The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Department of Applied Mathematics

AMA2112 Tutorial Set #02

Question1.
(a) Both vertically and horizontally simple
(b) Both. Only vertically simple property can lead to direct computation.
(c) Both vertically and horizontally simple
(d) Both. Neither can lead to direct computation.

Remark:  The classification of vertically or horizontally simple domain is for the purpose of
easy and direct computation.

Question2.
2 3
x2 2 y2 3
(a) 4xydx dy
 4 0xdx 0ydy  4     36
Ω  2 0  2 0

3 4
x2 3 y2 4
(b) 4xydx dy
 4 1xdx 2ydy  4     96
Ω  2 1  2 2

(c) Vertically simple

Ω  {(x, y): 0x 1, 0 yx}
1 x 1 x 1
2
x4 1
4xydx dy
 4 0x0ydydx 4 0xy2 0dx 2 0x3dx  2   
 4 0
1
2
Ω

Horizontally simple
Ω  {(x, y): 0y 1, y x1}
1
 1 1 1
x2 dy  2
1
4xydxdy 4 0 yxdxdy  4
y 0  2  y
y 0(y  y3)dy
Ω

y2 y4 1
 2    
1
 2 4 0 2

- 1 -
(d) Vertically simple
x
Ω  {(x, y): 0x 2,  yx1}
2
2
 x1  2 x1
y2 dx
4xydxdy 4 0 x / 2 ydydx  4
x 0  2  x / 2
x
Ω
2 2 2 2
4 0x (x 2 1)  x8 dx  12 0x (3x2 8x  4)dx
2
1  3x4 8x3
 2x2 
62
  
2 4 3 0 3

Horizontally simple
0  x  2y if 0  y  1
Ω  {(x, y): 0y 3, }
y  1 x2 if 1 y  3
1
 2y 3
 2
4xydxdy 4 0 0 xdxdy  4
y 1 y  1xdxdy
y
Ω
1 2 2y 3 2 2
4 0yx2 0 dy  4 1yx2 y  1dy
1 3
2 04y3dy 2 1y(3  2y  y2)dy
4y4 1 3y2 2y3 y4  3
 2    2
45 23 62
     2  2    
 4 0  2 3 4 1  4 12  3

Remark:  Which way is faster?

(e) Vertically simple

Ω  {(x, y): 0x 1, x3 y x}
1  x  1 2 x
4xydxdy 4 0xx3 ydydx  40xy2 x3 dx
Ω
1 1
6
x3 x8 1
4 0xx 2 x dx  2 0(x2x7)dx  2   
 3 8 0
5
12

Horizontally simple
Ω  {(x, y): 0y 1, y2 x3 y}

 3y
1  1 2
3
y 1
 x  y2/3  y4dy
4xydxdy 4 0   y2
y   xdx 

dy  40  2  y2 dy  4
y    0  2 
y
Ω

1
3y8/3 y6  1
 2
5
2 0(y5/3x5)dy  8
  
6 0 12

- 2 -
(f) Vertically simple
Ω  {(x, y): 0  x  1, x2y1}
1 1 1 2 1
4xydx dy  4 0xx ydydx
2
4 0xy2 x dx
2
Ω
1 1
1  x4 dx  2 x2 x6 1
 2   
2
4 0x 
 2 
 0(x  x5)dx  2 6 0 3

Horizontally simple
Ω  {(x, y): 0  y  1, 0  x y}
1  y  1 y 1 1
x2 dy  2 y3  2
4xydx dy 4 0   0 xdxdy  4
y   0  2  0
y 0y 2
dy  2  
 3 0 3
Ω

Question3.
2-4, 11, 43  Check your answers on p.324-325.

