INTRODUCTION

The Lansium domesticum have a yellowish skin is easy to peel, revealing a near translucent,
segmented flesh underneath. The lanzones taste is almost akin to that of a grapefruit, though
slightly less bitter, and not overflowing with juice. Inside some
of the Lanzones segments are dark seeds. I’ve eaten a few
with no ill effects as they are soft, but they are very bitter. The
lanzones fruit itself is very refreshing, and not heavy at all.
The only ill effect is that they can leave your fingers quite
sticky. But unlike other fruit, not to the extent to stain your
clothes. The Lanzones fruit is celebrated on the southern
island of Camiguin. Where once a year, they celebrate its
harvest with the Lanzones festival. Usually around October.
Be aware that due to over harvesting the festival now only
uses real lanzones once every two years. 2013 According to
Figure 1Lanzones fruit from the Philippines.
Philippine legend, the lanzones fruit used to be poisonous
and extremely sour. But one day, a woman and her child
were traveling along a road, very hungry. Finding only lanzones trees around and having
nothing else to eat, the woman reached for the poisonous fruit, pinched one open and fed it to
her child. From then on, the lanzones became sweet and edible. The woman turned out to be
the Virgin Mary. (That is seriously how the story is told. The festival is in its 39th celebration this
2019. With that said, the estimated year where the festival started was in the year 1979 more or
less. That’s about 40 years almost. This is just one of the many festivals that have been
celebrated by Filipinos in different regions and islands that’s quite old.

The Lanzones festival celebrates the tropical fruit that grows from the Lanzones tree or what
other country calls the Lansium Parasitucum. Originally, the Lanzones tree can be traced back
from Malaysia and not from the Philippines. As known, the Philippines connect most countries in
the east in so many ways. The geographical structure of the country would tell that it is a perfect
trade route for people back in the days. It is highly possible that the seeds or the roots of the
tree were traded from Malaysia and become prosperous in the Philippines due to convenient
tropical weather which greatly benefits the growth of the tree. The festival is at least or about 4
days of grand and fun events and activities. The island of Camiguin features their best
production of Lanzones fruits ever produced at a great and affordable price. The celebration
also includes different activities such as agricultural and industrial crafts from the Island such as
amazing cottages and beatification of barangay participating in the event. The date of the event
also coincides with the harvest season of the month which is around October. It is also a great
time as export of fruit production is at its peak, making it the number one source of income of
the Island importing and exporting to different places in the Philippines as well as internationally.
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Land Preparation

Land Preparation Land preparation is done during the dry season or before the onset of the
rainy season to expose the soil from sunlight by deep plowing and harrowing especially when
the farm is open and or under coconut trees. As soon as the land is ready, layout stakes based
on the distance of planting to be used. Under coconut
trees, lay-out stakes at the center of the squares to
form a quincunx planting system. In open field, the
distance of planting varies depending on the variety to
be planted. For Longkong, the distance can be 6 m by
6 m having a population of 300 plants per hectare. For
Duke, Paete, Jolo and the sexually derived plants will
be wider at 8 m by 8 m apart with a population of 156
plants per hectare. After staking, dig out holes 2-3
Figure 2Land Preparation. days before planting. The sizes of the holes are at
least 2-3 times larger than the size of the seedling
bag. During holing, take soil samples for analysis that will be used as basis for fertilization. For
backyard planting, dig a hole wide and deep enough to accommodate the plant with a ball of
soil. For medium to large scale planting, prepare the land thoroughly. For second growth forest,
trees are cut down, and burn the trees as they dry. Leave the stumps to decay and plant without
plowing. In open land and under coconut, do the deep plowing to loosen the soil followed by
harrowing. As soon as the land is ready, make a stake a distance 5-7 meters. Under the
coconut, set the stakes at the center of the squares formed by the coconut trees. Since coconut
trees are usually spaced 8 m apart, the resulting distance for lanzones is also 8 meters.
Dig holes at the positions previously occupied by the stakes.

