43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # 1 # mswÿß †bvU

A B C D Z Bs‡iwR fvlv Z D C B A

Uwc‡Ki bvg KZ Zg wewmGm?

35th 36th 37th 38th 40th 41st
A. Parts of Speech
The Noun 1 - 1 1 - 1
Determiner 2 - - - 1 -
Number - - 1 2 1 1
Gender - - - - - 1
The Pronoun - - - 1 - 1
Verb 1 - - - - -
Participle - - 1 1 1 1
Gerund - - - 1 - 1
Infinitive - - - - - 1
The Adjective 2 - - - 1 -
The Adverb - - 1 1 1
The Preposition - 5 1 2 2 2
The Conjunction - - - - - 1
Usage of words as various parts of speech 1 - - - 1
B. Idioms & Phrases 4 1 1 3 3 1
C. Clause
The Adjective Clause - - 1 - - -
The Adverbial Clause - - 1 1 - -
The Adjective Clause - - 1 - - -
D. Corrections 1 2 1 1 2
Right forms of verb - - - 1 - -
Subject verb agreement 3 1 2 - - -
Tense - - 1 1 - -
Article - - 1 - - -
Degree - - - - - 1
E. Sentences & Transformations 1 - - - - -
The Compound Sentence - - - 1 1 -
The Complex Sentence - - 1 - - -
Conditional Sentences 1 1 - - - -
Voice 1 - 1 1 1 1
Narration - 1 - 1 - -
F. Words
Synonyms 3 1 3 1 4 1
Antonyms 1 2 1 1 1
One word Substitution 2 - 1 1 - 1
Spellings - - - 1 1 1
Group verb 1 1 - - - -
Analogy 1 - - - - -
G. Letters - - - 1 -
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #2

Noun
 ÔMutton’ is a/an— Ans. Material noun (38th BCS)
weMZ  Frailty thy name is women. Here 'Frailty' is— Ans. A noun (37th BCS)
eQ‡ii  I am in the process of collecting material for my story. The underlined word is
a/an— Ans. Noun (35th BCS)
cÖkœ  The warning of the authority falls on deaf ears. Here warning does the function
of— Ans. Noun. (39th BCS)
e¨w³, e¯‘, ¯’vb, Dw™¢`, cÖvYx, ¸Y, NUbvi bvgmn †h †Kvb wKQzi bvgB Noun. ‡hgb— Mehadey (e¨w³i bvg),
Book (e¯‘i bvg), Dhaka (¯’v‡bi bvg), Mango tree (Dw™¢‡`i bvg), Bangladesh (‡`‡ki bvg) Forgiveness
(¸Y) cÖf…wZ Noun.
Noun ‡Pbvi Dcvq
Suffix র ম ম noun চে য age, al, ance, ce, cy, dom, hood, ism, ment, mony, ness, tion,
sion, er, ry, ty, th, or ই ি suffix ঴মূ঵ ল ের চল ঳ থ ঱ noun ঱ চযম : Goodness,
childhood, employee, marriage, advice, agency, freedom, parsimony, criticism, agreement,
emotion, victory, poverty, painter, Admission, youth, actor etc.

o Noun ‡Pbvi wKQz Prefix— co, sub, auto, anti, mis etc, ‡hgb- co-founder,
subdivision, autobiography, anticlimax, misdeed etc.
o Gerund (verb + ing = Noun) ‡h‡nZz Function Gi gva¨‡gI ‡Pbv hvq|
GKB mv‡_ noun + verb Gi KvR K‡i ZvB  Verb র subject ঵ ঴
G‡K noun wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| †hgb— ঵ Nahid (sub) is (v) sleeping
Please stop reading (gerund). now.
o Adjective, noun wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq hw`  Verb র complement ঵ ঴
adjective Gi Av‡M ‘The’ e‡m| †hgb— ঵ Hasan is (v) a
professor (complement).
The poor are not always happy. ev‡K¨
 Verb র object wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ
Adjective ÔPoor’ Gi c~‡e© ÔThe’ emvq
nq| I helped (v) Taqwa (object).
ÔPoor’ noun n‡q‡Q|  Preposition Gi object wn‡m‡e
o Determiners Gi ci mvaviYZ noun e‡m| e¨eüZ nq| I spoke to
†hgb— Some boys are coming here. (preposition) Rahima (obj.).
o wKQz wKQz phrase, noun Gi g‡Zv KvR K‡i|  Possessive case Gi c‡i e¨eüZ nq|
†hgb— For good, in general, in short, Kamal hates Aporna for her
at present, in black and white. talkativeness.

Noun Gi cÖKvi‡f` (Classification of Noun)

Proper Noun
Concrete A_©vr
Noun ( ই) র Noun
Common Noun Noun
4 cªKvi
Abstract Noun Concrete Noun ‡gvU 5
Collective Noun cªKvi
(¸YevPK we‡kl¨) (Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ we‡kl¨)
Material Noun
Anger (ivM)
Abstract Noun, Proper Noun, Common
D`vniY Noun, Collective Noun, Material Noun.
Bravery (mvnm)
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #3
Proper চয Noun দ্ব র চ ি (person), স্তু (thing), রণ (idea) স্থ র (place) িিষ্ট ম চ ঝ
Noun Proper Noun ঱ চযম : Al Mahmud, Nazrul, Thakurgaon, Quran, Newton’s
Theory ( উট র ত্ত্ব) etc.
Proper Noun &Gi cÖ_g eY© ev Letter wU Capiatal Letter–G wjL‡Z nq| †hgb I am Salam,
He reads Arabian Night’s.
01. G‡`i c~‡e© ‡Kvb determiner e‡m bv| Z‡e KL‡bv KL‡bv proper noun Gi mvg‡b article ewm‡q
proper noun wU‡K common noun wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv hvq| GgbwU NU‡j ev‡K¨i A‡_©i Dci
02wU †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e—
welq o Kazi Nazrul Islam is the Shelley of Bangladesh. (KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg n‡jb
‡R‡b evsjv‡`‡ki †kjx)
ivLyb o The Padma is a big river. (cÙv GKwU eo b`x)
GLv‡b Shelley n‡”Q Common Noun. GwU ev‡K¨i ai‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i| jÿ¨ K‡ib,
Dc‡ii D`vni‡Y Shelley ‡K Common e¨w³ aiv n‡q‡Q|
02. ির plural র য proper noun চ যখ plural র ঵ খ য ি noun ট িিষ্ট উ
ু ঝ , common noun র ন্য ট ঴ রণ ম ঝ ু খ চ঴ ট Common Noun ঵ য চযম :
There are two Nahids in this class. খ Nahids দ্ব র ’জ Nahid চ চ ঝ ঵ ে ’জ র
common ম ঵ ঱ Nahid. চ঴জন্য Nahids ঵ ঱ ট common noun র উি ঵রণ
Common ‡h Noun Øviv e¨w³ ev e¯‘i mv`„k¨/mvaviY bvg †evSvq Zv‡K common noun e‡j| †hgb
Noun boy, girl, river, ocean, cricketer, man, city etc.
‡Pbvi GKvwaK proper noun Gi gv‡S Kx Kx mv`„k¨ ev common Av‡Q Zv †Lqvj ivLv| †hgb Nahid,
Dcvq Khairul, Abir, Faisal G¸‡jv proper noun Gi D`vniY| ‡Lqvj K‡ib, G‡`i mevB‡K GKwU
common kã Øviv man ev gvbyl ejv hvq| myZivs GLv‡b man n‡jv common noun.
D`vniY man (gvbyl), woman (¯¿x‡jvK), country(‡`k), city (bMix), student (wkÿv_©x), boy (evjK), girl
(evwjKv), harbor (‡cvZvkÖq), doctor (wPwKrmK), pupils (Qv·`i), bank, human, waiter
(‡nv‡Uj ev †i‡¯Ívivi cwiPviK), word, child (wkï), Children (‡Q‡j‡g‡q) hand, Pirate (Rj`my¨),
family, College (gnvwe`¨vjq), student, firefighter, river (b`x), mouth, sailors (bvweK),
Island (Øxc), Fighter (‡hv×v), flower (dzj), player (‡L‡jvqvo), dancer, ship, robber, cow,
bee, book, people, elephant, chair, teacher, soldier BZ¨vw`|
Collective ‡h Noun GKB ai‡bi e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K c„_Kfv‡e bv eywS‡q Zv‡`i mgwó‡K †evSvq Zv‡K collective noun
Noun e‡j| †hgb army, police, jury (wePviKgÐjx), committee (`j), gang, flock, Fleet, Herd
(Mevw`cïi cvj), Team, Audience (‡kÖvZvgÐjx), School (gv‡Qi SvuK), Cattle, Crowd
(RbvKxY©), Pack, Navy, Library, Class, Parliament, Public, Covey, Gentry, Orchestra,
Infantry (c`vwZK evwnbx) etc.
gvbyl m¤úwK©Z Collective noun
A panel of speakers e³ve„›` A crew of sailors bvwe‡Ki `j
A staff of employees Kg©Pvixe„›` A team of players ‡L‡jvqv‡oi `j
A gang of thieves ‡Pv‡ii `j A gang of laborers kÖwg‡Ki `j
A band of musicians msMxZ‡Ái `j A crowd of people `k©K
A troupe of artists bvU¨`j
cï-cvwL m¤úwK©Z Collective noun
A school of fishes gv‡Qi SvuK A swarm of bees †g․gvwQi SvuK
A herd of cows Miæi cvj A colony of ants wcucovi `j
A drove of camels D‡Ui cvj A colony of penguins ‡c½yB‡bi `j
A drove of horses ‡Nvovi cvj A flock of animals/birds cï/cvwLi SvuK
A pride of lions wms‡ni `j A swarm of rats Bu`y‡ii SvuK
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #4
Dc‡ii D`vniYmg~n †_‡K collective noun GKUv msÁv †`qv hvq, ÔmgRvZxq wKQz e¨w³ ev wel‡qi mgwó‡K
GKwU bv‡g †evSv‡jB Zv‡K collective noun e‡jÕ|

 Collective noun ev‡K¨i subject n‡j Ges member- iv GK‡Î KvR Ki‡j verb = Singular nq|
 Collective noun ev‡K¨i subject n‡j Ges member- iv Avjv`vfv‡e KvR Ki‡j verb = Plural nq|

Material †Kvb e¯‘ †h wRwbm Øviv MwVZ nq Zv‡K A_©vr e¯‘i Dcv`vbwU‡KB material noun e‡j|
Noun ‡h noun Øviv †Kvb e¯‘i bvg eySvq, wKš‘ MYbv Kiv hvq bv (KZ¸‡jv Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j DËi cvIqv hvq bv),
ïay cwigvc (wK cwigvY Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j DËi cvIqv hvq) Kiv hvq Zv‡K material noun e‡j|
GKwU ¯^‡Y©i nvi evbv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Gold (‡mvbv)| myZivs †mvbv (Gold) GKwU material noun Gi
D`vniY|
D`vniY Silver (iƒcv), iron (‡jvnv), cotton (Zyjv), diamond (nxiv), milk (`ya), paint (is), rubber
(ievi), paper (KvMR), steel (B¯úvZ), wood (KvV), sand (evwj), mutton (QvMj/‡fovi gvsm),
sugar (wPwb), oil (‡Zj) etc.
Abstract ‡h noun ¯úk© Kiv hvq bv, †Kej Abyfe Kiv hvq (‡Kvb Ae¯‘MZ aviYv A_v©r †Kvb e¨w³ ev e¯‘i ‡`vl, ¸Y
Noun †evSvq) Zv‡K abstract noun e‡j| †hgb : Honesty, goodness, love, kindness, beauty,
fraility, youth etc.
‡Pbvi  ‡`vl, ¸Y, Ae¯’vi bvg †evSvq|
Dcvq  ‡Pv‡L †`Lv hvq bv|
 Abyf~wZi mvn‡h¨ Dcjwä Ki‡Z nq|
wb‡Pi D`vniY¸‡jvi gv‡S Dc‡ii •ewkó¨ LyuRyb—
Kindness (D`viZv) Honesty (mZZv) Ability (mvg_©¨) Arrangement (Av‡qvRb)
Attitude (AvPiY) Boyhood (evj¨Kvj) Childhood (‣kkeKvj) Bravery (exiZ¡/mvnwmKZv)
Forgiveness (ÿgv) Esteem (kÖ×v) Depth (MfxiZv) Chairmanship (mfvcwZZ¡)
Goodwill (mybvg) Happiness (myL) Height (D”PZv) Hope (Avkv)
Integrity (mZZv) Joy (Avb›`) Length (‣`N©¨) Knowledge (Ávb)
Love (fvjevmv) Memory (m¥„wZ) Nature (¯^fve) Obligation (eva¨evaKZv)
Obscurity (`y‡e©va¨Zv) Proficiency (`ÿZv) Purpose (D‡Ïk¨) Quality (¸Y)
Result (djvdj) Service (‡mev) Scholarship (e„wË) Requirement (cÖ‡qvRb)
Strength (kw³) Victory (Rq) Fatherhood Urgency (AZ¨vek¨KZv)
Youth (ZviæY¨) Zenith (P~ov) Zest (iƒwP) Truth (mZ¨Zv, wbfy©jZv)
Saddness (welYœZv, †kvK) Agency Bankruptcy Understanding (‡evakw³)
‡R‡b ivLyb Abstract noun ev‡K¨i Subject n‡j Verb singular nq| †hgb- Honesty is the best policy.
Abstract noun Gi Pronoun ÔIt’ nq| †hgb- Success means achieving something. It applies
to a lucky person.
Verb ‡_‡K Abstract Noun
Verb Abstract noun Verb Abstract noun
Advise (Dc‡`k ‡`Iqv) Advice (Dc‡`k) Act Action (Kg©)
Choose (cQ›` Kiv) Choice (cQ›`) Depart (cÖ¯’vb Kiv) Departure (Mgb)
Die (gviv hvIqv) Death (g„Zz¨) Hate (N„Yv Kiv) Hatred (N„Yv)
Know (Rvbv) Knowledge (Ávb) Persevere (D`¨g Kiv) Perseveranc (Aa¨emq)
Seize (ev‡Rqvß Kiv) Seizure (ev‡RqvßKiY) Behave (AvPiY Kiv) Behaviour (AvPiY)
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #5
Laugh (nvmv) Laughter (nvwm) Think (fvev) Thought (fvebv)
Lose (nviv‡bv) Loss (ÿwZ) Obey (gvb¨ Kiv) Obedience (AvbyMZ¨)
Adjective ‡_‡K Abstract Noun
Adjective Abstract Noun Adjective Abstract Noun
Able (mÿg) Ability (mvg_©¨) Angry (µzä) Anger (‡µva)
Beautiful (my›`i) Beauty (‡m․›`h©) Deep (Mfxi) Depth (MfxiZv)
Adjective Abstract Noun Adjective Abstract Noun
Hot (Mig) Heat (DËvc, Zvc) Long (`xN©) Length (‣`N©¨)
Poor (Mixe) Poverty (`vwi`ª¨) Free (webvg~‡j¨) Freedom (¯^vaxbZv)
Healthy (¯^v¯’¨Ki) Health (¯^v¯’¨) Kind (`qvjy) Kindness (`qv)
Strong (kw³kvjx) Strength (kw³) Ill (Amy¯’) Illness (Amy¯’Zv)
Common Noun ‡_‡K Abstract Noun
Common Noun Abstract Noun Common Noun Abstract Noun
Agent (cÖwZwbwa) Agency (cÖwZwbwaZ¡) Bond (eÜb) Bondage (`vmZ¡eÜb)
Bankrupt (‡`Dwjqv) Bankruptcy (‡`Dwjqvcbv) Boy (evjK) Boyhood (evj¨Kvj)
Coward (Kvcyiæl) Cowardice (KvcyiælZv) Friend (eÜz) Friendship (eÜzZ¡)
Infant (wkï) Infancy (‣kke) Thief (‡Pvi) Theft (Pzwi)
Mother (gv) Motherhood (gvZ…Z¡) Member (m`m¨) Membership (m`m¨Zv)
Patriot (‡`k‡cÖwgK) Patriotism (¯^‡`k‡cÖg) Neighbor (cÖwZ‡ekx) Neighborhood
Hero (exi) Heroism (exiZ¡) (‣bKU¨, DcKÉ)

‡R‡b ivLyb Abstract noun ‡_‡K Common noun

The + abstract noun + of …….. GB MV‡b Abstract noun wU Common noun nq| †hgb—
The kindness of you makes me joyful. GLv‡b Ôkindness’ Common noun Gi D`vniY|
Common noun ‡_‡K Abstract noun
The + common noun + in …….. GB MV‡b Common noun wU Abstract noun nq| †hgb—
The father in him impressed me very much. GLv‡b ÔThe father in him’ (wcZ…Z¡) Øviv
¸Yvejx †evSv‡”Q hv Abstract noun Gi D`vniY|
Compound Bs‡iwR fvlvq GKwU noun Gi mv‡_ Av‡iKwU noun Gi mgš^q A_ev adjective Gi mv‡_ noun Gi
Noun mgš^q A_ev gerund Gi mv‡_ noun Gi mgš^‡q †h †h․Mc` •Zwi nq ZvB compound noun.
‡hgb—
Noun + Noun— Bedroom, water tank, motorcycle, printer cartridge.
Adjective + Noun— Software, green house, redhead, hotplate, Sweetheart.
Gerund + Noun— Washing machine, driving license, Closing time, running shoes.
Adjective + Verb— Dry-cleaning, public speaking.
Noun + Gerund— Sightseeing, taxi-driving. Noun + Verb— Rainfall, train-spotting.
Adverb + Noun— Onlooker, bystander. Adverb + Verb— Output, overthrow, input
Verb + Noun— Bathroom, playboy, search engine, postman, rest house, call girl.
Verb + Adverb— Lookout, drawback, take-off. Noun + Adverb— Hanger on, Passer by.
Countable & Uncountable Noun
Countable ‡h noun ¸‡jv‡K MYbv Kiv hvq, †m¸‡jv‡K ejv nq Countable noun. h_v— Pencil, Chair,
Noun Cow etc. Countable noun Ôsingular’ Ges Ôplural’ DfqB n‡Z cv‡i|
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #6
Uncountable ‡h noun ¸‡jv‡K MYbv Kiv hvq bv, †mme noun ‡K ejv nq Uncountable noun|
Noun Uncountable noun mg~n me©`vB Singular wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
wKQz Uncountable noun Gi D`vniY-
Accomodation Advice (Dc‡`k) Courage (mvnm) Decision (wm×všÍ)
Equipment (DcKiY) Information (Z_¨) Leisure (Aemi) Knowledge (Ávb)
Money (UvKv) Music (Mvb) News (Lei) Patience (‣ah©)
Permission (AbygwZ) Scenery (`„k¨) Soap (mvevb) Arrangement (Av‡qvRb)
Kindness (D`viZv) Honesty (mZZv) Ability (mvg_©¨) Bravery (exiZ¡/mvnwmKZv)
Attitude (AvPiY) Boyhood (evj¨Kvj) Childhood (‣kkeKvj) Chairmanship (mfvcwZZ¡)
Forgiveness (ÿgv) Esteem (kÖ×v) Depth (MfxiZv) Hope (Avkv)
Goodwill (mybvg) Happiness (myL) Height (D”PZv) Beauty (‡m․›`h©)
Integrity (mZZv) Joy (Avb›`) Length (‣`N©¨) Anger (‡µva)

