GENERAL

IDcsg : Casing Inner Diameter

ODcsg: Casing Outer Diameter
BH Fluid : Borehole Fluid
h : Bed Thic
Thickness
hcmt : Cement Thic
Thickness
hcsg : Casing Wall Thic
Thickness
Chart: GEN-2b (Depth - Temperature - Geothermal Gradient)

Applications: Determination of geothermal gradient and temperature at a given depth

Nomenclature: Tms . . . . . . . . . mean surface temperature

d . . . . . . . . . . depth
Td . . . . . . . . . . temperature at depth d
gG . . . . . . . . . geothermal gradient

Given: Tms = 60°F

T15,000 = 290°F

Find: gG and T10,000

Procedure: Since Tms = 60°F , use the second row of Temperature axis labels below the chart. Enter the chart from
the 290°F Point on this row, projecting vertically into the chart. From the 15,000-ft point on the Depth
axis, project horizontally into the chart. Using the point of intersection of the two projections, interpolate
between the 1.4°F/100-ft. and 1.6°F/100-ft Geothermal Gradient curve to find that the geothermal
gradient is about 1.53°F/100-ft. Construct the 1.53°F/100-ft Geothermal Gradient curve by drawing a
line passing through the upper left corner of the chart and the previously found intersection point.

To find T10,000, enter the chart at 10,000-ft on the Depth axis. Project horizontally into the chart to the
1.53°F/100-ft Geothermal Gradient curve, then vertically to the Temperature axis. From the second row
of Temperature axis labels, estimate the temperature yo be 213°F.

Answer: gG = 1.53°F/100 ft and T10,000 = 213°F

Notes: gG and Td can be calculated with the following equations:

Td2 - Td1 
gG = 100  
 d2 - d1 

Td = Tms + 0.01 (G•d)

Chart: GEN-3 (Rmf and Rmc Estimation from Rm)

Applications: Determination of mud filtrate and mudcake resistivities from mud resistivity and mud density

Nomenclature: Rm . . . . . . . . . mud resisitivity

Rmc . . . . . . . . . mudcake resistivity
Rmf . . . . . . . . . mud filtrate resistivity
ρm . . . . . . . . . mud density
Km . . . . . . . . . constant which depends upon mud density

Given: Rm = 1.2 ohm•m

ρm = 13 lb/gal

Find: Rmf and Rmc

Procedure: Enter the chart at 1.2 ohm•m on the Rm axis. Project vertically to the 13 lb/gal Rmf curve (solid) and the
13 lb/gal Rmc curve (dashed). From the Rmf curve, project horizontally to the Rmf axis, there estimating
Rmf to be 0.6 ohm•m From the Rmc curve, project horizontally to the Rmc axis, there estimating Rmc to
be 2.6 ohm•m

Answer: Rmf = 0.6 ohm•m and Rmc = 2.6 ohm•m.

Notes: You can calculate Rmf and Rmc from the following equations:

1.07
Rmf = Km • Rm

 Rm 2.65
Rmc = 0.69 • Rmf •  
 Rmf 

where you obtain Km from the table below.

Mud Density

(lb/gal) (kg/m3) Km
10 1198 0.847
11 1318 0.708
12 1438 0.584
13 1558 0.488
14 1678 0.412
16 1917 0.380
18 2157 0.350

References: Overton, W.L., and Lipson, L.B., “A Correlation of Electrical Properties of Drilling Fluids With Solid
Content,” AIME, 213, 332-336 (1958).
Chart: GEN-4 (Equivalent NaCl Concentrations from Ionic Concentrations)

Applications: Determination of the equivalent NaCl concentration of a solution when ions other than Na and Cl are
present (requires information from a chemical analysis of the solution)

Nomenclature: CX . . . . . . . . . actual concentration of ion X in a solution

CNaCl-eq.X . . . . . equivalent NaCl concentration of ion X in a solution
CNaCl-eq . . . . . . total equivalent NaCl concentration of all ions in a solution

Given: A solution with the following ionic concentrations:

CNa = 25,900 ppm
CCa = 14,400 ppm
CMg = 11,700 ppm
CCl = 100,150 ppm

Find: CNaCl-eq for the solution

Procedure: For each ion, you must find the appropriate multiplier by which you will multiply that ion’s concentration
to obtain its equivalent NaCl concentration. You will then add the equivalent NaCl concentrations for
all the ions to obtain the total equivalent NaCl concentration for the solution.

The multipliers for Na and Cl are both 1. You will use the chart to find the multipliers for Ca and Mg.

To determine where to enter the chart, add the concentrations of the four ions present to obtain a total
ion concentration of 152,150-ppm. Enter the chart at 152-kppm on the Total Solids Concentration axis.
Project vertically to the Mg and Ca curves. From the Mg curve, project horizontally to the Multiplier
axis, there estimating the multiplier for Mg to be -0.10. From the Ca curve, project horizontally to
Multiplier axis, there estimating the multiplier for Ca to be 0.55.