Planting and Spacing Planting is best done during the rainy

season. Before planting, check the holes if there is stagnant
water. Drain water or construct canals to exit water to the main
stream. Mix organic fertilizer such as chicken dung or
vermicast with the top soil from the dug holes at 50:50 ratio.
Prior to planting, put 50% of the mixture at the bottom of the
hole and use the remaining 50% to cover the hole with the
planting material. In planting, remove the plastic bag that holds
the plant without breaking the ball of earth. This is done by
cutting the bottom and the side of the plastic bag using a blade
Figure 3Planting spacing in lanzones. or knife and set the plant in the hole with care. Newly planted
seedling requires shade to protect them from direct sunlight
which causes sun scalding, scorching, and leaf abscission that result to death of the seedling.
Shades can be coconut fronds, fish nets and banana leaves with tree guards to protect the
plants from stray animals like goats, cows and carabaos. During drier months, it is advisable to
cover or wrap the stem of the lanzones with banana leaf sheath to minimize transpiration.
 Weeding Control in Lanzones
Training and Pruning Sexually propagated plants tend to grow erect
when they are not top pruned during vegetative stage. A seedling
tree should be cut back when it reaches one meter high to enhance
development of jorquettes. This jorquettes will be the primary branch
that will allow secondary branch to produce flowers and fruits.
Tertiary branches and water sprouts should be removed otherwise if
left unattended this will grow into big branches and competes with
the main branches for fruit production. Pruning of excess branches
also allows air circulation and sunlight penetration inside the tree that
prevent growth and development of pests and diseases. For grafted
plants, water sprouts that grow below the graft union should likewise
Figure 4Weeding control in Lanzones
be removed. If not, this will grow faster than the scion and emerge as
a seedling rootstock. Asexually propagated plants tend to produce its
own jorquettes even if they not top pruned at vegetative stage. Eventually, secondary branches
should be removed to provide space of the primary branches and trained to grow downward to
open space for air entrance. All wounds incurred during pruning should be painted with water
base paint (latex) to prevent from fungal infection. Dead branches, twigs damaged by twig
borers should be removed and burned. If not, this will cause death of the tree by boring;
tunneling the soft core of the twigs and branches and eventually the tree dies. Flower and Fruit
Management Flower Induction For seedling grown trees, flowering usually starts at the age of
10-15 years while grafted trees at 7 years from planting. The flowering season differ from each
region. In Luzon, especially in Southern Tagalog, the flowering season is from April to June, and
in Mindanao is in January to April. Flower buds are sometimes dormant for 1-2 years and make
it alternate bearer depending on the environmental and nutritional condition of the tree.
Pruning
Lanzones trees especially “Paete” variety tend to grow erect. Train the young plants to increase
a spreading growth habit of the trees. Cut the top about ~ meter from the ground. This practice
forces the growth of lateral branches to come out below the cut. Allow only 2 to 3 well-spaced
branches to develop and remove the rest. Spreading branches tend to have more bearing
surfaces, facilitate harvesting of fruits and control bark borers. Remove also the water sprouts,
infested and dead branches and those with clinging parasitic plants. Since lanzones has a
cauliflorous fruiting habit (borne on trunk and large branches), it is advisable to remove small,
unproductive branches in the interior of the tree.
Flower thinning Remove excess cluster of flowers that emerge in tertiary and small branches,
short clusters (less than 3 inches) and overcrowded clusters to prevent deformities in fruits.
Clearing/Ring Weeding Intercropping and Cover cropping
Lanzones is a good intercrop under coconut in the Philippines. Ring weed and cultivate in the
area at least twice a year during the early life of the plant. In an open area, short-season crops
can be grown between rows of lanzones to give additional income. When it is not economical
anymore, cover crops are used such as colopogonium, and Tropical Kudzu. When irrigation
facilities are not available in the orchard, employ mulching around the tree to conserve moisture
and to add to the organic matter when decomposed.
 Fertilization Practice in Lanzones Production