Determiners
weMZ  ÔWill I take much time?’ Ans. Much (35th BCS)
 __ amazing song hunted me a long time. Ans. That. (35th BCS)
eQ‡ii  Identify the determiner in the following sentence. I have no news for you. Ans.
cÖkœ No. (40th BCS)
চয ঴ ঱ লে noun/pronoun র িিষ্ট , অ িিষ্ট , ঴ংখ প রম ণ িিল র ির Determiner
e‡j| h_v : a, an, many, much, few, little BZ¨vw`|
e¯‘evPK Determiners :
Articles A, An, The
Demonstrative This, These, That, Those
Possessives My, Your, His, Her, Its, Our, Your, Their, One’s, Whose
msL¨v/cwigvYevPK Determiners :
Some, Any, No All, Both, Half
Each, Every, Either, Neither One, Two, Three, Four., Other
What, Whatever, Which, Whichever

wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wbqg

Many, Much, Much kãwU uncountable noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m Ges many kãwU Countable
A lot of, Lot’s Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m| Giv mvaviYZ bv †evaK Ges cÖkœ‡evaK ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ nq|
of Avi n¨vu †evaK ev‡K¨ A lot of, plenty of e¨eüZ nq | wKš‘ Lots of ïay countable plural
noun Gi c~‡e© e¨eüZ nq| h_v—
 I don’t have much spare time in these three days.
 There are a lot of dangerous drivers.
Few, A few, Few gv‡b Aí msL¨K, †bB ej‡jB P‡j| GUv †bwZevPK A_© cÖ`vb K‡i| h_v He has few
The few friends in Chicago. (Zvui wkKv‡Mv‡Z Aí msL¨K eÜz Av‡Q)| Few A‡_© A‡bK mgq Very Few
e¨envi Kiv nq|
A few wKQz msL¨K | h_v I have a few friends in Bangladesh. (evsjv‡`‡k Avgvi
K‡qKRb eÜz Av‡Q)|
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #7
The few A_© Aí †h KRb/KwU Av‡Q Zvi me¸‡jv/mevB|
Giv mvaviYZ countable noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m| Zv Avgiv D`vniYmg~n †`‡L B‡Zvg‡a¨B ey‡SwQ|
Little, A little, Little A_© Lye mvgvb¨, †bB ej‡jB P‡j| kãwU †bwZevPK A_© cÖ`vb K‡i| h_v— There is a
The little little of hope of recovery. (Zvi AviM¨jv‡fi Avkv †bB ej‡jB P‡j)| Little A‡_© Very little
e¨envi Kiv nq|
A little A_© mvgvb¨ cwigvY| I still have a little money. (Avgvi GLbI wKQz UvKv Av‡Q)
The little ej‡Z mvgvb¨ †hUzKz Av‡Q Zvi meUzKz| †hgb : We should use the little time we
have at our disposal to settle the dispute.
Giv mvaviYZ uncountable noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m, Zv Avgiv D`vniYmg~n †_‡K mn‡RB eyS‡Z cvwi|
Less, Fewer Little Gi comparative degree n‡”Q Less Ges Few Gi Comparative degree n‡”Q
fewer. Uncountable noun Gi Av‡M Less Ges Countable noun Gi Av‡M Fewer e‡m
ÔZzjbvg~jK KgÕ A_© cÖ`vb K‡i| h_v—
 Fewer people get American Visa’s nowadays. (AvRKvj Lye Kg gvbyl Av‡gwiKvb wfmv cvq)|
 Less traffic means fewer traffic accidents, people should use public transportation more.
Each, Every GB `yBwU determiner Gi ci singular form e‡m Ges verb I singular nq| wKš‘ Each
Gi ci of _vK‡j noun plural nq, Z‡e verb singular _v‡K| Each of the three boys
gets a prize.
Any, Some, Awbw`©ó msL¨K e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K †evSv‡Z some e¨eüZ nq| Z‡e mvaviYZ n¨vu †evaK ev‡K¨i †ÿ‡Î
No Some e‡m| †hgb—I need some money. (Avgvi wKQz UvKv cÖ‡qvRb)|
Any Ô‡Kv‡bvÕ A‡_© n¨vu‡evaK ev‡K¨ Singular countable noun Gi c~‡e© Any e‡m Z‡e bv
†evaK/cÖkœ‡evaK ev‡K¨i †ÿ‡Î Any e‡m Plural noun Gi c~‡e©| ‡hgb— Have you got any
information?
No – Ô‡bBÕ A‡_© Countable I uncountable Dfq cÖKvi noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m| †hgb Rahim
has no children.
Many of, Many of Gi ci plural countable noun nq| h_v Many of them may commit
Much of crime. (Zv‡`i A‡b‡K Aciva Ki‡Z cv‡i)| Many of the people may commit crime.
(A‡bK gvbyl Aciva Ki‡Z cv‡i)|
Much of Gi ci uncountable noun nq| h_v Much of the time we had left together
was spent looking for the right papers and documents. (mwVK KvMRcÎ Ges bw_ †LvuRvi
Rb¨ Avgiv †ewki fvM mgq GKmv‡_ wM‡qwQjvg)|
The number of + plural noun + singular verb
A number of + plural noun + Plural verb

Number
weMZ  What is the plural form of the word Ôlouse’? Ans. Lice. (38th BCS)
 Which one of the following words is in singular form? Ans. radius. (38th BCS)
eQ‡ii  What is the plural number of Ôovum’? Ans. Ova. (39th BCS)
cÖkœ  Identify the word which remains the same in plural form. Ans. aircraft (40th BCS)
 Identify the word that can be used as both singular and plural: Fish (41st BCS)

cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cixÿvi Rb¨ evQvB Kiv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Singular & Plural Number
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Agendum Agenda Crisis (msKU) Crises Focus Foci
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #8
Alumnus Alumni Cherub Cherubim Fez Fezes
Analysis Analyses Commander-in- Commanders- Genus Genera
Appendix Appendices chief in-chief Goose Geese
Axis (Aÿ) Axes Datum Data Hypothesis Hypotheses
Bandit Bandits Deer Deer Hoof Hoofs
Bacterium Bacteria Erratum Errata Index Indexes/Indices
Basis (wfwË) Bases Foot Feet Locus Loci
Criterion Criteria Formula Formulae/formulas Lord-justice Lords-justice
Louse Lice Norman Normans Syllabus Syllabi
Leaf Leaves Oasis (giƒ`¨vb) Oases Step brother Step brothers
Loaf Loaves Ox Oxen Thesis Theses
Medium Media Passer-by Passers-by Terminus Termini
Memorandum Memoranda Phenomenon Phenomena Tooth Teeth
Maid-servant Maid-servants Parenthesis Parentheses Ultimatum Ultimata
Man-servant Man-servants Referendum Referenda Vertex Vertices
Mussalaman Mussalmans Radius Radii Wharf Wharfs/
Matriarch Matriarchs Sheep Sheep Wharves
Knife Knives Seraph Seraphim/ Fungus Fungi
Bureau Bureaux Seraphs

me mgqB Singular nq Ggb wKQz Noun

Information (Z_¨) Furniture (AvmevecÎ) Scenery (`„k¨) Poetry (KweZv)
Machinery (hš¿cvwZ) News (Lei) Traffic (PjvPj) Money (UvKv)
Expenditure (e¨q) Advice (civgk©) Baggage (jUeni) Research (M‡elYv)
Bread (iæwU, Lv`¨)
‡`L‡Z Plural n‡jI Singular nq Ggb wKQz Noun
Athletics (kixiPP©v) Economics (A_©bxwZ) Physics (c`v_©we`¨v) Mathematics (MwYZ)
Politics (ivRbxwZ) News (Lei) Optics (Av‡jvKwe`¨v) Ethics (bxwZkv¯¿)
Wages (gRywi) Statistics (cwimsL¨vb) Gallows (dvuwmKvô) Innings (Bwbsm)
Electronics (B‡jKUªwb·)
‡`L‡Z Singular n‡jI Plural nq Ggb wKQz Noun
Aristocracy (AwfRvZZš¿) Clergy (cvw`ªeM©) Nobility (AvwfRvZ¨) Peasantry (Pvlxm¤úª`vq)
Government (miKvi) Gentry (f`ªm¤úª`vq) Cattle (Mevw` cï) Vermin (RNb¨ †jvK)
Perfumery (myMÜ `ªe¨mg~n) Poultry Majority (AwaKvsk) Mankind (gvbeRvwZ)
People (m¤úª`vq/RvwZ) Police Tenantry (cÖRveM©)
wKQz noun Av‡Q hv me mgq Plural nq
Scissors Glasses Spectacles Bellows `ywU Ask wb‡q •Zwi K‡qKwU hš¿
Trousers Drawers Breeches K‡qKwU †cvkvK
Bowels Alms Ashes Assets Annals Ab¨vb¨
Fetters Proceeds Belongings Tidings
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #9
KZ¸‡jv noun i‡q‡Q hv‡`i Singular Ges Plural GKB
Deer (nwiY) Sheep (‡gl) Canon (Abykvmb) Pair (‡Rvov) Gross (¯’’j)
Apparatus (hš¿cvwZ) Swine (k~Ki) Pice (cqmv) Salmon
Species (cÖRvwZ) Troop (‡mbv`j) Stone (cv_i)
singular noun Gi †k‡l um _v‡K Zvn‡j Plural Kivi mgq um Gi cwie‡Z© Ôa’ e‡m
Singular Plural
Agendum (wePvh© welq) Agenda Ovum (wW¤^vYy) Ova
Addendum (cwiwkó) Addenda Symposium (Av‡jvPbv mfv) Symposia
Bacterium (e¨vK‡Uwiqv) Bacteria Forum (m‡¤§jb ¯’j) Fora/Forums
Datum (DcvË) Data Aquarium (Kvu‡Pi grm¨vavi) Aquaria/Aquariums
Dictum (mZ¨ evYx) Dicta Ultimatum (PigcÎ) Ultimata
Erratum (ïw×cÎ) Errata Cranium (gv_vi Lywj) Crania/Craniums
Stratum (¯Íi) Strata Gymnasium (e¨qvgvMvi) Gymnasia/Gymnasiums
Medium (gva¨g) Media Exordium (f~wgKv) Exordia / Exordiums
Memorandum Memoranda Encomium (D”P cÖksmv) Encomia/Encomiums
(¯§viKwjwc)
Singular noun Gi †k‡l is _v‡K, Zvn‡j is Gi cwi‡eZ© es em‡e
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Axis Axes Diagnosis Diagnoses Parenthesis Parentheses
Analysis Analyses Synopsis Synopses Oasis Oases
Basis Bases Hypothesis Hypotheses Crisis Crises
Thesis Theses
Singular noun Gi †k‡l f ev fe _v‡K, Zvn‡j Plural G Zvi ¯’‡j Ôves’ e‡m
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Wife Wives Self Selves Half Halves
Knife Knives Thief Thieves Wolf Wolves
Leaf Leaves Loaf Loaves Sheaf Sheaves
Calf Calves Life Lives

Singular noun Gi †k‡l Ôo’ _v‡K Ges Zvi c~‡e© Consonant _v‡K, Zvn‡j
kãwUi †k‡l Ôes’ ‡hvM K‡i Plural Ki‡Z nq
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Mango Mangoes Echo Echoes Hero Heroes
Mosquito Mosquitoes Buffalo Buffaloes Zero Zeroes
Potato Potatoes Tomato Tomatoes
hw` †Kvb Singular noun Gi †k‡l Ôf’ _v‡K Ges Zvi c~‡e© vowel _v‡K,
Zvn‡j kãwUi †k‡l Ôs’ ‡hvM K‡i Plural Ki‡Z nq
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Chief Chiefs Spoof Spoofs Proof Proofs
Roof Roofs Hoof Hoofs Brief Briefs
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #10

Gender
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ  Which one of the following is a common gender? Ans. Emperor. (41st BCS)
 Which of the following words masculine? Ans. lad. [40th BCS]
k‡ãi †k‡l ess ‡hvM K‡i Masculine gender ‡_‡K Feminine gender ‣Zwi Kiv nq|
k‡ãi †k‡l ess ‡hvM Kivi mgq g~j k‡ãi evbv‡bi wKQz cwieZ©b nq
Masculine gender Feminine gender Masculine gender Feminine gender
Actor (Awf‡bZv) Actress (Awf‡bÎx) Hunter (wkKvix) Huntress (gwnjv wkKvix)
Abbot (gvVa¨ÿ) Abbess (gvVva¨ÿv) Master (gwbe/KZ©v) Mistress (KÎx©)
Conductor (cwiPvjK) Conductress (cwiPvwjKv) Murderer (Lybx) Murderess (gwnjv Lybx)
Duke (m`©vi) Duchess (wWD‡Ki cZœx) Songster (MvqK) Songstress (MvwqKv)
Emperor (m¤ªvU) Empress (m¤ªvÁx) Tempter Temptress
Enchanter (hv`yKi) Enchantress (hv`yKix) (cyiæl cÖjyäKvix) (gwnjv cÖjyäKvix
Governor (AwffveK) Governess (AwffvweKv) Traitor (wek^vmNvZK) Traitress (ivR‡`ªvwnYx)
God (‡`eZv) Goddess (‡`ex) Tiger (evN) Tigress (evwNbx)
Waiter (cwiPviK Witress (cwiPvwiKv) Tutor (wkÿK) Tutress (wkwÿKv)
k‡ãi †k‡l ess ‡hvM K‡i Masculine gender ‡_‡K Feminine gender ‣Zwi Kiv nq|
k‡ãi †k‡l ess ‡hvM Kivi mgq g~j k‡ãi evbv‡bi ‡Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv
Masculine gender Feminine gender Masculine gender Feminine gender
Author (‡jLK) Authoress (‡jwLKv) Lion Lioness
Baron Baroness Count Countess
Giant Giantess Host Hostess
Heir Heiress Jew Jewess
Manager Manageress Poet Poetess
Priest Priestess Prince Princess
Shepherd Shepherdess
Ôess’ hy³ nq Z‡e g~j evbv‡bi mvgvb¨ cwieZ©b nq Ggb evbvb
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
Abbot Abbess Emperor Empress
God Goddess Governor Governess
Master Mistress Murderer Murderess
Sorcerer Sorceress Prince Princess
‡Kvb wbqg gv‡b bv Ggb wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© k‡ãi Masculine Gender ‡_‡K Feminine Gender
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
King (ivRv) Queen (ivbx) Drone (cys †g․gvwQ) Bee (‡g․gvwQ)
Fox (‡LuKwkqvj) Vixen (‡LuKwkqvjx) Bachelor Spinster/Maid
Beau (my`k©b cyiæl) Belle (mykÖx ¯¿x‡jvK) Boar (k~Ki) Sow (k~Kix)
Buck (nwiY) Doe (nwiYx) Bridegroom (ei) Bride (K‡b)
Dog (KzKzi) Bitch (KzKzix) Drake (cvwZnvum) Duck (cvwZnvumx)
Horse (‡NvUK) Mare (‡NvUKx) Monk, friar (mbœ¨vmx) Nun (mbœ¨vwmbx)
Ram (‡fov) Ewe (‡fox) Wizard (hv`yKi) Witch (hv`yKix)
Boar
Compound masculine k‡ãi cys AskwU‡K cwieZ©b K‡i Feminine Gender Kiv nq
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #11
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
Beggar-man Beggar-woman Boy-baby Girl-baby
Washer-man Washer-woman Bull-calf Cow-calf
Brother-in-law Sister-in-law He-goat She-goat
Step-brother Step-sister Jack-ass She-ass
Billy-goat Nanny-goat Pea-cock Pea-hen
Man-kind Woman-kind Great-uncle Great-aunt
Man-servant Maid-servant Son-in-law Daughter-in-law
Male-servant Woman-servant Godfather Godmother
Father-in-law Mother-in-law
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ kw³ ev ÿgZvi AwaKvix nIqvi Kvi‡Y wKQz kã Masculine Gender wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq
Sun (m~h©) Summer (MÖx®§Kvj) Winter (kxZKvj) Time (mgq)
Thunder (eRª) Danger (wec¾bK) Day (w`b) Death (g„Zz¨)
Love (fvjevmv)
‡m․›`h©, bgbxqZv, cweÎZv BZ¨vw` bvixmyjf ¸Y cÖKvk cvIqvq wKQz kã Feminine Gender nq
Spring (emšÍKvj) Autumn (kirKvj) Nature (cÖK…wZ) Moon (Pvu`)
Earth (c„w_ex) Liberty (¯^vaxbZv) Church Hope
Justice Mercy Modesty Night
Peace Religion Truth
wKQz wKQz Noun memgq Feminine Gender hv‡`i †Kvb Masculine Gender ‡bB
Amazon (wMÖK cyiv‡Y DwjøwLZ K…òmvM‡ii DcK~‡j emevmKvix iYiw½bx cÖgxjv mgvR) Blonde (¯^Y©‡Kkx)
Brunette (k¨vgvw½bx) Coquette (wQbvj †g‡q) Flirt (wQbvj) Laundress (‡avcvbx)
Nurse (‡mweKv) Prude (kvjxbZvi fv‡b fiv ¯¿x‡jvK) Siren (KznwKbx)
Termagant (KjnKvix) Shrew (KjnwcÖq ¯¿x‡jvK) Virgin (Kzgvix)
wKQz wKQz Noun Av‡Q, †h¸‡jv memgq Masculine Gender nq
Squire (cÖavb f~wg gvwjK) Judge (wePviK) Parson (`jcwZ) Chairman (mfvcwZ)
Knight (exi‡hv×v) Coward (Kvcyiæl)
‡h mKj Noun bvix-cyiæl Dfq‡K †evSvq, Zv‡`i‡K Common Gender e‡j
Ass (cyiæl ev gv`x Mvav) Beggar (wfLvix ev wfLvwiYx) Bird (cÿx ev cwÿbx)
Child (evjK ev evwjKv) Baby (‡Q‡j ev †g‡q wkï) Cat (cyiæl/gv`x weovj)
Fowl (‡h †Kvb cvwL) Chairperson (cyiæl/gwnjv mfvcwZ) Deer (nwiY ev nwiYx)
Friend (eÜz/evÜex) Captain (cyiæl ev gwnjv AwabvqK) Enemy (cyiæl ev gwnjv kÎæ)
Monarch (ivRv/ivYx) Cousin (PvPv‡Zv/gvgv‡Zv fvB/‡evb) Foal (g`©v ev gv`x †Nvovi ev”Pv)
Parent (wcZv-gvZv) Citizen (cyiæl ev gwnjv bvMwiK) Infant (wkï/bvevjK-bvevwjKv)
Person (cyiæl ev gwnjv e¨w³) Elephant (cyiæl ev gv`x nvwZ) Pig (ïKi ev ïKix)
Student (QvÎ-QvÎx) Lawyer (cyiæl ev gwnjv AvBbRxex) Pupil (QvÎ-QvÎx)
Spouse (¯^vgx-¯¿x) Orphan (GwZg evjK ev evwjKv) Sheep (‡fov/‡fox )
Teacher (wkÿK ev wkwÿKv) Relative (AvZ¥xq ev AvZ¥xqv) Servant (PvKi ev PvKivYx)

Pronoun
weMZ eQ‡ii  Which one of the following words is an example of a distributive pronoun?
Ans. either. (38th BCS)
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #12

cÖkœ  ‘Who’s that?’ In this sentence ‘that’ is a/an—— Ans. Pronoun (41st BCS)
 He insisted __ there. (Filling the gap) Ans: on my going. (36th BCS)
English Language G noun Gi D”Pvi‡Yi cybive„wË Gov‡Z Zvi cwie‡Z© †h kã e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡KB pronoun
ejv nq| A_©vr noun Gi cwie‡Z© †h kã e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡K pronoun e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, noun Gi cÖwZ¯’vwcZ
kãB (Substituting word) n‡jv pronoun.
Personal ‡Kvb e¨w³i cwie‡Z© †h pronoun e‡m, Zv‡K personal pronoun e‡j| D`vniY I, We,
Pronoun You, He, She, They.
Note: A Possessive pronoun replaces a possessive noun & adjectives to avoid repeating
information that is already clear. ‡hgb : Mine, Ours, Yours, His, Hers, Theirs. My shirt is green
(Possessive Adjective); The shirt is mine (Possessive pronoun)
Demonstrative †h mKj pronoun noun ‡K we‡klfv‡e wb‡`©k K‡i Zv‡`i demonstrative pronoun e‡j|
Pronoun D`vniY This, That, These, Those, It, so, much, the same etc.
Relative GB pronoun `ywU ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ relation ev m¤^Ü eywS‡q †`q| G¸‡jv ev‡K¨i gv‡S e‡m| D`vniY
Pronoun Who, Whose, Whom, Which, That.
Interrogative G iKg pronoun cÖkœ Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq| G¸‡jv ev‡K¨i cÖ_‡g e‡m| D`vniY Who,
Pronoun Whose, Whom, Which, What etc.
Distributive GB pronoun GKRvZxq GKvwaK e¨w³ ev e¯‘i g‡a¨ cÖ‡Z¨KwU c„_Kfv‡e †evSvq| D`vniY Either,
Pronoun Each, Neither etc.
Reciprocal GB pronoun GKvwaK e¨w³ ev e¯‘i g‡a¨ cvi¯úvwiK m¤úK© eywS‡q †`q| D`vniY Each other,
Pronoun One another etc.
Indefinite G iKg pronoun ‡Kvb Awbw`©ó e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K †evSvq| D`vniY – One, any, some, many, all,
Pronoun none, no, one, everyone, someone, anyone, nobody, anybody, somebody etc.
Subjective verb Gi subject wn‡m‡e hw` †Kvb pronoun Av‡m Zvn‡j subjective pronoun nq|
Pronoun
wbqg-01
‡Kvb sentence G subject wn‡m‡e GKvwaK person _vK‡j Avgiv ¯^vfvweKfv‡e 2nd Person + 3rd Person + 1st
Person (g‡b ivLyb: 231) Ges †`vl ¯^xKvi Kiv †evSv‡j 1st Person + 2nd Person + 3rd Person (g‡b ivLyb :
123) e¨envi K‡i _vwK| G‡ÿ‡Î verb me mgq plural n‡q _v‡K Ges GKvwaK person Gi cÖwZwU subjective
pronoun n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î 132 wbqgwU e¨envi n‡jI Kg cÖPwjZ|
wbqg-02
Be verb (am, is, are, was, were etc) Gi ci pronoun Avm‡j H pronoun wU subjective pronoun nq A_©vr
I/We/She/He n‡e|
Objective wbqg-01: Preposition Gi c‡i Pronoun Gi Object form e‡m| Z‡e, GKvwaK Object form
Pronoun _vK‡j †`vl/Aciva ¯^xKvi Kiv Qvov me †ÿ‡Î 231 wbqg Abymv‡i cÖ‡Z¨KwUi Object form e‡m|
wbqg-02: To be verb Qvov Ab¨ me verb Gi object wn‡m‡e pronoun mvaviYZ objective form (me/us/you/
him/her/them) AvKv‡i e‡m| Let GKwU verb nIqvq Gi c‡i pronoun wUi objective form (231 wbq‡g) e‡m|
wbqg-03 : Let w`‡q ïiæ nIqv Imperative sentence G Let ci hw` †Kvb Pronoun Av‡m, Zvn‡j †m Pronoun Gi
Objective form (me/him/her/them) e¨eüZ nq|
Possesive Preposition I gerund Gi gv‡S possessive adjective (My, Our, Your, His, Her,
Pronun Their, Its One’s, Whose) e¨eüZ nq|
Reflexive ev‡K¨i Subject Ges Object GKB e¨w³ n‡j Object G Reflexive pronoun e‡m|
Pronoun Reflexive pronoun KL‡bv ev‡K¨ Subject wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq bv| Kill, Hurt, Absent, Avail,
Enjoy Introduce BZ¨vw` verb ¸‡jvi c‡i subject Abyhvqx Reflexive pronoun (Myself,
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #13
Ourselves, Yourself, Yourselves, Herself, Himself, Themselves) e‡m|
Distributive ‡h mKj pronoun GKRvZxq GKvwaK e¨w³ ev e¯‘i g‡a¨ cÖ‡Z¨KwU c„_Kfv‡e †evSvq| D`vniY
Pronoun Either, Each, Neither etc. GKwU Distributive pronoun memgq Singular nq ZvB Gi ci
Singular noun ev verb nq|
Each of, Each, neither, either Gi ci of _vK‡j Gi ci noun plural Ges verb singular nq| Gi
neither of and gva¨‡g cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³ ev e¯Í‡K Avjv`v K‡i †evSv‡bv nq|
Neither, either `ywU e¯‘ ev `yBRb e¨w³i †ÿ‡Î Avjv`v Avjv`v K‡i †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ neiter, either e¨envi Kiv nq|
Gi mxgve×Zv Z‡e `yB‡qi AwaK n‡j Indefinite pronoun (any, no one or none) e¨eüZ nq|
Neither Neither + noun/pronoun …… + nor + noun/pronoun Ges Either +
/Either noun/pronoun …… + or + noun/pronoun Gfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡j neither I either ‡K
e‡j Conjunction. Z‡e Neither/Either + noun ïay Gfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡jI Giv Adjective
nq| wKš‘ Neither/Either + of + Plural noun ev pronoun Giƒ‡c e¨eüZ n‡j ZLb
Neither Ges Either ‡K e‡j distributive pronoun.
 There are two pens here; either pen will do Adjective.
 There are many people here; either of them can do it Pronoun
Relative Relative pronoun `ywU ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ relation ev m¤^Ü eywS‡q †`q| G¸‡jv ev‡K¨i gv‡S e‡m|
Pronoun D`vniY Who, Whose, Whom, Which, That, What. The man who stole my bag was
tall.
Antecedent e¨w³evPK n‡j Zv‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Z Relative pronoun wn‡m‡e who/that e‡m|
D`vniY- The man who said that was a fool. I have read the book that you lent me.
Indefinite ‡h pronoun ‡Kvb Awbw`©ó e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K †evSvq, Zv‡`i‡K Indefinite pronoun e‡j| D`vniY –
Pronoun One, any, some, many, all, none, no, one, everyone, someone, anyone, nobody,
anybody, somebody etc.
One of the/No one of the/everyone of the/someone of the + Plural Noun +
Singular verb + Ext.
One of the + Superlative degree + Plural Noun + Singular verb + Ext.
One hw` Subject nq Zvn‡j Zvi possessive case wU me©`vB one’s n‡e| Z‡e GKUv
e¨wZµg i‡q‡Q| MVbUv jÿ Kiæb – One of the + ……plural noun + his/her…..|
h_v Karim was one of the most intelligent students of his class.
Reciprocal A→B
A → B (Fig A) (Fig B)
Pronoun B→A
Reciprocal kãwUi gv‡b n‡jv Ôci¯úi cÖwZwµqvkxjÕ| Gevi Dc‡ii wPÎ `y‡Uv †Lqvj K‡ib| cÖ_g wP‡Î, A Nywl gvij B
‡K| GUv wKš‘ Reciprocal n‡jv bv| KviY ïay GKRbB NywlwU †g‡i‡Q| wØZxq wP‡Î jÿ K‡ib, A ïay B ‡K gvi‡Q bv eis
B-I gvi‡Q A ‡K| GwUB n‡jv cÖwZwµqvkxj| †hgb: They two love each other (Zvuiv `yÕR‡b G‡K Aci‡K
fvjev‡m)| A_©vr ïay GK c‡ÿi fvjevmvi K_v ejv nqwb eis Dfq c‡ÿi fvjevmvi K_vB GLv‡b cÖavb¨ †c‡q‡Q|

