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BASIC ENGLISH
Language is a vehicle of our thoughts.
A vehicle in perfect condition delivers the goods properly.
Language in proper form expresses the thoughts in proper sense.
When we want to express what we think we deliver in the form of speech.
Different words constitute to our speech. Such words, as per traditional grammar, are classified
based on eight parts of speech.
PARTS OF SPEECH
1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Adjective
4. Verb
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection
Each part of speech explains not what the word is but on the usage of the word.
1:- NOUN
The noun is a word which denotes a person, any living being, a place, a thing and an idea called
noun.
SINGULAR AND PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS
Most of the Noun of singular form change to plural forms by adding the letter 's'.
E.g.
Mother : Mothers
Girl : girls
Pen : pens
Book : books
Hand : hands
Peak : peaks
School : schools
Road : roads
Car : cars
Cycle : cycles
Nouns ending in s, sh, es, qz get the plural forms by adding 'es' at the end of the words.
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E.g.
Bus : Buses
Bush : Bushes
Branch : Branches
Box : Boxes
Topez : Topazes
TYPES OF NOUN
A:Common Noun B:Proper Noun C:Abstract Noun D:Collective Noun
E:Compound Noun F:Countable Noun
A: Common Noun: A word of Noun, which denotes in common to every person or every
thing of the same kind or class is defined as a common noun.
Examples:
i) Asia is a continent.
Continent is a common noun. Continent is a word applicable to any other Continent.
ii) Quetta is the capital of Baluchistan.
Capital is applicable to any other capital. So capital is a common Noun.
B: Proper Noun: A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place or thing. A word of
proper noun is always written with a capital letter as the first letter of the word.
Examples:
i) Asia is a continent.
Asia is a proper noun. Asia represents a particular continent.
ii) Quetta is the capital of Baluchistan.
These words are applicable only to a particular city and a country respectively. So Quetta and
Baluchistan are proper nouns.
C: Abstract Noun: An abstract noun is a Noun which usually denotes a quality, actions or state
without reference to the object to which it pertains.
Examples:
Kindness, Hatred, Honesty, Bravery, Laughter, Childhood, Youth, Music, Obedience, Growth.
D: Collective Noun: A word denoting a number of persons or things taken together but spoken
of as one is a Collective Noun.
Examples:
Every Nation maintain its own ARMY. /Army means a number of soldiers.
My uncle in the village owns a HERD of sheep. / Herd means a number of sheep.
Durin Sundays we see a big CROWD on the Marina beach. / Crowd means a number of people.
So these words in CAPITAL LETTERS are called Collective Nouns.
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E:Compound Noun: Two or more nouns combine to form a single noun and functions as a
single noun. Such a noun is called a compound noun.
Examples:
The Bus Driver drives carefully.
A school teacher resides in our apartment.
Mango fruit juice is very tasty.
The bus conductor is cordial to the passengers.
F:Countable Noun: Countable nouns are the names of people, objects etc., that we can count.
We can count what or whom the said words denote.
Examples:
Book, Friend, Brother, teacher, Doctor, Cow, Tree, Mango.

2:- PRONOUN
A pronoun is a word which is used on the place /instead of a Noun.
Eg:-
My friend Asad came to my residence yesterday and Asad spent the whole day with me.
My friend Asad came to my residence yesterday and he spent the whole day with me.
The word Asad is a noun. In the second sentence Asad (Noun) is replaced by the word he.
Here he is known as a Pronoun.
I, we, you, he, she, they, it are personal pronouns.
Eg.
I am glad to receive you.
She suffers in her present job.
We will meet again on Sunday.
They returned home safely.
It is in the steel box.
In the above sentences the underlined pronouns are acting as the subjects of the sentences. So
they are called SUBJECTIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
TYPES OF PRONOUN
A: Personal Pronouns B: Demonstrative Pronouns C: Interrogative Pronoun
D: Relative Pronoun E: Indefinite pronoun F: Reflexive pronoun
A: Personal Pronouns: Personal pronouns represent people or things. The personal pronouns
are: I, you, he, she, it, we, they etc.
They are of two types
OBJECTIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS
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POSSESSIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS

OBJECTIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS
In a sentence if a personal pronoun takes the form of object of the sentence, it is called as
Objective Personal Pronoun.
Objective personal pronouns are: me, you, her, him, it, us, them and her.
Ex.
i).The Principal said, "Dear Students, our Chief Guest will address you."
ii). Please, don't force me to accept your gift.
iii). We have to advise him to live with her in their interest.
iv). It is hung on the wall.
v). Give us an opportunity.
vi). Please treat them in a decent manner.
POSSESSIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS
This kind of pronoun is a word which reveals the possessive aspect of an object or a person.
The possessive personal pronouns are yours, mine, his, hers, ours, theirs, and its.
i). Brother, the big house in our village is YOURS and the plot in the town is MINE.
ii). HIS pen is in the cupboard.
iii). THEIRS will be handed over to them shortly.
iv). OURS is a very nice farm house.

B: Demonstrative Pronouns: The words of pronouns that are used to point out the objects to
which they refer are called Demonstrative Pronouns.
This, that, these and those are Demonstrative Pronouns.
Ex.
This is one of the shirts which I purchased on the eve of my marriage.
Mangoes from any other place are not so tasty as those from Shujabad in Punjab.
These are the favourites of youngsters among the latest designs of 'T' shirts in our shop.
The car which I posses now is costlier than that used during my youth.

C: Interrogative Pronoun: An Interrogative pronoun is used to ask questions.

The interrogative pronouns are who, whom, which, where, whoever, wherever, whichever
and whatever.
Ex.
Who discovered America?
By whom this book was written?
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Which is your choice of the gift articles exhibited here?

What is your ambition in life?
D: Relative Pronoun: Relative Pronoun is a word which joins statements, performing the
work of a pronoun and also the work of a conjunction.
Ex.The underlined words are called Relative Pronoun.
i). Yesterday I met my friend Ashfaq. Ashfaq had just recovered from his illness.
Yesterday I met my friend Ashfaq who had just recovered from his illness.
ii). Just now I have found my Notebook. My Notebook was missing since last Sunday.
Just now I have found my Notebook which was missing since last Sunday.
iii). You see this ring. The ring was presented by you on the event of my marriage.
You see this ring that was presented by you on the event of my marriage.
E: Indefinite pronoun: The pronouns which denote persons or things in a general way but do
not refer to any particular person or thing are known as Indefinite Pronouns.
Ex.
i). Many people were invited for the function but only some of them attended.
ii). Everything is placed in the proper place. After the arrival of the place we did not see any of
them.
iii). None of them was ready to face the trial in the court.
iv). Each and everyone should be provided with all facilities in our campus.
F: Reflexive pronoun: Reflexive pronoun is a word which refers back to the subject of the
sentence of clause. Myself, ourselves, himself, herself, themselves, yourself, yourselves, itself
are Reflexive pronouns can also act as intensive pronouns.
Ex.
I myself wash my clothes.
My son himself chose the branch of his higher studies.
My daughter herself chooses her dresses always.
It is better you decide your future of yourself.
We ourselves have planted trees in our colony.
The hen itself hatches its eggs.
3:- ADJECTIVE
Adjective is a word which qualifies or modifies a noun. To say an adjective is a word with a
noun to add something for its meaning.
Ex. Peacock is a bird.
Peacock is a beautiful bird. The word beautiful is an adjective.
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The underlined words are all adjectives.

Gold is a costly metal.
Intercity Express is a fast train.
He is a handsome actor.
Tiger is a ferocious animal.
My friend gave me six sweet apples.
I got enough time to prepare for the competitive examinations.
TYPES OF ADJECTIVES
A. Possessive Adjective B. Interrogative Adjectives C. Demonstrative Adjectives
D. Numeral adjective E. Descriptive Adjectives
A. Possessive Adjective: Possessive Adjective is a word similar to a possessive pronoun, but it
functions as an adjective.
My, you, his, her, our, their, its etc. These are possessive adjectives.
Examples:
My duty is over.
Please give me your phone number.
His ring is made of gold.
After heavy purchases for the festival she found her purse empty.
We have enough savings for the future of our children.
Parents should never be neglected by their sons.
The bird builds its nest.
B. Interrogative Adjectives: Interrogative adjective is like an interrogative pronoun; but this
word modifies the noun to function as an adjective.
"What" and "Which" are interrogative adjectives.
Ex.
Which places are to be visited during our tour?
What book is your favorite?
C. Demonstrative Adjectives: The Demonstrative adjectives are identical to the demonstrative
pronouns; but they are used as adjectives.
This, there, that, those and "what" are the words used as demonstrative adjectives.
Ex.
When I crossed that lain I slipped down.
This road leads to the beach.
These dresses were purchased during my trip to England.
Those monuments we have seen in the museum are of historical importance.
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Let me know what dishes you have decided to prepare for dinner.
D. Numeral Adjectives: Numeral adjective is the adjective which reveals the number of the
nouns. There are three type of numeral adjectives.
a. Definite number adjective
Ex.
There are five colleges in our district.
This is the third car I have purchased.
In these sentences the underlined adjectives denote a definite number.
b. Indefinite number adjective
Ex.
I have some friends in foreign countries also.
My uncle never hesitate to spend much money during festival day.
There are only a few candidates to the interview.
In the above sentences the underlined adjectives do not specify any exact number. Hence they
are known as indefinite numeral adjective.
c. Distributive number adjective. The numeral adjective which refers to each one of a number
are called distributive numeral adjectives.
Ex.
Each participant will be given a certificate.
Every adult has get the right to vote in public election.
Neither party is in the right move.
E. Descriptive Adjectives: This is an adjective to reveal quality or sort of a noun.
Ex.
It is a big city.
He is a good boy.
It is a beautiful building.