During the first year, apply about 400g ammonium sulfate per tree, apply in 2 installments, one
month after planting and before the end of the rainy season. As the plants grow bigger,
correspondingly increase the amount of fertilizer to be applied each year. At fruiting stage, trees
need additional phosphorous and potassium. Apply one kg of complete fertilizer per tree during
the first year of fruiting. Increase the amount every year as the tree grows older and bigger and
as the fruit yield increases. At the peak of fruiting, an annual
application of at least 2 kg complete fertilizer per tree may be
required. Fertilize your tree twice a year. Fertilize your tree with 200g
of ammonium sulfate fertilizer a month after you plant it and a month
before the rainy season. Once the tree starts to bear fruit, you'll want
to change the fertilizer you're using to a complete 14-14-14 fertilizer
so that you can provide the tree with additional phosphorus and
potassium.
Irrigation is one of the major agricultural activities because the plant
production is proportional to water use. It is becoming a limiting factor
not only in Indian subtropics but its reduction has been observed
globally. The current decrease of predicted water resources are
Figure 5Fertilization in Lanzones
leading to urgent need to adopt a strategy which could be applied to
efficiently utilize water without affecting the growth, yield and quality
of a plant in agro ecosystem. In fruit agro ecosystem, sometime introduced plants have different
water needs than the ability of ecosystem provide for naturally. The water need of the fruit tree
is governed by the annual phonological and soil-water-plant relationship. Fruit trees require
frequent irrigation during fruit development and mismanagement of water supply to trees at
critical stages leads to fruit drop, reduced fruit size and quality. So, proper irrigation is essential
in maintaining a healthy and productive fruit orchard. Whereas over irrigation slow root growth,
increases the potential for iron chlorosis in alkaline soils, and
leaches nitrogen, sulfur and boron out of the root zone leading to
nutrient deficiencies. It can also induce excessive vegetative vigor.
Excessive soil moisture also provides an ideal environment for
crown and collar rots in peach. On the other hands applying
insufficient irrigation water results in drought stress and reduced
fruit size and quality.
Lanzones can be enhanced to produce flowers by irrigation,
flooding or watering after a period of dry spell. When the tree are
stress after exposure to dry period for 30 days and followed by
irrigation, dormant buds emerge to produce profuse flowers. Water
the newly planted seedlings regularly,
Figure 6Irrigation Practice in Lanzones
and provide irrigation to the bearing trees to induce
flowering. Irrigation, however, induces flowering only when
preceded by a 6-8 weeks water shortage. Sustained water supply is necessary in an orchard,
otherwise the flowers and fruits will not develop well. Provide it with an adequate water during
summer months. Water the trees enough to keep the soil moist. If you are growing your trees
outside and there is regular rainfall, you won't need to water them regularly. If you're growing
 them inside or there is a dry period, however, you should use a watering can to water the plants
every day. Keep the soil moist, but not overly wet. You can test this by poking your finger deep
into the soil. If it's dry an inch under the surface, it's well watered.

