Guide to Variable Speed
Drives (VSD)
Why using a VSD can help you save money and
the environment
Motores | Automação | Energia | Transmissão & Distribuição | Tintas
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Contents
1. Top 3 reasons to select a VSD
1. Importance to industry
2. When energy consumption must be minimised
3. When maintenance costs need to be reduced
2. Why VSDs are best for fans
1. Energy savings
2. Reduced wear
3. Improved power factor
4. Better than using dampers
3. Five reasons to select VSDs for pump application
1. Better than on-off controlled pumps
2. Improved efficiency
3. Enhanced flow and pressure control
4. Eliminate the need for system elements
5. More intelligence
4. Why VSDs are the only choice for HVAC applications
1. Optimal capacity modulation
2. Precise levels of control
3. One VSD to control multiple motors
4. Network monitoring
5. A trio of justifications for using VSDs in compressors
1. Less energy
2. Safety and reliability
3. More stable pressure
6. Three digital trends
1. Communications
2. Industry 4.0
3. Wireless diagnostics
7. Benefits of decentralised drives
1. Networking capabilites
2. Integrated PLC
3. Deliverable benefits when using decentralised VSDs
8. Miniturisation and micro / mini VSDs
2 Guide to Variable Speed Drives
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1. Top three reasons to select a VSD
1. Importance to industry
One of industry’s principal concerns with soft starters is the limited slow
speed control they demonstrate between starting and stopping. In contrast,
a VSD) can deliver precise speed control, including during start-up and
stopping. In short, VSDs provide continuous and completely adjustable
speed whenever required, from starting to stopping, for hours at a time.
Starting and stopping are big issues in the motor control arena. As
their name implies, soft starters provide a gradual ramp up to full
speed and are used only at start-up (and stop, if equipped). If speed
variation control during operation isn’t required, soft starters provide an
affordable solution. VSDs, in contrast, offer additional versatility and are
completely adjustable control across the entire running cycle.
Torque is another issue. Typically, soft starters function using a fixed
frequency, with full torque only accessible at full voltage. Furthermore,
full torque is unavailable at zero speed, as the associated voltage for
the torque setting is the starting point of the ramp.
In comparison, full torque can be offered up to line frequency at base
motor speed for VSD applications. In fact, the ability to hold torque
levels is a benefit offered by VSDs in certain safety applications for a
prevention of an unexpected startup of machinery or for an
emergency stop where there is no active load affecting the motor,
whereas using a soft starter in this way would require an additional
device, such as a mechanical brake.
Soft starters also provide an economic advantage in instances which
require torque control only during motor start-up.
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2. When energy consumption must be minimised
Energy savings are a headline benefit of VSDs, and the explanation for this
characteristic lies with speed control. In applications where traditional belts
or gearboxes are used to lower speed, the motor still runs at full speed.
Conversely, using
a VSD in the same way serves to actually reduce the motor speed. The
upshot of this effect is that fewer amps are drawn by the motor. In turn, there
is less energy consumption, resulting in lower energy bills.
Arguably the most notable energy savings will be experienced in applications such
as fans, pumps and compressors, as loads increase with speed when running
such devices. Using a VSD to adjust the flow rate of fans and pumps has a
significant impact on the flow curve, which has the knock-on effect of lowering the
required power.
Almost all fans and most pump types are variable- torque loads, whereby the
torque will in fact increase with the square of the speed. As a result, power is
proportional to the cube of the speed.
To give a tangible idea of savings, lowering the running speed of a fan or pump by
a modest 10% could reduce power consumption by a worthwhile 25%. The good
news is that the savings continue to multiply in proportion. So, using a VSD to
reduce running speed by 20% will likely bring in savings of around 50%. With
energy savings like this on offer, the period required for return-on- investment (ROI)
shortens, making the adoption of VSD technology increasingly attractive.
4 Guide to Variable Speed Drives
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3. When maintenance costs need to be reduced
Another major advantage associated with the use of VSDs is that gradual
acceleration of the motor from standstill promotes extended service life and
reduced maintenance costs. In comparison, if not using a VSD, the motor
will start instantly with a large current, which can be highly detrimental to
motor longevity.