4:- VERB
A verb is a word which denotes the action of a noun or asserts something about the noun or
reveals events pertaining to the noun.
Ex.
1. The student reads.
2. The dog barks.
The above underlined words denote the actions of the noun in each sentence.
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3. The student is brilliant.

4. The dog is a pet animal.
The above underlined words in each sentence reveals something about the verb.
5. The student is appreciated.
6. The dog is driven away.
In these sentences the verb reveals what is done to the noun.
7. He drives a car.
8. He is driving a car.
In the first sentence drives is a verb. In the second sentence "is" acts as an additional verb,
when a verb is added with one or more verbs that is known as a compound verb.
The underlined verbs in the following sentences are known as compound verbs.
Ex.
a). Many houses and huts were destroyed due to Tsunami.
b). I will call you tomorrow.
c). I am looking for you since morning.

AUXILIARY VERBS. Auxiliary verb is a verb which is added to other verbs in order to
express different tenses, negative meanings, questions and also to reveal the passive form of a
sentence.
Auxiliary verbs are of two kinds:
1) Primary Auxiliary
2) Modal Auxiliary
1) Primary Auxiliary: These auxiliary verbs are used to reveal questions, negatives and tenses.
Ex.
a. Have I not helped you?
b. I am not at all concerned with this case.
c. I have obtained cent percent in the final examination.
2) Modal Auxiliary: Auxiliary verbs which are used to express different attitudes of the mind
are called modal auxiliary verbs.
Ex.
a. I will help you by all means.
b. You must take care of your health.
c. You ought to have completed this work latest by yesterday.
d. How dare he argued with the Chief Executive Officer.
e. We must complete the construction work within fifteen days.
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f. They have not published the results in time.

TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS

TRANSITIVE VERB: Transitive verb is a verb which passes over the actions of the Noun
(subject) in the sentence to an object in the same sentence.
He eats an apple.
'He' is the subject. 'eats' is the verb. 'apple' is the object. The verb 'eats' passes over the action
of 'he' to the object 'apple'.
Ex.
a. I read a book.
b. The teacher teaches History.
c. The boy throws a ball.
INTRANSITIVE VERB: Intransitive verb is a verb which does not pass over the actions of
the Noun (subject) to an object. However the verb expresses an action or a state of being.
Ex.
a. The Intercity express arrived late.
b. The child weeps.
c. The dog barks loudly.
d. My father sleeps.
e. Though we had planned to stay for a fortnight in our village we leave today.

5:- ADVERBS
Adverb is a word which modifies the meaning of a verb, an adjective an another adverb, a
phrase or a clause.
Ex.
1. The cook prepares dishes quickly.
2. He is a very fast runner.
3. He runs very fastly.
4. I have walked all through this estate.
In the 1st sentence the adverb quickly modifies the verb prepares.
In sentence (2) the adverb very modifies the adjective fast.
In sentence (3) the adverb very modifies the adverb fastly.
In sentence (4) the adverb all modifies the phrase through the estate.
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Adverb of Manner: This kind of adverbs reveal the manner in which the action of the verb is
shown.
Examples:-
The train moved slowly.
The dog barks loudly
The labourers work hard
The soldiers fought bravely.
Adverb of Place: Adverbs which denote places to which the actions of the verbs refer to.
Examples:-
Please do not assemble on the verandah
The accident took place on the ring road
My son is settled in U.S.A.
Please do not spit here.
Adverb of time: Adverbs which reveal the time of action pertaining to the verb.
Examples:-
I read newspaper daily.
I sold my car yesterday.
It is raining swice 6 A. M.
The train arrived late by an hour.
Adverb of Frequency: Adverbs of frequency are those adverbs which qualify the actions of the
verbs in a sentence to reveal the frequency of such actions.
Examples:-
I take bath twice in a day during summer
The peon is never late for his work.
The Minister visits hi constituency once in a month.
I go to supermarket once in a week.
The schools are inspected annually.
Adverb of Degree: Adverb of degrees are the adverbs which reveal the degree or nature of the
actions pertaining to the verbs.
Examples:-
He is too weak to carry the load.
I am fully prepared to appear for the interview.
The construction work is almost completed.
I am extremely sorry for the delay
It is my total responsibility.
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6:- PREPOSITIONS
 I want purchase new clothes my entire family the coming Sunday.
The above are a group of words but do not form a proper sentence.
 I want to purchase new clothes for my entire family on the coming Sunday.
The above sentence is a proper sentence since the underlined words are added. To say the
underlined words have created proper links between words such an verbs, nouns etc. These
words are called prepositions.
Def: Preposition is a word which links nouns, pronouns, adjective, verbs and phrases to other
words in a sentence to form a proper sentence.
Ex.
1. My shirt is in the shelf.
2. The cat is on the wall.
3. The workers take rest beneath the tree.
4. We use woolen clothes during winter.
5. Please spread the cloth over the table.
6. I am fond of sweets.
7. Bring a chain from the room.
Prepositions fall under three classes.
1. Simple preposition:
They are in, an, at, by, to, up, off, for, from, till, with, through
2. Compound preposition:
They are above, below, beneath, between, beside, behind, inside, outside, within, without,
amidst, about, along
3. Group of words in a phrase:
Since phrases which function as prepositions are called phrase prepositions. by means of, in
favor of, in order to, instead of, in spite of, in place, with reference to, on account of, with
regard to.
7:- CONJUNCTION
Conjunction is a word which joins sentences and also links words, phrases and clauses.
Ex.
1. My former colleague came to our office yesterday and we had lunch together.
2. During last summer I went to the hill station and I enjoyed my stay at the hill station.
3. A car and a motorcycle are my immediate needs.
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The word AND is a conjunction in all the three sentences.

In the first two sentences - two sentences are joined by the word AND.
In the third sentence two nouns are joined by the word AND.
Examples:-
The underlined words in the following sentences are all different conjunctions.
 He is rich but not happy.
 You can use an ink pen or a ball point pen.
 I have not seen the film nor have an interest to see the film.
 The car is costly yet it is more comfortable.
 After you had left your friend came for the function.
 We preferred to go by train because it was cheaper than bus travel.
 As I was about to start from my residence I had an urgent call from my office.
 Though the doll is costly it is lovely.
 Please call the watchman or the peon.
 We should always plan properly before we start a project.
 I like neither coffee nor tea but like to take buttermilk.
Conjunctions are classified as
Co-ordinating conjunctions Subordinate conjunctions
Coordinating Conjunction
Joins individual words, phrases and independent classes. They are
1. and 2. But 3. Or 4. Nor 5. For 6. So 7. Yet 8. Also 9. Either 10. Neither 11. nor
Subordinate Conjunction
A subordinating conjunction joins a clause to another clause on which it depends to reveal a
proper meaning of the sentence. They are before, because, after, since, although, if, that, till,
,as, when, where, which.
Examples:
 After he had prepared a lot, my friend was able to face the interview confidently.
 I will wait at the park till your arrive there.
 Since your promise I have to believe your words.
 If the proofs are submitted in the court you will be acquitted.
 When I was a student I wrote the poem.
 Though he was busy he spent a few minutes to hear us.
8:- INTERJECTION
A word which is added to a sentence to express emotional feelings is an Interjection.
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Ex.
1. Oh! What a beautiful garden.
2. Hai you have purchase a new car.
3. Well! Both of us we selected for the team.
4. Alas! We have lost our friend in the accident.

