Anatomy of Bones

Objectives

• Classify bones according to their shape, size or origin

• Describe the parts of a long bone

• Name the divisions of the skeleton (Axial and appendicular)

and the major bones constituting each division
• Identify and name the bones of the skull (cranium and face)

• Describe the parts of the vertebral column and sternum

• Describe the bones of the pectoral girdle and upper limb

• Describe the bones of the pelvic girdle and lower limb
2
 Introduction

• Human skeleton is initially cartilages and fibrous membranes

• Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant cartilage in the body

• By the age of 25 yrs, the skeleton is completely ossified

• Form 20% of total body mass

• 206 bones make up the adult skeleton

• 80 bones of the axial skeleton
•126 bones of the appendicular skeleton

3
Bone - Classification

• Long Bones (b)

• Short Bones
• Flat Bones
• Irregular Bones (c)

• Sesamoid Bones
•Sutural (Wormian) Bones (d)

(a)
(e)
Classification of Bones

• Long bones
• Typically, longer than wide
• Have a shaft with heads at both ends
• Contain mostly compact bone
•Examples: Femur, humerus, metacarpals
Classification of Bones

• Short bones
• Generally, cube-shaped
• Contain mostly spongy bone
• Examples: Carpal, tarsal
Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape
Classification of Bones

• Flat bones
• Thin and flattened
• Usually curved
• Thin layers of compact bone with a layer of
spongy bone in between
• Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
Classification of Bones

• Irregular bones
• Irregular shape
• Do not fit into other bone classification
categories
• Example: Vertebrae and hip bone
 Epiphyseal plates

Articular cartilage

Parts of a Long Bone Spongy bone

Proximal
epiphysis

Space containing

• Epiphysis red marrow

• Distal
Endosteum
• Proximal
• Diaphysis
Compact bone

Medullary cavity
• Metaphysis
Y ellow marrow
• Compact bone
• Spongy bone Periosteum Diaphysis

• Articular cartilage
• Periosteum
• Endosteum

• Medullary cavity
• Trabeculae
• Bone marrow Distal

• Red marrow and yellow marrow epiphysis

Femur
Organisation of the Skeleton

• The actual number of bones in the human skeleton varies

from person to person

• Typically, there are about 206 bones

• For convenience, the skeleton is divided into the:

• Axial skeleton
• Appendicular skeleton
 Divisions of the Skeleton
Cranium

Skull

• Axial Skeleton Hyoid

Face

• Skull Clavicle

Scapula

• Vertebral column
Sternum

Humerus

• Rib cage
Ribs

Vertebral Vertebral
column column

Hip
bone
Carpals
Sacrum

• Appendicular Skeleton Radius

Ulna
Coccyx

• Upper limbs
• Lower limbs Metacarpals
Femur
Phalanges

• Shoulder girdle Patella

T ibia

• Pelvic girdle Fibula

Tarsals
Metatarsals

Phalanges

(a) (b)
Skull

Is composed of
• Cranium (brain case) and
• Facial bones
 Cranium

• Frontal bone (1)

• Forehead Parietal bone

Frontal bone

• Roof of nasal cavity Coronal suture

Lacrimal bone

• Roofs of orbits Ethmoid bone

Squamous suture Supraorbital foramen

• Frontal sinuses Sphenoid bone
Nasal bone
Temporal bone
Sphenoid bone
• Supraorbital foramen
Perpendicular plate
of the ethmoid bone Middle nasal concha
of the ethmoid bone
Infraorbital foramen
Zygomatic bone
• Coronal suture Vomer bone
Inferior nasal concha

Maxilla
Mandible

Mental foramen
Cranium
• Parietal bones (2)
• Side walls of cranium
• Roof of cranium
• Sagittal suture
Coronal suture
Parietal bone

Frontal bone

Squamous suture
Sphenoid bone

Lambdoid suture Ethmoid bone

Occipital bone Lacrimal bone

Nasal bone
Temporal bone
Zygomatic bone
Temporal process
External acoustic meatus
of zygomatic bone