Controlled starting current is vital. Starting an AC motor ‘across the
line’, as it is commonly known, can take up to eight times the full load
current. Such a surge can actually cause the motor winding to flex and
produce heat, leading to a potential compromise in the useful working
life of the motor. In simpler terms, an AC motor started across the line
creates greater mechanical shock loads for both the motor and load.
What’s more, this shock occurs every time the motor is started. It
follows, therefore, that the premature wear of motor components will
be virtually inevitable.
A VSD, on the other hand, starts at zero speed and accelerates
smoothly on a ramp that is fully adjustable by the user. To provide more
detail, VSDs start a motor at zero frequency and voltage and, as these
parameters rise, the motor windings become magnetised, which
requires up to 70% of the motor’s full load current. The benefits of this
more gentle’ approach include extended motor life, reducing both
maintenance and replacement costs for the end user.
It is also worth noting that controlled stopping is considered just as
important as ramped acceleration in terms of minimising potential
motor wear, along with any consequential downtime of the load and
associated costs.
However, soft starters are often the ideal solution for applications
where space is a concern as they usually take up less space than
VSDs.
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2. Why VSDs are best for fans
1. Energy savings
The energy efficiency of VSDs is a common benefit across many motor applications, not least
fans. It is well documented that air-handling equipment is capable of consuming large
amounts of energy. Therefore, any discerning production or plant manager will want to give
careful thought to energy management.
The cube law relationship described in Chapter 1 – power is proportional to the cube of the
speed – applies here. This relationship compares extremely favourably with a traditional form
of fan speed control, such as a damper. Although with a damper the input power reduces in
line with flow rate, using a VSD produces a far more dramatic reduction.
This effect is good news for a whole host of fan-based applications, including air extraction
and ventilation systems, as well as industrial cooling and combustion-type air-control systems
commonly found in boilers.
2. Reduced wear
Such are the energy savings that can be accrued
from the adoption of a VSD in fan applications that
the reduction in electricity consumption alone can
often justify the purchase. However, there are
additional savings that can be achieved through
reduced mechanical wear and associated
maintenance. In addition, the power ‘demand
charge’ is reduced as the motor can be started
without any surge in current.
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3. Improved power factor 4. Better than using dampers
By definition, power factor is a While dampers are a common device for
measurement of reactive power – namely controlling fan output, reducing speed using
the VA used to establish the motor’s a VSD is a far more energy-efficient way of
magnetic field. In more basic terms, power achieving the same outcome. Despite this
factor is essentially a measure of how disparity in efficiency performance, however,
effectively a piece of equipment, such as a there are a number of factors that should
fan, uses electricity to produce useful still be given consideration before choosing
work. between a damper and a VSD in a fan
application. For instance, how many hours
Most fans are driven by AC induction is the fan likely to be working, and how
motors, which are well known to have expensive is energy in the country of
comparatively low power factors, even installation? A fan that only runs
when performing at maximum capacity. occasionally, in a country with low energy
Furthermore, when AC induction motors prices, might only require a damper.
are only lightly loaded, the power factor
falls even lower, sometimes close to zero. Another issue is purchase cost. Sure
enough, dampers will in general come with
The best way to improve this power factor a more attractive price tag, but when
is to apply a VSD. As a VSD does not considering the impressive energy-saving
create any major displacement of voltage capabilities of VSDs, the long-term total cost
or current waveforms of ownership (TCO) will far outweigh any
(it remains almost perfectly in phase), it initial purchase cost savings. By way of
can be thought to have a power factor of example, many will opt for a VSD with
close to unity motors above, say 35 kW, as the reduction
(power factor = 1.0). in energy consumption easily offsets the
acquisition costs. However, today’s VSDs
are increasingly used with much smaller
motors, too.
Replacing dampers with VSDs in fan
applications has additional benefits worthy
of note, not least reduced noise in heating
and ventilation ducting. It is well
documented that using dampers to regulate
fan flow rates can generate undesirable
vortexes in air flow, which in turn produces
vibration and noise. The same phenomenon
does not occur with VSDs, where flow rate
adjustments produce fluctuations in noise
levels so slight they are undetectable by
human ears.
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3. Five reasons to select VSDs
for pump applications
1. Better than on-off controlled pumps
For some seeking a low-price-tag solution to pump control, an on–off pump will feature little
more than a pressure switch, bladder tank and flow switch. A bladder tank is required to avert
any potential issues that arise from pressure peaks and troughs, such as damaged pipework.