Harvesting Practice in Lanzones

Harvest the fruit 140-150 days from flower formation. Harvest the fruit early in the day or later in
the evening when the sun is not hot. Cut the fruit stalk with shears or a sharp knife. Do not
detach the fruit's branch where it connects to the tree, or it won't be able to grow fruit on that
branch in the future. Harvest the fruits 140-150 days from flower
formation to fruit ripening. Do the harvesting early in the HARVESTING
AND POSTHARVEST HANDLING Harvesting is usually done when all
the fruits in the cluster or fruits in the tree are fully ripe. The best index
to check for the proper maturity and ripeness of lanzones is the color of
the fruit stalk. When the color of the fruit stalk changes from green to
brown, the fruits are already ripe or when the skin of the fruits turns
brownish yellow. Some buyers harvest their lanzones by priming or by
selecting the ripe fruits and retaining the fruit with sting of green. At this
stage, the fruit taste sour. It is advisable to harvest the fruit when there
is enough sunlight and free of moisture during packing in harvesting, a
sharp knife or pruning shear should be used by cutting off the base of
Figure 7Harvesting Practice in the fruit stalk or bunch treatment of Fruit Bunch, Sorting, Packaging
Lanzones and Storing At harvest, the bunches are dip in water with powder soap
for 5 minutes to remove the ants staying in the fruit. The ants will float
and should be removed and the fruits will be air dried before packing in cartoons or crates. Non-
marketable or damaged fruits must be sorted out. Fruit of lanzones are highly perishable. Its
shelf life is so short and it needs packaging materials to extend its freshness and palatability for
one week. The fruit bunch can be wrapped in newspaper and enclosed in plastic bags and
stored in the refrigerator’s vegetable section. Morning or late in the afternoon. Fruiting and
harvesting season in Mindanao is from July to November. Off-season fruiting is from January to
April. Lanzones has an alternate bearing habit. Harvest when the fruits are fully mature, have
turned full straw yellow in color, usually in bunch. Fruits clipped-off in bunches with a pruning
shear or knife by climbing the tree with the use of ladder. Pack the fruits in kaings or cartons
lined with newspaper, dried leaves or foam.

Common Pest attack in Lanzones

 Mussel scale insects are among the identified pests seriously infesting the lanzones tree
during its growth period, thereby adversely affecting production. Feeding on the lower surface of
the leaf, scale insects suck the leaf tissues which cause death and foliage abscission. This
renders the tree unproductive, eventually leading to its death.
  As a component of an integrated pest management (IPM)
approach to fight the pest, the Southern Mindanao Integrated
Agricultural Research Center based in Davao City collaborated
with the Regional Crop Protection Center of Region 11 and the
Bureau of Plant Industry–Davao to implement a project involving
biological control against the scale insects. With funding support
from the Bureau of Agricultural Research under the DA’s High
Value Crops Development Program, the project aims to equip
the region’s lanzones growers with information about Chilocorus
nigrita and the processes involved for its mass production. Black
Chilocorus or black beetles, C. nigrita are sub-rounded beetles
which are hemispherical in shape. Along with C. circumdatus, Figure 8Scale insect in Lanzones
Chilocorus are considered as beneficial insects that voraciously feed on mussel scale insects.
The project aims to follow a natural approach in lowering infestations, introducing C. nigrita to
lanzones plantations to serve as predators on the scale insects. Observations showed that after
a month from releasing C. nigrita in the field, affected leaves had almost returned to normal
conditions. In mass producing C. nigrita, squash was used as a medium and source of feeding
material. Coconut scale insects were also reared to serve as the alternate hosts of the predator.
Once the scale insects had proliferated, C. nigrita was introduced into the set-up. After
multiplying and turning into adults after 42-45 days, the C. nigrita beetles were then released
onto the branches or directly on the leaves of infected lanzones trees. Releasing was done early
in the morning with a standard of 100 heads per tree.
One adopter of the technology was Enrique Cadena, an owner of a
10-hectare farm in Calinan, Davao City. Along with the different fruit
trees planted in his farm are about 1,000 lanzones trees of duke
and native varieties. Upon learning about the technology, he was
able to develop his own rearing cages of C. nigrita. Apart from
appropriate pest and disease management strategies, keeping tabs
on several factors such as weather, temperature, and vegetation in
order to anticipate problems that could affect the crop, and
observing proper field sanitation can help the country’s lanzones
production get back on track.                    
Pathogenic disease the most serious disease of lanzones is root, a
Figure 9Chilocorus in Lanzones fungus that attacks the bearing and non-bearing trees. This is
common in low- lying areas where water are not well-drained
during heavy rains. The fungus enters the roots through injuries and infection starts in the lateral
roots and move towards the main root going up to the main trunk. The disease can be
prevented by providing good drainage, sanitation and drenching of fungicide such as Ridomil.
Another disease affecting the lanzones is the scabbing of the bark that makes the bark crack
and bulged wherein caterpillar moth can laid its eggs on the bark and where larvae feed on the
surface of the bark that affects the flowering of lanzones. The scabbing can be control by
spraying Copper Fungicide together with insecticide. B. Non-pathogenic disease Fruit cracking
is one of the most important problem in lanzones during maturity and ripening. This problem is
usually observed on trees that are stressed due to water shortage during dry period and
suddenly followed by rain. The splitting or cracking is due to osmotic pressure in which there is
absorption of water in roots and translocate to the fruits. When the tree is starved with water, the
fruit skin is turgid and when rains fall, the fruit cracks. To prevent this malady, the tree and fruits
should be sprayed with water to moistened the skin of the fruits and irrigate or water the base of
the trunk when fruits are about to mature and ripen during dry spell. Importantly, the base of the
trunk should be mulched before dry spell to conserve moisture to prevent the tree from water
stress. Trees with maturing fruits should be sprayed weekly with fresh water in the foliage and
fruits during dry periods.

