Advanced
Design of Steel Structure
By:
Dr. Tauqir Ahmed 29th March 2021
Topics:
Review of Design of Tension Member
Review of Design of Compression Member Week No. 4
1
Civil Engineering Department, NUCES, Lahore Pakistan
To Calculate Shear lag factor (U)
A‐ For Bolted and Riveted Connections
In bolted connections, the reduction factor (U) is a function of the eccentricity ( x ) in
the connection. x
U 1 0.9 (LRFD - B3.2)
L
x = distance between centroids of elements to the plane of load transfer
L = Length of the connection in the direction of load.
(See Commentary C – B 3.1 & C – B 3.2)
To Calculate Shear lag factor (U)
A‐ For Bolted and Riveted Connections
To Calculate Shear lag factor (U)
To Calculate Shear lag factor (U)
To Calculate Shear lag factor (U)
To Calculate Shear lag factor (U)
To Calculate Net area & Effective Net Area
The hole diameter is slightly more than the size of bolt.
Secondly, due to punching of holes, 0.75mm (or a more)
of the surrounding metal will be damaged (destroyed)
To Calculate Net area & Effective Net Area
To Calculate Net area & Effective Net Area
Example: Find the net area for given
arrangement. The plates are connected
toe each other with two rows of 20mm
diameter rivets
Usual Gages for Angle and Channels
Usual Gages for Angle and Channels
Usual Gages for Angle and Channels
Example: Determine the net area
for the given arrangement. The
location of 20mmm diameter holes
are shown on the plate.
Minimum Fastener Spacing
As a design practice, the minimum distance between the fastener (both
Gauge and pitch) should not be less than 3d and minimum edge distance
should not be less than 1.5d from the center of standard holes.
Note: if it is not possible to maintain the above mentioned minimum
distance, then it is required to check the resulting bearing stresses.
Minimum Fastener Spacing
Maximum Fastener Spacing
Maximum Edge Distance:
As a design practice, the maximum edge distance should be lesser of
12t &150mm
t= thickness of the (thinner) connected part
This is required to avoid entering of moisture between the painted surfaces,
which may result into corrasions
.
Maximum Fastener Spacing
Maximum Longitudinal spacing:
In case, member not subjected to corrasion, Construction is not in
aggressive environment, the maximum longitudinal spacing is lesser of
24t &305mm
t= thickness of the (thinner) connected part
In case, member is subjected to corrasion, Construction is in
aggressive environment, the maximum longitudinal spacing is lesser of
14t &180mm
t= thickness of the (thinner) connected part
Design of Tension Member
The general philosophy of LRFD method: Rn i Qi
For tension members: tTn Tu
where
t = resistance reduction factor for tensile members
Tn = Nominal strength of the tensile members
Tu = Factored load on the tensile members.
The design strength tTn is the smaller of:
a) Yielding in the gross section;
t Tn = t Fy Ag = 0.9 Fy Ag
b) Fracture of the net section;
t Tn = t Fu Ae = 0.75 Fu Ae
This is to be followed by check of rupture strength (block shear failure),
and limitation of slenderness ratio ≤ 300.
Design of Tension Member
Block Shear Failure
In Block shear failure,
a part is subjected to
tension (transverse)
and another part is
subjected to shear
(shear)
Block shear failure will be due to:
Fracture in Tension & Fracture in yielding
OR
Fracture in tension & Yielding in gross section in shear
Block Shear Failure
Block shear failure will be due to:
Fracture in Tension & Fracture in yielding
OR
Fracture in tension & Yielding in gross section in shear
Block Shear Failure
Block Shear Failure
Block Shear Failure
Limiting Slenderness ratio
The slenderness ratio mainly influence the compressive strength of the
members. In design of tension members, it is required that the
slenderness ratio should be less than 300. This limiting value of
slenderness ratio is required:
• To avoid excessive deflection due to self weight of the tension
members
• To avoid the excessive vibration in tension members
Design of Tension Member
• Find the Factored load
• Find the required area of the section
• Find the minimum width of the connected legs
• Select trial section
Design of Tension Member (Cont.)
• Check tensile capacity of the selected section
• Check for slenderness ratio
• Check for fatigue (If number of loading cycles are >20,000 then
increase the thickness accordingly)
• Design lacing
• Design the joint
• Check for block shear failure
Design Example
Solution
Design Example
Solution: Cont.
Design Example
Solution: Cont.
Design Example
Solution: Cont.
Analysis Example
Solution
Detail Review of ‘Design of Tension Member’
Tension Member: Members subjected to axial tensile forces only.
Gross Area of cross section (Ag):
Net Area of cross section(An):
Efficiency Factor (U) shear lag factor: A factor by which near area is
reduced for shear lag, stress concentration and eccentricity at the joint
Effective Area of cross section(Ae): the net area reduced by the
efficiency factor
(when load is transmitted through ach of cross section element, U = 1)
Detail Review of ‘Design of Tension Member’
Gauage, Pitch and stagger at a joint:
Calculation of Net Area of cross section(An):
• For Bolted join:
• For Riveted joint:
Gauage, Pitch and stagger at a joint:
Calculation of Net Area of cross section(An):
Minimum spacing of Fasteners:
Minimum edge distance:
Detail Review of ‘Design of Tension Member’
Limits on slenderness ratio :
Design Strength of tension member:
Block shear Failure: ( with example):
Design procedure for tension member:
Example: Analysis of a tension member
Example: Design of a tension member
Detail Review of ‘Design of Tension Member’
Design Procedure
Detail Review of ‘Design of Tension Member’
Analysis Example: According to AISC LRFD design specification,
Calculate the factored load capacity of a double channel section
member of A‐36 steel. The specific details are given in the following.
• L= 5m
• Double C 200x20.5 and u = 0.8
• Gap = 100 mm
• 2 rivets in each C ( I in each flange)
Solution:
Detail Review of ‘Design of Tension Member’
Design Example: Select a W‐section to resist a dead load of 1020kN
and LL of 680kN. A‐36 steel and AISC LRFD design specifications are to
be used. The specific details are given in the following.
• L= 9m (to be connected through flanges inly)
• At every cross section there are as many as 4 rivets; 2 in each flange
• Diameter of rivet = 20mm
Solution:
Design of
Compression Member
Compression Member
Applied forces tries to reduce the length of the member.
Stability of Compression members:
Stability of compression of member is govern by
• Least lateral dimension
• End conditions
• Unsupported length of member
Slenderness Ratio:
All these factors are combined into one factor and known as
slenderness ratio. Slenderness ration shows the weakness (instability)
of column. Instability 𝛼 slenderness ration
Slenderness Ratio & instability of Column
Limiting Slenderness Ratio:
For comp member slenderness ration is less than or equal to 200.
Instability of Columns:
Local Instability of Columns:
individual part of column buckle
(before overall buckling)
𝜆 𝑏/ control the local buckling
𝑡
𝜆 𝑏/
𝑡 𝜆𝑟
Slenderness Ratio & instability of Column
Overall Instability of Columns:
As a whole, column buckle about week
axis.
For ordinary W and S shapes, Y‐axis is
week axis thus buckling happens about
week axis.
For section like Angles, Buckling will
occur neither about x‐axis nor about y‐
axis. But it will occurs about z‐axis.