As the name suggests, this pump type’s main limitation is that it only offers two speeds:
maximum or stopped. Starting up from standstill can have a number of problematic effects,
including premature wear to pump seals and bearings, as well as excessive stress on the
motor’s winding, which can consequently prompt premature failure.
Instead, most pump users opt for either a VSD or soft starter. While the latter can reduce known
effects such as water hammering due to pressure surge, a drive can deliver the same outcome,
but with the added advantage of providing complete pump speed control during run mode.
2. Improved efficiency
In common industrial systems such as centrifugal pumps, in-line control (throttling) valves are
sometimes deployed to regulate flow or pressure. However, there is a significant drawback with
using such a device. In short, in-line valves are known to be a notable source of energy loss,
primarily because they inherently cause a flow path restriction that in turn elevates pressure.
Conversely, a VSD is able to offer far more efficient flow control simply by altering the pump
motor speed in line with requirements. Rather than changing the system resistance to modulate
flow, as is the case with a throttling valve, the use of a VSD sees the pump speed change. In
simple terms, variable-speed control alters the energy input rather than relying on a valve to strip
system energy. Dramatic savings in electricity consumption are the common outcome.
3. Enhanced flow and pressure control
The use of a VSD to control flow means no additional restriction is added to the piping, as is the
case with a throttling valve. Beyond the aforementioned energy savings, improved response
means better flow control. Accidental emissions from the throttling valve are also eliminated.
For pump systems where the flow demand often drops, throttling valves have further limitations.
In such situations, this type of valve will often function at lower throttle positions, thus wasting
even more energy through a greater pressure drop across the valve.
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4. Eliminate the need for systems elements
Opting for a VSD over an inline valve will present users with the opportunity to eliminate various
system elements without impacting on functionality. When using a throttling valve, a certain
amount of pipework is required to position the valve where it can be accessed for adjustment.
Compare this with a VSD and the difference is plain to see: no valve, no need for associated
pipework, and no losses from the valve or pipework.
There is another benefit here. Thanks to the removal of pipe and valve losses, there is the option
to use a lower-power, less expensive pump. The upshot is that the cost justification for the VSD
becomes even more attractive.
5. More intelligence
The latest microprocessor-based, modular VSDs have
the capability to carry out multiple functions that at one
time had to be performed by PLCs. Modern drives
allow each module or process to operate almost
autonomously, while at the same time integrating with
the overall production line for sequencing industry 4.0
data and safety functions via open yet secure
communication networks.
In addition, having an intelligent motion controller
embedded in each networked drive represents
a more cost-effective solution than employing a
standalone PLC. A further disadvantage with a PLC-
based system is that high-performance networks are
required to handle the necessary motion
control. In-stead, by letting an intelligent
drive do the work, con-trol is given to the
actual elements being run, thus enhancing
performance. For example, the Pump
Genius process control software is a
customisable feature of WEG VSDs which
manages and monitors up to 6 pumps in a
coordinated system. Designed to minimise
downtime and maximise energy savings,
the software provides control and
protection as well as management of cycle
hours and master and slave designation. It
also monitors and controls system
pressure and flow with available faults and
alarms referencing low and high set points.
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4. Why VSDs are the only choice for
HVAC applications
1. Optimal capacity modulation 2. Precise levels of control
Variable speed drives are connected to The use of VSDs for HVAC applications
more motors than ever in heating, provides more precise levels of control. A
ventilation and air- conditioning (HVAC) system utilising a VSD can exert more
systems because they can provide precise control over a wider range of flow
significant energy savings. HVAC systems rates and output, while simultaneously
are designed to function at peak load, reducing energy requirements and pump
even though this requirement only occurs wear. For example, a pressure sensor
for a relatively short period of time in any placed inside of an air duct can provide
given year. As a result, one of the most feedback to a drive (Proportional- integral-
effective ways to improve the energy derivative) PID regulator, comparing
efficiency of a HVAC system is to make desired pressure with actual pressure and
use of a VSD. The VSD can be deployed delivering optimisation by adjusting the
to vary the speed of one or more motors fan-motor speed. Besides a heating,
based on load requirements. Dramatic cooling, and ventilation air- handling unit
cuts in energy consumption can be (AHU), proportional control can
achieved. also be applied to cooling tower fans and
chilled-water pumps.
