SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
1. Dark matter
2.Dark energy
3.Anti matter
4. Gravitational waves
5. Remote sensing satellite
6. Gaganyan
DARK MATTER & DARK ENERGY
Albert Einstein used phrase that empty space is not nothing. By that he meant
those regions in outer space which seems to be devoid of matter is actually having an invisible
form of matter, now called dark matter. It is around 25% of Universe.
The presence of dark matter has been confirmed by gravitational lending that isbending of light
by the matter. It is called dark matter because of the fact that it is invisible. The reason for
invisibility is that the matter don't interact withelectromagnetic induction because it is formed of
chargeless particle.
Dark matter is responsible for heating the distance constant among the objects within the galaxy.
To study dark matter focus is on Machos and wimps. Machos are massive compact hallow object
like black holes. Wimps I. E weakly interacting massive particles.
Dark energy - it is 70% of Universe. It is reason behind the acceleration in
expansion of universe. The term expansion implies the movement of the galaxies away from
each other. For long time there was presumption that expansion of universe which started with
Big Bang will gradually slow down and eventually stop.But when data sent by Hubble telescope
was analyzed the inference was that
there was continuous increase in rate of universe. To explain this phenomenon,concept of dark
energy is used. Dark energy is defined as property of space responsible for it's expansion because
of which there is extra space that means extra energy which in turn further increases the
expansion. Expansion of the universe has been supported by Red shift, cosmic microwave
background and supernova explosion.
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SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
ANTI MATTER
Anti Matter- one of the fundamental question investigated by LHC is why anti matter is not
found in nature. Anti matter is formed by anti particle with same mass but opposite charge. For
electron anti particle is positron, for proton it is anti proton for neutron is anti neutron. LHC and
brookheaven lab have synthesis some forms of anti matter like anti hydrogen anti helium but
they have failed to sustain
them for longer duration, NASA is planning to use anti matter as fuel for
interplanetary missions. They are looking to produce energy by annihilation of matter and anti
matter
Anti matter has been used in experiment called anti proton cell experiment when tumor cell was
destroyed by using anti proton and proton. As per as the evidences
of anti matter are concerned they are very few for example Pamela of NASA which has
discovered sheet of anti proton trapped in earth's magnetic field, alpha magnetic spectrometer
which has detected positron.
GRAVITATIONAL WAVES
The general theory of relativity given by Albert Einstein has further improved
newton's laws of gravitation and combined space and time into one continuum.
That is interlinking these entity, in short studying how evolution of matter has taken place.
Gravitational wave finds its origin in this theory. They are produced by collision of black holes,
binary stars, neutron stars, full stars , supernova explosions. One of the incident that took place
was the collision of two black holes. One was having 36 times the mass of sun and other was
having 29 times the mass of sun. They were moving around each other with speed almost half of
speed of light and they collided with each other to form new black hole with the mass 62 times
the mass of sun. Mass equivalent to 3 sun was released in form of energy to create the distortion
in the space time continuum. These distortions are called gravitational waves.
These waves continously washes universe but for them to be noticeable, event must be big. The
direction in which gravitational wave propagate and direction perpendicular to propagation,
There is change in the line of the earth that is why they are always in L shape.
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SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
REMOTE SENSING SATELLITE
Placed in lower orbit (160-2000km) A special case of lower orbit is polar orbit, where the
satellites move from north pole to south pole. These satellites compeletes multiple revolution in
average 24 hours and each time they passes over different location. Therefore also known as
earth observation satellite. They are used for weather information, intelligence gathering,
cartography , resource monitoring. These satellites are classified as optical satellites and micro
waves satellites. The optical satellites work by using the reflected sunlight. Means they can work
only during day time. This optical satellites are further classified in to two categories
a) General purpose- IRS
b) Dedicated – Cartosat, oceansat and resourcesat
Micro waves satellites are not dependent on reflected sunlight, rather they have their own source
of radiation. They work in all weather conditions eg- RESAT 1,2, 2b . They uses SAR (synthetic
aperture radar) technologies . Here reflected radars are used by onboard cameras to generate high
resolution images. India is planning a constellation of such satellites, NASA & ISRO will also
launch satellites of these types with name NISAR – NASA ISRO SYNTHETIC APERTURE
RADAR
NISAR
TELECOMMUNICATION SATELLITES
They are placed in geostationary earth orbit. This orbit is at height of approximately 36000
km and the conditions are , the time period-24hours, the orbital plane and the equatorial plane
should be co-planar. They are also called geostationaly satelletie because they are always above
particular place. The earlier series was INSAT, it was not exclusively dedicated for
telecommunication, they were used for meteorological services as well. The current series is G-
SAT, which are dedicated for tele command new addition in G-SAT series is of high through put
satellite. The data transmission capacity of these satellite is on higher side. ISRO has planned
four satellites G-SAT 11,19,20 & 29 in this series. Where in remote sensing new addition is
hyper spectral imaging satellites . They will use 55 different frequencies to generate to generate
colored images.
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SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
GANGAYAN
GANGAYAN: India’s space mission has been named gaganyan which has been planed for 2022,
when country will be celebrating 75th year of independence.. Three crew members will be there .
And all will be from IAF. They will be carrying capsule in orbit of around 325 km then they will
be brought back . The technical challenges in executing human space flight are
1) The rocket for this mission GSLV-MKIII has been identified as rocket. It has to successfully
complete at least 10 successful flights.
2) Re- entry technology: It is one the most vital aspect of any human space craft because there is
a specific angle at which the vehicle should re-enter. If the angle is shallow then it will be
deflected by the atmosphere and if it is sharp then it will be burn down due to friction . ISRO has
so further done 3 experiments which has been successful (SCRE-1).
In 2006-07, a capsule weighing around 600kg was placed in a circular orbit at height of 600km
and then it was brought down in Bay of Bengal. 2nd experiment was in DEC.2014, described as
(CARE). When GSLV- MKIII with passive cryogenic engine, carrying the capsule designed by
HAL, at height of 126 km the Capsule separated and returned following parabolic path. 3rd
Experiment was in May 2016, when prototype of RLV was successfully brought back
3) Two escape system: It was successfully carried out in july 2018, the purpose is to evacuate
crew members if there is emergency
4) Human rating: To check whether the capsule and rocket are suitable for carrying crew
members because the rocket GSLV-MKIII was not designed for the same
5) Environment controlled life support system: To maintain conditions inside capsule, we should
ensure the survival of the crew members like maintaining temperature, removing carbon dioxide,
reducing humidity, blocking harmful radiations.
6) Astronauts training: They will be trained at Bengaluru, France & in Russia
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SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
SIGNIFICANCE OF GAGANYAN:
India will become 4th country in World to carry out Man space mission
Such missions are vital to establish space stations.
China is already working for space station (Tiangong) by 2020. The current international space
station is working but its cost is prohibiting (7 lakh 50 thousand crore) but this space station will
have strategic role to play. In future control over space will lead to control air, land, water ,
besides this space station is platform where scientists or various interplanetary missions. In
future these can be used as launchpads for outer space missions. It is also used for conducting
researches related to astronomy, biology, physics. The ISRO chief has already said that after
Gaganyan , India will move for own station & Gaganyan will be used for carrying scientists to
the space station.
Missions like Gaganyan will have role to play in context of space mining i.e bringing the useful
elements from space to earth and it is not possible without re-entry technology
It will also contribute in exploration of outer space, The international space station has
instrument called alpha magnetic spectrometer which detects the anti matter particles