Mastoid process Maxilla

Mandibular condyle

Styloid process
Mental foramen
Zygomatic process
of temporal bone Mandible

Coronoid process
Cranium
• Occipital bone (1)
• Back of skull
• Base of cranium
• Foramen magnum
• Occipital condyles
Incisive foramen
• Lambdoid suture
Palatine process of maxilla
Zygomatic bone
Median palatine suture
Frontal bone
Palatine bone
Sphenoid bone
Zygomatic arch Greater palatine foramen

Vomer bone
Foramen lacerum
Mandibular fossa
Foramen ovale
Styloid process
Foramen spinosum
External acoustic meatus
Carotid canal
Jugular foramen
Stylomastoid foramen
Occipital condyle
Foramen magnum

Mastoid foramen Lambdoid suture

Temporal bone
Condylar canal

Occipital bone
 Cranium

• Temporal Bones (2)

• Side walls of cranium
• Floor of cranium Parietal bone
Coronal suture

Frontal bone

• Floors and sides of orbits

Squamous suture

• Squamous suture
Sphenoid bone

Lambdoid suture Ethmoid bone

• External acoustic meatus Occipital bone

Lacrimal bone

Nasal bone
Temporal bone

• Mandibular fossa Zygomatic bone

Temporal process

• Mastoid process
External acoustic meatus
of zygomatic bone

• Styloid process
Mastoid process Maxilla

Mandibular condyle

• Zygomatic process Styloid process

Mental foramen
Zygomatic process
of temporal bone
Mandible

Coronoid process
 Cranium

• Sphenoid bone (1)

• Base of cranium Lesser wing
Optic canal
Greater
• Sides of skull wing

• Floors and sides

of orbits Foramen rotundum
Foramen spinosum

• Sella turcica Transverse section

(a) Sella turcica Foramen ovale

Lesser wing

• Sphenoid sinuses Greater wing

Superior
orbital fissure

Foramen
rotundum

Lateral pterygoid plate

Medial pterygoid plate

(b)
 Cranium
• Ethmoid bone (1)
• Roof and walls of
nasal cavity
• Floor of cranium
Perpendicular

• Wall of orbits plate

Crista galli

• Cribriform plates Crista galli

Superior
nasal concha
Cribriform

• Perpendicular plate

plate
Ethmoidal
sinuses Middle nasal
Transverse section concha
Orbital

• Superior and surface

Perpendicular
plate

middle nasal (a) (b)

conchae
• Ethmoid sinuses
• Crista galli
 Facial Skeleton
• Maxillary bones (2)
• Upper jaw
• Anterior roof of mouth Parietal bone
Coronal suture

• Floors of orbits Frontal bone

• Sides of nasal cavity

Squamous suture
Sphenoid bone

• Floors of nasal cavity

Lambdoid suture Ethmoid bone

Occipital bone Lacrimal bone

• Alveolar processes
Nasal bone
Temporal bone

Zygomatic bone

• Maxillary sinuses External acoustic meatus

Temporal process
of zygomatic bone

• Palatine process Mastoid process Maxilla

Mandibular condyle

Styloid process
Mental foramen
Zygomatic process
of temporal bone
Mandible

Coronoid process
Facial Skeleton - Sinuses

Frontal sinus

Ethmoidal sinuses

Sphenoidal sinus

Maxillary sinus
 Facial Skeleton

• Palatine bones (2)

• ‘L’ shaped bones
located behind the
maxillae
• Posterior section of Perpendicular
portion
hard palate
• Floor of nasal cavity Coronal section

• Lateral walls of Horizontal portion

nasal cavity
 Facial Skeleton

• Zygomatic Bones (2)

• Prominences of cheeks
• Lateral walls of orbits Coronal suture
Parietal bone

• Floors of orbits Frontal bone

Squamous suture

• Temporal process
Sphenoid bone

Lambdoid suture Ethmoid bone

Occipital bone Lacrimal bone

Nasal bone
Temporal bone

Zygomatic bone
Temporal process
External acoustic meatus
of zygomatic bone

Mastoid process Maxilla

Mandibular condyle

Styloid process
Mental foramen
Zygomatic process
of temporal bone Mandible

Coronoid process
 Facial Skeleton

• Lacrimal bones (2)