ARTICLES
The words a, an and the are called articles. These articles are normally used before nouns.
A and An are called indefinite articles while THE is known as Definite articles.
Ex.
A book
A table
A pen
A tree
A house
An umbrella
An orange
An innocent man
An apple
An elephant
The above words refer to any of its kind. Such articles are called indefinite articles. These
indefinite articles stand before only singular form of nouns.
 AN is used only before words with a vowel as their first letter a, e, i, o, u.
Ex.
He is an honest man.
I am late by an hour.
The words honest and hour do not have a vowel as the first letter of the word. But these words
begins with a vowel sound.
Indefinite Article
Indefinite Article: (A/An)
Generally A or An is used before singular countable Noun.
Ex:
A book, A table, An apple etc.
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Usages of indefinite articles:

1. If a word starts with "Consonant Sound", we can use "A" before that.
Ex: I need a dictionary
Here the word ′dictionary′ has the consonant sound ′D′. So we can use ′A′ before the
common noun dictionary.
2. Some words start with vowels (a, e, i, o, u) but it gives consonant sound, then ′A′ is to be
used there.
Ex: A university, A union, A unit, A useful, A European, A One rupee, A once famous player,
A one sided argument
3. If a word starts with vowels or vowels sound, ′An′ is to be placed before that word.
Ex: An idiot, An accident
4. A word starts with consonant but it gives vowel sounds, then we have to use ′An′.
Ex: An hour, An hotel, An Historical, An heroic, An Heir
5. If singular noun comes as ′complement′ in a sentence, then we can use ′A′ or ′An′.
Ex: She is an actress
She will be a dancer next year
6. To mention a particular group of people by a particular person, Use ′A′ or ′An′
Ex: A pupil should obey his teacher (Meaning of All students)
A dog is faithful to his master. (Meaning of All Dogs)
A lion is a dangerous animal. (Meaning of All lions)
7. Use ′A′ or ′An′ before the name of professions
Ex: He is a teacher
I am an engineer
8. Use ′A′ or ′An′ after some prepositions like (At, of)
Ex: Two tablets at a time
Birds of a feather fly together
9. We have to use ′An′ in abbreviations beginning with the letters F, H, L, M, N, R, S & X
Ex: An M.P.A , An M.N.A, An F.C, etc
Note:
✔ She is an M.P
✔ She is a member of parliament
✖ She is an member of parliament
10. If a sentence has key words like ′one′, ′any′ ′every′ ′certain′, then use ′A′ or ′An′.
Ex: He own a car and two taxies (one car)
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A girl has come to see you (certain)

11. ′A′ is to be used before ′Few′ and ′Little′
Ex: I have a few rupees
He received a little money from his friend
12. ′A′ or ′An′ comes after the verb ′to be called′
Ex: It is called a remote
It is called an umbrella
13. To denote certain quantity/ number/Speed, ′A′ or ′An′ can be used.
Ex: He has a lot of experience (Number)
I want a dozen mangoes (Quantity)
The yercaud express runs 150 kms an hour(speed)
14. In an exclamatory sentence, ′A′ or ′An′ can be used before singular countable noun.
Ex: What a lovely dress.
What a wonder movie.

Definite Article
Usages of ′THE′.
1. We can use article ′The′ before oceans, rivers, newspapers, hills, Gulf, peaks, states,
banks, forests etc.
Ex: The Pacific Ocean, The Indus, The Down, The Mount Everst etc.
2. Before the unique objects, ′The′ is to be used.
Ex: The sun, The Moon, The earth
3. ′The′ should be used before the adjective in superlative degree.
Ex: Shakespeare is the greatest of English dramatists.
4. We can use ′The′ before parts of human body.
Ex: The Head, The ear, The Cheek
5. In a paragraph, to mention a person or an object again, use ′The′ before that word.
Ex: He gave me a knife and a spoon. The knife was not sharp.
6. To mention particular person or object or place, use ′The′ before that word.
Ex: The pen you want is out of stock.
This is the purse which I lost yesterday
7. When a singular noun is used to represent a whole class, use ′The′ before that noun.
Ex: The parrot is a clever bird. (All parrots)
The fox is a cunning animal. (All foxes)
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Note:
′The′ should not be used before man or woman, when it comes as noun.
✘The man is mortal
✔ Man is mortal.
8. To mention ′The date of month′ and to mention ′ordinal numeral adjective′, use ′The′
before that word.
Ex: The 7th March, The 30th December
9. To mention the holy books, use ′The′ before that word.
Ex: The Quran, The Bible etc
Note:
If you use the author‘s name in front of the book, do not use ′The′ before that.
✘ The Niamat ullah
✔ Niamat ullah
10. In some cases, we use the same word to mention the language as well as the people of the
country. In such cases, use ′The′ before people but not before language.
Ex: China (country) - Chinese (Language) -------- The Chinese (people)
Pakistan (Country) – Urdu (Language) ------- The Pakistanies (people)
Note:
Before people of a nation, ′The′ should not be used.
✔ Americans are rich
✘ The Americans are rich
11. If two actions change in the same ratio, to compare the actions use ′The′ in the sentences.
Ex: The more you learn, the more knowledge you gather.
The sooner you go, the sooner you will be back.

PREPOSITIONS
There are approximately 80 to 100 prepositions in the English language. Prepositions are words
that introduce information to the reader. This information can include where something takes
place (such as 'at' the store), when or why something takes place (such as 'before' dinner), or
general descriptive information (such as the girl 'with' the cool tattoo).

Examples of Prepositions
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About Across After Against To Under Underneath

Along Below Beneath Beside Until Toward By
Besides Down During Except With Without Opposite
For In Off On Above Behind From
Onto Out Outside Till Between Within Up

1. Prepositions of Time: at, on, and in.

 We use at to designate specific times.
Ex: The train is due at 12:15 p.m.
 We use on to designate days and dates.
Ex: My brother is coming on Monday.
We are having a party on the Fourth of July.

 We use in for nonspecific times during a day, a month, a season, or a year.

Ex: She likes to jog in the morning.
It's too cold in winter to run outside.
He started the job in 1971.
He's going to quit in August.

2. Prepositions of Place: at, on, and in

 We use at for specific addresses
Ex: Omar lives at Ravi Road in Jhelum.

 We use on to designate names of streets, avenues, etc.

Ex: Her house is on Band Road.

 We use in for the names of land-areas (towns, counties, states, countries, and continents).
Ex: She lives in Quetta.
Chaman is in Killa Abdullah Distrect.

3. Prepositions of Location: in, at, and on and No Preposition.

IN AT ON NO Prepostion
(the) bed* class* the bed* downstairs
the bedroom home the ceiling downtown
(the) class* the library* the floor inside
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the car the office the horse outside

the library* school* the plane upstairs
the school* work the train uptown
Note: * you may sometimes use different prepositions for these locations.

4. Prepositions of Movement: to and No Preposition.

 We use to in order to express movement toward a place.

Ex: They were driving to work together.
She is going to the dentist's office this morning.

 Toward and towards are also helpful prepositions to express movement. These are simply
variant spellings of the same word; use whichever sounds better to you.
Ex: We are moving toward the light.
This is a big step towards the project's completion.

 With the words home, downtown, uptown, inside, outside, downstairs, upstairs, we use
no preposition.
Ex: Hazrat went upstairs.
Asad went home.
They both went outside.

5. Prepositions of Time: for and since.

 We use for when we measure time (seconds, minutes, hours, days, months, years).
Ex: He held his breath for seven minutes.
She's lived there for seven years.
The British and Irish have been quarreling for seven centuries.

 We use since with a specific date or time.

Ex: He's worked here since 1970.
She's been sitting in the waiting room since two-thirty.

6. Prepositions with Nouns, Adjectives, and Verbs.

Prepositions are sometimes so firmly wedded to other words that they have practically become
one word. (In fact, in other languages, such as German, they would have become one word.)
This occurs in three categories: nouns, adjectives, and verbs.

(A) Nouns And Prepositions

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approval of fondness for need for desire for

awareness of grasp of participation in love of
belief in hatdeeppink of reason for understanding of
concern for hope for respect for success in
confusion about interest in

(B) Adjectives and Prepositions

afraid of familiar with made of sorry for

angry at fond of married to sure of
aware of happy about proud of tideeppink of
capable of interested in similar to worried about
careless about jealous of

(C) Verbs and Prepositions

apologize for give up prepare for pay for

ask about grow up study for find out
ask for look for talk about worry about
belong to look forward to think about work for
bring up look up trust in make up
care for

A combination of verb and preposition is called a phrasal verb. The word that is joined to the
verb is then called a particle. Please refer to the brief section on phrasal verbs for more
explanation.

SINGULAR & PLURAL

Irregular Forms

Singular Plural Singular Plural

woman women leaf leaves
man man mouse mice
child children goose geese
 (309)

tooth teeth half halves

foot feet knife knives
person people wife wives
life lives focus foci
elf elves fungus fungi
loaf loaves nucleus nuclei
potato potatoes syllabus syllabi/syllabuses
tomato tomatoes analysis analyses
cactus cacti diagnosis diagnoses
oasis oases phenomenon phenomena
thesis theses criterion criteria
crisis crises datum data

Same singular and plural

Singular Plural Singular Plural

sheep sheep species species
fish fish aircraft aircraft
deer deer

Irregular Noun/Verb
Some nouns have a plural form but take a singular verb

Plural nouns used with a Sentence

singular verb
News The news is at 6.30 p.m.
Athletics Athletics is good for young people.
Linguistics Linguistics is the study of language.
Darts Darts is a popular game in England.
Billiards Billiards is played all over the world.

Regular Nouns
Most singular nouns form the plural by adding ―s‖.
Singular Plural
 (310)

Boat Boats
House Houses
Cat Cats
River Civers

A singular noun ending in s, x, z, ch, sh makes the plural by adding ―es‖.