10. y
1

Ω y  x2

1 x
1
 1 sin y   y sin y 
1 1
0 x2 y dydx 
 sinyydxdy  0 0  y dxdy 
 0sin ydy
Ω  
1
1
   cos y  1  cos 1
4 0

1 1 2 1 2
y2 z2  2
41. (a) yzdxdydz   1 dx 0
 ydy 0zdz
  2   
 2 0  2 0
 

(b) (x  y  z)dxdydz

D
1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2
  1
 xdx 0 dy 0  dz   1  dx 0 ydy 0
 dz   1 dx 0  dy  0zdz


1 4
 0  2 2  21  6
2 2

- 3 -
42 z
1

xyz  1
D

1 y

1
x

(a) Method 1
1 1 1
dxdydz  vol (D)   (1) (1) (1) 
3 2 6
D

Method 2
 1x  1x y  
1 1
 1x 
dxdydz  0 0 0 dzdydx 
 0 0 (1xy)dydx

D
1 1
(1  x)2(1x)2dx  1 (1x)2d (1  x)
 0 

2 

2 0
1 (1x)3  1 1
    
2  3 0 6

(b) xydxdydz
D
1
 1x  1x y   1
 1x 
 0 0 y 0 dzdydx 
x 0 0 y (1xy)dydx
x
1 3 3
1 1 1 1
 0x(1x)
2

(1x) 
3 
dx   x (1  x)3dx   (1  u) u3du
6 0 6 0
1  u4 u5  1 1
    
6  4 5 0 120

3 9z2 x
68. 0
 
0
 xydydxdz
0
3 9z2 3 9z2 3
x3 4
 0
 
0
 dxdz 
2
1
2  0x4 0
 dz 
1
8  0(z418z281)dz


3
1 z 18z3 5
 81z 
81
  
8 5 3 0 5

- 4 -
Question4.
y
3
Ω  {(x, y): 0y8,  y x  2}
8
3
y  x3
 {(x, y): 0  x  2, 0yx }

Ω
2 x

8 2 x 2 2
1 4 2
3

0 3 yex dxdy = e dxdy  00 ex dydx 

x4
0x3ex dx 1
  ex   (e161)
4 4 4

Ω  4 0 4

Question5.
y
C
3
D
2

R B
1
A
O 1 2 3 x

1 x2 3 4x
   
2xydx dy  00 2xydydx 

10 2xydydx

R
1 3
 0x (x  2)2dx  1x (4  x)2dx
1 3
 0(x34x24x)dx  1(x38x216) dx
1 3
x4 4x3 x4 8x3
    2x2     8x2 
43 81 67 73
  
4 3 0 4 3 1 12 4 12 4

- 5 -
Question6.
x x y y
(e)  cos θ,    r sin θ,   sin θ,   r cos θ
r θ r θ
(xy)  cos θ  r sin θ 
   r
(rθ)  sin θ r cos θ 

x x x
(f)  cos θ,    r sin θ,   0,
r θ z
y y y
 sin θ,   r cos θ,  0,
r θ z
z z x
 0,   0,   1
r θ z
cos θ  r sin θ 0
(xyz)  
 sin θ r cos θ 0  r
(rθz)
 0 0 1 

x x x
(g)  sin cos θ,   ρ cos cos θ,   ρ sin sinθ, 
ρ  θ
y y y
 sin sinθ,   ρcos sin θ,   ρ sin cos θ,
ρ  θ
z z z
 cos ,    ρsin ,   0
ρ  θ
sin cos θ ρ cos cos θ  ρ sin sin θ
(xyz)  
 sin sin θ ρcos sin θ ρ sin cos θ 
(ρθ)
 cos   ρsin  0 
 cos  (ρ2cos  sin )  (ρ sin ) (ρ sin2) 
 ρ2sin 

- 6 -
(h) Method 1
y u
u  xy, v   x  , y  uv
x v
x 1 x 1 u y 1 v y 1 u
           
u 2 uv v 2v v u 2 u v 2 v

 1 
1 u

 
(xy) 2 uv 2v v 1 1 1
   
(uv) 1 v 1 u  4v 4v 2v
2 u 2 v 

Method 2- By Inverse Function Theorem

u u v y v 1
y,   x,    2,   
x y x x y x
 y x 
(uv)  (xy) (uv) 1
 
y y 2y 1
 y 1     2v,    
(xy)   2  x x x (uv)  (xy)  2v
 x x 

Question7.
(a)
y v
u  uv  0
1 1
xy  1
x0 Ω' u1
Ω

y0 1 x uv  0 1 u

 x  u  uv x x y y
    1v   u   v   u
 y  uv u v u v
(xy)  1v u 
   u
(uv)  v u 
1 1x 1 1
e1
00 ey/(x  y)dydx  evududv  0udu0evdv 
2
Ω'