3. One VSD to control multiple motors
A VSD can be used to control multiple motors in some HVAC configurations. The only
caveat is that the correct design considerations are applied, particularly with regard to
implementing sufficient overload protection for each individual motor. This stipulation is
necessary because a VSD can only detect the total connected load and not which individual
motor is drawing high current. It should also be noted that not every variant of overload
protection device can be applied at the VSD output. Sizing the VSD appropriately is a further
requirement.
If these prerequisites can be met, using a single VSD to control multiple motors brings several
benefits beyond simple cost savings. To provide an indication, control complexity can be
reduced, as can panel space.
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4. Network monitoring
If networking capabilities are required for the HVAC system, VSDs are a good choice. The
only requirement is the inclusion of a suitable communications card for BACnet, Modbus or
any other proprietary network. Having this capability means VSDs can communicate a diverse
range of data on factors like system energy consumption, equipment health and diagnostics.
Power and energy consumption data points are available through most modern VSDs. A major
requirement for buildings featuring HVAC systems is having knowledge of where power is being
used, so monitoring this type of parameter will allow plantroom staff to collect this data, and
trend it accordingly.
For example, monitoring the energy consumption of an air-handling unit (AHU) within an office
area or conference room might show differences in usage on a month-to-month basis. There
could be several underlying reasons behind this fluctuating data, including outdoor temperature
changes, increased occupancy or the AHU filters beginning to load, which in turn heightens
pressure on the fan.
With monitoring, staff will be able to map out certain trends and impart better system
maintenance to optimise energy efficiency and reduce bills. This type of activity will also help
identify root causes in the event of HVAC system failure. With a networked VSD, scores of
discrete alarms can be monitored, logged and trended, so that staff gain a comprehensive
history of events. Having this invaluable information resource also helps the maintenance
team return the HVAC system to its full operational state as quickly
as possible.
There is much, much more data available over the network interface to the latest HVAC
VSDs. These extend from straightforward monitoring points, perhaps of voltage or current,
to high- level analysis points that could include power factor or harmonics.
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5. A trio of justifications for using VSDs
in compressors
1. Less energy use
Typically, a fifth of an average factory’s electricity bill can be attributed to the
production of com-pressed air. With almost all modern manufacturing and
process plants looking to cut the cost of over-heads, the use of a VSD
compressor in place of an existing rotary screw or piston-based machine
can generate significant savings.
In short, the major benefit of using a VSD in these applications is that it
automatically adjusts its mo-tor speed to the air demand. Estimates vary,
but in terms of energy savings, using a VSD compressor in comparison to a
fixed-speed, idling or load/unload compressor, could comfortably produce
energy savings of 35-50%.
As a point of note, around 70% of a compressor’s total cost of ownership
(TCO), whether it is used for compressed air generation or refrigeration, can
be attributed to energy consumption. So, while many look simply at the
price tag of a compressor, this is in actual fact a false economy. Put simply,
the initial cost of investment does not compare with the cost of energy over
the lifecycle of the product.
2. Safety and reliability
Modern VSDs offer numerous safety features, like protection against power
surges and short circuits, as well as STO (safety torque off) function-ality. By
adopting a drive offering such features, compressor OEMs can avoid the
requirement for certain electrical components that include motor circuit
breakers and contactors, thus reducing costs. This strategy also boosts
system reliability for the end user (fewer components to potentially fail) and,
in turn, reduces the risk of system downtime.
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3. More stable pressure
A VSD in a compressor system can stabilise the up and down pressure in
the pipe network, potentially even eliminating pressure fluctuations
altogether.
The upshot of this capability is that all compressors operating in the system
can run at the lowest pressure needed to meet production requirements,
and reduce the power loss caused by the fluctuation of upward pressure.
Additionally, the potential for system leaks is minimised thanks to the lower
system pressure.
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6. Three digital trends
1. Communications
Nearly all VSDs have integrated serial comms as standard. In layperson’s terms, serial
comms involve transmitting a number of digital pulses to a VSD, which will interpret
them, carry out the command(s) and perhaps return a signal. Clearly, suitable
hardware needs to be defined, as does the communications protocol to avoid any
signal mix-ups. A certain amount of verification will also be required.
Hardware usually boils down to wireless technology or fibre-optic cables. As regards
signal protocols, a extensive number are available, with the type of application usually
steering the final decision. Ethernet is a case in point – much of the automation
industry is quickly transitioning to Ethernet as its preferred communications standard.