• Medial walls of orbits
• Groove from orbit to
nasal cavity

Coronal suture
Parietal bone

• Nasal bones (2)

Frontal bone

Squamous suture
Sphenoid bone

• Bridge of nose Lambdoid suture Ethmoid bone

Occipital bone Lacrimal bone

Nasal bone
Temporal bone

Zygomatic bone
Temporal process
External acoustic meatus
of zygomatic bone

Mastoid process Maxilla

Mandibular condyle

Styloid process
Mental foramen
Zygomatic process
of temporal bone Mandible

Coronoid process
 Facial Skeleton
• Vomer bone (1)
• Inferior portion of nasal septum
Coronal suture

Temporal bone

Parietal bone
Frontal bone

Squamous suture
Sphenoid bone

Frontal sinus Lambdoid suture

Nasal bone Occipital bone

Crista galli
Internal acoustic meatus
Cribriform plate
Ethmoid
bone Perpendicular plate Jugular foramen
(nasal septum)
Sella turcica
Inferior nasal concha

Palatine process Hypoglossal canal

of maxilla
Styloid process Foramen magnum

Maxilla Sphenoidal sinus Mastoid process

Palatine bone

Vomer bone

Mandible Alveolar processes

 Facial Skeleton
• Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)
• Separate bones; Extend from lateral walls of nasal cavity
Coronal suture

Temporal bone

Parietal bone
Frontal bone

Squamous suture
Sphenoid bone

Frontal sinus Lambdoid suture

Nasal bone Occipital bone

Crista galli
Internal acoustic meatus
Cribriform plate
Ethmoid
bone Perpendicular plate Jugular foramen
(nasal septum)

Sella turcica
Inferior nasal concha

Palatine process Hypoglossal canal

of maxilla
Styloid process Foramen magnum

Maxilla Sphenoidal sinus Mastoid process

Palatine bone

Vomer bone

Mandible Alveolar processes

 Facial Skeleton

• Mandible (1)
• Lower jaw
• Body
• Ramus
• Mandibular condyle
• Coronoid process
• Alveolar process Coronoid
process
Coronoid process

• Mandibular foramen Mandibular

foramen
Mandibular condyle

• Mental foramen

Ramus

Alveolar
border Mandibular
foramen

Body

Mental foramen
Body Alveolar
(a) arch
(b)
Vertebral Column

• The vertebral (spinal) column, consists of many vertebrae

separated by cartilaginous intervertebral discs.
 Vertebral Column
Cervical
Cervical
vertebrae
curvature

Vertebra
prominens

• Cervical vertebrae (7)

• Thoracic vertebrae (12)
Rib facet

• Lumbar vertebrae (5)

Thoracic
vertebrae

• Sacrum (4-5 fused segments)

Thoracic
curvature

• Coccyx (3-4 fused segments)

Intervertebral

(Sacrum & Coccyx are fused bones)

Intervertebral
foramina
Lumbar
vertebrae
Lumbar
curvature

Sacrum

Sacral
curvature

Coccyx

(a) (b)
Vertebral Column
Cervical
Cervical
vertebrae
curvature

Vertebra
prominens

• Cervical curvature
• Thoracic curvature
• Lumbar curvature
Rib facet

Thoracic

• Sacral curvature Thoracic

curvature
vertebrae

• Rib facets
• Vertebral prominens Intervertebral

• Intervertebral discs (IVD) Intervertebral

foramina
Lumbar

• Intervertebral foramina (IVF)

vertebrae
Lumbar
curvature

Sacrum

Sacral
curvature

Coccyx

(a) (b)
Sternum Jugular notch
(suprasternal notch)

Sternal angle Thoracic vertebra

1 Clavicular notch

• Three (3) parts: 2

Manubrium
3

• Manubrium True ribs

(vertebrosternal
ribs)
4

5 Body Sternum

• Body 6

7
Xiphoid process

• Xiphoid process 8
Ribs
Vertebrochondral 9
ribs Costal
False
ribs cartilage
10

11
12
Floating ribs
(vertebral ribs)