Singular Plural
Bus Buses
Wish Wishes
Pitch Pitches
Box Boxes

A singular noun ending in a consonant and then Y makes the plural by dropping the Y and
adding ―ies‖.
Singular Plural
Penny Pennies
Spy Spies
Baby Babies
City Cities
Daisy Daisies

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES

Prefixes
A prefix is a letter or a group of letters that appears at the beginning of a word and changes the
word‘s original meaning.
PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLES
a- not, without achromatic, asymmetric, asymptomatic, atyptical
ab- away, from abduct, abnormal
acro- high or top acrobat, acronym, acrophobia
ambi- both ambidextrous, ambiguous, ambivalence
amphi- both, on two sides amphibian, amphitheater
ante- before anterior, antediluvian (before the flood)
anti- against, opposite antibody, antisocial, antifreeze, antivirus
aqua- water aquamarine, aquarium
 (311)

arch- highest, worst archangel, archenemy, archetype

astro- star astrology, astronomer, astrophysics
auto- self autobiography, automatic, automobile, autonomy
be- covered with, bedazzle, bedevil, bewitch
equipped with
bi- two biannual, bicycle, bifocals, bisect, bivalve,
biweekly
bio- life biology, biography
centi- one hundredth, centigrade, centimeter, centipede
hundred
co- with, joint coordinate, cooperate, co-worker
com- with, together combine, command, commend
con- with, together concord, condemn, condescend, confide, conserve
contra- against, opposite contradict
counter- against, in counteract, counterclockwise, counterpart,
opposition to counterproductive
de- from, down, away decode, decrease, deflate, degenerate, depress
reverse, opposite
dec- ten decade, decathlon, December
deci- one tenth deciliter, decimal, decimate
demi- half demigod, demilune, demitasse
di- two dicot, dioxide
dia- across, between, diagnose, diagonal, dialogue, dialect, diameter
through
dis- not, opposite, disagree, disallow, disarray, disconnect, disloyal,
reverse, away disrespect
dodeca- twelve dodecahedron
dorm- sleep dormant, dormitory
ec- out of, outside eclectic, eclipse
eco- relating to the ecology, economics, ecosphere
economy or the
environment
en- to make into, encrypt, enmesh
to put into
 (312)

em- to make into, empower

to put into
epi- above, upon, in epicenter, epidemic, epidermis, epigraph, episode,
addition epitome
equi- equal equidistant, equilateral, equinox
ex- out of, away from, exceed, exclusive, exhale, explosion, ex-wife
lacking, former
extra- beyond extracurricular, extraordinary, extrapolate
exo- external, outside ofexoskeleton, exosphere
fin- end final, finale, finish
fore- before forearm, forecast, forerunner, foresee
geo- earth geocentric, geography, geology, geometry
giga- billion, giant gigabyte
hemi- half hemisphere
hemo- blood hemophilia, hemorrhage
hept- seven heptagon
hex-/hexa- six hexagon, hexahedron, hexapod
hydro- water hydrocarbon, hydroelectric, hydrofoil, hydrology
hyper- above hyperactive, hyperbole, hyperthermia
hypo- below hypodermic, hypoglycemia, hypothermia
il- not illegal, illogical
im- not, without impossible, improper, impure
in- not, without inaction, incapable, invisible
inter- between, among interact, interchange, interstate
ir- not irregular, irrelevant, irradiate
iso- equal isobar, isosceles
macro- huge macrobiotic, macroscopic
magn- great magnify, magnanimous, magnificent, magnum
mal- bad malady, malicious, malnourished
mega- great, million megaphone, megabyte, megalomania, megalopolis,
megaton
micro- tiny, one millionth microcosm, micrometer, microscope, microwave
mid- middle midlife, midnight
 (313)

milli- one thousandth, milliliter, millimeter, millipede

thousand
mini- small minicam, miniskirt
mis- bad, wrong misinform, misinterpret, mislead, misplace,
mistake
mono- one monocle, monologue, monopoly, monorail,
monotone
multi- many, much multifaceted, multilingual, multinational,
multitudes
nano- one billionth nanosecond, nanometer
neo- new neolithic, neonate, neophyte
non- not nondescript, nonexistent, nonfat, nonfiction,
nonsense
nona- nine nonagon
nov- new nova, novel, novice
oct- eight octagon, octave, octopus
out- better, beyond outbound, outcome, outpost, outrun
omni- all, every omnipotent, omniscient, omnivorous
over- excessive overcoat, overcome, overdo, overeat, overpass,
overreact, overtime, overwork
para- beside, beyond, paradox, paragraph, parallel, paramedic,
distinct from paranormal, paraphrase
ped- foot pedal, pedestrian, pedigree, peduncle
penta- five pentagon, pentameter, pentathlon
per- through, percent, percussion, perfect, perturb, pervade
completely
peri- around perihelion, periscope, perimeter
philo- love philanthropy, philosophy
photo- light photograph, photosynthesis, photon
pod- foot podiatry, podium
poly- many polyglot, polyhedron, polygon, polymer,
polymorphous
post- after postpone, postoperative
pre- before prefix, preheat, prehistory, premature
 (314)

pro- for, forward, proactive, produce, profess, program, progress,

before propel
proto- first protocol, protoplasm, prototype
pseudo- false pseudonym, pseudoscience
pyro- fire pyroclastic, pyromaniac, pyrotechnics
quadr- four quadrangle, quadratic, quadruple, quadruplet
quasi- almost, partly quasiparticle
quint- five quintet, quintuplet
re- again, back react, reappear, reform, report, rerun, retrieve,
revert, revise
retro- backwards retrograde, retrospect
semi- half, partial semiannual, semicircle
sept- seven septillion
sub- below, under submarine, submerge, substandard
suf- before, beyond, suffix, suffocate, suffuse
from under
super- over, beyond superintendent, supersonic, supervisor, superpower
sur- above, beyond surface, surreal, surrender
sym- together symbiosis, symbol, symmetry, symphony
tele- from afar telegraph, telephone, telepathy, telescope
tetra- four tetrahedron
therm- heat thermal, thermometer, thermostat
trans- across transatlantic, transcribe, transfer, transform
tri- three triangle, triathlon, tricycle, trilateral
ultra- beyond ultramarine, ultraviolet
un- against, not, unable, undo, unequal, unusual, untie
opposite
under- below, insufficient underachieve, underfed, underground, underpass
uni- one unicycle, uniform, universe
up- greater, higher upgrade, uplift, upturn
with- against withdraw, withhold, without, withstand
 (315)

Suffixes
A suffix is a letter or a group of letters that is usually added onto the end of words, to change
the way a word fits into a sentence grammatically.

SUEFFIX MEANING EXAMPLES

-able able to, having the capable, comfortable, flammable, payable, portable,
quality of presentable, taxable
-acy state or quality lunacy, privacy
-age action or process, drainage, orphanage, leverage, marriage, mileage,
rank, fee, place peerage, postage, spillage, suffrage, village,
voyage, wreckage
-al relating to annual, arrival, comical, disposal, educational,
historical, refusal , regional, rehearsal, reversal,
social, tidal
-an related to Lutheran, Ohioan
-ance state or quality of, allegiance, appearance, perseverance,
denoting an action maintenance, utterance
-ant being arrogant, deodorant, expectant, important,
miscreant, propellant
-ary like, connected adversary, budgetary, dictionary, dignitary,
with honorary, library, primary
-ate denoting a group or electorate, duplicate, mandate, separate
status, or forming
an adjective
-ation denoting an action exploration, hesitation, plantation
or an instance of
-cide to kill homocide, insecticide
-ence state or quality of, impertinence, reference, reminiscence
denoting an action
-ent being or state, coefficient, convenient, dissident, student
occurance of an
action
-er comparative, a bigger, foreigner, philosopher, smaller, stronger,
person performing voter
 (316)

an action
-esque reminiscent of arabesque, grotesque, picturesque, statuesque
-est superlative strongest, tiniest, widest
-ful full of beautiful, grateful, hopeful, peaceful, sorrowful,
watchful, wishful
-fy producing, deify, horrify, speechify
transforming or
causing
-graph written autograph, paragraph, photograph, seismograph
-ian forming an antediluvian, Christian, guardian, historian,
adjective Russian
-ible capable of being audible, edible, potable, reversible, terrible
-ic relating to aquatic, chronic, fantastic, Islamic, lyric,
mechanic, scenic, tactic
-ier denoting an cashier, glazier
occupation or
interest
-ile tending to fragile, futile, juvenile, percentile, senile
-ily forming an adverb angrily, eerily, happily, lazily
-ing denoting an action, aacting, eating, padding, showing
material, or a
gerund
-ish having the boyish, peckish, selfish, Spanish
characteristics of,
some what
-ism a belief or practice activism, baptism, hypnotism, racism
-ist one that does Buddhist, cellist, dentist, feminist, florist, scientist
-itis an inflammatory arthritis, laryngitis, tonsillitis
disease
-ive tending to, having theactive, cooperative, corrosive, sensitive,
nature of supportive
-ize to make or become, to demonize, fossilize, pasteurize, carbonize
treat in a manner
-less without, not clueless, endless, fearless, flavorless, friendless,
 (317)

affected by sleepless, tireless

-ly forming an adjectiveclearly, closely, hourly
-ment the results of an action
amusement, entertainment, excitement, treatment
-ness denoting a state or kindness, sadness, wilderness
condition
-oid resembling android, ovoid
-ology the study of biology, geology, theology
-or condition, state, a person
candor, elevator, governor, major, minor, seonsor,
doing an action terror, valor
-ose having the quality comatose, verbose
of
-ous characterized by adventurous, aqueous, curious, dangerous,
generous, mountainous
-ship denoting a companionship, citizenship, fellowship,
condition, quality, workmanship, membership
skill or group
-tude in the state of fortitude, multitude, solitude
-ure an action or exposure, legislature, procedure, scripture
process, a
collective
-y full of, denoting a glory, hungry, messy, jealousy, sleepy, victory
condition, or a
diminutive