Control Measures

Biological Control
Chilocorus circumdatus or red chilocorus, a helmet-shaped lady
bird beetle and Chilocorus nigrita or black chilocorus, sub-rounded
beetle hemispherical in shape, are beneficial insects that feed on
mussel scale insects infecting Lanzones. The Chilocorus are
voracious feeders, so it was adopted as natural approach in
controlling mussel- scale insects that feed and infest the sap of
leaves of the lanzones. With the appropriate management strategy
using the biological insects, there could be total decline in the
population of scale insects in infesting the lanzones. Currently,
Lanzones trees were devastated by the infestation of mussel scale
insect that cause the eventual death of the plant. In the
development of the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach
of the Department of Agriculture Region XI through the Regional Figure 10Bio Control of Scale insect in
Crop Protection Center in coordination with the Bureau of Plant Lanzones
Industry, the use of beneficial insects and other control strategies
are essential components. In the project “Mass Rearing of Chilocorus nigrita as Biological
Control of Scale Insects in Lanzones, field observations showed that after one (1) month from
field release of Chilocorus s the affected leaves of the trees have almost returned back to their
normal condition.
Cultural Control
Suppress pest problems by minimizing the conditions they need to live (water, shelter, and
food). Planting plants that are adapted to your growing conditions, planting them in the right
place, giving proper attention to their water and nutritional needs and the like. Strong plants
resist diseases, outgrow weeds and are less likely to succumb to insects. Longkong is a special
kind of lanzones came from Thailand. It can be grown in other Asian countries like the
Philippines where native lanzones flourished and in demand anywhere in the country. Lanzones
can be grown either through seed or grafting. Crown grafting is a technique where the leaves of
the scion will remain during the grafting process. It hasten the growth of the mother plants
in giving multiple rootstocks. By this method, more scions can be taken in a short period of time.
A flat field or rolling land is ideal for growing longkong. It prefers sandy or loamy soil. It can be
planted at the distance of 6 x 6 meters. Dig a hole deep enough to accommodate the ball of soil
that supported the grafted planting materials. Make sure that the soil in the bag containing the
grafted plants should be above the soil surface. Then make a mound of soil around the plants.
The purpose is to prevent the water from the rain or from irrigation to remain at the base of the
plants that will affect its growth due to accumulated water around it. The pocket of water can rot
the root especially during rainy days.