(a)

b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD

 Acromion Acromial end
Sternal end Clavicle

Pectoral Girdle
process

Head of
humerus

• Also known as the Coracoid

shoulder girdle process

• Clavicles Sternum

• Scapulae
• Supports upper limbs Scapula Rib
Costal
cartilage

• True shoulder joint is

simply the articulation Humerus

of the humerus and

scapula

Ulna

Radius

(a)
 Acromial end

Clavicles
Acromion
process Sternal end Clavicle

Head of
humerus

• Articulate with manubrium

• Articulate with scapulae Coracoid
process

(acromion process)
• Acromio-Clavicular joint
Sternum

Costal
Scapula Rib cartilage

Humerus

Ulna

Radius

(a)
 Scapulae
• Spine • Acromion process
• Supraspinous fossa • Coracoid process
• Infraspinous fossa • Glenoid fossa or cavity

Superior
border
Coracoid
process
Suprascapular Acromion
notch process
Acromion Coracoid
process process
Supra-
Spine glenoid Glenoid
tubercle cavity
Glenoid
cavity Subscapular
Infra-
fossa
Supraspinous glenoid
fossa tubercle
Lateral
Infraspinous (axillary) border
fossa
Medial
(vertebral)
border
(a) (b) (c)
 Upper Limb
Humerus

• Humerus
Olecranon Olecranon
Humerus
process fossa

Head of radius

• Radius
Neck of radius
Ulna

(c)

• Ulna
(Interosseous membrane)
Radius

• Carpals Ulna

• Metacarpals Ulna

• Phalanges Carpals

Metacarpals

Phalanges

(a) Hand (palm anterior) (b) Hand (palm posterior) (d)

d: © Martin Rotker
Humerus
Head Greater tubercle
Greater tubercle

Anatomical
Intertubercular
• Head
neck
groove

Surgical
Lesser tubercle
• Greater tubercle
neck

• Lesser tubercle
• Anatomical neck
Deltoid tuberosity
• Surgical neck
• Deltoid tuberosity
• Capitulum
• Trochlea
• Coronoid fossa Coronoid Olecranon
fossa fossa
• Olecranon fossa Lateral
Lateral
Medial epicondyle
epicondyle
epicondyle
Capitulum
Trochlea

(a) (b)
 Radius Trochlear notch Olecranon
process

Coronoid process

Head of radius

Olecranon
process
Radial tuberosity
Trochlear
notch

• Lateral bone of forearm

Coronoid
process

• Head Radial
notch

• Radial tuberosity
• Styloid process
Radius

(b)

Ulna

Head of ulna

Styloid process
Styloid process Ulnar notch of radius

(a)
Ulna Trochlear notch Olecranon
process

Coronoid process

Head of radius

• Medial bone of forearm Olecranon

process
Radial tuberosity
• Trochlear notch Trochlear
notch

• Olecranon process Coronoid

process

Radial
• Coronoid process notch

• Styloid process
Radius

(b)

Ulna

Head of ulna

Styloid process
Styloid process Ulnar notch of radius

(a)
 Wrist and Hand
• Carpals (16 total bones)
• Scaphoid Scaphoid
Radius
Ulna Scaphoid
Lunate
• Lunate Capitate
Trapezoid
Hamate
Capitate
Trapezoid
Triquetrum
• Triquetral Trapezium
Pisiform
Trapezium

• Pisiform Carpals
(carpus)
• Hamate
1 1

• Capitate Metacarpals
2
5 5
4 2
(metacarpus) 3 4 3
• Trapezoid
• Trapezium Proximal
phalanx

• Metacarpals (10) Phalanges

Middle
phalanx

Distal

• Phalanges (28) phalanx

• Proximal phalanx
• Middle phalanx (a) (b)

• Distal phalanx
 Pelvic Girdle Sacral canal

• Coxal Bones (2) Ilium

• Supports trunk of body Sacrum

• Protects viscera Sacral hiatus

Coccyx

• Forms pelvic cavity Ischium

Obturator foramen
(b)
Pubis

Sacroiliac joint

Ilium

Sacral promontory

Sacrum

Acetabulum
Pubis
Pubic tubercle
Symphysis
Ischium
pubis
Pubic arch

(a)
(c)

c: © Martin Rotker
 Hip Bones
• Also known as the coxae:
• Acetabulum
• Formed by three (3) bones:
1. Ilium Iliac crest