VSDs that provide Ethernet connectivity as a standard feature are increasingly found
in factory automation applications, like those within the automotive and food
processing sectors, as well as wastewater treatment facilities. Such VSDs can also
connect to a manufacturing execution system (MES) network and exchange data in
both directions. Ultimately, a configuration like this creates a gateway to other
connected automation equipment throughout
the plant.
Also for consideration is the extent of common open fieldbus systems available,
which include PROFIBUS, CAN bus, DeviceNet, BACnet and Modbus – most of
which have Ethernet variants. Fieldbus systems are widespread across industry and
are continuing to grow, but industrial Ethernet is arguably growing even more quickly.
2. Industry 4.0
With many manufacturers seeking a transition to smart factories, among the
defining factors is the integration of intelligent motor control systems. Many of
the latest VSDs come with embedded logic in the form of an on-board PLC,
making it not only possible to monitor drives over a network, but to execute
programs. The cost comparison is also favourable, with intelligent VSDs
offering an inexpensive way to bring the latest Industry 4.0 technology on
board and help grow the business.
Many productivity benefits are available, such as greater operational efficiency
and quality control, as well as smart machine optimisation, remote/wireless
diagnostics and predictive maintenance.
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3. Wireless diagnostics
Wireless diagnostics represents the way ahead for VSDs, be it via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth or
some other wireless technology. This capability is good news for maintenance teams,
where access to an enclosure can often be limited due to its location or use within a
plant. As a result, Engineers are able to connect directly to the system remotely using
the drive’s integral wireless signal. Once connected, the maintenance team can view
and diagnose the issue without any physical contact with the drive whatsoever. If the
wireless diagnostics data is trended, then this information can be used to support
predictive maintenance strategies, for example.
A number of today’s VSDs feature a web server that can monitor application
continuity with time-stamped motor or drive-specific data. Moreover, any motor or
drive data can be shared with a master PLC should an application fault occur. In fact,
VSDs can provide a wide variety of data, such as motor current, motor torque, motor
thermal state, drive thermal state, and bus voltage when the actual fault occurred.
Having data of this nature at their fingertips means that maintenance technicians can
perform detailed root-cause analysis. Using the information collected, suitable alarms
or warnings can be triggered should application data exceed a pre-determined limit. If
required, this strategy could also be used to stop the application, quelling any
potential problem before unwanted downtime results.
Consider a fan as a practical example. Latest- generation VSDs feature algorithms
that can monitor the performance of wear components such as fans, and predict
their service life using data that includes temperature, operational speed and total
running hours. The maintenance team can exploit this information to repair or replace
the fan accordingly, even planning work to take place during a scheduled shutdown
period.
W E B P O R TA L
G AT E W AY C LO U D APP
SENSOR
Guide to Variable Speed Drives 15
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7. Benefits of decentralised drives
Decentralised VSDs are popular in applications where greater flexibility is required.
Such drives do not require a panel or enclosure, allowing them to be mounted close to
the motor and eliminating the need for long cables. The latest decentralised drives
offer embedded features and a high degree of IP66/NEMA 4X protection to facilitate
installation directly on the motor or a nearby wall. The rugged nature of decentralised
drives not only protects against penetration by dust or jets of water, but provides
complete protection for technicians and other plant personnel against contact with
internal live parts. Further advantages include reduced installation costs and easy
commissioning.
1. Networking capabilities
Today’s decentralised VSDs offer optional
communications networking and I/O modules that
are fast and easy to install, allowing adaptation of
the standard drive to individual user applications.
Indeed, the availability of a large number of
communications interfaces and the potential for
flexible adaption makes decentralised
VSDs suitable for many uses.
Many of the latest VSDs enable plug-and-drive
communication via real-time Ethernet networks.
The use of plug-in interfaces for protocols such as
Profinet and EtherCAT permits the seamless
integration of VSDs into existing, high-performance
communications networks.
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2. Integrated PLC 3. Deliverable benefits when
using decentrallised VSDs
Built-in PLCs allowing the VSD, motor
and application to work in an interactive 1. Investment costs: Savings are
way permit the user to implement always application dependent, but
customised logic and applications. potentially 30% or more could be
Having an integrated PLC not only saved against the comparable cost of
reduces load on the higher-level centralised solution, which would
controller, it also lowers the investment entail more engineering time, more
needed for control cabinet installation components and wiring, larger panels
and wiring, thus cutting system costs for and PLCs, and slower installation and
the user. Furthermore, decentralised commissioning.