HOMOPHONES
Homophones are words which sounds the same as another word but have a ddiferent meaning
and often a different spelling.
accessary, accessory foreword, forward pi, pie
ad, add fort, fought pica, pika
ail, ale forth, fourth place, plaice
air, heir foul, fowl plain, plane
aisle, I'll, isle franc, frank pleas, please
all, awl freeze, frieze plum, plumb
 (318)

allowed, aloud friar, fryer pole, poll

alms, arms furs, furze poof, pouffe
altar, alter gait, gate practice, practise
arc, ark galipot, gallipot praise, prays, preys
aren't, aunt gallop, galop principal, principle
ate, eight gamble, gambol profit, prophet
auger, augur gays, gaze quarts, quartz
auk, orc genes, jeans quean, queen
aural, oral gild, guild rain, reign, rein
away, aweigh gilt, guilt raise, rays, raze
awe, oar, or, ore giro, gyro rap, wrap
axel, axle gnaw, nor raw, roar
aye, eye, I gneiss, nice read, reed
bail, bale gorilla, guerilla read, red
bait, bate grate, great real, reel
baize, bays greave, grieve reek, wreak
bald, bawled greys, graze rest, wrest
ball, bawl grisly, grizzly retch, wretch
band, banned groan, grown review, revue
bard, barred guessed, guest rheum, room
bare, bear hail, hale right, rite, wright, write
bark, barque hair, hare ring, wring
baron, barren hall, haul road, rode
base, bass hangar, hanger roe, row
bay, bey hart, heart role, roll
bazaar, bizarre haw, hoar, whore roo, roux, rue
be, bee hay, hey rood, rude
beach, beech heal, heel, he'll root, route
bean,been hear, here rose, rows
beat, beet heard, herd rota, rotor
beau,bow he'd, heed rote, wrote
beer, bier heroin, heroine rough, ruff
bel, bell, belle hew, hue rouse, rows
berry, bury hi, high rung, wrung
 (319)

berth, birth higher, hire rye, wry

bight, bite, byte him, hymn saver, savour
billed, build ho, hoe spade, spayed
bitten, bittern hoard, horde sale, sail
blew, blue hoarse, horse sane, seine
bloc, block holey, holy, wholly satire, satyr
boar, bore hour, our sauce, source
board, bored idle, idol saw, soar, sore
boarder, border in, inn scene, seen
bold, bowled indict, indite scull, skull
boos, booze it's, its sea, see
born, borne jewel, joule seam, seem
bough, bow key, quay sear, seer, sere
boy, buoy knave, nave seas, sees, seize
brae, bray knead, need sew, so, sow
braid, brayed knew, new shake, sheikh
braise, brays, braze knight, night shear, sheer
brake, break knit, nit shoe, shoo
bread, bred knob, nob sic, sick
brews, bruise knock, nock side, sighed
bridal, bridle knot, not sign, sine
broach, brooch know, no sink, synch
bur, burr knows, nose slay, sleigh
but, butt laager, lager sloe, slow
buy, by, bye lac, lack sole, soul
buyer, byre lade, laid ome, sum
calendar, calender lain, lane son, sun
call, caul lam, lamb sort, sought
canvas, canvass laps, lapse spa, spar
cast, caste larva, lava staid, stayed
caster, castor lase, laze stair, stare
caught, court law, lore stake, steak
caw, core, corps lay, ley stalk, stork
cede, seed lea, lee stationary, stationery
 (320)

ceiling, sealing leach, leech steal, steel

cell, sell lead, led stile, style
censer, censor, sensor leak, leek storey, story
cent, scent, sent lean, lien straight, strait
cereal, serial lessen, lesson sweet, suite
cheap, cheep levee, levy swat, swot
check, cheque liar, lyre tacks, tax
choir, quire licence, license tale, tail
chord, cord licker, liquor tare, tear
cite, sight, site lie, lye taught, taut, tort
clack, claque lieu, loo te, tea, tee
clew, clue links, lynx team, teem
climb, clime lo, low tear, tier
close, cloze load, lode teas, tease
coal, kohl loan, lone terce, terse
coarse, course locks, lox tern, turn
coign, coin loop, loupe there, their, they're
colonel, kernel loot, lute threw, through
complacent, complaisant made, maid throes, throws
complement, compliment mail, male throne, thrown
coo, coup main, mane thyme, time
cops, copse maize, maze tic, tick
council, counsel mall, maul tide, tied
cousin, cozen manna, manner tire, tyre
creak, creek mantel, mantle to, too, two
crews, cruise mare, mayor toad, toed, towed
cue, kyu, queue mark, marque told, tolled
curb, kerb marshal, martial tole, toll
currant, current marten, martin ton, tun
cymbol, symbol mask, masque tor, tore
dam, damn maw, more tough, tuff
days, daze me, mi troop, troupe
dear, deer mean, mien tuba, tuber
descent, dissent meat, meet, mete vain, vane, vein
 (321)

desert, dessert medal, meddle vale, veil

deviser, divisor metal, mettle vial, vile
dew, due meter, metre wail, wale, whale
die, dye might, mite wain, wane
discreet, discrete miner, minor, mynah waist, waste
doe, doh, dough ind, mined wait, weight
done, dun missed, mist waive, wave
douse, dowse moat, mote wall, waul
draft, draught mode, mowed war, wore
dual, duel moor, more ware, wear, where
earn, urn moose, mousse warn, worn
eery, eyrie morning, mourning wart, wort
ewe, yew, you muscle, mussel watt, what
faint, feint naval, navel wax,whacks
fah, far nay, neigh way, weigh, whey
fair, fare nigh, nye we, wee, whee
farther, father none, weak, week
fate, fete od, odd we'd, weed
faun, fawn ode, owed weal, we'll, wheel
fay, fey oh, owe wean, ween
faze, phase one, won weather, whether
feat, feet packed, pact weaver, weever
ferrule, ferule packs, pax weir, we're
few, phew pail, pale were, whirr
fie, phi pain, pane wet, whet
file, phial pair, pare, pear wheald, wheeled
find, fined palate, palette, pallet which, witch
find, fined pascal, paschal whig, wig
fir, fur paten, patten, pattern while, wile
fizz, phiz pause, paws, pores, pours whine, wine
flair, flare pawn, porn whirl, whorl
flaw, floor pea, pee whirled, world
flea, flee peace, piece whit, wit
flex, flecks peak, peek, peke, pique white, wight
 (322)

flew, flu, flue peal, peel who's, whose

floe, flow pearl, purl woe, whoa
flour, flower pedal, peddle wood, would
foaled, fold peer, pier yaw, yore, your, you're
for, fore, four yoke, yolk

PHRASES
A phrase is a group of words in a sentence with a need to say something, but with no subject
and predicate (verb) within the group.
Ex. The vehicle is halted near a tree.
Proper arrangements are made for the guests.
The Sun rises in the east.
I prefer to have my tea in the hotel in the central bus stand.
The actor behaves in a strange way.
The phrases can be classified as
1. Noun Phrase
2. Adjective Phrase
3. Adverb Phrase

1. Noun Phrase
A group of words in a sentence with no subject and predicate within the group which does the
work of a Noun is called a Noun Phrase.
Ex. I always wear a nice white shirt.
To run an Engineering College is my ambition.
A dog on the street corner was barking.
The Goods vehicle carries differ varieties of packages.
2. Adjective Phrase
A group of words that function as an Adjective in a sentence is called as Adjective phrase.
Ex. My friend owns a new costly light coloured car.
Please give me a cup of strong and sugarless coffee.
The vendor sells fruits rarely available in the market.
3. Adverb Phrase
A group of words that function as an Adverb in a sentence is called as Adverb phrase.
Ex. I always drive the car with maximum care.
 (323)

My friend assured me that he would return in a short while.

The construction of the building should be completed within a month.
Students should always behave in a decent manner.
CLAUSES
A group of words in a sentence, which contains a subject and a predicate within the group, is
called a clause.
Ex. When I went to my village I met my school mates.
Today I have seen the film which was released yesterday.
This is my favorite dress which I prefer to wear during festive occasions.
In the above sentences there are two parts. In each part there is a subject and a predicate.

In short a clause contains a subject and a predicate, but the phrase does not contain a subject
and a predicate. But both the phrase and a clause form part of a sentence.
We have already seen that a clause is a group of related words containing a subject and a
predicate.

