General Chemistry 1

Molecular Formula and Chemical Equations

Answer Sheet

Name: Carl Lawrence R. Carpio

Grade and Section: 12 – STEM A

What I Know - Pre-Assessment

Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. C. N2O4 7. A. atoms
2. A. Chemical Equation 8. C. Theoretical Yield
3. 4 9. B. 104%
4. B. 2,1,2 10. C. The amount of product we
5. C. 3 actually got
6. A. Describe chemical reactions

Lesson 1 - Determining Molecular Formula from given Molar Mass

What’s In
Before you begin with the next part of this module, fill in the first two columns. Fill
in the last column after completing the module.

Molecular Formula and Chemical Equations

What I Know What I want to Know What I Learned

Chemical changes, called What are the similarities
The molecular formula conveys the
chemical reactions, are and differences between
specific number and type of atoms
represented by chemical empirical formula and
combined in each molecule of a
equations. molecular formula of a
compound. The empirical formula
compound?
shows the simplest ratios of the
Chemical equations must be
atoms combined in a molecule.
balanced, in accordance What are some formulas
with the law of conservation in which two molecules
. Substances that undergo change—
of mass. have different molecular
the reactants—are written on the
formulas but the same
left and the substances formed—the
A chemical formula is a empirical formula?
products—appear to the right of the
notation used by scientists
arrow.
to show the number and Why must a chemical
type of atoms present in a equation be balanced?
The number of atoms of each
molecule, using the atomic What law is obeyed by a
element in the reactants must equal
symbols and numerical balanced chemical
the number in the products.
subscripts. equation?
What’s More
Activity 1.1
Fill in the table with the empirical formula or molecular formula of the compound.

Molar Mass Molecular Formula Empirical Mass Empirical Formula

358.3 C 12 H 22 O11 342 CH2O
34 H2O2 17 HO
180.2 C 6 H 12 O6 30.03 C H2 O

Solution for Row 1:

Molar Mass C12H22O11 = (12.01 amu x 12) + (1.008 amu x 22) + (16.0 amu x 11)
= 358.3 amu

Solution for Row 2

Empirical Mass HO = (1.008 amu x 1) + (16 amu x 1)
= 17 amu
Ratio = 34 amu /17 amu = 2
Molecular Formula = (HO)2 = H2O2

Solution for Row 3

Empirical Mass CH2O = (12.01 amu x 1) + (1.008 amu x 2) + (16.0 amu x 1)
= 30.03 amu
Molecular Mass C6H12O6 = (12.01 amu x 6) + (1.008 amu x 12) + (16.0 amu x 6)
= 180.2 amu

Activity 1.2
Answer the problems inside the box on a clean sheet of paper.

1. The molecular weight of caffeine is 194 and the empirical formula is C 4 H 5 N 2 O.

What is the molecular formula of caffeine?
2. Determine the molecular formulas to which the following empirical formulas and
molar masses pertain:

a. SNH , 118.32

b. P F 2 ,137.94
c. C H 2 ,70.15

d. C 2 N H 2 , 120.15
 3. Identify the empirical formula and molecular formula of a compound that was
found to contain 40% carbon, 6.71% hydrogen and 53.29% oxygen. The molar
mass of the compound is 60.05.

Lesson 2 - Balancing Chemical Equations

Your Turn (Practice) - A
Identify the reactants and products of the reaction. Check the equation if it
conforms with the Law of Conservation of Mass.

1. C l 2 (g) +2 KB r →2 KC l(aq) + B r 2(l)

Reactants: Chlorine (Cl), Potassium bromide (KBr)

Products: Potassium chloride, Bromine (Br2)
 The equation is balanced.
2 Cl atom 2 Cl atom
2 K atom 2 K atom
2 Br atom 2 Br atom
 2. 2 N a(s )+ 2 H 2 O(l) →2 NaO H (s) + H 2(g )

Reactants: Sodium (Na), Water (H2O)

Products: Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Hydrogen (H2)
 The equation is balanced.
2 Na atom 2 Na atom
4 H atom 4 H atom
2 O atom 2 O atom

3. K 2 Cr O 4 (aq) +2 AgN O3(aq) → A g2 Cr O 4 (s) + KN O 3 (aq)

Reactants: Potassium chromate (K2CrO4), and Silver Nitrate (AgNO3)

Products: Silver chromate (Ag2CrO4), and Potassium Nitrate (KNO3)
 The equation is unbalanced; The equation is not following the Law of
Conservation of Mass.
2 K atom 2 K atom
1 Cr arom 1 Cr arom
7 O atom 7 O atom
2 Ag atom 2 Ag atom
2 N atom 2 N atom

Your Turn (Practice) - B

In the reaction shown below,
2 A l(l) +3 Ba O (s) → A l 2 O 3 (s) +3 Ba

65.0 g of Aluminum reacted with 35.0 g of Barium oxide to produce aluminum

oxide and barium. If 84.0 g of aluminum oxide is produced, how much barium is
produced?