Verb
weMZ Verb  Which of the following words can be used as a verb? Ans. Master. (35th BCS)
Participle  A retired officer lives next door. Here, the underlined word is used
eQ‡ii as a/an- Ans: participle. (38th BCS)
cÖkœ  Education is enlightening. Here Ôenlightening’ is- Ans. A participle.
(37th BCS)
 A lost opportunity never returns. Here lost is a ___.Ans. Participle.
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #14
(40th BCS)
Gerund  Reading is an excellent habit. Here the underlined word is a - Ans:
Gerund. (38th BCS)
 ‘The old man was tired of walking’ Here ‘walking’ is a/an- Ans.
Gerund. (41st BCS)
Infinitive  ‘I will let you go.’ In this sentence ‘go’ is -a/an- Ans. Infinitive. (41st BCS)
Intransitive  ‘Huffing and puffing, we arrived at the classroom door with only
seven seconds to spare.’ In this sentence the verb ‘arrived’ is- Ans.
Intransitive. (41st BCS)
Wren & Martin Gi g‡Z, †h word ‡Kvb e¨w³, e¯‘ ev ¯’vb m¤^‡Ü wKQz ejvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K verb e‡j| P. C.
Das Gi g‡Z, †h Word Gi Øviv nIqv, _vKv ev †Kvb wKQz Kiv †evSvq, Zv‡K verb e‡j| Verb n‡”Q GKwU
sentence ev ev‡K¨i essential part.

Finite Verb Verb Non-finite

Verb Verb
Transitive Verb Gi
cÖKvi‡f`
Auxiliary Verb Principal
Verb Intransitive
Verb
Principal Principal verb Ab¨ verb Gi mvnvh¨ Qvov ¯^vaxbfv‡e ev‡K¨i A_© m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i| ‡Kvb ev‡K¨ hw`
Verb GKwU verb _v‡K, Zvn‡j †mwU Principal verb nq| ‡hgb I am in class twelve. ‡Kvb ev‡K¨i
s/es hy³ GKgvÎ verb wU‡K ejv nq principal verb. ‡hgb Salam goes to the market.
Auxillary English grammar G auxiliary verb Gi msL¨v †gvU 12wU| h_v do, can, may, shall, will,
Verb must, dare, need, used to, ought to, be, have.
Transitive Transitive verb ‡K evsjvq ejv nq mKg©K wµqv| †h verb A_© cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ Kg© ev object Gi Dci
Verb wbf©ikxj Zv‡K Transitive verb ejv nq| ÔKxÕ ev ÔKv‡KÕ Øviv cÖkœ K‡i ‡h DËi cvIqv hvq †mwUB
Transitive verb.
: ‡h verb (wµqvi) Gi object (we‡aq) _v‡K, Zv‡K Transitive verb (mKg© wµqv) e‡j|
verb wU‡K ÔKxÕ ev ÔKv‡KÕ Øviv cÖkœ K‡i DËi cvIqv hvq ZvB verb wU‡K mKg©K wµqv e‡j|
D`vniY Mother loves (transitive verb) me (object). He writes a letter.
He took shelter under a tree. He has broken the glass.
Intransitive †h verb Gi object (Kg©) †bB Zv‡K e‡j intransitive verb A_©vr hvi A_© cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ Kg©
Verb (Object) Gi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| Verb ‡K ÔKxÕ ev ÔKv‡KÕ Øviv cÖkœ K‡i hw` †Kvb object cvIqv bv hvq
†mwUB Intransitive verb ev AKg©K wµqv| ‡hgb- Mother laughs. A blind man can’t see.
Your health will break down. Matador writes well. He who can’t earn can’t give.
Participles Participle refers to Adjective. It functions as adjective and verb in the sentence at
the same time. (Participle wb‡`©k K‡i Adjective ‡K| GwU GKwU ev‡K¨ GKB mv‡_ adjective
Ges verb Gi KvR K‡i|) ‡hgb- A rolling stone gathers no moss.
hw` verb Gi Present Form + ing ‡Kvb ev‡K¨ Article Ges noun Gi gv‡S e‡m noun ‡K
modify K‡i Ges Adjective Gi g‡Zv KvR K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K Participle (Present participle)
ejv nq| †hgb- The smiling girl is my neighbor. I saw a walking man.
Article + V-ing + Noun. Noun Gi c~‡e© verb + ing hy³ word wU‡K ejv nq participle
(adjective) ‡hgb- I saw the man walking.
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #15
Present Participle Verb Gi Present Form + ing (AvPiY K‡i Adjective Gi gZ)
Past Participle Verb Gi Past Participle (AvPiY K‡i Adjective Gi gZ) (V1+-ed, -d, en, -t)
e¨vL¨v : e¨w³ ev person ‡K modify Ki‡j mvaviYZ past participle n‡e|
Perfect Participle Having + Verb Gi Past Participle Form.
e¨vL¨v : Having Gi ci verb এর past participle form hLb ev‡K¨ verb+ing Gi cwie‡Z© em‡j ZLb Zv‡K ejv
nq perfect participle.
Participle Phrase Verb (+ing) + phrase.
Gerund
Gerund nevi 06 (Qq) wU Dcvq i‡q‡Q| Dcvq 06 (Qq) wU †Lqvj Kiæb
Structure D`vniY
 Verb + ing (GwU‡K verbal noun ejv nq) o Running is good for your heart.
 Subject Gi object wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq o He hates waking up early.
 Subject Gi complement wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq o What I hate most is repeating myself.
 Object Gi complement wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq o I saw Jim riding his bike.
 Object of a preposition wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq o I am interested in improving myself.
 Object of possessive pronoun wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq o She doesn’t like your bossing her around.
10 Common verbs followed by Gerunds
Avoid I try to avoid arguing. Finish I finished reading.
Be worth It’s worth seeing. Consider We considered leaving party early.
Dread He dreads going to the gum. Discuss You always discuss making changes.
Enjoy They enjoy jogging together. Dislike I really dislike being interrupted.
Miss I miss seeing my friends. Feel like I feel like traveling.
Infinitive
ev‡K¨ Infinitive Gi e¨envi
Subject wn‡m‡e  To do the right thing is not easy.
 To learn a new language is helpful.
 It’s not easy to do the right thing.
Object wn‡m‡e  I want to help you. They love to travel.
Subject Complement  Her job is to assist you.
wn‡m‡e  My dream is to open a business.
Adjective wn‡m‡e  I told you to wait. He wants me to leave.
 I have no time to eat.
Adverb wn‡m‡e  We must study to learn. I want to learn to sing.
 She reads to gain knowledge.
Common verbs followed by infinitives
Like She likes to talk/talking. Plan We are planning to visit Europe.
Enjoy She enjoys to talk/talking. Decide She has decided to quit.
Want They want to expand the company. Choose Ruma choose to stay at home.
Hope I hope to see you there. Promise He promised to come on time.
Agree They agreed to make the deal. Need I need to go to the bank.
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #16
wb‡¤œ D‡jøwLZ verb ¸‡jvi ci †Kvb verb em‡j †mwU memgq infinitive (to+verb) nq
desire especct pretend wish attempt strive learn prepare
intend fail hesitate offer tend forget refuse seem

Bare Infinitive
Infinitive = to + verb
Bare infinitive = the infinitive form of a verb without the word ÔtoÕ.
ev‡K¨ Bare Infinitive Gi e¨envi
After modals  You should tell her how you feel.
(can, will, could, may, might, must etc,)  I must visit my mother. You can do the work
After certain verbs  I saw them steal the car.
(see, hear, feel watch etc)  I heard you close the window.
 We don’t let the children stay up late.
After Ôand’ Ôor’ Ôexcept’, Ôbut’ ÔthanÕ,  Do you want to come with me or stay at home?
ÔasÕ, ÔlikeÕ  She can do everything but cook.
 She did nothing except cry.
After why or why not  Why not try doing it yourself.
After rather, better, had better  You had better visit him. I would rather wait.
Linking hLb †Kvb verb sentence G complement wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ Adjective/Noun ‡K subject Gi mv‡_
Verb m¤úK©hy³ K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K Linking verb e‡j| G †ÿ‡Î subject I complement GKB e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K
wb‡`©k K‡i| ‡hgb- Be verb, become, fall, get, feel, remain, grow, run, turn, taste,
sound, smell, act, stay, continue.
could not help/cannot help, be + used to, get used to, worth, mind, with a view
to, be addicted to, prefer cÖf…wZi c‡i verb -Gi m‡½ Òing” ‡hvM nq| ‡yhgb- We cannot
help laughing, I was used to walking here, He got used to smoking, The book
is worth reading, I went there with a view to seeing you, I prefer playing to running.
Causative Causative verb Gi A_© n‡jv cÖ‡hvRK wµqv| A_©vr †Kv‡bv KvR wb‡R bv K‡i Ab¨‡K w`‡q KvRUv
Verb Kiv‡bvB †ÿ‡Î †h verb e¨envi Kiv nq, Zv‡KB ejv nq Causative verb. ‡hgb- gv Zvui wkï‡K Pvu`
†`Lv‡”Qb| wKQz Causative verb Gi D`vniY-
Verb Causative verb Verb Causative verb
Know (Rvbv) Inform (Rvbv‡bv) See (†`Lv) Show (‡`Lv‡bv)
Remember (g‡b Kiv) Remind (g‡b Kiv‡bv) Dive (Wze †`qv) Dip (Wzev‡bv)
Drink (cvb Kiv) Drench (cvb Kiv‡bv) Rise (IVv) Raise (IVv‡bv)
Lie (ï‡q cov) Lay (ï‡q civ‡bv)
‡hme verb Gi Causative verb nq bv †mme verb Gi Causative verb Kivi Rb¨ Make, get, have,
let Ges help GB verb ¸‡jv e¨envi Kiv nq|
AviI wKQz Sub + get/got + e¨w³ + to + verb Gi base form Sub + get/got/ + e¯‘ + V3
¸iæZ¡c~Y© wbqg Sub + have/has/had + e¨w³ + verb Gi base form Sub + have/has/had + e¨w³ + V3

Adjective
weMZ  ÔHe was a rather disagreeable man’. Here the underlined was a/an- Ans:
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #17

eQ‡ii Adjective. (35th BCS)

 Depression is often hereditary. The underlined words is a/an Ans: Adjective.
cÖkœ (35th BCS)
 Please write to me at the above address. Here Ôabove’ is – Ans. Adjective. (40th
BCS)
‡h word Øviv noun ev pronoun Gi †`vl, ¸Y, Ae¯’v, msL¨v ev cwigvY‡K †evSvq Zv‡K Adjective e‡j|
Adjective ‡K ejv nq— modifying/qualifying word. Noun ev Pronoun ‡K modify K‡i|
Possessive Adjective This is my book. This is his car.
Demonstrative Adjective This book is red.
She was one of those people who are forever worried about money.
Indefinite Adjective Any boy can do this.
He is a man of few words.
Interrogative/Relative Adjective Whose book do you want?
Which pen have you bought?
Distributive Adjective Each boy got a prize. Every man is potential.
I shall support neither party. Neither report is true.
wKQz wKQz Noun Av‡Q, hvi mv‡_ ly ‡hvM n‡j Adjective ejv nq| Z‡e wKQz wKQz Adjective ‡Pbv hvq Suffix ‡`‡L|
al National, legal ian, an Indian, American
ic Historic, economic en Golden, wooden
ical Historical able Drinkable, movable
ish Turkish, childish ful Beautiful, hopeful
istic Fantastic, optimistic less Fearless, helpless
ive Active, attractive ly Friendly, namely, heavenly, homely
ed Learned, talented, Unparalleled ous Envious, studious, Joyous.
Adjective of quality (¸YevPK we‡klY) or good, bad, wise, warm, cold, noble, rich, honest
Descriptive adjective etc.
Adjective of quantity (cwigvYÁvcK we‡klY) none, much, more, enough, little, any, sufficient,
or Quantitative adjective great, less etc.
Adjective of number (msL¨vevPK we‡klY) or One, two,., First, second, Third….., Single,
Numeral adjective Double…., Some, Few etc.
Pronominal adjective (me©bv‡gv™¢~Z we‡klY) or Relative adjective .
Latin Adjectives
Noun Latin Adjectives : A_© Noun Latin Adjectives : A_©
Bird Avian : cwÿ msµvšÍ Lion Leonine : ঴ং঵঴িৃল
Blood Sanguine : Avkvwš^Z Lip Labial : ওষ্ঠসংক্রান্ত
Sanguinary : i³v³
Body Corporal : kvixwiK Male Masculine: cyiæl ঴ংক্র ন্ত
Brother Fraternal : åvZ…msµvšÍ Man Human : মানবজাতি সম্বন্ধীয়
Boy Puerile : wkïmyjf Ship Naval : ‡b․evwnbx msµvšÍ
Cat Feline : weovj msµvšÍ Side Lateral : cvwk^©K
Cattle Bovine : Mevw` cï Sky Ethereal : MvMwYK
Church Ecclesiastical : wMR©v msµvšÍ Son Filial : ঴ন্ত ঴ংক্র ন্ত
City Civic : bMi m¤^Üxq South Austral : ি িণ ি ঴ংক্র ন্ত
Cow/Cattle Bovine : Mevw`cï msµvšÍ Spring Vernal : ঴ন্ত ঱ী
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #18
Country Rural/Rustic : MÖvg¨/ MÖvgxY Star Astral : িত্র ঴ংক্র ন্ত
Daughter Filial : Kb¨vmsµvšÍ, K‡b¨wPZ Stream Fluvial : িী ঴ংক্র ন্ত
Day Diurnal : ‣`wbK, AvwýK Sun Solar : ঴ূযি ঴ংক্র ন্ত
Death Lethal/Mortal : cÖvYNvwZ, giYkxj Tooth Dental : িন্ত ঴ংক্র ন্ত
Dog Canine : KzKzi m¤^Üxq Friend Amicable : ন্ধুভ পন্ন
Eagle Aquiline : CMj msµvšÍ God Divine : স্বর্িী
Earth Terrestrial : cvw_©e Hair Capillary : ক ল
East Oriental : cÖvP¨ Hand Manual : ঵স্ত ৃ
Egg Oval : wW¤^vKvi Head Capital : মস্ত ঴ম্বন্ধী
End Final : P~ovšÍ Heart Cordial : আন্ত র
Eye Ocular : Pÿz m¤^Üxq Marriage Nuptial : ঵ ঴ংক্র ন্ত
Father Paternal : ‣cwÎK Mind Mental : ম ঴
Fish Piscatory : ‡R‡j msµvšÍ Money Pecuniary: অথি ঴ংক্র ন্ত
Piscine : grm¨ msµvšÍ
Field/Village Rural : ‡Mu‡qv, MÖvgxY Month Menstrual : ম ঴
Flesh Carnal : i³ gvsm m¤^Üxq Moon Lunar : েন্দ্র ু঱
Flock Gregarious : h~_Pi Mother Maternal : জ ীসু঱ভ
Flower Floral : cy®ú msµvšÍ Mouth Oral : চমৌ খ , মুখ ঴ংক্র ন্ত
Foot Pedal : c`msµvšÍ North Boreal : উত্তর ি ঴ংক্র ন্ত
Fox Vulpine : k„Mvj msµvšÍ Nose Nasal : ঴ ঴ংক্র ন্ত
Heaven Celestial : ¯^M©xq Name Nominal : মম ত্র
Hell Infernal : biKxq Nature Normal : মম ি
Home Domestic : N‡ivqv Night Nocturnal : ল ের
Horse Equestrian : Ak^msµvšÍ Ox Bovine : র্ ি পশুর ন্য
Husband Conjugal : weevn msµvšÍ Place Local : স্থ ী
King Royal : র জ ী Point Punctual : ন্দুর্
Law Legal : আই ঴ংক্র ন্ত Punishment Penal : িণ্ড ঴ংক্র ন্ত
Life Vital : জী ঴ংক্র ন্ত Ray Radiant : র ি রণ
Light Luminous : িী িম Root Radical : মূ঱র্ মূ঱
Rule Regular : / র অনুয ী West Occidental : প শ্চ
Salt Saline : ঱ ণ ি Wife Conjugal : ি ম্প
Sea Marine : ঴ মু ি Will Voluntary : চস্বচ্ছ ৃ
School Academic : চ ী Women Effeminate : চম ঱ী
Sheep Ovine : চমঘ ঴ংক্র ন্ত Womb Uterine : জর ু ঴ংক্র ন্ত
Sun Solar : ‡m․i msµvšÍ Wood Sylvan : অরণ ঴ংক্র ন্ত
Town Urban : চপৌর ল঵ র Word Verbal : লের্
Time Temporal : mgqMZ World Mundane : প থি
Temporary : A¯’vqx
Village Rural/Rustic : গ েঁয়য়া Year Annual : ৎ঴ র
Water Aquatic : জলজ Youth Juvenile : রুণ