To calculate the equivalent NaCl concentration of the solution, multiply the ionic concentrations by the
appropriate multipliers and add the results.

Ion X Cx Multiplier CNaCl-eq.X

(ppm) (ppm)
Na 25,900 1 25,900

Ca 14,400 0.55 7,920

Mg 11,700 -0.10 -1,170
Cl 100,150 1 100,150

Solution Total 152,150 132,800

Answer: CNaCl-eq = 132,800 ppm.

References: Desai, K.P., and Moore, E.J., “Equivalent NaCl Determination from Ionic Concentrations,” The Log
Analyst, May-June, 1969.
Chart: GEN-5 (Resisitivity-Salinity-Temperature Conversions of NaCl Solutions)

Applications: 1. Determination of the resistivity of a solution at a given temperature when the solution’s NaCl
concentration is known, and vice versa
2. Determination of the resistivity of an NaCl solution at a given temperature when its resistivity at
another temperature is known

Nomenclature: Rw . . . . . . . . . water resistivity

Example 1

Given: Water with an NaCl concentration of 10,000 ppm

Find: Rw @ 300°F

Procedure: Enter the chart at 300°F on the lower Temperature axis. Project vertically to the 10,000-ppm NaCl curve,
then horizontally to the right-hand Resistivity axis, there estimating Rw to be 0.14 ohm•m.

Answer: Rw = 0.14 ohm•m @ 300°F

Example 2

Given: Rw = 0.7 ohm•m @ 200°F

Find: Rw at 100°F

Procedure: Enter the chart at 0.7 ohm•m on the right-hand Resistivity axis. Project horizontally to the 200°F line.
The point of intersection lies on the 3,000-ppm Salinity curve. Follow the 3,000-ppm Salinity curve until
it intersects the 100°F line, then project horizontally to the left-hand Resistivity axis, there estimating Rw
to be 1.4 ohm•m.

Answer: Rw = 1.4 ohm•m @ 100°F

Notes: Although less accurate, you can use the following equation to approximate such temperature-induced
changes in the resistivity of an NaCl solution.

 T1 + k 
R2 = R1  
 T2 + k 

where k = 6.77 when T1 and T2 are expressed in °F

k = 21.5 when T1 and T2 are expressed in °C

Reference: Arps, J.J., “The Effects of Temperature on the Density and Electrical Resistivity of Sodium Chloride
Solutions,” Trans. AIME, (1953) 198, 327-330.
Chart: GEN-6 (Formation Resistivity Factor versus Porosity)

Applications: Determination of formation resistivity factor for a given porosity and rock type (or formation factor
coefficient and cementation exponent)

Nomenclature: F . . . . . . . . . . formation resistivity factor

a ... . . . . . . . formation factor coefficient
m ... . . . . . . . cementation exponent
φ ... . . . . . . . porosity

Given: a=1
m = 1.8
φ = 20%

Find: F

Procedure: Enter the chart at 20% on the left-hand Porosity axis. Project horizontally to the m = 1.8 curve, then
vertically to the upper F axis, there estimating F to be 18.

Answer: F = 18

Note: In general, you can calculate F from

a
F=
φm

For granular or sandstone formations, use the Humble Equation:

0.62
F=
φ2.15
or

0.81
F=
φ2

For carbonate formations, use

1
F=
φ2
or, more generally,

1
F=
φm

For low porosity carbonate formations, use the Bigelow Equation:

0.62
F=
φ(2.05 - φ)
 φ

φ
φ

φ
φ
Chart: GEN-7 (Gas Density Estimation for Methane, CH4: Function of Temperature
and Pressure)

Applications: Approximation of the density, apparent density, and hydrogen index of methane, given its temperature
and pressure

Nomenclature: Tg . . . . . . . . . . gas temperature

Pg . . . . . . . . . . gas pressure
ρg . . . . . . . . . . gas density
ρga . . . . . . . . . apparent gas density (electron density)
IH . . . . . . . . . . hydrogen index of the gas

Given: Tg = 250°F
Pg = 6,400 psi

Find: ρg, ρga, and IH

Procedure: Enter the chart at 6.4 kpsi on the lower Pressure axis. Project vertically to a point midway between 200°F
and 300°F curves. This approximates a point on the 250°F curve. From this point, project left to the
Gas Density axis, there estimating ρg to be 0.26 g/cc. Then project to the right to the Apparent Gas
Density (ρga) and Hydrogen Index (IH) axis, there estimating ρga to be 0.158 g/cc and IH to be 0.5725.

Answer: ρg = 0.26 g/cc, ρga = 0.158 g/cc, and IH = 0.5725.

Notes: You can calculate ρga and IH from the following equations:

ρga = 1.33 ρg - 0.188

IH = 2.2 ρg
 ρ
ρ