by taking s moment summation about Xe. ‘This eliminates the forces allel to Xp. Thus the only unknown quantity left in the moment summation ut Xx is A, We get therefore fx, = 0} 20.4, — 2000 (DF sin 307) = 0 - 20.4, — 2000 X 10 sin Bo" = 0 A, 80th Ane. similar manner, & moment summation about Z will eliminate all unknowna As, giving =o) 20 A, — 2000 X (DF cos 3") = 0 20.4, — 2000 X 10 x 0.866 = 0 As = B68 1b Ams. moment. sum Ye climinates the components of C as well as A,, ad 2, The vulue of B, cnn then be computed in terms of A. and A, for which ve boen previously determined. ‘Thus =o 0B, — 4,-0.4, =0 20.8, — 10 X 8H — 10 x 5D = By = 683 Ib the farce ot Has well as its other camponents, we apply the equation c ee @ To * a0 ~ 10 ~ 7800 By = 1906 Th; By = 683 Ib; B= 1672 1b T Ana. fition af equilibrium, EX = 0, may now be applied to determine C, from he force at Cmay be computed. We obtain A.-2,—C,=0 886 — 6S — C= 0 C, = 183 Ib em Se ee ae 10 ~ 1a” 107 a8 Cy = 266 by Cy = 184 IDC — BH Ib T Ane. tions at the binges of three-foree members. Ret directed along the axe aber. Bow Ark. 44h. euenemys a Finally, the value of A, ean be obtained by = moment about Zs. Note that the mament arm of the 20004b farce about this axis is the eum of AG and the X component of DF. Thus we obtain [2Ma,— 01 10.4, + 6-C, — 2000 (10 + 10 cos 30°) = 0 10.4, + 6 X 183 — 200 X 1REB = 0 Ay = O22 Ih Ane ‘The condition ZY = Ocan be used asa check, In applying it, we obtain pY=@ Ay — By — Cy — 200 = 0 A, — 1366 — 256 — 2000 = 0 Ay > 3622 Ib Check 685. A bar AC rests in a socket at C (Fig. 6-9) and is held in equilibrium by qembers AB and BD, At A the 4004b forve is parallel to the Z axis, and the 1000-Ib lond ia parallel to the ¥ axis. Points ¢', D, and & are in the ame vertical plune, and pointe A and & are in the same borisontal plane. Determine the forces in members AK and 8D and the components of the bearing reaction of C_ Fin. 6-9. Solution: Members AE and BD sre two-force members in each of whieh the isdirected along the member, Since the direction of the foree is known, only of the components need be computed in arder Lo determine the forte in the mem! and the magnitude of its other components, However, AC is a three-force: in which the end londs are not directed along the member, The direction of the action at Cis therefore not know, and each of the components at C must be puted. Thus there are five unknawn quantities in the problem. ‘The relations between forces and components at D and £ are given by (E-% -&- 4] Deo. eB eye ae6D, — 6K, — 400 x12 —0 =o) 13D, +9 E, — 1000 * 12 =0 fing, we find D, = 873 Ib and EB, = 73 lb. Using the relations between the And tir componente given shore, we determine D'= BD = 1594 tb T = AB = &1: . ng the values of D, and 5, we determine C’, by applying the equation = 0} C,— Dy — Ea = 0 ‘ 0, — 873-73 =0 Ce = O46 1b Ane. reistions between forces and componenta for D and E given above must be determining C, and Cy. We have o C+D, —B,- 400 =0 + 6%) - o) — 0 - 0 c= —21050 Ane. oO C,+D, — 1000 = 0 6, + 123) — 1000 = 0 Cy = 235 1b Ans. PROBLEMS. ‘The pinte shown in Fig. P-626 carries a load of 1000 Ib applied at E and is in borizontal position by three vertical eables attached st A, B, and C. the tension inench enable, Ana, A = 200 1b; B = 400 Ib: C = 400 1b cS Pro. P-696 and P27. Prob, 626 if, in addition to the 1000-Ib lond, the plate weighs 1200 Ib An sirplane with « total wingspread of 40 ft is equipped with a tricyele + The two rear wheels of the landing gear have a 10-ft tread and are ‘the forward wheel, The airplane's weight of S700 Ib acts 1 {t in front of (a) Determine the downward force applied at one wingtip along a “ of the rear wheels that will tilt the nirplane when it in standing on the (b) What upward force at the same place on the wingtip will tilt the air Ama. (n) 1650 Ib