Adverb
weMZ  The sun went down. The underlined word is used here as a/an: Ans: adverb.
(38th BCS)
eQ‡ii  The mother sat vigilantly beside the sick baby. Here ÔvigilantlyÕ is- Ans: an
cÖkœ adverb. (37th BCS)
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #19
 ‘Come on, it’s time to go home.’ Here ‘home’ is a/an- Ans. Adverb. (41st BCS)
‡h k㸇jv Verb m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ †`q, †m k㸇jv‡K Adverb e‡j| ‡hgb— He walks slowly (‡m ax‡i nvu‡U)|
Faisal speaks loudly (dqmvj †Rv‡i K_v e‡j)
†h mKj Word ‡Kvb Adjective Gi Ae¯’v cÖKvk K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K Adverb ejv nq| ‡hgb— Abeer is a very
good boy. (Avwei Lye fvj †Q‡j)
Adverb Gi g~j KvR n‡”Q— verb, adjective, adverb ‡K modify Kiv|
When, How, Where cÖkœ¸‡jvi Reve †h Word wU ‡_‡K cvIqv hvq, Zv‡K Adverb e‡j| The bird flies
swiftly. (How?) I came here just before ten. (When?) I want to go home. (Where?)
cÖkœ Kiæb, How files? Swiftly. Zvn‡j swiftly kãwU Adverb. Gfv‡e cÖkœ K‡i Adverb Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq|
GQvovI (-ly) hy³ kã‡K ejv nq Adverb.
Ly _vK‡jB fve‡eb bv kãUv Adverb
Noun + ly = Adjective ঵ ‡hgb-
Motherly, fatherly, brotherly. He gave a fatherly smile. ( ট সু঱ভ ঵ ঴ ি ে ঱ )
He actually to have motherly affection from her.
Adjective + ly = Adverb. ‡hgb-
Swiftly, loudly, slowly, lately, nicely, kindly. The lion roared loudly. ( ঴ং঵ ট চজ র র্জি র ে ঱ )

Conjuction
weMZ eQ‡ii  ‘I shall help you provided you obey me.’ Here the underlined word is a/an-
cÖkœ Ans. Conjuction. (41st BCS)
A conjunction is a part of speech that joins thoughts.
And Compound sentence ঴মজ ী ঳ যুি র and ( ঴ং য জ ) ঵র র ঵
But Compound sentence ট পরী ঳ যুি র but (we‡qvRb) ঵র র ঵
Since Past Indefinite Tense (Sub + V2 + Extension) + Since (Zvici †_‡K/ZLb †_‡K) + Past
Perfect Tense. They suffered much since tornado had hit their village.
Present Perfect Tense (Sub + have/has + V3 + Extension) + Since (ZLb †_‡K/Zvici
†_‡K) + Past Indefinite Tense. Much water has followed through the Ganges since
I left you.
If fwel¨r m¤¢vebv/Abygvb Ki‡Z hw` Ôhw`Õ A‡_© If e¨eüZ nq| Dc‡ii ev‡K¨ kZ© wb‡`©kK As‡ki c~‡e© If
kãwU Ôhw`Õ A‡_© e‡m‡Q| Water boils if you heat it to 1000 centigrade.
Besides Besides (e¨ZxZ): ev‡K¨i A‡_©i Dci wbf©i K‡i Besides kãwU ÔGQvovIÕ A‡_© e¨eüZ nq| ‡hgb-
We need two hundred dollars besides this to pay for everything.
Although, `ywU Clause hw` GKwU ev‡K¨ wecixZgywLZv †evSvq, Zvn‡j Ôhw`IÕ, ÔZ_vwcÕ A‡_© Although,
Though Though e¨eüZ nq| ‡hgb Although he is poor, he is honest. (য িও চ঴ র্রী , ও ু চ঴
঴ৎ)| Although glass is, for all practical purpose, a solid, its molecular
structure is that of a liquid. I could not sleep although I was very tired.
As___as, Zzjbv Kivi Rb¨ n¨vu-‡evaK ev‡K¨ As___as Ges bv-‡evaK ev‡K¨ so/as___as e¨eüZ nq| Prices
so/as__as for bicycles can run as high asTk.20,000.
In case c~e© mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv A‡_© Ôhw`Õ A‡_© In case kãwU hv NUvi Avk¼v/ m¤¢vebv cÖKvk Kiv n‡”Q ‡mB
ev‡K¨i c~‡e© e‡m| ‡hgb- Give her a telephone number to ring in case she gets lost.
AvKw¯§K †Kvb NUbv NUvi m¤¢vebv _vK‡j ev‡K¨ in case e‡m| evK¨wUi A_© n‡jv - e„wó nIqvi Avk¼vq
Avwg me©`v QvZv ivwL| k~b¨¯’v‡b c~e© mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv A‡_© in case em‡e| ‡hgb- I always take
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #20
umbrella in case it rains.
Till/Until ev‡K¨i kZ© wb‡`©kK As‡ki c~‡e© ÔhZÿY bvÕ, Ô‡Kv‡bv mgq ch©šÍÕ A‡_© Till/Until e¨eüZ nq|
Not only____ but GKwU ev‡K¨ GKB Subject Gi `ywU •ewkó¨ mshy³ Kiv †ÿ‡Î GK As‡k Not only em‡j, Aci As‡k
also (ïay GUvB
bqÑÑÑHUvI) but also e‡m| †hgb The car not only is economical but also feels good to drive.
Nevertheless GKwU ev‡K¨ `ywU wecixZgyLx Clause e¨eüZ n‡j Zv‡`i ms‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ ÔZ_vwcÕ, ÔZeyIÕ, Ôm‡Ë¡IÕ A‡_©
Nevertheless kãwU e¨eüZ nq| He did not study hard; nevertheless he passed the
examination.
Moreover The weather is hot; moreover, the air is humid. (AvenvIqv Mig, Gi Dci evZvm n‡jv
Av`ª©)|
However ÔhvB †nvKÕ, ÔwKš‘Õ A‡_© However `ywU evK¨‡K mshy³ Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq| ‡hgb- We wanted to
meet him. However, he arrived late. (Avgiv Zvi mv‡_ †`Lv Ki‡Z †P‡qwQjvg| wKš‘, wZwb
†`wi‡Z †c․u‡QwQ‡jb|)
Because & Because & Because of (KviY) : Phrase Gi c~‡e© because of Ges Clause Gi c~‡e©
Because of because e‡m| Because of ‡h ev‡K¨ e‡m †m ev‡K¨i MVb – Because of + Noun/Noun
(KviY) phrase. ‡hgb Because of his obstinacy (GK¸‡qwg), we could not reach conclusion.
Because Clause Gi c~‡e© because e‡m| Because ‡h ev‡K¨ e‡m †m ev‡K¨i MVb – _____ Because +
(KviY) Subject + Verb/ Because/there + verb + …. ‡hgb It was difficult to see clearly
because it was raining. We were delayed because there was a traffic jam.
Or ÔA_evÕ, ÔwKsevÕ A‡_© †Kvb wKQzi weKí †evSv‡Z Ôor’ e¨eüZ nq| ‡hgb- You many accept the
job on offer or you may wait for a better job.
In spite of/ Despite/ In spite of me©`vB Ôm‡Ë¡IÕ A‡_© Noun/Noun Phrase Gi c~‡e© e‡m| AviI GKwU
Despite D`vniY †`Lyb Despite all his attempt to solve the problem, he failed. In spite of
(m‡Ë¡I) hard labor, he could not prosper.
Yet ev‡K¨ hv ejv n‡q‡Q Zvi mv‡_ Avðh©RbK Z_¨ hy³ Ki‡Z yet (Zrm‡Ë¡I) e¨eüZ nq| ‡hgb- He
should do his homework, yet he never does it. (Zv‡K Zvi evwoi KvR Kiv DwPr, A_P †m
KLbB †m GwU K‡i bv)
Lest Ôcv‡Q wKQz N‡U GB f‡qÕ A‡_© Lest e¨eüZ nq| ev‡K¨i MVb : ______ + lest + Sub +
should/might + verb + extension. ‡hgb Hurry up lest you might be late for
examination. ‡hgb- Run fast, ____ you should miss the train.
So that/ in Ô‡hbÕ/ Ôhv‡ZÕ A‡_© †Kvb Kv‡Ri djvdj wn‡m‡e wb‡`©k Ki‡Z So that/in order to e¨eüZ nq| †hgb-
order to We have been working hard so that we can win this year’s challenge.
As if/As Present Indefinite + af if/as though + Past Indefinite. ‡hgb He looked as if he knew
though the answer.
Present Indefinite/Past Indefinite + as if/as though + Subject + were + extension.
‡hgb He treated me as if I were a child.
Whether __ or not (`ywUi mygvBqv‡K Zvui wcZv-gvZv AbygwZ w`K ev bv w`K, †m cvwU©‡Z †hvM w`‡Z AvMÖnx| ‡hgb-
g‡a¨ †h †Kvb GKwU †evSv‡Z) Whether his parents allow him or not, Sumaiya intends to go to party.
Would A_© ¸iæZ¡ †`qv| Gi c‡i Gi e‡m Avi would rather verb simple form negative verb base
rather form. ‡hgb- Mr. Atique would rather not invest that money in the stock
market.
While While Øviv hy³ `ywU clause _vK‡j Ges while Gi c~‡e©i clause wU past indefinite tense n‡j
while cieZx© clause wU past continuous tense nq|
Scarecly Scarcely had he come when it started raining.
had…when

চজ র খু : েু েু লে আ ে য র ঵ র চভ ি Preposition অথ adverb অথ
Conjunction ঵ ঴ ঵ প র চযম : before, after, since, for etc.
o We moved to Mecca before holy pilgrim. (Preposition)
o I have seen him before. (Adverb)
o I always feed the children before I have dinner. (Conjunction)
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #21

Preposition
weMZ  Eight men were concerned____ the plot. Ans: for. (38th BCS)
 ÔAmong’ is a preposition that is used when people are involved. Ans: more than
eQ‡ii two. (38th BCS)
cÖkœ  The family doesn’t feel ______ going outing this season. Ans: like (37th BCS)
 John Smith is good ___ Mathematics. Ans: at (36th BCS)
 He insisted __ there. (Filling the gap) Ans: on my going. (36th BCS)
 I have been living in Dhaka ______ 2000. Ans: since. (36th BCS)
 Credit tk 5000 ________ my account. Ans: to (36th BCS)
 Professor Razzak was a scholar ____ refute. Ans: of. (36th BCS)
 There was a small reception following the wedding. The word ‘following’ in the
sentence above is an ___ Ans. Preposition. (39th BCS)
 Which ‘but’ is a preposition? Ans. What can we do but sit and wait? (41st BCS)
‡h mKj kã mvaviYZ noun ev pronoun Gi mvg‡b e‡m noun ev pronoun Gi mv‡_ sentence Gi Ab¨vb¨
k‡ãi m¤úK© cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡`i‡K preposition ejv nq|
 for wbw`©ó mgq (hour, day, month, year etc.) a‡i †Kvb NUbvi e¨vwß †evSv‡Z for e‡m| since wbw`©ó mgq
†_‡K NUv †evSv‡Z since e‡m| ‡hgb It has been raining for ten hours.
 In time— ঴ম র আ র্ On time— যথ ঴ম To time— ঴ম র ঴ থ ঴ মঞ্জস্য চর খ|
 ‡Kvb wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ †evSv‡Z e‡m in, fwel¨r Kv‡ji †Kvb KvR point of time Gi g‡a¨ NU‡e †evSv‡j Zvi c~‡e©
by/before e‡m| wbw`©ó mgq †kl nIqvi c~‡e© †evSv‡Z within e‡m|
 Abymv‡i †evSv‡Z by e¨eüZ nq| ZvB Nwo‡Z †evSv‡Z by e¨eüZ nq| What is the time by your watch?
 fwel¨r Kv‡ji †Kvb KvR point of time Gi g‡a¨ NU‡e †evSv‡j Zvi c~‡e© by/before e‡m|
05. I should appreciate it if you complete this work ____ Thursday. (by) (26Zg wewmGm)

In, at, on [Prepositions Related to Place]

 ‡QvU ¯’v‡bi c~‡e© at e‡m| †hgb- at home, at Firmgate, at office. eo ¯’v‡bi c~‡e© in e‡m| †hgb- in
Bangladesh, in America. He is not at home today. I attend at office punctually.
 †Kvb NUbv PjvKvjxb mg‡qi e¨vwß †evSv‡Z during e‡m| †hgb- My father was in hospital for six weeks
during the summer.

Appropriate Prepositions
A
Amenable to— obedient, eva¨, gvb¨ K‡i Ggb| Absorbed in— g‡bv‡hvMx nIqv/ †Kvb wel‡q wbgMœ nIqv
Arrive at— wmÜv‡šÍ DcbxZ nIqv/ †QvU ¯’v‡b †c․uQv‡bv Attend to— g‡bv‡hvM †`Iqv, cwiPh©v Kiv
Arrive in— ‡`k ev eo kn‡i †c․uQv‡bv Attend at— ‡Kvb ¯’v‡b Dcw¯’Z nIqv
Attend upon/on— ‡mev Kiv Appointment with (somebody)— wba©vwiZ ¯’v‡b wbw`©ó
Adhere to— ‡j‡M _vKv, AUj _vKv mg‡q mvÿvrKvi
Accused of— Charged with— Awfhy³ Appoint to— ‡Kvb c‡` wbhy³ ev wbhy³ Kiv
Abide by— ‡g‡b Pjv Acquit (sb) of (sth)— KvD‡K †Kvb †`vl ev Awf‡hvM n‡Z
Abide in— evm Kiv (‡Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b) gyw³ †`Iqv
Abide with (somebody)— Kv‡iv m‡½ _vKv Alive to To be aware of
Accede to— ivRx nIqv Aspire to AwZwi³ AvKv•ÿv Kiv ev D”PvKv•ÿv ZvwoZ nIqv
Accessible to— ‡evaMg¨
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #22
alternative to weKí Account with ‡Kvb wKQz‡Z wnmve _vKv
alternative to + verb + ing nq Absent from- Abycw¯’Z _vKv|
Approve of (somebody/something)— Aby‡gv`b Kiv/mg_©b Kiv
Angry with (somebody)— KviI Dci ivMvwš^Z nIqv Assure of— Avk^vm †`Iqv
Angry at (something)— KviI AvPiY ev K‡g©i Dci ivMvwš^Z
Angry about— ‡Kvb Kvi‡Y ivMvwš^Z nIqv Argue with (somebody) KviI mv‡_ ZK© Kiv
Ambition for (something)— D”PvKv•ÿv Argue for— ‡Kvb wKQzi c‡ÿ ZK©
Ambitious of (something)— D”PvKv•ÿx Argue about/over (something) — ‡Kvb wel‡q ZK© Kiv
Ambition for ‡Kvb wKQzi Rb¨ D”PvKv•ÿv Astonished at— wew¯§Z
Admit of— ¯^xK…wZ cvIqv, my‡hvM †`qv Attentive to— g‡bv‡hvM †`Iqv
Admit to— fwZ© nIqv, †hvM †`qv Ashamed of— wbR AvPiY ev K‡g©i Rb¨ jw¾Z
Acceptable to— MÖnY‡hvM¨ Ashamed for— Ab¨ e¨w³i Kvi‡Y jw¾Z nIqv
Aptitude for— ¯^vfvweK `ÿZv, cÖeYZv Ashamed of— wbR AvPiY ev K‡g©i Rb¨ jw¾Z
Abhorrence of (sth)— ‡Kvb wKQzi cÖwZ N„Yv Appeal for— ‡Kvb wKQzi weiæ‡× Av‡e`b Kiv
Abhorrent to (sb)— KviI wbKU N„Yv Ask for (sth)— PvIqv
Abound in— cÖPzi cwigv‡Y _vKv Ask (sb) in— wfZ‡i Avm‡Z ejv
Abound with— cwic~Y© _vKv Antipathy to— N„Yv
Acquit (sb) of (sth)— Lvjvm †`qv, Ae¨vnwZ †`qv Ascend from— Dc‡i IVv
Adjacent to— wbKUeZ©x, msjMœ Aspire after— D”PvKv•ÿvZvwoZ nIqv
Affinity for (sth)— AbyivM, Avmw³, Zxeª AvKl©Y Atone for— cÖvqwðË Kiv
Aim at— †Kvb wKQz‡Z cÖfvweZ Kiv| Avail oneself of— (my‡hv‡Mi) mبenvi Kiv
Allotted to— KvD‡K eivÏcÖ`Ë Alarmed at/by— kw¼Z, DwØMœ
Amateur at (sth)— A‡ckv`vi Allergic to— weivMfvRb †Kvb wKQzi cÖwZ
Answer for (sth)— `vqx nIqv, Revew`wn Kiv

B
brood on/over— welYœfv‡e AbeiZ wPšÍv Kiv Blush with— b¤ªZv
Beg (something) of (somebody)/ Beg (somebody) for (something)/ Beg (something) from (somebody)—
wfÿv PvIqv
Bad at— A`ÿ Bent on— determined to do, msKíeÜ
Break in n¯Í‡ÿc Kiv/evuav †`Iqv Blind to (fault)— ‡`v‡li cÖwZ AÜ, †`‡LI bv †`Lv
Break into ‡Rvic~e©K cÖ‡ek Kiv Built of— wbwg©Z
Break off nVvr †_‡g hvIqv Beneficial to DcKvix
Baffled by— nZeyw× nIqv Bias against— cÿcv‡Zi Awf‡hvM Bereft of— ewÂZ
Believe in— Av¯’v ivLv Boast of— AnsKvi Kiv Beset by/with— cwi‡ewóZ
Belong to— ¯^Z¡vaxb nIqv Bound by— Ki‡Z eva¨ Bestow on— m¤§vbv‡_© cÖ`vb Kiv

C
Concern in `vqx A‡_© (Responsible for) ‡Kvb wKQz‡Z RwoZ
Call on/upon- Kv‡iv mv‡_ wM‡q mvÿvZ Kiv Credit (balance) to (account)/ Credit (account)
Call in- †W‡K cvVv‡bv with (balance)— Rgv Kiv
call at- †Kv_vI wM‡q mvÿvZ Kiv Confident of- AvZ¥wek^vmx|
Coincide with— (aviYv m¤ú‡K©) wg‡j hvIqv Compatible with— mvgÄm¨c~Y© ev m½wZc~Y©
Comply with— ivwR nIqv, †g‡b †bIqv Control over (somebody)— Kv‡iv Dc‡i wbqš¿Y
Conducive to— DcKvix Compare with— GKB RvZxq wRwb‡mi Zzjbv Kiv
Compare to— Amg e¯‘i g‡a¨ Zzjbv Kiv Convince of— wek^vm Rb¥v‡bv, `„p wek^vm m„wó Kiv
Compatible with mym½Z, Dchy³, mvgÄm¨c~Y© Committed to A½xKvie×/cÖwZkÖæwZe×
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #23
Consolidate for fvj D‡Ï‡k¨ GKwÎZ Kiv Comply with sb Sb ‡K †g‡b Pjv
Catch somebody by something A_© ‡Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K †Kvb A½ †hgb nvZ, Kvb cÖf…wZ a‡i Uvbv
Callous to— D`vmxb| Cause for— ‡Kvb wKQzi b¨vq wfwË, Dch©y³ KviY
Cause for— ‡Kvb wKQzi b¨vq wfwË, Dch©y³ KviY Cling to— `„pfv‡e †j‡M _vKv
Çoncur with— GKgZ nIqv Conform to— ‡g‡b Pjv, AbymiY Kiv, wgj _vKv
Congenial to— Dc‡hvMx
Care for— ‡`Lv‡kvbv Kiv Contemporaray of— mgmvgwqK
Catch at— aivi †Póv Kiv Connection to— ‡Kvb wKQzi mv‡_ m¤úK©
Catch by— A½-cÖZ¨½ †P‡c aiv Cure of— wPwKrmv Kiv, Av‡ivM¨ nIqv
Cope with— mvgwj‡q IVv/‡m‡i IVv Cure for— wbivgqKvix Jla

D
Debar from— weiZ ivLv Despaired of—hopeless of, nZvk
Devoid of – ewR©Z/k~b¨ Difficulty in (doing)— mgm¨v, RwUjZv
Discourage from— weiZ ivLv/ evav †`qv/ wbiærmvwnZ Kiv
Distrust of— m‡›`n Destitute of— Devoid of (Afve, k~b¨)
Dispense with (sb/sth) gy³ nIqv, wb¯Ívi cvIqv Deal in sth— ‡Kvb wKQz †ePv‡Kbv/e¨emv Kiv
Deal wtith— Av‡jvPbv Kiv/‡gjv‡gkv Kiv/m¤úK© iÿv Kiv
Damage to— ÿwZ Deprive of— ewÂZ Kiv Detrimental to— ÿwZKi
Depend on/upon— wbf©i Kiv Disgrace to— Kj¼ Discuss with— Av‡jvPbv Kiv
Dedicate to— DrmM© Kiv Discovery— ‡Kvb wKQzi Avwe®‥vi Do up— AvU‡K _vKv
Describe to (somebody)— Kv‡iv Kv‡Q eY©bv Kiv

E
Entrusted to (somebody) KviI wbKU b¨¯Í Kiv, Ac©Y Kiv Expert at (doing something)— fv‡jvfv‡e
Entrusted with (something) — ‡Kvb `vwqZ¡ Ac©Y Kiv Ki‡Z mÿg
Entitled to ‡Kvb wKQz cvIqvi AwaKvi ivLv Enter into (something) Av‡jvPbv/Pzw³‡Z cÖ‡ek Kiv
Enquire into ‡Kvb wel‡q Z`šÍ Kiv : Escape from cvwj‡q hvIqv ev Gov‡bv
Engaged to— KviI evM`Ëv (AvswU e`j n‡q‡Q Ggb) Envious of— Jealous of, cikÖxKvZi
Engaged in— ‡Kvb K‡g© wb‡qvwRZ/ wbhy³/ wbgMœ Equal to (a task)— K‡g© mgZzj¨
Expert in— ‡Kvb wel‡q AwfÁ Equal in (rank)— c`gh©v`vq mgZzj¨
Exult over/at— Djøvm Kiv Equal with (a person)— e¨w³i mgZzj¨
End in (something)— cwiYwZ jvf Kiv Escape from— gy³ nIqv
Exception to— e¨wZµg