Iliac fossa
• Iliac crest Iliac crest
Anterior

• Iliac spines
superior
iliac spine
Posterior Ilium
Ilium superior
• Greater sciatic notch Anterior
iliac spine
inferior

2. Ischium iliac spine Posterior

inferior
iliac spine
• Ischial spines Obturator
foramen
Greater Acetabulum
• Lesser sciatic notch sciatic notch
Obturator foramen
Ischium Ischial spine
• Ischial tuberosity Pubis
Lesser
Ischium
Pubic crest

sciatic notch Pubic tubercle

3. Pubis
Pubis

Ischial
tuberosity
• Obturator foramen
(a) (b)

• Symphysis pubis
• Pubic arch
 Pelvis – Differences between
Male & Female
Flared ilium

• Female pelvis Sacral promontory

Pelvic brim
• Iliac bones more flared
• Broader hips
Symphysis pubis

• Pubic arch angle greater

• More distance between (a) Female pelvis Pubic arch

ischial spines and ischial

tuberosities
• Sacral curvature shorter Sacral promontory

and flatter
• Lighter bones Sacral curvature

• WHY??

(b) Male pelvis Pubic arch

Lower Limb Femur

Patella
Femur

• Femur
• Patella Fibula

• Tibia T ibia

(c) Lateral view

• Fibula Patella

• Tarsals
Fibula
Femur

• Metatarsals Tibia

• Phalanges Medial
condyle
Lateral
condyle

Fibula

T ibia

T arsals
(d) Posterior view
Metatarsals

Phalanges

(b)
Femur Fovea capitis

Neck Head

• Longest bone of body Greater

trochanter
Gluteal

• Head tuberosity

Lesser
trochanter

• Fovea capitis
• Neck Linea
aspera

• Greater trochanter
• Lesser trochanter
• Linea aspera
• Condyles
Lateral Medial

• Epicondyles
epicondyle epicondyle

Medial Lateral
condyle condyle

Intercondylar
fossa

Patellar
(a) surface (b)
Patella
Femur

Patella

• a.k.a. Knee cap

Femur

• Anterior surface of Fibula

the knee joint T ibia

• Flat sesamoid bone Patella

(c) Lateral view

located in the
quadriceps tendon
Fibula
Femur

Tibia

Lateral
Medial condyle
condyle

Fibula

T ibia

T arsals
(d) Posterior view
Metatarsals

Phalanges

(b)
 Intercondylar

Tibia
eminence

Lateral Medial
condyle condyle

Tibial
Head of tuberosity
fibula

• a.k.a. Shin bone Anterior

• Medial to fibula
crest

• Condyles Fibula

• Tibial tuberosity Tibia

• Anterior crest
• Makes the medial malleolus

Medial
malleolus
Lateral
malleolus
 Intercondylar

Fibula Lateral
eminence

Medial
condyle condyle

Tibial
Head of tuberosity
• Lateral to tibia fibula

• Long, slender Anterior

crest

• Head
• Makes the lateral malleolus Fibula

Tibia
• Non-weight bearing

Medial
malleolus
Lateral
malleolus
 Foot

• Tarsal Bones (14)

• Calcaneus
• Talus
• Navicular Fibula

• Cuboid Tibia

• Lateral (3rd) cuneiform

• Intermediate (2nd) cuneiform
T alus

Medial
• Medial (1st) cuneiform Metatarsals
cuneiform Navicular

(metatarsus)

Calcaneus
• Metatarsal Bones (10) Phalanges

Calcaneal
tuberosity

• Phalanges (28)
• Proximal Tarsals
(b) (tarsus)

• Middle
• Distal
Foot
Calcaneus

Talus Tarsals
(tarsus)

Navicular

Cuboid

Lateral cuneiform

Intermediate cuneiform
Medial cuneiform

5
4
3
1 Metatarsals
2 (metatarsus)
Proximal phalanx

Middle phalanx

Distal phalanx Phalanges

(a)
The End