- 7 -
  x2

(b)* Let I   
 e 2 dx  0.
2
 y2 x2  y2 2
  x    2π   r 
I    e
2 2 dxdy   e 2 dxdy  0   e 2 rdrdθ
    R2
 0 
2 b
1 r 
 2π lim   e 2   2π
b 2 0
 x2

   e 2 dx  I 2π.

Question8.
15-22, 65-67, 74  Check your answers on p.324-325.

13. y
1

Ω
y  x

1 x

1 1 1 y
0 f (x) f (y)dydx 
x
 f (x) f (y)dxdy  0
 f (x) f (y)dxdy
0
Ω
1 x
 00f (x) f (y)dydx
1 1 1 1 1 x
 2  f (x) f (y)dydx  0xf (x) f (y)dydx  00f (x) f (y)dydx
0 x
1 1
 00f (x) f (y)dydx  A2
1 1
A2
 0xf (x) f (y)dydx 
2

Remark:  Dummy variable is a very important concept.

- 8 -
73. (a) i.
4
Density  M  πR3 
3 /
3M
4πR3
  Mass element  dm 
3M
4πR3
dV

Use spherical coordinate. Distance from the axis  ρ sin 

Moment of inertia
3M
 (ρ sin )2dm  3 
 (ρ sin )2dV
T 4πR T
2π π R
3M

4πR3
 0  0 0 (ρsin)2(ρ2sin)dρddθ
  

3M 4πR5 2
 3
  MR2 (cf. Question 10(b))
4πR 15 5

ii. Method 1
2 7
By parallel axis theorem, moment of inertia  MR2  MR2  MR2
5 5

Method 2
Distance from the axis  (x  R)2 y2
Moment of inertia
 [(x  R)2 y2]dm  (x2 y2)dm  2Rxdm  R2dm
T T T T

 (ρ sin )2dm  MR2,  use spherical coordinate and xdm  0

T T

2 7
 MR2  MR2  MR2
5 5

(b) Denote U  upper half of T. Use spherical coordinate.

By symmetry, x̄  ȳ  0
3M 2π π / 2 R
zdm  ( ρ cos )dm
  3
    (ρ cos )(ρ2sin)dρddθ
4πR 0 0 0
U U

3M R 3 π/2
sin2 2π
  ρ dρ 0
  d  0 dθ

4πR3 0 2
3M  ρ4  R  cos2  π / 2 3M R4 1 3
           MR
2R  4  0  4 0

3 3
2R 4 2 16

  z̄ 
3
16
M 3
/
MR   R
2 8
3
Center of mass of U  00 R
 8 

- 9 -
Question9.
Let u  xy, v  xy3.
u u v v
y,   x,   y3,   3xy2
x y x y
1
(uv)  y x  3 (xy) (uv)  1
 3   2xy  2v,     
(xy)  y 3xy2  (uv)  (xy)  2v
8 15 15
dxdy = 4du5 2v1 dv 2
1
 4 ln v  2 ln 3
5
D

Question10.
y
(a) Let u  xy v .
x
u u v y v 1
y,   x,    2,  
x y x x y x
 y x 
(uv)  (xy) (uv) 1
 
2y 1
 y 1   2v,    
(xy)    x (uv)  (xy)  2v
 x2 x 
uv  y2   y uv  0
3 1 4 4
1 4 4
1  2 2  1 2 
ydxdy  21 udu1 v dv  23u 122u 1  23(8  1) (2  1) 14
v
3
R