F
Feed on— ‡L‡q evuPv Fantasize about— Kíbv Kiv
Fail in cixÿvq DËxY© n‡Z e¨_© nIqv Fearful of— fxZ
fall off A decrease in something. Fall into— ‡Kvb Ae¯’vq cwZZ nIqv
Fatal to— gvivZ¥K Fed up with— wei³ Fond of— Avm³
Familiar to— mycwiwPZ Free of— e¨ZxZ Full of— c~Y©
Fatigue by— K¬všÍ Flow over— Dci w`‡q cÖevwnZ nIqv
Familiar with— fvj Ávb Av‡Q Ggb Flow into— cÖevwnZ n‡q mvM‡i cwZZ nIqv

G
Grumble at/about/over ড় ড় চি ভ অ঴ ন্ত ঳ ল র
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #24
Grumble out অ঴ ন্ত ঳ ভ র ঱ Good at— `ÿ
Good to— `qvjy, m`q Give something to somebody Ac©Y Kiv ev Dcnvi wn‡m‡e `vb Kiv
Grateful to— KviI cÖwZ K…ZÁ Grateful for— ‡Kvb wel‡qi Kvi‡Y K…ZÁ
H

Hope for— Avkv Kiv Hopeful of— Avkvev`x Hungry for— cÖej D”PvKv•ÿx
Heir of somebody— e¨w³i DËivwaKvix Heir to something— m¤úwËi DËivwaKvix
Hinge on/upon— wbf©i Kiv Hanker A_©— jvjvwqZ nIqv ev †jvf Kiv
Horrified by upset (nZvk)
I
Impact on— cÖfve †djv Impose on— (Ki, `vwqZ¡) Av‡ivc Kiv, Pvcv‡bv
Inclusive of— AšÍf©y³, mnKv‡i Incompatible with— AmvgÄm¨
Indulge in— RwoZ nIqv, Avm³ nIqv Infect with— `~wlZ Kiv
Integral to— Awe‡”Q`¨ Interfere with— AbwaKviPP©v Kiv
Impute to— †`vlv‡ivc Kiv Infuse (sth) into (sb) — mÂvi Kiv, cwic~Y© Kiv
Intent on— `„pmsKí nIqv Inveigh against— Zxeª mgv‡jvPbv Kiv
Indispensable to— Acwinvh©, AZ¨vek¨K Impatient of Intolerant of (Amwnòz, •ah©nxb)
Introduce into/to— cÖPwjZ Kiv Interest in— ‡Kvb wel‡q AvMÖn
Innocent of— wb‡`©vl Involved in— RwoZ
inform of/about— AewnZ Kiv, Rvbv‡bv Inquiry into (sth)— ‡Kvb e¨vcv‡i Z`šÍ

J
Jear at— Dcnvm Kiv Jurisdiction over— AvBwb KZ…©Z¡
Jealous of – Cl©vwš^Z
K-Q

Lack of— Afve Listen to— ‡kvbv Lament for— ‡kvK Kiv
Laugh at— Dcnvm Kiv Learn about (sth) — Ávb, ÁvbvR©b Kiv
Light by/ Lit by— Av‡jvwKZ Kiv/Av‡jvwKZ Loyal to— AbyMZ, wek^¯Í
Key to— PvweKvwV Long for— Avkv Kiv
Live on— ‡eu‡P _vKv Live by (means)— ‡Kvb Dcv‡q †eu‡P _vKv|
Live beyond— wba©vwiZ MwÐi evB‡i Rxeb-hvcb Kiv Live on ‡L‡q evuPv
Live at ‡QvU ¯’v‡b evm Kiv Live in eo ¯’v‡b evm Kiv
Live by Abykvmb †g‡b Pjv Match for (sth/sb)— gvbvbmB/ mv`„k¨

Marry of— we‡q ‡`qv Married to (sb)— we‡q n‡q‡Q Ggb Motive for— AwfcÖvq
Martyr to— knx` Mad for (sth) — AvMÖnx Meet with— m¤§yLxb nIqv
Occur to— ¯§i‡Y Avmv, g‡b Avmv Observant of ch©‡eÿK, g‡bv‡hvMx
Object to Kv‡iv e¨vcv‡i AvcwË Offend at ‡Kvb wKQz‡Z mš‘ó nIqv
Offended with KviI cÖwZ Amš‘ó nIqv
Oblivious of/to— A‡PZb Negligent in— Ag‡bv‡hvMx Need for— cÖ‡qvRb
Oblige to— evwaZ Kiv Oppose to/against— we‡ivwaZv Kiv Oust to— ewn®‥vi Kiv
Proud of— Me©‡eva Kiv Prefer (sth) to (sth)— AwaKZi cQ›` Kiv Preferable to— AwaKZi
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #25
Pride in— Me©‡eva Kiv Pay for g~j¨ cwi‡kva Kiv ev `vg †`Iqv cQ›` Kiv
ywU e¯‘i, e¨w³i, cÖvYxi g‡a¨ Zzjbv Ki‡Z comparative form e¨eüZ nq| A few words like superior, inferior, senior,
junior, prior, preferable wb‡RivB adjective, ZvB Zv‡`i c~‡e© comparative (Zzjbvq) more, than A‡_© e‡m bv, to
e‡m|
Prohibit from— wb‡la Kiv Prevent from— weiZ ivLv
Prejudice against— weiƒc g‡bvfve, Kzms¯‥vi Prone to— cÖeYZv Quick of— ‡evSvi e¨vcv‡i PUc‡U
Prior to— c~‡e© Quick at— PUc‡U Provide (sb) with (sth)— cÖ`vb Kiv, mieivn Kiv
Prefer to AwaK cQ›` Kiv Pay for ‡Kvb `ªe¨, e¯‘ ev †mevi wecix‡Z KvD‡K UvKv †`Iqv
Part from ‡Kvb wKQz †_‡K wew”Qbœ nIqv Pretext for— ARynvZ
proud of— Mwe©Z, An¼vix Prevail upon/on— eywS‡q ivwR Kiv‡bv
pride herself on/upon something A_©— AnsKvi Kiv
Pleased with— Avbw›`Z nIqv, Lywk nIqv Profit by/from— myweav jvf Kiv/jvfevb nIqv

R-Z
Recline on— ‡njvb †`qv Remind of— g‡b Kwi‡q †`qv Respect for— kÖ×v
Remedy for— cÖwZ‡laK Repent of— AbyZß nIqv Retire from— Aemi †bIqv
Rescue (sb) from (sth)— D×vi Kiv Resolve to— wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv
Return to— c~e©eZ©x ¯’v‡b wd‡i Avmv Return from— ‡Kvb ¯’vb n‡Z wd‡i Avmv
Refrain from weiZ _vKv Relieve (sb) of (sth) — (Pvc, `vq) gy³ Kiv
Resemblance to mv`„k¨| Rest with (sb)— (wm×všÍ, `vwqZ¡) KviI Dci wbf©i Kiv
Royal road to something A_© n‡”Q— †Kvb Rest upon (sth)— ‡Kvb wKQzi Dci wbf©i Kiv
wKQz cvIqvi mnRZg Dcvq Result from— ‡Kvb wKQz n‡Z djvdj m„wó nIqv
Responsible for A_©— ‡Kvb Kv‡Ri Rb¨ `vqx nIqv †evSvq
Similar to— Analogous to, Abyiƒc Stare in the face gyLgЇji w`‡K ZvKv‡bv
Smile on cÖmbœ nIqv| Stare at (a person) – KviI w`‡K ZvKv‡bv
Cut off AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ask Ô‡K‡U †djvÕ Sympathize with- Kv‡iv mv‡_/‡Kv‡bv NUbvq mnvbyf~wZ cÖ`k©b
Struck off Ôev` †`qvÕ Sympathy on- ‡Kvb NUbv ev `yN©Ubvi Rb¨ mg‡e`bv cÖKvk Kiv
Struck off- bvg ev` †`qv A‡_© e¨eüZ nq Sympathy for- ‡Kvb NUbvi cÖwZ mnvbyf~wZ cÖ`k©b

Sacrifice for— cwiZ¨vM Kiv Satisfied with— mš‘ó Surprised at— wew¯§Z, Avðh©
Shout at— KvD‡K wPrKvi K‡i WvKv Sink into— AebwZ NUv Suspect of— m‡›`n Kiv
Shame for— jw¾Z Solution to— mgvavb Susceptible to— ms‡e`bkxj
Sorry for— `ytwLZ Spread over— Qwo‡q cov Sure of— wbwðZ
Take pity on— AbyMÖn Kiv Tremble with (sth)— D‡ËwRZ n‡q Kvucv Trouble for (sth) — `ywðšÍv
Translate into— Abyev` Kiv Trespass on (sth)— AbwaKvi cÖ‡ek Kiv Turn over— Dëv‡bv
Talk about/of something ‡Kvb wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv ev Av‡jvPbvi welqe¯‘
Talk at Rev‡ei cÖwZ KY©cvZ bv K‡i KviI mv‡_ K_v ejv Talent for- ‡Kvb Kv‡Ri we‡kl `ÿZv
Trust in to have confidence in someone or something (‡Kvb wKQz ev e¨w³i Dci Av¯’v ivLv)
Trust with KvD‡K wek^vmf‡i Ac©Y Kiv
KvD‡K Af¨_©bv Rvbv‡Z welcome Gi ci appropriate preposition wn‡m‡e to e‡m
Zest for AbyivM Walk up— Dc‡i IVv
Upset about— ‡Kvb e¨vcv‡i AmyLx, nZvk Victim of— wkKvi
Vote for (sb), vote to (do) — ‡fvU †`Iqv Wince at— e¨v_v ev Acgv‡b KzuP‡K IVv
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #26
Wake up— Nyg †_‡K DVv Write down— wj‡L ivLv
Yield to— AvZ¥mgc©Y Kiv Zealous of— DrmyK

Usage of different parts of Speech

weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ  What is the noun form of the word ‘know’? Ans. Knowledge. (41st BCS)

A
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
Ability (mvg_©¨) Enable (mg_© Kiv) Able (mg_©) Ably (mg_©fv‡e)
Abhorrence (N„Yv) Abhorrent (N„Y¨)
Absence (Abycw¯’wZ) Absent (Abycw¯’Z)
Acceleration Accelerate Accelerated
Accuracy (h_vh_) Accurate (h_vh_)
Acceptance Accept (MÖnY Kiv) Acceptable (MÖnY‡hvM¨) Acceptably (MÖnY‡hvM¨fv‡e)
Accommodation Accommodate (Avevmb Kiv)
Accident (`yN©Ubv) Accidental (`yN©Ubv RwbZ
Anger (ivM) Anger (ivM Kiv) Angry (ivMvwš^Z) Angrily (ivMvwš^Zfv‡e)
Action (Kg©) Act (KvR Kiv) Active (mwµq) Actively (mwµqfv‡e)
Adulthood (mvevjKZ¡) - Adult (mvevjK)
Admission (¯^xK…wZ) Admit (¯^xKvi Kiv, fwZ© Kiv) Admissible Admissibly
Agreement (Pzw³) Agree (m¤§Z nIqv) Agreeable (g‡bvig) Agreeably (Dc‡fvM¨fv‡e)
Allowance (AbygwZ) Allow (AbygwZ †`qv) Allowable Allowably
Apology (ÿgv) Apologize (ÿgv PvIqv) Apologetic Apologetically
Amplification (m¤úªmviY) Amplify (m¤úªmviY Kiv)
Amusement (Avb›`) Amuse (Avb›` †`Iqv)
Analysis Analyze Analytical Analytically
Approval (Aby‡gv`b) Approve (Aby‡gv`b Kiv)
Anxiety (DwØMœZv) Anxious (DwØMœ)
Assurance Assure Assured Assuredly
Adventure (Awfhvb) Adventure (Awfhvb) Adventurous Adventurously
Argument Argue Arguable Arguably
Authority (KZ…©Z¡) Authorize (ÿgZv `vb Kiv) Authoritative Authoritatively
Arrival (AvMgb) Arrive (AvMgb Kiv)
Attraction Attract Attractive Attractively
Attainment (AR©b) Attain (AR©b Kiv)
Attention/attendance Attend (g‡bv‡hvM †`qv) Attentive (g‡bv‡hvMx) Attentively
Awareness (m‡PZbZv) Aware (mP‡Zb)
B
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
Belief Believe Believable Believably
Beauty (‡m․›`h©) Beautify Beautiful Beautifully
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #27
Burial (mgvwa) Bury Buried -
Blessing (Avkxe©v`) Bless (Avkxe©v` Kiv) Blessed -
Blood (i³) Bleed (i‡³i ¯^v` †bIqv) Bloody (i³v³, wbôzi) Bloodily (wbôzifv‡e)
Breach (f½) Break Breakable -
Brevity (mswÿßZv) Abbreviate (mswÿß Kiv) Brief (mswÿß) Briefly (ms‡ÿ‡c)
Breach (j•Nb, f½) Break (j•Nb Kiv, fv½v) Breakable (f½yi)
Bitterness Embitter Bitter Bitterly

C
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
Colony Colonize Colonial -
Convenience - Convenient Conveniently
Choice Choose Chosen -
Circle (e„Ë) Encircle (e„ËvKv‡i †Nviv) Circular (e„ËvKvi)
Critic Criticize Critical Critically
Competition Compete Competitive Competitively
Conception Conceive Conceivable Conceivably
Confidence Confide Confident Confidently
Courage (mvnm) Encourage Courageous (mvnmx) Courageously
Consistence Consist Consistent Consistently
Construction Construct Constructive Constructively
Conversation Converse Conversational -
Compulsion (eva¨evaKZv) Compel (eva¨ Kiv)
Crime Criminate Criminal Criminally
Comparison Compare Comparative Comparatively
Consideration Consider Considerable Considerably
Contempt (N„Yv/AeÁv) Contemptible (N„Y¨) Comtemptibly (N„Y¨fv‡e)
Commitment Commit Committed -
Curiosity - Curious Curiously
D
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
Danger (wec`) Endanger (wecbœ Kiv) Dangerous (wec`RbK) Dangerously
Darkness (AÜKvi) Darken (AÜKvi nIqv) Dark (AÜKvigq) Darkly (AÜKv‡i)
Domination Dominate Dominant Dominantly
Decision (wm×všÍ, ivq) Decide (wm×všÍ †bIqv) Decisive (wm×všÍg~jK) Decisively
Deception, Deceit Deceive (cÖZviYv Kiv) Deceptive (cÖZviYvg~jK) Deceptively
Determination Determine Determined -
Departure Depart Departed -
Detection Detect Detective -
Derivation Derive Derivative Derivatively
Democracy Democratize Democratic Democratically
Division Divide Divisional Divisionally
Depth Deepen Deep Deeply
Destruction (aŸsm) Destroy (aŸsm Kiv) Destructive (aŸsmvZ¥K) Destructively
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #28
Digestion Digest Digestive Digestively

E
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
Ease Ease Easy Easily
Economy (A_©bxwZ) Economize Economical (wgZe¨qx) Economically (wgZe¨qxfv‡e,
(wgZe¨qx nIqv) Economic (A_©‣bwZK) A_©‣bwZKfv‡e)
Envy (wnsmv) Envy (wnsmv Kiv) Envious (wnsmyK) Enviously (wnsmvq)
Employment Employ Employed -
Excellence Excel Excellent Excellently
Edition Edit Editorial -
Election Elect Elective -
Evidence Evidence Evident Evidently

F-H
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
Fear (fq) Fear Fearful Fearfully
Figure Figure Figurative Figuratively
Flight (DÇqb) Fly (D‡o hvIqv)
Fool (‡evKv †jvK) Befool (‡evKv evbv‡bv) Foolish (‡evKv) Foolishly (‡evKvi gZ)
Force Force/enforce Forced -
Fixation Fix Fixed -
Friend (eÜz) Befriend (eÜz nIqv) Friendly (eÜzfvevcbœ) In a friendly way
Generation Generate Generative Generatively
Gladness (Avb›`) Gladden (Avb›` Kiv) Glad (Avbw›`Z) Gladly (‡¯^”Qvq)
Grace Grace Graceful Gracefully
Hardness (K‡VviZv) Harden (k³/gReyZ Kiv) Hard (k³, KwVb) Hard (K‡Vvifv‡e)
Hand (nvZ, wbqš¿Y) Handle (wbqš¿Y Kiv) Handy (DcKvix, Kzkjx)
Habit (Af¨vm, ¯^fve) Habituate (Af¨¯Í nIqv) Habitual (Af¨vmMZ) Habitually
Heart (AšÍi, ü`q) Hearten (Drmvn †`qv) Hearty/Heartening Heartily (AvšÍwiKfv‡e)
Humour Humour Humorous Humorously
Hope Hope Hopeful Hopefully
I-K
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
Identification Identify (mbv³ Kiv) Identified (mbv³K…Z) -
Innocence (wb‡`v©wlZv) Innocent (wbiciva) Innocently (mijwP‡Ë)
Ignorance Ignore Ignorant Ignorantly
Information Inform Informative Informatively
Implication Implicate Implicit Implicitly
Instruction Instruct Instructive Instructively
Invention (D™¢veb) Invent (D™¢veb) Inventive (D™¢vebx) Inventively
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #29
Insistence (‡R`) Insist (‡R` Kiv) Insistent (‡Rw`) Insistently (†R`ekZt)
Intensity (ZxeªZv) Intensify (Zxeª Kiv) Intense (Zxeª) Intenselly (Zxeªfv‡e)
Joy (Avb›`) Enjoy (Dc‡fvM Kiv) Joyful/joyous Joyfully/joyously
Joint (ms‡hvM¯’j) Join (‡hvM`vb Kiv) Joint (‡h․_) Jointly (‡h․_fv‡e)
Justification Justify Justifiable Justly/justifiably
Knowledge (Ávb) Know (Rvbv) Knowledgeable Knowledgeably
Kindness (`qv) Kind (`qvjy)
Improvement (DbœwZ) Improve (DbœwZ Kiv)
L-O
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
Laughter (nvwm) Laugh (nvmv) Laughable (nvm¨Ki) Laughably (nvm¨Kifv‡e)
Length (‣`N©¨) Lengthen (`xN©vwqZ Kiv) Long (j¤^v, `xN©) Lengthwise (j¤^vjw¤^)
Life (Rxeb) Live (‡eu‡P _vKv, evm Kiv) Living (RxešÍ) -
Labour Labour Laborious Laboriously
Loss (ÿwZ) Lose (nvwi‡q †djv) Lost, losing (civwRZ)
Massacre Massacre
Management Manage Manageable
Marriage Marry Marriageable
Measurement Measure Measurable Measurably
Moisture Moisten Moist -
Mourning Mourn (wejvc Kiv) Mournful (‡kvKvZ©) Mournfully
Necessity Necessitate Necessary Necessarily
Negligence Neglect Negligent/ Negligible Negligently/ Negligibly
Notification Notify Notified -
Number Enumerate Numeral, Numerous
Navigation Navigate (‡b․Kv Pvjv‡bv) Navigable (be¨)
Occupation Occupy Occupant
Obedience Obey Obedient Obediently
Objection Object Objective Objectively
Obligation Oblige (eva¨ Kiv) Obliging (c‡ivcKvix) Obligingly
(eva¨evaKZv) Obligate (eva¨ ivLv) Obligatory (eva¨Zvg~jK) Obligatorily
P-Q
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
Peace (kvwšÍ) Pacify (kvšÍ Kiv) Peaceful (kvwšÍc~Y©) Peacefully (kvšÍfv‡e)
Persistence Persist Persistent Persistently
Perseverance Persevere Persevering Perseveringly
Pacification Pacify Pacific Pacifically
People/ Population Populate (Rbc~Y© Kiv) Populous (Rbeûj)
Popularity Popularize Popular Popularity
Pleasure Please Pleasant/Pleasurable Pleasantly/Pleasurably
Pollution Pollute Polluted -
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #30
Prevention Prevent Preventive Preventively
Preference (AMÖvwaKvi) Prefer Preferable/Preferential Preferably
Progress (AMÖMwZ) Progress (AMÖMwZ Kiv) Progressive Progressively
Purification, Purity Purify (weï× Kiv) Purified, Pure Purely
Quarrel Quarrel Quarrelsome Quarrelsomely
Quotation Quote Quotable -
Qualification Qualify Qualified -
Question Question Questionable Questionably
Quietness Quiet Quietly