VSDs simplify system maintenance,
giving overall plant efficiency a boost. 2. Efficiency: All the reduced energy
consumption benefits of VSDs can
The specific features of the latest VSDs be provided in a decentralised format.
obviously vary between manufacturers,
but some offer a number of useful 3. Flexibility: Users can freely configure
functions. Flying-start capability is a good decentralised VSDs for deployment
example, as it allows a motor to be in a multitude of different applications.
started that was running freely,
accelerating it from the speed at which it 4. Compatibility: Via connection to
was running. Ride-through is another common bus systems and Ethernet,
example, which keeps the VSD in the latest decentralised drives can be
operation during voltage dips. Typical integratedwith most types of
applications for decentralised drives automation system.
include pumps, mixers/ bottlers,
conveyor belts, compressors, fans 5. Compact footprint: VSD footprint is
and washers/dryers, to name but a few. significantly less than that required for
a centralised system, a factor
Decentralisation can of course occur on supported
many different levels, from a motor by heat-dissipating ability.
starter or drive located at the motor, to an
entire decentralised system, which may
comprise, for example, a VSD, overload
protection, motor disconnect switch, I/O
and bus module. If preferred, all of this
can be provided as part of a single
package.
Guide to Variable Speed Drives 17
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8. Miniturisation and micro/mini VSDs
NEMA 12 (IP54) and NEMA 4/4X (IP66) VSDs are increasingly popular in fan and pump
applications. Today controls reside in the drive’s software rather than external logic, meaning
they are notably smaller and lighter. Such VSDs also reduce the overall number of components
by minimising the need for wires, terminal blocks and additional cooling.
Modern micro and mini drives are not only extremely compact, but they are also highly flexible,
meeting the requirements of a great variety of small-machine applications due to their high
performance levels and easy integration. Even some of the smallest VSDs on the market still offer
a power range of up to 4 kW, for example.
Flexibility is assured thanks to a wide range of functions and accessories, in addition to plug-
and-play capabilities. Further features of today’s micro and mini drives include the availability of
single and three-phase variants, scalar control (V/F), current overload capacity (often up to
150%), DSP-controlled PWM output, up to four isolated programmable digital inputs, and
programmable relay output.
Despite their size, many micro and mini drives
feature integrated keypads and can display
read-ings that include motor speed, frequency,
voltage, current, last fault, heatsink temperature
and drive [Link] are wide and varied,
extending from pumps, fans, extruding machines
and dryers, through to rotating filters, cutting
machines and conveyors.
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Guide to Variable Speed Drives 19
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La Reina - Santiago Phone: +91 080 46437450 Cape Town wegwill@[Link]
Phone: +56 2 27848900 info-in@[Link] Phone: +27 (0) 21 507 7200
info-cl@[Link] gentsets@[Link] VENEZUELA
Hosur - Tamil Nadu Valencia - Carabobo
CHINA Phone: +91 4344 301577 Heidelberg Phone: +58 241 8210582
Nantong - Jiangsu info-in@[Link] Phone: +27 (0) 16 349 2683/4/5 info-ve@[Link]
Phone: +86 513 85989333 wta@[Link]
info-cn@[Link] ITALY
Cinisello Balsamo - Milano SPAIN
Changzhou - Jiangsu Phone: +39 2 61293535 Coslada - Madrid
Phone: +86 519 88067692 info-it@[Link] Phone: +34 91 6553008
info-cn@[Link] info-es@[Link]
JAPAN
Rugao - Jiangsu Yokohama - Kanagawa Valencia
Phone: +86 513 80672011 Phone: +81 45 5503030 Phone: +34 96 1379296
zhuhua@[Link] info-jp@[Link] info@[Link]
The values shown are subject to change without prior notice.
For those countries where there is not a WEG own operation, find our local distributor at [Link].
Cod: xxxxxxxx | Rev: 00 | Date (m/y): 00/2014
WEG Group - Automation Business Unit
Jaraguá do Sul - SC - Brazil
Phone: +55 47 3276 4000
automacao@[Link]
[Link]