Physical Control
Prevent pest access to the host or area, or, if the pests are already present, physically removing
them by some means. For example, this could mean using barriers, traps, vacuuming, mowing
or tillage, depending upon the pest and situation. “Scale insects suck the sap of the leaves
causing it to defoliate. This impairs plant growth, loss of vigor, and underdevelopment of the
fruits as it can no longer get nutrients from leaves,” Reloba said. Since damaged tree cannot
fully absorb nutrients, the quality of the fruit deteriorates leading to its sour taste. Reloba said
farmers must practice sanitation to reduce if not eliminate the damage of the pest. To minimize
the spread of the insects, Reloba said farmers must cut and burn infested leaves and branches.
“Scale insects are crawlers and can be easily carried by winds causing the insects to transfer
from one tree to the other resulting to wide spread infestation,” Reloba said. Farmers can easily
detect infestation as the leaves of the tree turn reddish and defoliates. If infestation is severe,
Reloba said insecticide must be applied. He however warned farmers to judiciously apply
insecticides as only those in the nymph or early stage would be affected by insecticide
application. Insecticides can no longer penetrate mature scale insects as they have developed
an “armor-like” protection through its scales. Reloba advises farmers to practice pre-treatment
particularly the application of banana oil before applying insecticides in matured scale insects.
During 2004 scale insects’ infestation in South Cotabat, entomologists from the Bureau of Plant
Industry found an orange-colored (Cocconellid) beetle preying on the insect. This beetle had
been identified as biological agent that can control pest population in the area. Authorities are
now propagating the beetle in a laboratory in Tacurong City in Sultan Kudarat. Control of scale
insects is a community effort and our farmers must be informed on practical measures. Once
early signs are detected, farmers must practice sanitation to prevent the insect from spreading
further,” Reloba said. – Noel T. Provido

Chemical Control
There are many "chemicals" that are used in pest management situations, but not all chemicals
are alike from the standpoint of their range of action, toxicity, or persistence in the environment.
There will be more information on the classes of chemicals in the Learning to Use Tactics
section, Activity Lessons from Labels. A deadly pest bedeviling lanzones trees, resulting in
lower yields and sour-tasting fruits, has spread to two towns in the South. Agriculturists,
however, are hoping bio-control methods such as the introduction of pest-eating beetles could
solve the problem. By the middle of the year, lanzones should have already flooded local
markets in the Central Mindanao region but the infestation of
mussel-scale insects hardly made the fruit visible on the stands.
Pepito S. Leyza, regional crop protection center head of the
Department of Agriculture, said the pests have spread from the
towns of Magpet, Makilala and Kidapawan City to President
Roxas and Kabacan, all in North Cotabato province. In
September last year, mussel-scale insect (Lepidosaphes ulmi)

Figure 11Boree Chemical control in Lanzones

infestations resulted in losses of P5 million to lanzones growers in the town of Magpet alone.
The pests invaded at over 200,000 trees in 20 villages of Makilala 15 in Magpet and 25 in
Kidapawan. "The pests, which are difficult to control, might now spread to the town of Arakan,"
Mr. Leyza said. To date, he noted the pests have invaded 550,976 trees in North Cotabato. No
figure for the damage, however, was given. Mussel-scale insects attack the leaves of the
lanzones, eventually rendering the fruit with a sour taste. United Kingdom-based Kendall
Bioresearch Services said the insects "attack many deciduous trees and shrubs, including
apples and other fruit and ornamental trees. Infestations are most severe on older trees and
may impair plant growth and vigor." Mr. Leyza said that spraying the infected trees with
chemicals (Malathion 5 EC and Actara 25 WG) proved ineffective. "Weekly spraying did not give
positive results because of the defense mechanism [of the pests] characterized by the waxy
substance which covers the body during molting of the nymphal stage," he said. "Once the
nymphs settled down, insecticide spraying is not effective [even] to female adults." Trunk
injection using Actara 25 WG gave a positive result in the five-month test period. The pest
population in two sites was totally wiped out but this was not followed through because of a
change in the weather. A team from the University of the Philippines in Los Baños (UPLB),
headed by Jose R. Medina, has recommended a natural tack to eradicate the infestation. Two
species of beetles — the black and orange coccinellids — were found feeding on the pests.
Samples of black coccinellid (Chilocoros nigrilus) were brought to UPLB for identification and
were discovered to be voracious feeders. Mr. Leyza said the regional crop protection center has
adopted the natural approach by mass-producing the two beetle species at their laboratory in
Tacurong City. Reproduction of the beetles involves using squash as medium and coconut
scale insect (Aspidiotus destructor), as host of the predators. Kidapawan City, one of the
localities ravaged by the pest, has established a laboratory for the production of the beetles, Mr.
Leyza said. He urged the Agriculture main office to provide funds for the setting up of more
laboratories to reproduce the beetles that can easily multiply in a week to three weeks’ time.