R
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
Reflection Reflect Reflective Reflectively
Refusal (A¯^xK…wZ) Refuse (A¯^xKvi Kiv) Refusable
Reliance Rely Reliant Reliably
Reduction (n«vm) Reduce (n«vm Kiv) Reducible/reduced Reducibly
Response (DËi, mvov) Respond (mvov †`qv) Responsive (mvovcÖ`)
Reality Realize Real Really
Resolution (`„p msKí) Resolve (`„p msKí Kiv) Resolute (`„p msKwíZ) Resolutely
Rigidity (`„pZv) Rigid (`„p, Abgbxq) Rigidly (`„pfv‡e)
Removal (AcmviY) Remove (AcmviY Kiv) Removable
Reliance (Av¯’v) Rely (wbf©i Kiv) Reliant/reliable Reliantly/reliably
Repetition Repeat Repeated Repeatedly
Rotation Rotate Rotational Rotationally
S
Satisfaction (mš‘wó) Satisfy Satisfactory Satisfactorily
Separation Separate (Avjv`v Kiv) Separable Separably
Settlement (gxgvsmv) Settle (gxgvsmv Kiv) Settled (gxgvswmZ)
Shortness (mswÿßZv) Shorten (mswÿß Kiv) Short (mswÿß) Shortly (ms‡ÿ‡c)
Sight See Visual Visually
Significance (¸iæZ¡) Signify (¸iæZ¡c~Y© nIqv) Significant (¸iæZ¡c~Y©) Significantly
Simplification Simplify Simple Simply
Success (mdjZv) Succeed (mdj nIqv) Successful (mdj) Successfully (mdjfv‡e)
Strength (kw³) Strengthen (kw³kvjx Kiv) Strong (kw³kvjx) Strongly (`„pfv‡e)
Safety (wbivcËv) Save (iÿv Kiv, evuPv‡bv) Safe (wbivc`) Safely (wbivc‡`)
Success Succeed Successful Successfully
Study Study Studious Studiously
Stupidity (wbey©w×Zv) Stupefy (AevK Kiv) Stupid (wb‡e©va, †evKv) Stupidly (wb‡ev©‡ai gZ)
Sympathy (mnvbyf~wZ) Sympathize Sympathetic Sympathetically
T
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #31
Tale (Mí) Tell (ejv) Telling (Kvh©Ki)
Tolerance Tolerate Tolerant Tolerably
Trust Trust Trustful Trustfully
Thanks (ab¨ev`, K…ZÁZv) Thank (ab¨ev` †`Iqv, Thankful (K…ZÁ) Thankfully
K…ZÁZv Rvbv‡bv) Thankless (AK…ZÁ) Thanklessly
Translation Translate Translatable Translationally
Theory Theorize Theoretical Theoretically
U-Z
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
Usefulness Use (e¨envi Kiv) Useful/Useless/ Usable Usefully/Uselessly/
Uselessness Usably
Understanding Understand Understood Understandingly
Unity (GKZv, HK¨) Unite (GKÎ nIqv) United (HK¨e×, mw¤§wjZ) Unitedly
Vacancy (k~b¨Zv) Vacate (Lvwj Kiv) Vacant (k~b¨, Lvwj) Vacantly
Variance, variation Vary wfbœ nIqv) Various, variable Variously (wewfbœ iƒc)
Vanity - Vain Vainly
Victim Victimize Victimized -
Wastage Waste Wasteful Wastefully
Width Widen Wide Widely
Wash/washing Wash Washable/washing Washably/washily

Idioms & Phrases

weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ  He ran with great speed. The underlined part of the sentence is ______Ans.
adverb phrase. (40th BCS)
 ‘To win a prize is my ambition.’ The underlined part of the sentence is a/an-
Ans. Noun phrase. (41st BCS)
Adverb Gi KvR K‡i A_©vr Verb ‡K modify K‡i| GB Short-Cut :
Phrase QvovI ev‡K¨i A_© cÖKvk cvq| Dc‡ii ev‡K¨ Verb ‡K How,
Adverbial Underlined AskUzKz ev` w`‡jI A_© cÖKvk cvq (He Where, When,
worked ‡m KvR K‡iwQj)| GQvovI Phrase wU (with Why Øviv cÖkœ
Phrase
all sincerity) Verb (work) ‡K modify K‡i‡Q| myZivs Ki‡j Adverbial
GwU GKwU Adverbial Phrase. AviI D`vniY †`Lyb I Phrase cvIqv
want it at this moment. hvq|
01. We were waiting for the bus. (28Zg wewmGm)
K. adjective phrase L. Verbal phrase
M. Prepositional phrase N. Adverbial phrase DËi : N
‡bvU : hw` Ack‡b adverbial phrase bv _v‡K Zvn‡j Prepositional Phrase n‡e|
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #32

Preposition w`‡q ïiæ nq Ges m¤ú~Y©Uv wg‡j GKUv Preposition Gi g‡Zv Prepositional
KvR K‡i| †hgb He stood in front of me. He could not come Phrase
on account of illness.
Noun Noun word থায়ে। ‡hgb Khairul is a man of letters.
Phrase Noun র জ র ‡hgb I have no kith and kin in this town.
Determiner, Preposition র পর ঴| ‡hgb His going home is uncertain.
ই Phrase ে ড় র অথি ল প | ‡hgb He likes to play tennis.
02. A man in great difficulties came to me for help. (_vbv wkÿv Awdmvi 1999)
K. adverbial phrase L. noun phrase
M. adjective phrase N. prepositional phrase DËi : M
o Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m noun ‡K modify K‡i| †hgb The tree in front of my
house has been cut down.
Adjective o GB Phrase QvovI ev‡K¨i A_© cÖKvk cvq| †hgb The man in the street
Phrase knows it.
o GQvovI Phrase wU‡Z Adjective word _v‡K|
03. Habiba looks after her parents. Here the underlined phrase is
(a) adjective phrase (b) noun phrase
(c) verbal phrase (d) prepositional phrase Ans c
Verbal Phrase : Verb Gi mv‡_ Preposition wg‡j bZzb A_©‡evaK Verb ‣Zwi K‡i| Dc‡ii ev‡K¨ look
GKwU verb hvi mv‡_ Preposition (after) hy³ n‡q bZzb A_©‡evaK kã (look after ‡`Lv‡kvbv Kiv) •Zwi
K‡i‡Q| †hgb The Police look into the case.
04. Fahim as well as his fridends had decided to leave London. Here Ôas well as’ is (Kviv ZË¡veavqK ¯^ivóª
gš¿Yvjq 2010)
(a) adjective phrase (b) noun phrase
(c) verbal phrase (d) Conjunctional phrase Ans d
Conjunctional Phrase Conjunction Gi b¨vq KvR K‡i| ev‡K¨ as well as, as soon as, as if/as
though, as far as, no sooner had___ than, scarcely had___ when, Hardly had ___ before,
either ___ or, neither ___ nor, not only ____ but also BZ¨vw` _v‡K| †hgb Come as soon as you
can. No sooner had he left the place than the fire broke. Not only he but also his brothers
were present.
05. What a pity ! the man is dead. Here the underlined phrase is
(a) Interjectional phrase (b) Noun phrase
(c) Verbal phrase (d) Conjunctional phrase Ans a
Interjectional Phrase g‡bi g‡a¨ AvKw¯§K Av‡eM cÖKvk K‡i| †hgb Good heavens ! G‡`i c‡i
Av‡eMm~PK wPý (!) _v‡K|

Idioms
 ÔOnce in a blue moon’ means- Ans: very rarely. (38th BCS)
weMZ  Choose the meaning of the idiom___
eQ‡ii ÔTake the bull by the horns’. Ans: To challenge the enemy with courage. (38th
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #33
BCS)
cÖkœ  ÔA speech of too many wordsÕ is called. Ans: A verbose speech. (38th BCS)
 The phrase ÔAchilles heelÕ means- Ans: A weak point. (37th BCS)
 The idiom ‘A stitch in time saves nine’ – refers to the importance of- Ans:
timely action. (36th BCS)
 Let us being by looking at the minutes of the meeting. Here the underlined
word means- Ans: written record. (35th BCS)
 The Idiom "A stich in time saves nine" __ Refers the importance of Ans:
Timely action. (35th BCS)
 The phrase Ônouveau riche’ means_ Ans: New rich. (35th BCS)
 Find the odd-man-out__ Ans: As I Lay Dying. (35th BCS)
 The saying Ôenough is enough’ means___Something to stop. (40th BCS)
 ‘Give somebody a piece of your mind’ means to- Ans. tell someone that you
are very angry with them. (41st BCS)
 Which one is a correct sentence? Ans. The doctor took my pulse. (41st BCS)

Clauses

weMZ  This is the book I lost. Here 'I lost' is____ Ans: An adjective clause. (37th BCS)
 ÔStrike while the iron is hot’ is an example of__ Ans: Adverbial clause. (38 th
eQ‡ii BCS)
cÖkœ  He worked with all sincerity. The underlined phrase is_____ Ans: An adverbial
phrase. (37th BCS)
Underlined AskUzKz †X‡K a‡i evKx AskUzKz cwic~Y© A_© cÖKvk Ki‡j Underlined AskUzKz †K
Adverbial Clause e‡j| †hgb I will not go there unless you go with me.
mn‡R hw` cwic~Y© A_© cÖKvk bv K‡i Zvn‡j Underlined clause Gi mvg‡bi kãwU‡K wPb‡Z n‡e| mvg‡bi
Dependent word wU hw` noun nq Zvn‡j Underlined Clause wU‡K n‡Z n‡e Adjective Clause. ‡hgb
Clause The news that you heard yesterday is known to all.
Identification hw` Underlined Clause Gi mvg‡bi kãwU Verb nq Zvn‡j Underlined Clause wU Adverb/
‡K․kj Noun Clause n‡Z cv‡i| hw` †mB Underlined Clause wU‡K it Øviv cÖwZ¯’vcb K‡iI cwic~Y© A_©
cvIqv hvq Zvn‡j †mwU‡K ejv n‡e Noun Clause. ‡hgb I know that he is honest. hw` it
Øviv replace K‡i cwic~Y© A_© bv cvIqv hvq, Zvn‡j †mwU‡K ejv n‡e Adverbial Clause.

Tense
Present Tense Present, Past & Future Tense Gi cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K Avevi
Tense 04 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v—
Past Tense 03
1. Indefinite Tense 3. Perfect Tense
cÖKvi 2. Continuous Tense 4. Perfect Continuous
Future Tense
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #34

Present Tense
Indefinite Subject + V1 (g~j verb Gi Present Form) + Extension
Present
Tense Continuous Subject + am/is/are + V-ing + Extension
Gi Perfect Subject + have/has + V3 + Extension
MVb Perfect Continuous Subject + have/has + been + V-ing + since/for + Ext.

Subject 3rd Person singular number n‡j Present Indefinite Tense Gi †ÿ‡Î verb Gi mv‡_ s/es ‡hvM nq|

Ͽ Present Indefinite Tense

 wPišÍb mZ¨ (Universal Truth), HwZnvwmK NUbv (Historical event), Af¨vmMZ Kvh© (Habitual fact),
‣eÁvwbK mZ¨ (Scientific truth) cÖf…wZ eySv‡Z Present Indefinite Tense nq| Bs‡iwR ev‡K¨ daily,
everyday, always, generally, normally, occasionally, often, sometimes, regularly, usually
BZ¨vw` adverb _vK‡j mvaviYZ Present Indefinite Tense nq| †Kvb Kvh© eZ©gv‡b m¤úbœ nq, wKš‘ Kvh©wUi mgvwß
ev Amgvwß †KvbwUB wb‡`©k K‡i bv, GgbUv eySv‡Z verb Gi Present Indefinite Tense nq|
 before hy³ `ywU clause Gi cÖm½ hw` `ywU AZxZ wb‡`©k bv K‡i, ZLb GKwU Future Indefinite Ges Ab¨wU
Present Indefinite Tense nq|
Ͽ Present Continuous Tense
 Bs‡iwR ev‡K¨ now, still, at present, at this moment, at this time BZ¨vw` _vK‡j Present Continuous
Tense nq| Sentence G now _vKvq mn‡RB eySv hv‡”Q c‡ii evK¨wU present continuous tense n‡e| ‡h
wµqvi KvR eZ©gv‡b Pj‡Q wKš‘ †kl nqwb, GgbwU eySv‡j Verb Gi present continuous tense nq| ‡hgb-
gyljav‡i e„wó n‡”Q (It is raining cats and dogs)|
Ͽ Present Perfect Tense
 eZ©gvb Kv‡j †Kvb wµqvi KvR GBgvÎ †kl n‡q‡Q wKš‘ Zvi djvdj GLbI we`¨gvb Giƒc †ÿ‡Î verb Gi Present
Perfect Tense nq| Bs‡iwR ev‡K¨ already, ever, just, just now, never, lately, recently, yet BZ¨vw`
_vK‡j mvaviYZ Present Perfect Tense nq|
 ev‡K¨ already, just now, recently _vK‡j evK¨wU present perfect tense nq| Avi ev‡K¨ subject singular
nIqvq verb wn‡m‡e has em‡e| Present Perfect Tense Gi MVb Abymv‡i mwVK DËi n‡jv- Ackb K|
Ͽ Present Perfect Continuous Tense
 ‡Kvb KvR Awbw`©ó AZxZKv‡j ïiæ n‡q eZ©gvb Kv‡jI Pj‡Q eySv‡j verb Gi Present Perfect Continuous
Tense nq| MVb cÖYvjx : Subject + have/has + been + v-ing + for/since + ………| MVb Abymv‡i cÖ`Ë
Ackbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ ï× DËi- Ackb L|

Past Tense

Indefinite Subject + V2 (g~j verb Gi Past Form) + Extension

Past
Tense Continuous Subject + was/were + V-ing + Extension
Gi Perfect Subject + had + V3 + Extension
MVb Perfetct Continuous Subject + had been + V-ing + since/for + Extension
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #35
Ͽ Past Indefinite Tense
 ‡Kvb KvR AZxZKv‡j msNwUZ ev m¤úbœ n‡qwQj, Giƒc †evSv‡j verb Gi Past Indefinite Tense nq| Bs‡iwR
ev‡K¨ ago, as if, back, before, it is time, last, long ago, past, yesterday BZ¨vw` _vK‡j mvaviYZ Past
Indefinite Tense nq|
Ͽ Past Continuous Tense
 AZx‡Z †Kvb KvR PjwQj, wKš‘ †kl nqwb, Giƒc eySv‡Z verb Gi Past Continuous Tense e¨eüZ nq|
 hLb when Øviv 2Uv †K¬vR (clause) hy³ nq ZLb GKwU past continuous tense n‡j AciwU past indefinite
nq | myZivs mwVK DËi n‡jv- Ackb L|
Ͽ Past Perfect Tense
 AZxZKv‡j `y‡Uv KvR msNwUZ n‡j, A‡cÿvK…Z ‡h KvRwU Av‡M ev c~‡e© msNwUZ n‡qwQj, †mwU Past Perfect Tense
nq| Avi †h KvRwU c‡i n‡qwQj †mwU Past Indefinite Tense nq| Past Perfect Tense G mvaviYZ before I
after e¨eüZ nq| before Gi c~‡e© Ges after Gi c‡i Past Perfect Tense nq|
 Past Perfect Tense G mvaviYZ before I after e¨eüZ nq| before Gi c~‡e© Ges after Gi c‡i Past
Perfect Tense nq|

Future Tense

Indefinite Subject + shall/will + V1 + Extension

Future
Tense Continuous Subject + shall/will + be + V-ing + Extension
Gi Perfect Subject + shall/will + have + V3 + Extension
MVb Perfetct Continuous Sub + shall/will + have + been + V-ing + Ext.

Ͽ Future Indefinite Tense

 fwel¨‡Z †Kvb KvR n‡e Ggb eySv‡j Verb Gi Future Indefinite Tense nq| D`vniY- Avwg iscy‡i hve (I will
go to Rangpur).
 before hy³ `ywU clause Gi cÖm½ hw` `ywU AZxZ wb‡`©k bv K‡i, ZLb GKwU Future Indefinite Ges Ab¨wU
Present Indefinite Tense nq| GLv‡b †h KvRwU A‡cÿvK…Z Av‡M NUvi m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q †mwU Future Indefinite
Tense G nq|
Ͽ Future Continuous Tense
fwel¨‡Z †Kv‡bv KvR wKQz mgq a‡i Pj‡Z _vK‡e Ggb eySv‡j Verb Gi Future Continuous Tense nq| †hgb- Avwg
Dcb¨vmwU cwo‡Z _vwKe (I shall be reading the novel). Avwg wµ‡KU †Lj‡Z _vwKe (I will be playing Cricket)
Ͽ Future Perfect Tense
fwel¨‡Z `ywU Kv‡Ri GKwU A‡cÿvK…Z c~‡e© m¤úbœ n‡q _vwK‡e eySv‡j Future Perfect Tense nq| Aci KvRwU eySv‡Z
Verb Gi Present Indefinite Tense nq|

Ͽ Future Perfect ContinuousTense

fwel¨ZKv‡j `ywU Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ †h KvRwU Av‡M msMwVZ n‡e Ges `xN© mgq a‡i Pj‡Z _vK‡e Giƒc eySv‡Z Verb Gi
Future Perfect Continuous Tense nq| Aci KvRwU Verb Gi Present Indefinite Tense nq| †hgb- m~h© IVvi
c~e© ch©šÍ Avwg AsK Abykxjb Ki‡ZB _vKe (I shall have been doing sum before the sun rises).
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #36

Right form of Verb

Rule-01 Present Indefinite Tense Gi †ÿ‡Î Subject wU hw` 3rd Person

Singular Number nq, Zvn‡j verb Gi mv‡_ s/es ‡hvM Ki‡Z nq|

Rule-02 Since Øviv hy³ `ywU evK¨vs‡ki †ÿ‡Î Principal Subordinate Clause wU
Clause Present Indefinite/Perfect Tense nq Past Indefinite Tense

Rule-03 It is high time, it is time, wish, fancy Verb Gi Past

BZ¨vw` _vK‡j Form nq|

Rule-04 As if, as though hy³ Sentence G Principal Subordinate Clause wU Past

Clause wU Present Indefinite Tense nq Indefinite Tense nq|

3
Rule-05 Unreal (Aev¯Íe) wPšÍv n‡j Be verb wn‡m‡e Were e‡m

3
Insist on, refrain/forbid/prohibit/abstain/
Rule-06 Gi ci v-ing e‡m|
prevent + from cÖf…wZ Appropriate
Preposition
3
Admit, avoid, enjoy, deny, fancy, feel,
Rule-07 Gi ci verb Avm‡j v-ing
mind, finish, like, practice, prefer, see,
stop, cannot help, could not help
e‡m|

3
Rule-08 Bear, notice, see, smell, watch BZ¨vw` Object Gi ci verb Avm‡j
verb hw` ev‡K¨ _v‡K Ges Gi ci object Av‡m V+ing Gi cÖPjb †ewk|
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #37
3
Astonish, believe, belong, consist, cost, Continuous tense Gi cwie‡Z©
Rule-09 doubt, fear, feel, forget, hate, hope, Indefinite tense nq Ges
know, like, love, mind, please, process, Perfect continuous tense Gi
prefer, smell, sound, surface, wish Gi cwie‡Z© Perfect tense nq|
ci Continuous Tense nq bv|

3
could not help/cannot help, be + used cÖf…wZi c‡i verb -Gi m‡½
Rule-10 to, get used to, worth, mind, with a view
to, be addicted to, prefer, committed to ÔingÕ ‡hvM nq| ‡hgb-

3
Ask, continue, convince, decide, fail, cÖf…wZi c‡i verb -Gi
Rule-11 forget, phone, hope, intend, refuse, try,
infinitive (to + base) nq|
promise, propose

3
Rule-12 Had better, had rather, would rather, Gi c‡i verb Gi Present
let cÖf…wZ Form n‡e|

Rule-13 Lest – Ôcv‡Q wKQz N‡U GB f‡qÕ A‡_© ev‡K¨i MVb : ______ + lest + Sub
Lest e¨eüZ nq| extension. + should/might + verb +

Behold, bid, dare, feel, hear, help,

Rule-14 G‡`i ci bare infinitive nq A_©vr
make, let, need, know, watch BZ¨vw` Ôto’ Dn¨ _v‡K|
hw` active voice G hw` _v‡K-

No sooner had ... than, scarcely  Past perfect Tense (1st Clause)
Rule-15
…when, Hardly …. when BZ¨vw`  Past Indefinite Tense (2nd Clause)
Øviv `y‡Uv Clause hy³ n‡j

AZxZKv‡j msNwUZ †Kvb KvR before A‡cÿvK…Z c‡i †h KvRwU nq Zv-

Rule-16 Øviv hy³ n‡j, A‡cÿvK…Z Av‡M †h KvR  Past Indefinite Tense n‡e|
msMwVZ nq- Zv Past Perfect Tense
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #38

fwel¨ZKv‡ji `ywU KvR before Øviv hy³ A‡cÿvK…Z c‡i †h KvRwU n‡e Zv-
Rule-16 n‡j, A‡cÿvK…Z Av‡M †h KvR msMwVZ n‡e-  Present Indefinite Tense n‡e|
Zv Future Perfect/Indefinite Tense

Subject Verb Agreement

Rule-01 Subject Singular n‡j verb Singular Subject Gi AvPiY Singular

Subject Plural n‡j Verb Plural n‡j Verb Singular nq

wKQz noun AvKv‡i Plural n‡jI A‡_©i w`K †_‡K Singular nIqvq Singular verb ‡bq| †hgb-
Cultural studies, civics, ethics, billiards, news, athletics, bowls, gymnastics, innings,
darts, dominoes, draughts, measles, mumps, shingles, gallows

Rule-02 The hy³ ev‡K¨ GKB e¨w³ `ywU Avjv`v c`exi AwaKvix n‡j Singular verb
`yBRb Avjv`v e¨w³ And Øviv hy³ n‡j Plural verb nq|

Rule-03 And Øviv `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Subject hy³ n‡j Verb wU Plural nq
wKš‘ ev‡K¨ No/not _vK‡j verb wU Av‡Mi Subject Abymv‡i nq|

Rule-04 e¨w³, eB, g¨vMvwRb, msev`cÎ, gywf, bvUK, cÖwZôvb, bvUK BZ¨vw` Gi ci
Verb wU Singular nq, GgbwK Subject ‡`L‡Z Plural n‡jI|

Rule-05 Any Some Every No cÖ_g mvwi + wØZxq mvwi = bZzb

Body One Thing kã Gi ci Singular verb nq|

Including, excluding, along with, together G¸‡jv Øviv hy³ Noun ev

Rule-06 with, but, except, accompanied with, as Pronoun Gi †ÿ‡Î verb e‡m cÖ_g
well as, with, in addition to Noun/Pronoun Abymv‡i
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #39

Rule-07 Or, Nor, Either……or, Neither……nor, Verb wU ‡k‡li Subject Gi

Not only….. but also BZ¨vw` Øviv hy³ n‡j Number I Person Abyhvqx e‡m|

Rule-08 Mathematical Calculations hw` GKwU Ges Zv hw` Word G cÖKvk Kiv nq
djvdj cÖ`k©b K‡i Zvn‡j Verb Singular nq|

3
Rule-09 Time, Money, Weight, Length,
n‡jI verb singular nq|
Distance Gi GKK Singular/Plural

Rule-10 Subject wn‡m‡e One/either/neither/any/each + of + Plural

noun n‡j Singular verb nq|
3
Rule-11 The number of + Plural noun + A number of + Plural noun +
Singular verb Plural Verb

3
Rule-12 Many a + Plural Noun + Singular A number of + Plural noun +
verb Plural Verb

3
Rule-13 Cattle, aristocracy, clergy, folk, gentry, cÖf…wZ Plural nIqvq Gi ci
nobility, police, people, vermin, poultry Plural verb nq

3
Rule-14 Relative Pronoun (who, which, that) Gi
Abymv‡i verb nq
Antecedent (c~e©eZ©x noun/pronoun)
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #40
3
Rule-15 Gi ci Plural verb nq
The + adjective = Common noun

Introductory There Gi w`‡q evK¨ Avi¤¢

Rule-16
n‡j verb wU Singular/Plual nIqvi wbf©i Ki‡e Subject Gi Dci
e¨vcviwU

Conditional Sentence

If/Unless hy³ Sentence = Conditional Sentence

02 wU cv‡U©i GKwU Ask‡K ejv nq Conditional, Aci AskwU‡K ejv nq Result Ask
Zero conditional : If + Present Indefinite Tense, Present Indefinite Tense
1st conditional :
Conditional If + Present Indefinite Tense, Sub + shall/will/may/can + V1 + object.
Sentence
Gi 2nd conditional :
Structure If + Past Indefinite Tense, Sub + would/could/might + V1 + object.