(b) (x2y2)dxdydz
D
2π π a π a
 0
   (ρsin)2(ρ2sin)dρddθ  2π sin3d
0 0 0
 0ρ4dρ


2πa5  π π
 2πa5  1 π
cos3  π 
  sind   sin cos2d    cos   
5  0 0  5  2 0  3 0 
2πa5  2 8πa5
 2   
5  3 15
8πa5 K
 K (x2y2)dxdydz 
15
D

- 10 -
Question11.
(a) Let u  x  y, v  x.
u u v v
1,   1,   1,   0
x y x y
(uv)  1 1  (xy) (uv) 1
  1,       1
(xy)  1 0  (uv)  (xy) 
y v
2 1 uv0
x0 xy  2
u2
1
R R'
xy  1 u1 v0
1 y0 2 x 1 2 u

2 u 2
u4 2
(x  y)2dxdy  u2dudv   1 0u2dvdu
    1u3du
    
 4 1

15
4
R R'

(b)
z z

y y

x x

Upper hemisphere: x2y2z24  ρ  2

π
Cone: z  x2y2  ρ cos  ρ sin     
4

z2dxdydz
D
2π π/4 2
 0
 
0
 (ρcos)2(ρ2sin)dρddθ
0
2 π/4
ρ5 2 cos3  π / 4
 2π ρ4dρ 0 (cos2)d (cos )  2π   
 5 0  3 0


64π  1  16π
  1   15 (4 2)
15  2 2

- 11 -
Question12.
Use cylindrical coordinate.
b2
Ellipsoid: b2r2a2z2a2b2   z  b2 2r2
a
Cylinder: r2ar sin θ 0   r  a sin θ  0θ π

Volume of the solid

2
π a sin θ b2b2r2 π a sin θ
b2 r2
 dV  0
   a
dzrdrdθ  0    b2 2r2d dθ
0 0 0 a 2
π 3/2 a sin θ π
a2 2
a2
 
2b2
 023 b2ab2r2



0
dθ  
3b2
 0(b3|cos3θ|  b3)dθ


π/2
2a2b 2a2b  π / 2 π/2 π/2


3 0
 (1 cos3θ)dθ   dθ   cosθdθ   sin2θd (sin θ) 
3  0 0 0 
π/2
2a2b  π 1 sin3θ  π / 2 
   sinθ 
π 4
    a2b  
3  2 2 0  3 0  3 9

Question13.

Method 1
4 3 α 2
Volume of the wedge  πR   αR3
3 2π 3

Method 2
Volume of the wedge
α π R R π
ρ3 R 1 π
  0 0 0 (ρ2sin)dρddθ
    α ρ2dρ  0sin d
  α    cos
0  3  0 2 0
2 3
 αR
3

- 12 -
Question14.
(a) Use spherical coordinates.

Distance from the boundary  R  ρ

Density  k (R  ρ), where k is the proportionality constant
Mass of the ball
2π π R
 k(R  ρ)dV   0  0 0 k (R  ρ) (ρ2sin)dρddθ
  

π R π R
 2πk sin d 1 cos Rρ3ρ4
0
0 (Rρ

2
 ρ3
)dρ  2πk 2


0

 3

4 0
πkR4

3

(b) Method 1
Use spherical coordinates. R
Distance from vertex  ρ
Density  kρ, where k is the proportionality constant
R R ρ
Side: tan        tan1 h
h h 
Base: ρ cos   h    ρ  h sec 
Mass of the cone
2π tan1R h sec 
 kρdV  0
 
0
h

0
 kρ (ρ2sin)dρddθ
tan1R h sec  tan1R
h4sec4
 2πk h
sin  0  ρ dρd 2πk
3 h
sin   d
0 0 4
tan R
1
tan R
1
πkh4 πkh4
2 0 2 0
h h
   tan  sec3d    sec2 d(sec )
1
R
πkh4  sec3  tan πkh4  R2 3/2

   h
  2 1 1
2  3 0 6  h  
1
 πkh[(R2h2)3/2h2]
6

- 13 -
 Method 2
Use cylindrical coordinates. R

Distance from vertex  r2z2

Density  k r2z2, where k is the proportionality constant
r R R r
Side:     r  z h
z h h z
Base: zh
Mass of the cone
R
2π h z
k  0  0 0
h
 r2z2dV      k r2z2rdrdzdθ

R R
h z h 1
2  hz
 πk   r z d(r )dz  πk 2(r2z2)3/2 dz
h 2 2 2
0 0 3 0 0

|
h 3/2 3/2 h
2  R2   3 πk  R2  1z4 
 πk  1 1z dz    1  
3 2 6   h2
0  h     0
3/2
πkh4  R2  1
  2 1 1 πkh[(R2h2)3/2h2]
6  h   6

Remark  You can compare the speeds of computation in using spherical and cylindrical
coordinates.