1. I went to my village. (one clause)

2. I met my school mate at the village. (one clause)
3. When I went to my village, I met my school mates. (two clauses)

The sentence (1) as well as (2) there is a subject and a predicate and the clause stands as
complete sentence.
Such clauses are called as main clauses. In sentence (3) there are two clauses.
When I went to my village is a clause and there is a subject and a predicate.
The other clause in the sentence is --------------------- I met my school mates.
The first noted clause does not stand independently as a sentence. But the second noted
clause stands independently as a sentence.
As such the first noted clause is a subordinate clause and the second noted clause is a main
clause.
One more example is given below to differentiate a Main clause and a subordinate clause.
I went to the market where I purchased fruits.
I went to the market - Main clause
where I purchased fruits - Subordinate clause.
Subordinate clauses in a sentence are divided, on the basis of the functions as,
1. Noun clause
2. Adjective clause
 (324)

3. Adverb clause.

INFINITIVE AND GERUND

INFINITIVE
I want to go on leave.
The Police tried their best to arrest the culprits.
In the above sentences to go and to arrest are called infinitives. We can say that Infinitive is
the base of a verb mostly followed by the word -- to.
The use of infinitive in different sentences:
1. To ride a horse is not easy.
2. To swim across a river is a risk.
3. I like to read poem.
4. My friend likes to go on tours.
5. They agreed to meet in the evening.
6. I want to see the location again.
7. I prefer to go by train.
8. Have you decided to participate?
9. Has he decided to withdraw?
10.I swear to tell the truth.
11.The students are anxious to learn.
12.The house is to let.
13.To tell the truth why should I afraid?

GERUND
Gerund is a verb form that can take the place of a noun in a sentence, by adding 'ing' to the
verb.
Painting is my favourite hobby. (ing is added to the verb pair)
We can simply say that the Gerund has the face of a verb and a noun.
Ex.
1. Reading is a good habit. (Here the gerund is a subject of a verb.)
2. I hate playing cards.
3. His aim is running a school in a village. (Here the gerund is complement of a verb)
4. I am interested in learning several languages. (Here the gerund is used in place of an
infinitive)
 (325)

PARTICIPLES
A participle is a word formed from a verb and shares the function of a verb and an adjective. It
can be noted as a verbal adjective.
Form
Form Usage Examples
Present participle - tell what - The film was an exciting.
(verb+ing) somebody/something is
- being active - The burning candle was mine.
Past participle - tell how somebody feel - The students were excited.
(verb+ed) - being passive - The burnt candle was mine.

Sentence Transformation
1. Driving fast is dangerous.
It is dangerous to drive fast.

2. I prefer driving to flying.

I prefer to drive rather (than) fly.

3. They made him admit his guilt.

He was made to admit his guilt.

4. They let him enter the building.

They allowed him to enter the building.

5. She was too inexperienced to get the job.

She wasn‘t experienced enough to get the job.

6. We were interested in the lecture.

The lecture was interesting to us.

7. Could you clean up the room?

Do/Would you mind cleaning up the room?
Would you be so kind as to clean up the room?

8. It was difficult for him to do the crossword.

He had difficulty (in) doing the crossword.
He found it difficult to do the crossword.
 (326)

He could hardly do the crossword.

9. It took her an hour to prepare the meal.

She took an hour to prepare the meal.
Preparing the meal took her an hour.
She spent an hour preparing the meal.

AMERICAN AND BRITISH ENGLISH

Britain English American English Britain English
American English
Accommodation Accommodations Postal Vote Absentee Ballot
Action Replay Instant Replay Postbox Mailbox
Aerofoil Airfoil Postcode Zip Code
Aeroplane Airplane Potato CrispPotato Chip
Agony Aunt Advice Columnist Power Point Electrical Outlet
Accommodation Accommodations Pram Baby Carriage/
Stroller
Allen Key Allen Wrench Press Stud Snap
Aluminium Aluminum Press-Up Pushup
Aniseed Anise Private Soldier GI
Anticlockwise Counterclockwise Public School Private School
Articulated Lorry Tractor-Trailer Public Transport Public Transportation
Asymmetric Bars Uneven Bars Punchbag Punching Bag
Aubergine Eggplant Pushchair Stroller
Baking Tray Cookie Sheet Pylon Utility Pole
Bank Holiday Legal Holiday Quantity Surveyor Estimator
Bill Check Quaver (Music) Eighth Note
Biscuit Cookie; Cracker Queue Line
Black Economy Underground EconomyRacing Car Race Car
Blanket Bath Sponge Bath Railway Railroad
Blind (Window) Shade Real Tennis Court Tennis
Block Of Flats Apartment Building Recorded Delivery Certified Mail
Boiler Suit Coveralls Registration Plate License Plate
Bonnet (Of A Car) Hood Remould (Tyre) Retread
Boob Tube Tube Top Reverse The Charges Call Collect
 (327)

Boot (Of A Car) Trunk Reversing Lights Back-Up Lights

Bottom Drawer Hope Chest Right-Angled TriangleRight Triangle
Bowls Lawn Bowling Ring Road Beltway
Braces Suspenders Room Only European Plan
Brawn (The Food) Headcheese Roundabout Carousel
(At A Fair)
Breakdown Van Tow Truck Roundabout Traffic Circle
(In Road)
Breeze Block Cinder Block Rowing Boat Rowboat
Bridging Loan Bridge Loan Sailing Boat Sailboat
Bumbag Fanny Pack Saloon (Car) Sedan
Candyfloss Cotton Candy Sandpit Sandbox
Car Park Parking Lot Sandwich Cake Layer Cake
Casualty Emergency Room Sanitary Towel Sanitary Napkin
Catapult Slingshot Self-Raising Flour Self-Rising Flour
Central Median Strip Semibreve (Music) Whole Note
Reservation
Chemist Drugstore Semitone (Music) Half Step
Chips French Fries Share Option Stock Option
Cinema Movie Theater; The Shopping Trolley Shopping Cart
Movies
Cling Film Plastic Wrap Show House/Home Model Home
Common Seal Harbor Seal Silencer (On A Car) Muffler
Consumer Durable Goods Silverside Rump Roast
Durables
Cornflour Cornstarch Skeleton In The Skeleton In The Closet
Cupboard
Cos (Lettuce) Romaine Skimmed Milk Skim Milk
Cot Crib Skipping Rope Jump Rope
Cot Death Crib Death Skirting Board Baseboard
Cotton Bud Cotton Swab Sledge Sled
Cotton Wool Absorbent Cotton Sleeper Railroad Tie
Council Estate (Housing) Project Sleeping Partner Silent Partner
 (328)

Courgette Zucchini Slowcoach Slowpoke

Court Card Face Card Snakes And Ladders Chutes And Ladders
Crash Barrier Guardrail Solicitor Lawyer
Crisps Chips, Potato Chips Soya/Soya Bean Soy/Soybean
Crocodile Clip Alligator Clip Splashback Backsplash
Cross-Ply Bias-Ply Spring Onion Green Onion
Crotchet (Music) Quarter Note Stag Night Bachelor Party
Current Account Checking Account Stanley Knife Utility Knife
Danger Money Hazard Pay Starter Appetizer
Demister (In A Defroster State School Public School
Car)
Dialling Tone Dial Tone Rowing Boat Rowboat
Diamante Rhinestone Sailing Boat Sailboat
Double Cream Heavy Cream Saloon (Car) Sedan
Draughts (Game) Checkers Sandpit Sandbox
Drawing Pin Thumbtack Sandwich Cake Layer Cake
Dressing Gown Robe; Bathrobe Sanitary Towel Sanitary Napkin
Drink-Driving Drunk Driving Self-Raising Flour Self-Rising Flour
Drinks Cupboard Liquor Cabinet Semibreve (Music) Whole Note
Drinks Party Cocktail Party Semitone (Music) Half Step
Driving Licence Driver‘s License Share Option Stock Option
Dual Carriageway Divided Highway Shopping Trolley Shopping Cart
Dummy (For Pacifier Show House/Home Model Home
A Baby)
Dust Sheet Drop Cloth Silencer (On A Car) Muffler
Dustbin Garbage Can Silverside Rump Roast
Earth (Electrical) Ground Skeleton In The Skeleton In The Closet
Cupboard
Engaged (Of A Busy Skimmed Milk Skim Milk
Phone)
Estate Agent Real Estate Agent, Skipping Rope Jump Rope
Realtor (Trademark)
Estate Car Station Wagon Skirting Board Baseboard
 (329)