3rd conditional :
If + Past Perfect Tense, Sub + would/could/might + have+ V3 + object.

AviI wKQz Structure

2nd Conditional 3rd Conditional
If + subject + were/had + object, Subject + Had + subject + V3 + object, Subject
would/could/might + V1 + object. + would/could/might + have + V3 +
Had + Subject + others…, sub + would/could/might + object.
V1 + object.

Transformation of sentence
Transformation kãwUi A_©— iƒcvšÍi
‡h‡Kvb ai‡bi Sentence ‡K Ab¨ ai‡bi Sentence G iƒcvšÍi KivB n‡jv Transformation.
Sentence iƒcvšÍ‡ii mgq g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e : ev‡K¨i g~jfv‡ei †hb cwieZ©b bv nq|
Sentence Gi `yBwU Ask _v‡K| h_v Subject (KZ©v) I Predicate (we‡aq)
♂ Habiba (Sub) plays ludoo (Predicate).
♂ Sourov (Sub) sings a song (Predicate).
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #41

Assertive Sentence
‡h Sentence ev evK¨ w`‡q †Kv‡bv e¨w³, cÖvYx, e¯‘ BZ¨vw`i e³e¨ ev eY©bv †`qv nq, Zv‡K Assertive/ Declarative
Sentence e‡j| †hgb— Sakib Al Hasan is a good all rounder. (mvwKe Avj nvmvb GKRb fvj Aj ivDÛvi)|
Masrafee is the captain of Bangladesh Team. (gvkivwd evsjv‡`k wU‡gi K¨v‡Þb)|
Assertive Sentence ‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v—
Affirmative ‡h Sentence ev evK¨ Øviv †Kv‡bv wKQz ¯^xKvi Kiv nq ev n¨vu-‡evaK Dw³ Kiv nq, Zv‡K
Sentence Affirmative Sentence e‡j| ‡hgb He reads a novel. I have taken dinner.
Negative ‡h evK¨ Øviv †Kvb wKQzi e¨vcv‡i A¯^xKvi Kiv nq ev bv-‡evaK K_v ejv nq, Zv‡K Negative
Sentence Sentence e‡j| †hgb Never tell a lie (KLbI wg_¨v ej‡e bv), They do not play
football (Zviv dzUej †L‡j bv)|
Affirmative to Negative
Rule : 01
_vK‡j n‡e D`vniY
Only (e¨w³ eySv‡j) None but A : Only Allah can help us. N : None but Allah can help us.
Only (e¯‘ eySv‡j) Nothing but A : He has only a pen. N : He has nothing but a pen.
Only (msL¨v eySv‡j) Not more/less + than A : He has only six taka. N : He has not more than six taka.
Rule : 02
_vK‡j n‡e D`vniY
Must/have to/ Can’t but/ v1 / can’t Aff : We must obey our parents.
has to help + (v + ing) Neg : We can’t but obey our parents. /We can’t help
obeying our parents.
Rule : 03
_vK‡j n‡e D`vniY
Both……. and Not only….but also Aff : Both Salam and Kalam went there.
Neg : Not only Salam but also Kalam went there.
Rule : 04
_vK‡j n‡e D`vniY
Always + Never + opposite Aff : Rana always attends the class.
affirmative word word. Neg : Rana never misses the class.
Affirmative Not + opposite Aff : I tried all plans.
word word Neg :I left no plan untried.
Rule : 05
_vK‡j n‡e D`vniY
Everyone/everybody There is no + Aff : Every mother loves her child.
/every person/ (every + attached word + Neg : There is no mother but loves her child.
common noun)/ all but
Rule : 06
_vK‡j n‡e D`vniY
As soon as No sooner had … Aff : As soon as the thief saw the police, he ran away.
than Neg : No sooner had the thief seen the police than he ran away.

Rule : 07
_vK‡j n‡e
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #42
Superlative degree No other + attached word + verb + so/as + positive form + as + subject.
Rule : 08
_vK‡j n‡e D`vniY
Universal Truth Negative Aff : The sun sets in the west.
Habitual fact interrogative Neg : Doesn’t the sun in the west?
A_v©r Universal Truth, Habitual fact Gi †ÿ‡Î †bwZevPK cÖkœ‡evaK Ki‡Z n‡e|

Interrogative Sentence
‡h evK¨ ev Sentence Øviv cÖkœ Kiv/wR‡Ám Kiv nq, Zv‡K Interrogative sentence e‡j| GB ev‡K¨i †k‡l cÖkœ‡evaK
wPý (?) e‡m| †hgb- Did you go there?
Assertive to Interrogative
Auxiliary Verb = Auxiliary verb + not?
Rule : 01
Auxiliary verb bv _vK‡j.....
_vK‡j n‡e D`vniY
Present form Do/don’t/does/ Aff : He plays football.
doesn’t Int : Doesn’t he play football?
3rd person singular number n‡j does/doesn’t nq|
Past form Did/didn’t Aff : They didn’t play football yesterday.
Int : Did they play football yesterday?
Rule : 02
_vK‡j n‡e D`vniY
Affirmative Negative Aff : He was very gentle.
interrogative Neg : Wasn’t he very gentle?
Negative Affirmative Aff : He is not a good person.
interogative Int : Is he a good person?
Rule : 03
_vK‡j n‡e D`vniY
Nobody/ No one/ Who + verb + Aff : Nobody believes a liar.
None ………? Int : Who believes a liar?
Rule : 04
_vK‡j n‡e D`vniY
Everybody/ Who + Aff : Everybody wishes to be happy.
Everyone/ All don’t/doesn’t/didn’t Int : Who doesn’t wish to be happy?
Rule : 05
_vK‡j n‡e D`vniY
Every + noun Is there any + noun + Aff : Every man wishes to be happy.
who don’t/doesn’t + … Int : Is there any man who doesn’t wish to be happy?
Rule : 06
_vK‡j n‡e D`vniY
Never Ever Aff : I never drink coffee.
Int : Do I ever drink coffee?
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #43
Rule : 07
_vK‡j n‡e D`vniY
There is no Is there any/who Aff : There is no use of this law.
(person)/what (thing) Int : What is the use of this law?
Rule : 08
_vK‡j n‡e D`vniY
It doesn’t What though/ does it Aff : It does not matter if you fail in the exam.
matter matter Int : What though if you fail in the exam?

Imperative Sentence
‡h evK¨ Øviv Av‡`k, wb‡la, Dc‡`k, Aby‡iva, mveavbZv BZ¨vw` eySvq, Zv‡K Imperative sentence e‡j| †hgb-
Av‡`k Open the window. (RvbvjvwU Ly‡j `vI|) mveavbZv Be cautious. (mZK© nI|)
Aby‡iva Please, take it. (`qv K‡i GUv bvI|) wb‡la Don’t run in the sun. (‡i․‡`ª †`․ov‡`․wo K‡iv bv|)
Dc‡`k Take care of your health. (‡Zvgvi ¯^v‡¯’¨i hZœ bvI|)
 Imperative sentence Gi Subject wU Second person n‡j Zv Dn¨ _v‡K| †hgb- Open the door.
 Imperative sentence Gi Subject wU First & Third person n‡j Zv Let Øviv ïiæ nq| †hgb- Let
him sing a song (Zv‡K GKwU Mvb MvB‡Z `vI|). Le me finish. (Avgv‡K †kl Ki‡Z `vI|)

Optative Sentence
‡h Sentence Øviv Kv‡iv g‡bi †Kv‡bv B”Qv, cÖv_©bv, Avkxe©v` cÖKvk cvq Zv‡K Optative Sentence e‡j| †hgb-
May Almighty bless you. (me©kw³gvb †Zvgvi g½j Kiæb|) May Allah help you. (Avjøvn ‡Zvgvi mnvq †nvK|)
May you prosper in life. (Zzwg Rxe‡b DbœwZ Ki|) May Bangladesh prosper. (evsjv‡`k DbœwZ KiæK|)
May our president live long. (Avgv‡`i †cÖwm‡W›U `xN©Rxex †nvb|)

Exclamatory Sentence
‡h Sentence Øviv g‡bi AvKw¯§K ivM, †ÿvf, we¯§q, B”Qv, myL, `ytL BZ¨vw` cÖKvk cvq, Zv‡K Exclamatory
sentence e‡j| †hgb-
What a beautiful flower! (Kx my›`i dzj!) What beautiful girl she is! (KZ my›`i evwjKv †m!)
How splendid it is! (GwU Kx PgrKvi!) What a fool you are! (Zzwg Kx †evKv!)
I can’t believe we won! (Avgiv Rqx n‡qwQ Zv wek^vmB Ki‡Z cviwQ bv!)
How hot the day is! (w`bwU KZ Mig!) Wow! It’s a beautiful place. (IqvI! GwU GKwU my›`i RvqMv|)
How charming the scenery is! (IqvI! `„k¨wU KZ g‡bvig|)

Assertive to Exclamatory
Rule : 01
_vK‡j n‡e D`vniY
Wish if/were/ had/would that Aff : I wish I were a king.
+…..! Excl : If I were a king!
Rule : 02
_vK‡j n‡e D`vniY
Assertive G Adjective What + a/an + adjective + Aff : Cricket is a very exciting game.
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #44
Gi c‡i Noun Noun + Sub + Verb + ! Excl : What an exciting game cricket is!
Rule : 03
_vK‡j n‡e D`vniY
Article (a/an) wenxb How + adjective + Noun Aff : The girl is very beautiful.
+ Sub + Verb + ! Excl : How beautiful the girl is!

Sentences According to Structure

Simple ‡Kej GKwU Subject Ges GKwU Finite Verb _v‡K| myZivs Conjunction Gi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv|
‡hgb I (Subject) know (Finite Verb) the place.
Compound Co-ordinating Conjunction w`‡q `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Principal Clause hy³ _v‡K| Compound
Sentence Gi Clause ‡K Co-ordinate clause e‡j| He is poor but (Co-ordinating
Conjunction) he is honest.
Complex Sub-ordinating Conjunction w`‡q GKwU Principal Clause Gi mv‡_ GKwU Sub-ordinate
Clause hy³ _v‡K| †hgb I know the place (Principal clause) where he lives
(Dependent Clause).

Sub-ordinating
Co-ordinating
as, as…..as, as if, as though, as long as, so long as, as soon as, if, after,
and, or, nor, but, before, because, barely, hardly, no sooner….than, scarcely, till, until,
yet, else, otherwise, who, what, when, while, where, why, how, whatever, whenever,
very, and, wherever, however, so that, in order that, lest, since, on account of,
neither… nor, unless, provided that, on condition that, so…..that, as a result of, though,
either…or although, even though, still, nevertheless, instead of, in lieu of, in case of.
Interchange of Compound, Complex & Simple
Rule Compound Complex Simple
01. but/ yet Though / Although In spite of/ Despite +
He is poor but happy. Though he is poor, he is (Possessive) + (v+ ing)/ Noun
happy. Despite his poverty he is happy.
02. or/ otherwise If + negative/ Unless Without + Gerund (v+ ing)
Read attentively or If you do not read Without reading attentively,
you will fail. attentively, you will fail./ you will fail.
Unless you Read
attentively, you will fail
03. Imperative + and If + affirmative By + Gerund (verb+ ing) ং
Read attentively and If you read attentively, you In case of/ in the event of+
you will pass. will pass. possessive+ Gerund/ Noun
By reading attentively, you will pass.
04. very……and So…… that Too …… to
Shahin is very weak Shahin is so weak that he Shahin is too weak to walk.
and he cannot walk. cannot walk.
05. And…..want/wanted So that/ in order In order to/ to+ verb
Shamim studied hard that…can/could Shamim studied hard to get
and he wanted to get Shamim studied hard so GPA-5.
GPA -5. that he could get GPA-5.
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #45
06. And/not only…but also When / As / Since Verb+ ing ং Besides+
Tuhin was ill and went As Tuhin was ill, he went Verb+ ing
to the hospital. to the hospital. Being ill, Tuhin went to the
hospital.
07. And so Since/ As/ because + be Because of+ possessive+
(Ranga was ill and so verb Gerund/ Noun
he did not come) Since Ranga was ill, he Because of his illness, Ranga
did not come. did not come.
08. And As soon as, when, No Same Subject : Verb+ ing, +
(঴ম ল ) sooner had ……..than, 2nd clause
Scarcely had …..when, Dif. Sub: At the time of/ Just after
Hardly had…...before + possessive+ Gerund/ Noun
09. And It is…..who/ which / that Sub + verb + object
10. After/ before/ till/ until After/ before/ till/ until+
Possessive+ Gerund

Voice
Transitive Verb Qvov Active Voice ‡K Passive Voice Kiv hvq bv|
Rule 01 (Assertive sentence)
Active voice- Active voice-
Tense Abymv‡i by /at/
Gi Object n‡e Sub wU Passive
+ Auxiliary + V3 + Extension + with/ +
Passive voice- voice-Gi Object
Verb to
Gi subject. n‡e
Tense Abymv‡i Passive Voice Gi Rb¨ Auxiliary Verb
Tense Indefinite Continuous Perfect Per. Continuous
Present am/is/are am/is/ are have/ has have/ has
Past was/were was/were had had been
Future Shall/will+ Shall/will + being shall/ will been shall/ will being
be be + have + have

wKQz wKQz Verb Gi †ÿ‡Î Passive Ki‡Z by Gi cwie‡Z© Ab¨ Preposition e‡m|
_vK‡j c‡i em‡e
Annoyed/ Crowded/ Filled/ Pleased/ Satisfied/ Seized (e¨w³i †ÿ‡Î) with
Alarmed/ Annoyed/ Astonished/ Pleased/ Satisfied/ Shocked/ Surprised/ at
Vexed (e¯‘i †ÿ‡Î)/ Surprised
Embodied/ Interested/Contained in
Known/ given to
Worried about
Rule : 02 Modal auxillaries
Active voice-G Shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, must, might, need, dare, let, ought
to, have/ has/ had/ am/ is/ are/ was/ were + to, going to _vK‡j Passive voice G n‡e-
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #46
Active Can, could, may,
voice-Gi will, would, shall, by /at/ Active voice-
Object n‡e + should, ought to, + V3 + Extension + with/ + Sub wU Passive
Passive must, be going to, to voice-Gi Object
voice- have to, has to, n‡e
Gi subject. be to

Rule : 03 Interrogative sentences

03 (a). Interrogative ÔWho’ Gi cwie‡Z© ÔBy whom’ + Auxillary Verb + Subject + V3 + Obj + ?
03 (b). Am/is/was/were hy³ Continuous interrogative Gi †ÿ‡Î Am/is/was/were + Sub + being +
V3 + by + object + ?
03 (c). Do/Does hy³ Interrogative Gi †ÿ‡Î Am/is/are + Sub + V3 + by + Object + ?
03 (d). Did hy³ Interrogative Gi †ÿ‡Î Was/were + Sub + V3 + by + Object + ?
Rule 04 (Imperative Sentence)
04 (a) : ïay g~j verb w`‡q ïiæ nIqv Imperative Sentence Gi †ÿ‡Î-
Active : Verb + object Passive : Let + object + be + V3.
Do away with it. Let it be done away with.
04 (b) : Do not, Never hy³ Imperative Sentence Gi †ÿ‡Î-
Active : Do not/ never + Verb + object Passive : Let + not/never + Object + ever + be + V3
Don’t do it. Let it not be done.
04 (c) : Let hy³ Active Voice ‡K Passive Ki‡Z-
Active : Let + Ind. obj + Verb + obj. Passive : Let + 2nd Object + be + V3 + by + 1st Obj.
Let Rahim tell the truth. Let the truth be told by Rahim.
Subject wn‡m‡e People, One, Someone, Somebody _vK‡j Passive Ki‡Z by e‡m bv|
Active G Reflexive Pronoun & Reciprocal Pronoun _vK‡j Passive Ki‡Z Subject ev Object Gi
†Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv| Tense Abymv‡i Auxiliary verb + by e‡m|
Help, see, bid, dare, listen, notice, watch, need, make, hear, feel, know, do, go, play Gi c‡i
Active G Bare Infinitive e‡m| A_©vr Ôto’ Dn¨ _v‡K| wKš‘ Passive Gi †ÿ‡Î Ôto’ e‡m| Z‡e let Gi c‡i
Passive Ki‡Z to e‡m bv|
Complement hy³ Quasi-Passive verb ‡K Passive Ki‡Z cÖ`Ë Subject + Auxiliary Verb +
Complement AskwU + when/ if + it/they + is/are + V3 A_ev Subject + Auxiliary Verb+ V3 +
Complement.
Complement wenxb Quasi-Passive verb ‡K Passive Kivi mgq-cª`Ë Subject+ Auxiliary Verb + V3

Active G Complex Ges Compound Sentence _vK‡j `yB As‡kiB Passive Ki‡Z nq|
ev‡K¨ wµqvi KZ©v †`qv bv _vK‡j Passive ‡_‡K Active Ki‡Z myweavRbK Subject (We, People, Someone,
Somebody, the Authority) wb‡Z nq|
Active Voice G Adjective Gi c‡i Infinitive + Noun / Pronoun _vK‡j Passive Ki‡Z Infinitive Gi
c‡ii Noun/Pronoun + Auxiliary Verb + Adjective + to be + V3
wKQz wKQz Verb Gi Present, Past wKsev Past Participle form GKB|
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU #47
ïay Adjective + Infinitive _vK‡j †Kej Adjective Gi Av‡Mi Ask Passive Ki‡Z n‡e|

Degree

Positive mgRvZxq `yB‡qi g‡a¨| MVb : as/so + D1 (Positive Degree) + as. D`vniY : No other
Degree student is as good as Habiba,Very few students are as good as Habiba.
Comparative Amg| MVb : D2 (Comparative Degree) + than. D`vniY: Habiba is better than any
Degree other student, Habiba is better than most other students.
Superlative A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨| MVb : The/ One of the + Superlative Degree. D`vniY : Habiba is the best
Degree student, Habiba is one of the best students.
Transformations of Degree
Superlative Comparative Positive
the than + any/ all + other No other
one of the than + most/ many/ some/ few + other Very few
mvaviYZ than Ges as/so……as Gi c‡i Subjective form e‡m| Z‡e Informal English G Objective form
e‡m| cÖ‡kœ `ywUB _vK‡j Subjective form wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
Comparative form Gi c~‡e© mvaviYZ Ôthe’ e‡m bv| wKš‘ `yBwU e¨w³ ev e¯‘i g‡a¨ Zzjbv Ki‡Z two kãwU D‡jøL _vK‡j
the + comparative form e‡m Ges two Gi c~‡e© of e‡m|
hZ ZZ eySv‡Z Comparative form Gi c~‡e© Ôthe’ e‡m|
Senior, junior, inferior, superior, prior, posterior, ulterior kãmg~n Latin Comparative| G‡`i c‡i
than Gi cwie‡Z© to e‡m|
Absolute, Almighty, annual, chief, complete, daily, dead, earthen, empty, entire, eternal, excellent,
extreme, full, golden, huge, ideal, infinite, perfect, round, square, supreme, unique, universal BZ¨vw`
Adjective mg~n Superlative Gi A_© cÖ`vb K‡i| myZivs G‡`i c~‡e© very, more, most em‡e bv|
Positive Comparative Superlative
in inner inmost, innermost
up upper upmost, uppermost
out Outer, utter outmost, outermost, utmost, uttermost