3Ba Al2O + 3Ba

2 Al + 
O 3
65.0 35.0 84.0 xg
g g g

Using Law of Conservation of Mass (the mass of products is equal to mass of reactants):
65.0 grams + 35.0 grams = 84.0 grams + x grams
100 grams = 84.0 grams + x grams
16 grams = x grams

There are 16 grams of Barium produced.

Activity 2.1
Answer the following questions:
1. You have a chemical in a sealed glass container filled with air. The system has a
mass of 250.0 g. The chemical is ignited by means of a magnifying glass
focusing sunlight on the reactant. After the chemical is completely burned, what
is the mass of the system?

After the chemical is completely burned, the mass of the system would still be 250.0
grams. This is due to John Dalton’s fourth hypothesis on the Atomic Theory, “A chemical
reaction involves only the separation, combination, or rearrangement of atoms; it does not
result in their creation or destruction.” It is somehow related to the Law of Conservation of
Mass, which is that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. Because matter is made of
atoms that are unchanged in a chemical reaction, it follows that mass must be conserved as
well.

2. Identify the reactants and products in the reactions below:

a. N 2 O 5(g) → N 2 O 4 (g) +O 2 (g)

Reactants Dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5)

Products Dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4), Dioxygen (O2)

b. 2 M g(s) +O 2( g) → 2 Mg O(s )

Reactants Magnesium (Mg), Dioxygen (O2)

Products Magnesium oxide (MgO)

c. H 3 P O 4 (aq) +3 N H 3(aq) →¿

Reactants Phosphoric acid (H3PO4), Ammonia (NH3)

Products Diammonium hydrogen phosphate (NH4)3PO4

Activity 2.2
Balance the following reactions by writing the correct coefficients.

1. Mg+ N 2 → M g3 N 2

Balanced Equation: 3Mg + N2  Mg3N2

 Reactants Products
1 Mg atom  3 Mg atom 3 Mg Atom
2 N atom 2 N atom

2. C l 2 (g) + KB r (aq) → KC l (aq )+ B r 2 (l )

Balanced Equation: Cl2 + 2KBr  2KCl + Br2

Reactants Products
2 Cl atom 1 Cl atom  2 Cl atom
1 K atom  2 K atom 1 K atom  2 K atom
1 Br atom  2 Br atom 2 Br atom

3. C 2 H 6 +O2 → C O2 + H 2 O

Balanced Equation
C2H6 + 7/2 O2  2CO2 + 3H2O
2C2H6 + 7O2  4CO2 + 6H2O
Reactants Products
2 C atom  4 C atom 1 C atom  4 C atom
6 H atom  12 H atom 2 H atom  12 H atom
2 O atom  14 O atom 3 O atom  14 O atom

4. Al+ H 2 O→ A l 2 O3 + H 2

Balanced Equation: 2Al + 3H2O  Al2O3 + 3H2

Reactants Products
1 Al atom  2 Al atom 2 Al atom
2 H atom  6 H atom 2 H atom  6 H atom
1 O atom  3 O atom 3 O atom

5. Al(OH )3+ HCl → AlC l 3+ H 2 O

Balanced Equation: Al(OH)3 + 3HCl  AlC3 + 3H2O

Reactants Products
 1 Al atom 1 Al atom
3 O atom 1 O atom  3 O atom
4 H atom  6 H atom 2 H atom  6 O atom
1 Cl atom  3 Cl atom 3 Cl atom

6. B r 2+ KI → KBr+ I 2

Balanced Equation: Br2 + 2KI  2KBr + I2

Reactants Products
2 Br atom 1 Br atom  2 Br atom
1 K atom  2 K atom 1 K atom  2 K atom
1 I atom  2 I atom 2 I atom

7. NaCl O3 → NaCl+O2

Balanced Equation: 2NaClO3  2NaCl + 3O2

Reactants Products
1 Na atom  2 Na atom 1 Na atom  2 Na atom
1 Cl atom  2 Cl atom 1 Cl atom  2 Cl atom
3 O atom  6 O atom 2 O atom  6 O atom

8. Li+ N 2 → Li 3 N

Balanced Equation: 6Li + N2  2Li3N

Reactants Products
1 Li atom  6 Li atom 3 Li atom  6 Li atom
2 N atom 2 N atom

9. N a2 S O 3 + S → N a 2 S2 O3

Balanced Equation: Na2SO3 + S  Na2S2O3

Reactants Products
2 Na atom 2 Na atom
2 S atom 2 S atom
3 O atom 3 O atom
10. NaOH + H 2 S O 4 → N a2 S O 4 + H 2 O

Balanced Equation: 2NaOH + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + 2H2O

Reactants Products
1 Na atom  2 Na atom 2 Na atom
5 O atom  6 O atom 5 O atom  6 O atom
3 H atom  4 H atom 2 H atom  4 H atom
1 S atom 1 S atom

Lesson 3 - Determining the Amount of Reactant and Product in a Chemical

Reaction

What’s More
Activity 3.1
Use a separate sheet to show your computation for the following problems:
1. Rust, Fe2O3, form from the reaction of iron and oxygen in the following equation:
F e (s) +O 2(g ) → F e 2 O 3
a. Write the balanced equation of the reaction.

b. What is the mole-mole ratio of Fe to F e 2 O 3 ?