Integrated Pest Management

The goal of using multiple tactics or "many small hammers" is to effectively suppress pests
below injurious levels and avoiding outbreaks. Many
tactics keep pest populations off-balance and avoids
development of resistance to pesticides. Least-toxic
effective methods are used before more toxic ones
whenever possible. Suppress pest problems by
minimizing the conditions they need to live (water,
shelter, and food). Planting plants that are adapted to
your growing conditions, planting them in the right

Figure 12Alton N. Spaks, Jr., University of Georgia,

and [Link]
place, giving proper attention to their water. Strong plants resist diseases, outgrow weeds and
are less likely to succumb to insects. Prevent pest access to the host or area, or, if the pests are
already present, physically removing them by some means. For example, this could mean using
barriers, traps, vacuuming, mowing or tillage, depending upon the pest and situation. Use pest-
resistant plant varieties developed by classical plant breeding. Recently, this category has been
expanded to include genetically engineered pest resistance, such as corn or potatoes. There
are also special uses of genetic techniques on pests themselves, such a "sterile male" insect
releases. Use predators, parasites and diseases of pests in a targeted way to suppress pest
populations. Use of microbial diseases of pests have become part of the chemical pesticide
registration process and is treated below under Chemical methods. Use of predators and
parasites as biocontrol for pests are handled in one or more of 3 ways;
 conservation and encouragement of naturally occurring bio control organisms by cultural
techniques or at least avoidance of harming them
 augmentation of naturally occurring species by purchasing and releasing more of the
same
 "Classical" biological control in which new bio control species specific to pests are
sought and introduced.
There are many "chemicals" that are used in pest management situations, but not all chemicals
are alike from the standpoint of their range of action, toxicity, or persistence in the environment.
There will be more information on the classes of chemicals in the Learning to Use Tactics
section, Activity Lessons from Labels. Bio rational chemicals are those that are less universally
toxic and target a specific aspect of pest biology. An example might be diatomaceous earth
used to scratch the surface of insects to dehydrate them, or microbial pesticides that affect only
a specific group of insects. There are some bio rational chemical tactics that are hard to classify
by toxicity or that are used together in innovative ways with other tactics. An example of this
would be insect pheromones used together with sticky traps. Pheromones are the chemicals
produced by insects to attract their mates, and so these substances are not toxic. But they can
be used in large amounts to "confuse" the mating process or to attract insects to a trap. Other
examples of such chemicals are repellants, attractants, and ant feeding agents. Conventional
pesticides currently refers to synthetically produced compounds that act as direct toxins (nerve
poisons, stomach poisons, etc.) There are many new classes of chemicals being added to the
older conventional pesticides. Regulatory control refers to the role played by government
agencies in trying to stop the entry or spread of pests into an area or into the country via
inspection, quarantine, destruction of infested material, and other methods.

References;

Dave, 2010,.Lanzones fruit food from the Philippines

Timbrook,R,2020. Lanzones Festival
Loquias, 2019,.Production Guide for Lanzones
Kurtz, L, 2020,.How to grow Lanzones
Kour,G&Bakshi, P, 2018,. Irrigation Management Practices and their Influence on fruit Agro
ecosystem
2017, .Fighting Lanzones insect with Chilocorus Nigrita
2013, .Bio Control of Scale insect in Lanzones
Koronadal, 2008, .Chemicals no Match for Lanzones Pest.
2011, .Integrated Pest Management.