Ex-Directory Unlisted Sledge Sled

Faith School Parochial School Sleeper Railroad Tie
Financial Year Fiscal Year Sleeping Partner Silent Partner
Fire Brigade/ServiceFire Company/ Slowcoach Slowpoke
Department
First Floor Second Floor Snakes And Ladders Chutes And Ladders
Fish Finger Fish Stick Solicitor Lawyer
Fitted Carpet Wall-To-Wall Soya/Soya Bean Soy/Soybean
Carpeting
Flannel Washcloth Splashback Backsplash
Flat Apartment Spring Onion Green Onion
Flexitime Flextime Stag Night Bachelor Party
Flick Knife Switchblade Stanley Knife Utility Knife
Flyover Overpass Starter Appetizer
Football Soccer State School Public School
Footway Sidewalk Storm In A Teacup Tempest In A Teapot
Fringe (Hair) Bangs Surtitle Supertitle
Full Stop Period Swede Rutabaga
(Punctuation)
Garden Yard; Lawn Sweet(S) Candy
Gearing (Finance) Leverage Takeaway (Food) Takeout; To Go
Gear Lever Gearshift Taxi Rank Taxi Stand
Goods Train Freight Train Tea Towel Dish Towel
Greaseproof Paper Wax Paper/ Terrace House Row House
Waxed Paper
Green Fingers Green Thumb Tick Check Mark
Grill (Noun) Broiler Ticket Tout Scalper
Grill (Verb) Broil Tights Pantyhose
Ground Floor First Floor Timber Lumber
Groundsman Groundskeeper Titbit Tidbit
Hairslide Barrette Toffee Apple Candy Apple
Hatstand Hatrack Touch Wood Knock On Wood
Hen Night Bachelorette Party Trade Union Labor Union
 (330)

Hire Purchase Installment Plan Trading Estate Industrial Park

Hoarding Billboard Trainers Sneakers
Hob Stovetop Tram Streetcar; Cable Car
Holdall Carryall Transport Cafe Truck Stop
Holiday Vacation Trolley Shopping Cart
Holidaymaker Vacationer Twelve-Bore Twelve-Gauge
Homely Homey Unalike Unlike
Hosepipe (Garden) Hose Underground Subway
In Hospital In The Hospital Vacuum Flask Thermos Bottle
Hot Flush Hot Flash Verge (Of A Road) Shoulder
Housing Estate Housing Vest Undershirt
Development
Hundreds And Sprinkles Veterinary Surgeon Veterinarian
Thousands (For Ice Cream)
Ice Lolly Popsicle Silverside Rump Roast
(Trademark)
Icing Sugar Confectioners‘ Skeleton In The Skeleton In The Closet
Sugar Cupboard
Indicator (On A Turn Signal Skimmed Milk Skim Milk
Car)
Inside Leg Inseam Skipping Rope Jump Rope
Jelly Babies Jelly Beans Skirting Board Baseboard
Joe Bloggs Joe Blow Sledge Sled
Joe Public John Q. Public Sleeper Railroad Tie
Jumble Sale Rummage Sale Sleeping Partner Silent Partner
Jump Lead Jumper Cable Slowcoach Slowpoke
Jumper Sweater Snakes And Ladders Chutes And Ladders
Junior School Elementary School Solicitor Lawyer
Kennel Doghouse Soya/Soya Bean Soy/Soybean
Ladybird Ladybug Splashback Backsplash
A Lettuce A Head Of Lettuce Spring Onion Green Onion
Level Crossing Grade Crossing Stag Night Bachelor Party
Lift Elevator Stanley Knife Utility Knife
 (331)

Lolly Popsicle Starter Appetizer

(Trademark)
Lollipop Lady (Or Man)
Crossing Guard State School Public School
Loo (Toilet) John Storm In A Teacup Tempest In A Teapot
Loose Cover Slipcover Surtitle Supertitle
Lorry Truck Swede Rutabaga
Loudhailer Bullhorn Sweet(S) Candy
Low Loader Flatbed Truck Takeaway (Food) Takeout; To Go
Lucky Dip Grab Bag Taxi Rank Taxi Stand
Luggage Van Baggage Car Tea Towel Dish Towel
Maize Corn Terrace House Row House
Mangetout Snow Pea Tick Check Mark
Market Garden Truck Farm Ticket Tout Scalper
Marshalling Yard Railroad Yard Tights Pantyhose
Maths Math Timber Lumber
Metalled Road Paved Road Titbit Tidbit
Milometer Odometer Toffee Apple Candy Apple
Minim (Music) Half Note Touch Wood Knock On Wood
Mobile Phone Cell Phone Trade Union Labor Union
Monkey Tricks Monkeyshines Trading Estate Industrial Park
Motorway Expressway/ Trainers Sneakers
Highway
Mum/Mummy Mom/Mommy Tram Streetcar; Cable Car
Nappy Diaper Transport Cafe Truck Stop
Needlecord Pinwale Trolley Shopping Cart
Newsreader Newscaster Twelve-Bore Twelve-Gauge
Newsreader Newscaster Unalike Unlike
Noughts And Crosses
Tic-Tac-Toe Underground Subway
Number Plate License Plate Vacuum Flask Thermos Bottle
Off-Licence Liquor Store/ Verge (Of A Road) Shoulder
Package Store
Opencast Mining Open-Pit Mining Vest Undershirt
Ordinary Share Common Stock Veterinary Surgeon Veterinarian
 (332)

Oven Glove Oven Mitt Wagon (On A Train) Car

Paddling Pool Wading Pool Waistcoat Vest
Paracetamol Acetaminophen Walking Frame Walker
Parting (In Hair) Part Wardrobe Closet
Patience Solitaire Water Ice Italian Ice
Pavement Sidewalk Weatherboard Clapboard
Pay Packet Pay Envelope White Coffee Coffee With Cream
Pedestrian Crossing Crosswalk White Spirit Mineral Spirits
Peg Clothespin Wholemeal Bread Wholewheat Bread
Pelmet Valance Windcheater Windbreaker
Petrol Gas; Gasoline Windscreen Windshield
Physiotherapy Physical Therapy Wing (Of A Car) Fender
Pinafore Dress Jumper Worktop Countertop
Plain Chocolate Dark Chocolate Yale Lock Cylinder Lock
Plain Flour All-Purpose Flour Zebra Crossing Crosswalk
Polo Neck Turtleneck Zed (Letter Z) Zee
Positive Reverse Zip. Zipper
Discrimination Discrimination

English Grammer MCQs

1. While Pakistan has earned record revenue this year, __________ well behind in exports.
(A) it still lag
(B) it still lags
(C) it lag still
(D) it lags still

2. Anna and Tania went shopping, but __________ couldn‘t find anything __________ liked.
(A) they, those
(B) they, them
(C) those, they
(D) they, they

3. Nuclear energy is __________ dangerous to be used widely.

(A) so
 (333)

(B) such
(C) too
(D) that

4. If I have money, I __________ it tomorrow.

(A) will purchase
(B) would purchase
(C) have purchase
(D) have purchased
5. Cannon had __________ unique qualities _________ it was used widely in ancient times.
(A) such, that
(B) such, so
(C) that, since
(D) that, that

6. She succeeded by __________ hard.

(A) work
(B) working
(C) continuous work
(D) continuous working

7. Gulalai made her children __________ chores on Sunday.

(A) make some
(B) take some
(C) do some
(D) does some

8. I enjoy __________ tennis.

(A) to play
(B) plays
(C) playing
(D) to playing

9. Most of the guests arrived __________ buses.

(A) with
(B) by
(C) from
 (334)

(D) in

10. The departmental store is open __________ eight to seven.

(A) by
(B) from
(C) between
(D) during

11. On leaving the shopping plaza, Kate was robbed __________ purse.
(A) by her
(B) by hers
(C) of her
(D) of hers

12. If I had money, I __________ it now.

(A) will purchase
(B) would purchase
(C) would have purchased
(D) have purchased

13. The man __________ you met is an anchorperson.

(A) who
(B) whose
(C) whom
(D) which

14. The woman __________ is standing by the table works in electronic media.
(A) who
(B) whose
(C) whom
(D) which

15. He is looking for accommodation __________ in flat or shared house.

(A) both
(B) until
(C) neither
(D) either
 (335)

16. You can go neither by train __________ by bus.

(A) no
(B) nor
(C) or
(D) and

17. Before designing a public park, the architect must __________ the public.
(A) consider
(B) considers
(C) recognize
(D) recognizes

18. When she was younger, she __________ five kilometers a day.
(A) walked
(B) had walked
(C) has been walking
(D) had been walking

19. The house is large __________ is quite old-fashioned.

(A) and
(B) or
(C) which
(D) but

20. We need to find __________ method to solve this problem.

(A) other
(B) the other
(C) another
(D) others

21. The students in our school are __________ in other schools.

(A) smarter
(B) smarter than
(C) smarter than those
(D) more smarter than

22. The number of web entrepreneurs __________ increasing every year.

 (336)

(A) is
(B) are
(C) has been
(D) have been

23. Write down __________ your name and roll number.

(A) both
(B) either
(C) neither
(D) not only

24. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) burns less efficiently than gasoline __________.
(A) burn
(B) burns
(C) should burn
(D) would burn

25. Oxygen can be mixed with __________ gasses such as Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Chlorine.
(A) another like
(B) another
(C) the other
(D) other

26. The man __________ wallet was stolen called the police.
(A) who
(B) whose
(C) whom
(D) which

27. The market is nearer to them than __________.

(A) we
(B) our self
(C) us
(D) ourselves

28. He takes his turn, and she takes __________.

(A) her
 (337)

(B) hers
(C) herself
(D) himself

29. If I had had money, I __________ it yesterday.

(A) would purchase
(B) would purchased
(C) would have purchase
(D) would have purchased

30. Umma, accompanied by her brother, __________ at the party.

(A) is
(B) are
(C) was
(D) were

31. White ball __________ for the first time in the 1992 Cricket World Cup.
(A) used
(B) was used
(C) had used
(D) has been used