Spellings
A
Abhorrence (N„Yv Kiv) Accession (Av‡ivnb) Abbreviation (kã ms‡ÿcY) Abeyance (¯’wMZ Ae¯’v)
Abstention (wbe„wË, mshg) Acceptable (MÖnY‡hvM¨) Accelerate (Z¡ivwš^Z Kiv, MwZe„w× Kiv) (31st BCS)
Accomplish (mvab Kiv) Accommodation (evm¯’vb) Accessories (mnvqK e¯‘mg~n) Achievement (AR©b)
Address (wVKvbv) Adulteration (†fRvj) Acquaintance (cÖZ¨ÿ cwiwPwZ) (36th BCS)
Advertisement (weÁvcb) Ambassador (ivóª`~Z) Aggrandizement (ÿgZv, c`, m¤ú‡`i e„w×)
Amalgamate Amateur (A‡ckv`vi) Annihilate (aŸsm Kiv) Approval (Aby‡gv`b),
Antique (cÖvPxb Kv‡ji) Apostrophe Appearance (Avwef©ve) Assessment (wba©viY)
Appropriate Ascertain (wbðq Kiv) Assassination (¸ßnZ¨v) Athletic (µxovwelqK)
Appetite (ÿzav) Assurance (Avk^vmevYx) Aspiration (D”PvKv•ÿv) Absorb (ï‡l †bIqv)
Authoritative (cÖfzZ¡e¨ÄK) Awkward (‡egvbvb) Archaeology (cÖZœZvwË¡K) Acclamation (mg_©b)
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU # 48
Agricultural (K…wl msµvšÍ) Accessible (cÖ‡ek‡hvM¨) Acquiescence (‡g․bm¤§wZ) Asylum (AvkÖq)
Assignment (eivÏKiY) Alleviation (Kgv‡bv) Agreeable (m¤§Z)
Anonymous (‡ebvgx) Aggression (nvgjv) Apprehend (eyS‡Z cviv)
Aestheticism (bv›`wbK) Astronaut (b‡fvPvix) Awful (fqvbK)
B
Basically (g~jZ) Beginning (ïiæ, Avi¤¢) Belief (wek^vm) Beneficial (DcKvix)
Blasphemy (ag©wb›`v) Belligerent (hy×iZ) Brigadier (D”P mvgwiK c`we‡kl)
Business (e¨emv) Brochure (mswÿß cyw¯ÍKv) Bureaucracy (AvgjvZš¿) Bourgeois (msiÿYkxj)
Bureau (Awdm) Bouquet (dz‡ji †Zvov) Believable (wek^vm‡hvM¨) Bureaucracy (AvgjvZš¿)
Bureaucrat (miKvwi Kg©KZ©v) Bizarre (A™¢zZ) Bellicosity (gvigywLZv)
Bourgeoisie (m¤ú`kvjx e¨w³)

C
Catastrophe (AvKw¯§K wecwË) Calendar (cwÄKv) Campaign (cÖPviYv) Category (wefvM, †kÖwY)
Catalyst (AbyNUK) Ceiling (Qv`) Cessation (B¯Ídv, wbe„wË) Characteristic (PvwiwÎK)
Chauvinism (DMÖ RvZxqZvev`) Chrysanthemum (P›`ªgwjøKv) Colonel (K‡b©j) Certificate (cÖgvYcÎ)
Cigarette (wmMv‡iU) Cholera (K‡jiv) Committee (mwgwZ) Commitment (cÖwZkÖæwZ)
Commission (Kwgkb) Comptroller (wbqvgK, wnmveva¨ÿ) Commemorate (¯§„wZ iÿv Kiv)
Conscious (m‡PZb) Conscientious (b¨vqevb) Conspicuous (my¯úó) Contiguous (msjMœ)
Constellation (Zvivi SvuK) Connoisseur (imÁ e¨w³) Conveyance (enb, m¤úwËi n¯ÍvšÍiKiY)
Colleague (mnKg©x, mn‡hvMx) Collaboration (mn‡hvwMZv) Commissioners (fvicÖvß e¨w³)
Configuration (AvK…wZ, iƒc‡iLv) Consanguinity (i‡³i m¤úK©) Confiscation (ev‡RqvßKiY) Convenient (myweavRbK)
Correspondence (cÎe¨envi, mv`„k¨) Cumulative (µgmwÂZ) Conqueror (Rqx)
Cadaverous (g„Zer) Censor (mgv‡jvPK)

D
Degree (avc, cwigvY) Deceive (‡avuKv †`qv, Qj Kiv) Decision (wm×všÍ) Definition (msÁv)
Diabetes (eûg~Î †ivM) Discipline (k„•Ljv, mshg) Dilemma (Dfq m¼U) Dilapidated (RxY©, aŸsmcÖvß)
Diarrhoea (Wvqwiqv) Diarrhea (Wvqwiqv) Diseases (‡ivM) Discipline (k„•Ljv)
Dissonance (A‣bK¨) Dying (giY) Dysentery (Avgvkq) Disappoint (wbivk Kiv)
Definition (msÁv) Diphtheria (wWc‡_wiqv)

E
Entrepreneur (D‡`¨v³v) Eccentric (Av™¢zZ ¯^fve) Efflorescence (cy®úvqb) Enumerate (MYbv Kiv)
Etiquette (wkóvPvi) Evanescence (A`„k¨Zv, we‡jvc) Exaggeration (AwZiwÄZ) Elephantiasis (‡Mv` †ivM)
Enthusiastic (AwZ Drmvnx) Exemplary (`„óvšÍg~jK) Embarrassment (`vqMÖ¯ÍZv, nZeyw×Zv)
Exhilarate (Djøvm Kiv) Exuberance (mg„w×, cÖvPzh©) Expedient (Dc‡hvMx, myweavRbK)
Elementary (cÖv_wgK) Encyclopedia/Encyclopaedia (wek^‡Kvl)

F
Facsimile (AweKj cÖwZiƒc) Familiar (cwiwPwZ) Fahrenheit (dv‡ibnvBU) Flibbertigibbet (d°i †jvK)
Fascism (d¨vwmev`) Foreigner (we‡`wk) Ferrule (‡h jvwVi gva¨‡g kvw¯Í †`qv nq)
Forty (Pwjøk) Fourth (PZz_©) Forgetful (fy‡jv, fz‡jvgbv) Fulfil (m¤ú~Y© Kiv)
Fritter (`ya-wWg I gq`vq Wzev‡bv Av‡cj ev Ab¨ d‡ji dvwj fvRv) Frolicsome (Av‡gv`-cÖ‡gv` wcÖq) Forfeit (kw³ ¯^xKvi Kiv)
G
Germination (A¼z‡iv`Mg) Genius (cÖwZfv) Galvanometric (M¨vjfv‡bvwgUvi)
Giraffe (wRivd) Gazette (miKvwi Bk‡Znvi) Grievous (hš¿Yv`vqK) Glossary (Awfavb)
Galactose (M¨vjv‡±vR) Glutinous (AvVvj) Guidance (c_ wb‡`©k) Genomics (wR‡bvwg·)
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU # 49
Governance (cwiPvjbv, kvmb) Geothermal (f~-Zvcxq) Gratuitous (wfwËnxb) Gramophones (K‡ji Mvb)
Graffiti (†`qvj wjLb) Grasshopper (dwos) Grateful (K…ZÁ) Granivorous (km¨‡fvRx)
Grievance (`y‡f©vM) Guarantee (M¨vivw›U, Rvwgb) Guffaw (AÆnvwm †`qv) Guillotine (KvUvi hš¿we‡kl)
Guerrilla (‡Mwijv) Gymnastics (e¨vqvg)

H
Halleluiah (Ck^‡ii †¯ÍvÎ) Happily (my‡L, Lywk g‡b) Height (D”PZv) Hoggish (‡jvfx, ¯^v_©ci)
Hierarchy (cÖvavb¨ ci¤úiv) Hippopotamus (Rjn¯Íx) Hospitality (AwZw_ mrKvi) Hemorrhage (‡ng‡iR&)
Heinous (‡Nvi, DrKU) Harmonious (my¯^iwewkó) Hullabaloo (‡kvi‡Mvj, •n‣P) Historiographer (BwZnvm †jLK)
Hireling (‡eZbfz³ †jvK) Heavyweight (175 cvDÛ ev Z‡ZvwaK IR‡bi gywó‡hv×v) Humorous (‡gRvwR, †K․ZzKc~Y©)
Homogenous

I
Ideally (Av`k©fv‡e) Illegitimate (A‣ea) Illusion (weåg) Irresistible (Awbevh©)
Idiosyncrasy (¯^KxqZv) Ingenuous (mijgbv) Illiteracy (wbiÿiZv) Innocuous (wb‡`©vl)
Imaginary (KvíwbK) Illustration (e¨vL¨v) Immediate (Avï) Imminent (mwbœK‡U)
Insurance (exgv) Intelligence (eyw×gËv) Inaugural (D‡Øvabx, cÖviw¤¢K) Incandescent (fv¯^i)
Indispensable (Acwinvh©)

J
Jewellery (Aj¼vimvgMÖx) Jamboree (Avb›`‡gjv) Jaundice (cvÐz‡ivM) Irresistible (Awbevh©)
Jealousy (wnsmv) Judiciary (wePviwefvMxq) Juxtapose (cvkvcvwk ¯’vcb Kiv)
Jurisdiction (GLwZqvi) Juvenile ( wK‡kvi,ZiæY) Judicial (wePviwefvMxq) Jeopardize (wec`MÖ¯Í/wecbœ Kiv )
Jewelry

K
Knot (MÖwš’, MvuU) Knavery (cÖZviYv) Kernel (dm‡ji wfZi kvum) Kedgeree (wLPzwo)
Kneel (nvuUz ‡M‡o emv) Knowledge (Ávb)
L
Laureate (ivRKwe) Legitimate (‣ea) Lieutenant (‡mbvevwnbx‡Z K¨v‡Þ‡bi Aa¯Íb Awdmvi) (39th BCS)
Leisure (Aemi mgq) Locker Liaison (`yB c‡ÿi †hvMv‡hvM) Laborious (kÖgmva¨)
Licence (AbyÁvcÎ) Lilliputian (Le©vKvi, ÿz`ªvKvq) Lightning (eRª) Loneliness (GKvwKZ¡)
Litterateur (mvwnwZ¨K) Luxurious (wejvmeûj) Luminary (‡bZ…‡Zi ¸Ym¤úbœ e¨w³)
M
Machinery (hš¿cvwZ) Manageable (cwiPvjbxq) Malaria (g¨v‡jwiqv, R¦iwe‡kl)
Maintenance (fiY‡cvlY) Malnutrition (cywónxbZv) Manoeuvre (‡K․kjx cwiPvjbv)
Martyr (knx`) Malignant (gvivZ¥K) Machiavelli (‡gwKqv‡fwj) Marriage (weevn)
Mischievous (ÿwZKi) Montesquieu (g‡÷¯‥z) Mystery (inm¨) Misspell (fzj evbvb Kiv)
Millionaire (wgwjqbvi) Millennium (mn¯ªvã) Minuscule (AwZÿz`ª) Medieval (ga¨hyM)
Misogyny (bvixwe‡Øl) Miscellaneous (wewea) Misfeasance (A‣eafv‡e •eaKg© mvab)
Mischievous (Ag½jRbK) Mileage (Mvwoi AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡) Mediterranean (f~ga¨mvMixq)
Muscle (‡ckx) Mutineer (we‡`ªvnx) Mustache (‡Mvud) Missionary (ag© cÖPviK)
Moustache Missionary Magnanimous
N
Naturally (¯^vfvweKfv‡e) Neighbor (cÖwZ‡ekx) Noticeable (jÿYxq) Numbing (Amvo Kiv)
Nuzzle (bvK w`‡q Nlv) Necessity (cÖ‡qvRbxqZv) Negligible (D‡cÿYxq) Nescience (Áv‡bi Afve)
Nonetheless (Z_vwc, Zey) Nuisance (DrcvZ, Dc`ªe) Numbly (‡gwkb †_‡K wi‡cvU©)
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU # 50
O
Occasion (Dcjÿ) Obedience (eva¨Zv) Obstructionist (cÖMwZwe‡ivax) Observance (ch©‡eÿY)
Obstacle (evav, cÖwZeÜKZv) Obnoxious (AZ¨šÍ AvcwËKi) Obsolete (‡m‡K‡j, cÖvPxb) Oblivion (we¯§„wZ)
Occurrence (AvKw¯§K NUbv) Occultation (mgveiY, ¸ß) Obsession (Av”QbœZv) Oscillation (¯ú›`b)
Omnipotent (me©kw³gvb) Omnivorous (me©MÖvmx) Opportunity (my‡hvM) Opposition (we‡ivax `j)
Overrun (Qvwo‡q hvIqv) Overrode (AMÖvn¨ Kiv) Overriding (AMÖvn¨, evwZj Kiv)
Obscene
P
Particular (we‡kl) Parallelogram (mvgšÍwiK) Paraphernalia (mvRmiÄvg) Peculiar (A™¢zZ)
Perceive (‡evSv) Performance (Kg©`ÿZv) Permanent (¯’vqx) Personnel (Kg©Pvix)
Perpendicular (Dj¤^, Lvov) Perseverance (Aa¨emvq) Physician (wPwKrmK) Persistence (wR`, Aa¨emvq)
Philosophy (`k©b) Philanthropy (gvbecÖxwZ) Phenomena (NUbv, we¯§q) Privilege (myweav)
Phenomenon (cÖcÂ) Piece (UzKiv) Possibility (m¤¢vebv) Professor (cÖ‡dmi)
Practically (cÖvKwUK¨vwj) Proletariat (me©nviv) Pronunciation (D”PviY) Posthumous (gi‡YvËi)
Pneumonia (dzmdzm-cÖ`vn) Psychology (g‡bvweÁvb) Preliminary (cÖviw¤¢K) Preference (AMÖvwaKvi)
Possession (`Lj, AwaKvi) Pursuit (AbymiY) Paleontology (Rxevk¥weÁvb)
Pediatric (wkï wPwKrmv mgÜxq) Pharmaceuticals (dvg©vwmDwUK¨vjm) Professional (‡ckv`vix, e„wËg~jK)
Parallel (mgvšÍivj) Palatable (iƒwPKi/my¯^v`y ) Perseverance (Aa¨emvq/ D`¨gkxjZv)
Profession (RxweKv, †ckv ) Passionate ( Drmvnx/ KvgyK) Possessive (mgÜm~PK/AwaKvim~PK)
Persistence ( wR`/ Aa¨vemvq ) Passenger ( hvÎx, mIqvix )
Q
Questionnaire (cÖkœvejx) Quantity (cwigvY) Quarantine (m½‡iva) Quotient (fvMdj)
Quizzical (weåvšÍ, AevK) Quibble (K_vi gvic¨vuP) Quipped (mim gšÍe¨) Queue (mvwi)

R
Renaissance (beRvMiY) Rousseau Restaurant (‡i‡¯Ívivu) Registrar (wbeÜiÿK)
Recipient (cÖvcK) Reconciliation (gxgvsmv) Referendum (MY‡fvU) Regrettable (`ytLRbK)
Reminisce (¯§„wZPviY) Ridiculous (nvm¨Ki) Reinforcement (kw³e„w×) Retirement (Aemi MÖnY)
Redemption (gyw³, Lvjvm) Rescission (KZ©b, evwZjKiY) Rhinoceros (MÐvi) Recession (g›`v, cÖZ¨veZ©b)
Rehearsal (cixÿvg~jK Dc¯’vcbv) Restaurateur (‡iu‡¯Ívivi g¨v‡bRvi)
Receive (MÖnY Kiv) Remittance (A_© †cÖiY)
S
Satellite (K…wÎg DcMÖn) Secretariat (`ßi) Supercilious (DbœvwmK) Sovereignty (mve©‡f․g ÿgZv)
Schizophrenia (39th BCS) Sergeant Sovereign (mve©‡f․g) Surgeon (kj¨ wPwKrmK)
Souvenir (¯§viKMÖš’) Serviceable (Kv‡h©vc‡hvMx) Supersede (¯’jvwfwl³ Kiv) Spontaneity (¯^ZtùzZ©Zv)
Surreptitious (‡Pviv¸ßv) Schengen Seizure Soliloquy (¯^‡Mvw³, bvUK ev wm‡bgvq Awf‡bZv KZ©„K Avcbv Avcwb K_v ejv)
Superstitious (Kyms¯‥viv”Qbœ) Surveillance (bRi`vwi) Sabotage
T
Tuition (wkÿv`vb) Tocqueville Tsunami (mybvwg) (31 BCS)st
Tuberculosis (h²v‡ivM)
Typhoid (mwbœcvZ, UvBd‡qW) Transcendent (AZz¨rK…ó) Teenage (wK‡kvi) Trattoria (mivBLvbv)
Turquoise (wd‡ivRv, bxjKvšÍgwY) Turbulent (Aeva¨) Tambourine (LÄwb) Tournament (Uzb©v‡g›U)
Tourniquet (i³ eÜ Kievi e¨v‡ÐR ev hš¿we‡kl) Transparency (¯^”QZv) Translucent (Av‡jv Avwm‡Z cv‡i)
Trespass
U
Unparalleled (AwØZxq) Unreconciled (Amgwc©Z) Ubiquitous (me©e¨vcx) Unanimous (me©m¤§Z)
Utopia (Kí‡jvK) Umlaut (AwfkÖæwZ)
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU # 51

V
Voluntary (‡¯^”QvK…Z) Voltaire Vacillation (‡`v`yj¨gvbZv, wØav) Vengeance (cÖwZ‡kva)

W
Warrantee (wbðqZvcÎ) Woolen (ckgx) Welter (wek„•Ljv, •bivR¨) Whisper (wdmwdm K‡i ejv)
Y
Yammer (N¨vb N¨vb Kiv) Yacht (nvjKv †b․Kvhvb. cÖ‡gv`Zix) Yield (ek¨Zv ¯^xKvi Kiv)

Z
Zenana (A›`i gnj)

One word substitution

One who is all powerful— Omnipotent One who is easily deceived— Gullible
One who is recovering from illness— One who can do anything for money—
Convalescent. Mercenary
One who knows everything— Omniscient One who does not make mistakes— Infallible
One who is present everywhere— One who has no money— Pauper
Omnipresent
One who unduly forwards in rendering One who changes sides— Turncoat
services for others in not generally liked in One who works for free— Volunteer
society— Officious. One who loves books — Bibliophile
One who is out to subvert a government— One who loves mankind— Philanthropist
Anarchist. One who hates mankind— Misanthrope
One who can speak two languages— One who helps others Good— Samaritan
Bilingual
One who looks on the bright side of things— One who doubts the existence of god—
Optimist Agnostic
One who looks on the dark side of things— One who pretends to be what he is not—
Pessimist Hypocrite
One who copies from other writers— One who hates women— Misogynist
Plagiarist
One who knows many languages— Polyglot One who thinks only of himself— Egoist
One who thinks only of welfare of women— One who is indifferent to pleasure or pain—
Feminist. Stoic
One who is quite like a woman— Effeminate One who has strange habits— Eccentric
One who speaks less— Reticent. One who goes on foot— Pedestrian.
One who believes in fate— Fatalist. One who dies without a Will— Intestate.
A Government by the people— Democracy. A Government by a king or queen—
Monarchy.
A Government by the officials— A Government by the rich— Plutocracy
Bureaucracy
A Government by the few— Oligarchy. A Government by the Nobles— Aristocracy.
A Government by one— Autocracy. Rule by the mob— Mobocracy.
 43Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Bb‡mckb wU‡gi mv‡cvU© (Bs‡iwR fvlv) # mswÿß †bvU # 52
A person who rules without consulting That through which light can partly pass—
others— Autocrat. Translucent.
That through which light can pass— A sentence whose meaning is unclear—
Transparent Ambiguous
A dwarfed ornamental tree or shrub grown in A life history written by oneself—
a tray or shallow pot— Bonsai. Autobiography
A person who undertakes a journey to a holy A grass eating animal— Herbivorous
place— Pilgrim. A flesh eating animal— Carnivorous
The dead body of an animal, especially of a One who is a specialist in heart and its
large one or of one that is ready for cutting up diseases— Cardiologist.
as meat— Carcass. A kidnapping— Abduction.
A person leaves his or her country to settle in The people who carry a coffin at a funeral are
another country— Emigrant. called— Pallbearers.
One who lives in a foreign country— A person who hates the company of other is—
Immigrant. Unsociable.
Practice of having several wives— Polygamy That which cannot be avoided – Inevitable
Practice of having one wife or husband— Practice of having two wives or husbands—
Monogamy Bigamy
That which is not likely to happen— A book published after the death of its author
Improbable — Posthumous
A life history written by somebody else— A book written by an unknown author—
Biography Anonymous
People who work together— Colleagues One who eats too much— Glutton
A place where orphans live— Orphanage One who questions everything— Cynic
One who is a newcomer— Neophyte That which is lawful— Legal
That which is against law— Illegal One who is unmarried— Celibate
A game in which no one wins— Draw A study of man— Anthropology
A study of races— Ethnology A study of the body— Physiology
A study of animals— Zoology A study of birds— Ornithology
A study of ancient things— Archaeology A study of derivation of words— Etymology
The study of religion is— Theology. Murder of a mother— Matricide
Murder of a human being— Homicide. Murder of a father— Patricide
Murder of an infant— Infanticide Murder of self— Suicide
To write under a different name— A thing no longer in use— Obsolete
Pseudonym
A handwriting that cannot be read— Illegible Words written on the tomb of a person—
One who is greedy for money— Avaricious Epitaph
One who doesn't know how to read and write A person's peculiar habit— Idiosyncrasy
— Illiterate
Violating the sanctity of a church— Sacrilege One who can throw his voice— Ventriloquist
A person who writes and edits dictionaries is A formal composition or speech expressing
called a— Lexicographer. high praise of somebody— Eulogy.
Someone who writes plays is called a— A person who has before another person—
Playwright. Predecessor.