4 mol Fe 2 mol Fe
∨
2mol Fe 2 O 3 1 mol Fe2 O 3

c. How many moles of F e 2 O3 is produced from 39.4 moles of Fe?

d. What is the molar mass of F e 2 O 3 ?

 e. How many grams of O2 are needed to produce 29.8 g of F e 2 O 3 ?

2. Given the decomposition reaction: 2 KClO 3 (s) →2 KC l(s) +3 O 2 (g)

a. What is the mole-mole ratio of KCl O 3 to O2?

2mol KClO 3
3 mol O 2
b. What is the molar mass of KCl O3?

c. How many moles of KCl O 3 are needed to produce 36.6 moles of O2?

d. How many grams of KCl are produced from an initial mass of 568.4 g of
KCl O 3?
What I Have Learned
In a separate sheet of paper, write your comprehensive understanding of this
lesson by answering the questions.

1. Make a flowchart for determining the mass of the product from a given mass of
the reactant.

2. How does an imbalanced chemical equation affect your calculation of the amount
of reactant or product in a chemical reaction?
 A balanced chemical equation and the law of conservation of mass help determine
either the amount of product that can be formed from a given amount of reactant, or the
amount of reactant required to produce a certain quantity of a product. Having an
unbalanced equation will lead us to wrong calculations of the mass of the reactant and/or
product. It is important that we will determine the correct numerical coefficient since it
determines the number of moles required for each reactant to generate a certain number
of moles of the product/s. It would be much easier to decide how much of the original
products you are going to prepare to achieve a certain amount of product if you
understand the ratio of the product to the reactants.
3. Describe how you would determine the mole-mole factor or ratio from a chemical
equation.

Mole Method states that the stoichiometric coefficients in a chemical equation can
be interpreted as the number of moles in each substance. In determining the mole-mole
ratio of an equation, it is important that the chemical equation is balanced so that we can
obtain the correct numerical coefficients of each molecules. We should also keep in mind
that the relative number of moles are the same as the relative number of molecules. If the
equation is already balanced, then we could get the number of molecules and equate it to
the coefficient of other molecules.

Example: 2Li(s) + 2H2O  2LiOH + H2

Since the equation is already balanced, we can see the mole-mole ratio:

2 mol Li 2 mol H 2 O 2 mol Li 2mol H 2 O

or or or or vice-versa
1mol H 2 2mol LiOH 2mol LiOH 2 mol H 2

4. Explain and give an example of how you would arrange the units and ratio in the
conversion of mass to the mole of reactants to products.

In arranging the units and ratio in order to convert the mass of the mole, we need
to use unit factors so that we can cancel the units. It is important that we use dimension
analysis in order to solve the problems easily. The most often conversion steps in order to
arrive in the amount of product are as follows; Writing balanced equation for the
reaction, convert the given amount of the reactant (in grams or other units) to number of
 moles, using the mole ratio from the balanced equation to calculate the number of moles
of product formed, and convert the moles of products to grams of product.

All alkali metals react with water to produce hydrogen gas and the
corresponding alkali metal hydroxide. A typical reaction is that between lithium
and water:

2Li(s) + 2H2O  2LiOH + H2

How many grams of Li are needed to produce 9.89 g of H 2?

Strategy: The question asks for number of grams of reactant (Li) to form a
specific amount of product (H2).

Solution:
The conversion steps are:
grams of H2  moles of H2  moles of Li2  grams of Li

Combining these steps into one equation, we write:

1 mol H 2 2 mol Li 6.941 g Li

9.89 g H 2 × × × =68.1 g Li
2.016 g H 2 1mol H 2 1 mol Li

Lesson 4 - Calculating Percent Yield and Theoretical Yield of the Reaction

Activity 4.1
Determine the theoretical yield and the actual yield, given the information in each
question. You must show your work, including units, through each step of the
calculations. Use separate papers for your answers for these set of problems.

1.

a. Calculate the theoretical yield of aluminum chloride (in grams) that can be
produced from 10.00 grams of aluminum metal.
 b. An experiment was performed and obtained 25.23 grams of aluminum
chloride. Determine the percent yield of aluminum chloride.

2. 4V + 3O2  2V2O3
a. Calculate the theoretical yield of vanadium (III) oxide, assuming you begin
with 200.00 grams vanadium metal.

1mol V 2 mol V 2 O 3 149.88 g V 2 O3

200 g V x x x
50.94 g V 4 mol V 1 mol V 2 O 3
= 294.2285 V2O3
Answer: 294 grams of V2O3
 b. After the experiment is performed, an experimental yield of 183.2 grams is
produced. Calculate the percent yield for this experiment.

183.2 g V 2 O 3
x 100
294 g V 2 O3
Answer: 62.3% is the percent yield of experiment
Assessment
Read and understand each question and select the letter of the best answer from
among the given choices.

1. B. 2A2 + 8B  4AB2
2. All of the above
3. A. Amount of materials consumed and products formed
4. 25.9%
5. C. 80.05 g/mol
6. C. 3:4
7. C. 4:1
8. A. 4:1
9. C. 16 moles
10. A. 126 g