32. The new information on dengue virus caused panic in the public and government
__________.
(A) like
(B) likely
(C) alike
(D) dislike

33. I cannot come to see you _________ tomorrow.

(A) by
(B) till
(C) until
(D) unless

34. He has been living in Switzerland _________ two years.

(A) for
 (338)

(B) since
(C) from
(D) until

35. She is standing __________ her boyfriend.

(A) with
(B) by
(C) in
(D) for

36. He paid the dining bill __________ a credit card.

(A) with
(B) by
(C) in
(D) for

37. He did not give up __________.

(A) hope
(B) hopes
(C) to hope
(D) hoping

38. __________ the bad weather, the outdoor party was rescheduled.
(A) Because of
(B) In order to
(C) Despite
(D) In spite of

39. __________ loosing the first match, our team has won the world cup.
(A) Because of
(B) In order to
(C) Despite
(D) In spite of

40. Everyone at the party __________ amazed by his performance.

(A) is
(B) are
 (339)

(C) were
(D) was

41. She __________ for the upcoming tennis tournament.

(A) trains
(B) is training
(C) will train
(D) is going to train

42. I __________ Afghanistan next year.

(A) go
(B) will go
(C) am going
(D) am going to

43. There are some vacant rooms __________ in flats and shared houses.
(A) both
(B) between
(C) either
(D) neither

44. The sun rises __________ the east.

(A) in
(B) on
(C) from
(D) towards

45. Nitrogen gas is in abundance __________ the Earth.

(A) in
(B) on
(C) above
(D) along

46. I was watching a TV program, when he __________ in.

(A) walk
(B) walks
(C) walked
 (340)

(D) was walking

47. We are planning __________ out to dinner tonight.

(A) taking our guests
(B) guests to take
(C) guests taking
(D) to take our guests

48. She took lessons __________ how to swim.

(A) learn
(B) for learning
(C) to learn
(D) learning

49. The class teacher __________ Anna move to another chair.

(A) allows
(B) allowed
(C) let
(D) permitted

50. He devotes much of his time __________ for the future.

(A) to planning
(B) to plan
(C) plan
(D) planning

51. For good health, she __________ bed earlier.

(A) should go
(B) should go to
(C) should goes
(D) should goes to

52. If you have time, you __________ the nature museum.

(A) should visit
(B) should visited
(C) have to visit
(D) would visit
 (341)

53. It is our problem, not __________.

(A) their
(B) theirs
(C) there
(D) there‘s

54. The number of guests at the party __________ amazing.

(A) was
(B) were
(C) had
(D) have had

55. __________ 600 and 800 B.C, Olympics were held in Athens, Greece.
(A) During
(B) Until
(C) Unless
(D) Between

56. She __________ the driving test to get a license.

(A) should pass
(B) should has passed
(C) has to pass
(D) have to pass

57. As there were no buses, she __________ home last night.

(A) has to walk
(B) has to walked
(C) had to walk
(D) had to walked

58. __________ these books belong to?

(A) Who do
(B) Who does
(C) Whom do
(D) Whom does

59. If Ashraf __________ earlier, he would always be on time.

 (342)

(A) get up
(B) got up
(C) had get up
(D) had got up

60. Asmah __________ a book yesterday.

(A) had read
(B) readed
(C) red
(D) read

61. It was raining yesterday, so we __________ out.

(A) did not go
(B) did not went
(C) would not go
(D) would not gone

62. I __________ what was happening.

(A) couldn‘t understood
(B) couldn‘t understand
(C) was not able to understood
(D) was not able to understand

63. If you work hard, you __________ good marks.

(A) would get
(B) would got
(C) will get
(D) will got

64. If you __________ hard, you would not have failed in the exams.
(A) have work
(B) have worked
(C) had work
(D) had worked

65. If the camera was working, we __________ a movie.

(A) could made
 (343)

(B) could make

(C) would made
(D) would make

66. Emma is getting __________ the car.

(A) of
(B) off
(C) out of
(D) out off

67. Near the London eye, there is a bridge __________ the Thames River.
(A) above
(B) over
(C) off
(D) towards

68. Asmat is falling __________ the horse.

(A) from
(B) of
(C) off
(D) above

69. She is looking for a job in __________ electronic or print media.

(A) both
(B) between
(C) neither
(D) either

70. They could save money if they bought __________ furniture.

(A) economical
(B) economic
(C) economize
(D) economics

71. I must get to the market before it __________.

(A) close
(B) closes
 (344)

(C) closed
(D) has closed

72. One day people __________ to Moon.

(A) travel
(B) traveled
(C) will travel
(D) will be travelling

73. Najeeb __________ gym this evening.

(A) will go
(B) will goes
(C) is going
(D) is going to

74. Emma lives in Brighton, __________?

(A) doesn‘t she
(B) don‘t she
(C) didn‘t she
(D) won‘t she

75. They will not come here, __________?

(A) won‘t they
(B) won‘t them
(C) will they
(D) will them

76. The newly installed application sounds very __________.

(A) interest
(B) interested
(C) interestingly
(D) interesting

77. Our team played __________.

(A) bad
(B) badly
(C) good
 (345)

(D) well done

78. Fatima is not at home at the moment. She __________ work.

(A) is at
(B) is on
(C) was at
(D) was on

79. Fatima, Umma and I __________ good friends.

(A) am
(B) was
(C) are
(D) been

80. I __________ my mobile phone yesterday.

(A) loss
(B) loose
(C) lose
(D) lost

81. My elder brother has got a motor bike but I __________.

(A) have not
(B) has not
(C) had not
(D) could not

82. What __________ to drink, tea or coffee?

(A) you would like
(B) would you like
(C) you would liked
(D) would you liked

83. __________ for a concert this evening?

(A) Would you went
(B) Would you going
(C) Would you like going
(D) Would you like to go
 (346)

84. Are you interested in __________?

(A) Physics
(B) the Physics
(C) a Physics
(D) Physical

85. I bought some pictures when I was __________ holiday __________ December, and now
I‘m going to hang them __________ the wall.
(A) in, in, along
(B) on, for, on
(C) on, in, on
(D) on, in, along

86. I am going __________ to watch a movie.

(A) cinema
(B) to cinema
(C) to a cinema
(D) to the cinema

87. Anna has finished her work, now she is __________ home.
(A) going
(B) going to
(C) going to the
(D) going towards the

88. Write your name and roll number __________ top of the page.
(A) at
(B) at the
(C) on
(D) on the

89. We came __________ the room and jumped __________ the swimming pool.
(A) out, in
(B) out, into
(C) out of, into
(D) out of, in
 (347)

90. She lived __________ Australia __________ 2008 __________ 2015.

(A) in, during, till
(B) in, between, until
(C) in, from, till
(D) in, from, until

91. Not only her parents __________ her class teacher __________ proud of her results.
(A) but also, was
(B) but also, were
(C) and also, was
(D) and also, were

92. Yesterday I got a call from my old friend, and he __________ me the whole story.
(A) tell
(B) tells
(C) told
(D) telling

93. Maldives is a country __________ thousands of islands, and it is __________ most

dispersed country.
(A) made of, a
(B) made of, the
(C) made up of, a
(D) made up of, the

94. You need to write your mobile number, while home address is __________.
(A) option
(B) options
(C) optional
(D) optionals

95. The problem is not _________ to one of internal.

(A) reduce
(B) reducible
(C) reliable
(D) reduction
 (348)

96. They had been __________ false beliefs from their childhood.
(A) doctrinated
(B) indoctrine
(C) indoctrinated
(D) indoctrination

97. She is not willing to reveal the identity of her __________.

(A) inform
(B) informant
(C) informal
(D) information

98. Employs in this department always __________ close relations with each other.
(A) maintain
(B) maintains
(C) maintained
(D) maintenance

99. Emma is older __________ Alice, while Jolie is __________ oldest.

(A) than, an
(B) from, the
(C) then, the
(D) than, the

100. I can‘t walk anymore, I‘m __________ tired.

(A) too
(B) so
(C) such
(D) so such

Answers
1 B 2 D 3 C 4 A 5 A 6 B 7 C 8 C 9 D 10 B
11 C 12 B 13 C 14 A 15 D 16 B 17 A 18 A 19 D 20 C
21 C 22 A 23 A 24 B 25 D 26 B 27 C 28 B 29 D 30 C
31 B 32 C 33 C 34 A 35 B 36 A 37 D 38 A 39 C 40 D
41 B 42 D 43 A 44 A 45 B 46 C 47 D 48 C 49 C 50 A
 (349)

51 B 52 A 53 B 54 A 55 D 56 C 57 C 58 A 59 B 60 D
61 A 62 B 63 C 64 D 65 B 66 C 67 B 68 C 69 D 70 A
71 B 72 C 73 D 74 A 75 C 76 D 77 B 78 A 79 C 80 D
81 A 82 B 83 D 84 A 85 C 86 D 87 A 88 B 89 C 90 D
91 A 92 C 93 D 94 C 95 B 96 C 97 B 98 A 99 D 100 A