Question15.*
xi R if i  j (x1,…, xn)
(a) Let x  Ry. Then    Rn
yj 0 if ij (y1,…, yn)

Vn(R)   dx1dx2dx3dxn   Rndy1dy2dy3dyn

Bn(R) Bn(1)

 Rn  dy1dy2dy3dyn  Vn(1)Rn

Bn(1)

- 14 -
(b) Vn(R)   dx1dx2dx3dxn
Bn(R)

R R2x21 R2x21 x22 R2x21 x22  x2n1

  R 
 
R2x12

 R2x21 x22

 R2x12 x22  x2n1
dxndx3dx2dx1
R R2x21
  R 
 
R2x12
Vn2( R2x21x22)dx2dx1

Use polar coordinate on x1x2-plane.

R2x21x22  R2r2,  dx2dx1  r dr dθ

n2 n2
r2
By (a), Vn2( R r )  Vn2(1)(R r
2 2 2 2
) 2
Vn2(R)1 2 2
 R
2π R 2π R n
r2 1 r2
Vn(R)   0  0 Vn2(
  R r ) rdrdθ  Vn2(R)
2 2
 1 22 d dθ
0 0  R 2
R n
R2 r2  21  r2 
 2πVn2(R)    
 1  d 1 
 2 0  R2  R2
n R
2 r2 
 πR Vn2(R)  1 22
2
n R  0

2πR2
 Vn2(R)
n

Question16.
(a) y

x
O

Use polar coordinate, we have

π 2a sin θ
1 π
(x2 y2)dxdy   0 0
r2rdrdθ  16a4sin4θdθ
4 0
R

1 3 1 3 1 π 3
4a4 sin3θcos θ  sinθcos θ  θ  πa4
 4 4 2 4 2 0 2

- 15 -
(b) Let u  2x  y, v  x  2y
(uv)  2 1  (xy) 1
 5   
(xy)  1 2  (uv) 5
2 π
1 1  u2  2  1 π
 4
(2xy) sin (x2y)dx dy  0 0
   u sin v 
5
dudv      
5  2  0  2
 cos v0 5

R

(c) Method 1
(xzy)
1, ydxdydz  zdx dy dz,  
(xyz) D D'

where D'  {(x, y, z)R3: x2y2z24, z0}

Use spherical coordinate on D'.
Upper hemisphere:  ρ  2
π
xy-plane: 
2
2π π /2 2
ydx dy dz
   zdx dy dz  0  0  0ρcos ρ2sindρddθ
    
D D'

ρ4 2 sin2  π / 2
 2π    4π
 4 0  2 0

Method 2
Use spherical coordinate on D.
Upper hemisphere: ρ2,  xz-plane: θ0 or θπ
π π 2
ydx dy dz
    0 0 0ρsin sin θρ2sindρddθ
  
D

1 π ρ4 2 π 1cos2
 cosθ      d4π
 1 0  4  0 0 2

- 16 -
Question17.
(a)
y

O x

2 2x  x2 π /2 2 cos θ π /2
r3 2 cos θ
00 xdydx   0  0
  r cos θ rdrdθ   cosθdθ
0  3 0
8 π /2
  cos4θdθ
3 0
8 1 3 1 3 1 π /2 π
  cos3θsin θ   cosθsin θ  θ 
34 4 2 4 2 0 2

(b) Use spherical coordinate.

Upper hemisphere:  ρ2
π
Base: 
2

(x2 y2)dx dy dz  
D

2π π /2 2
 0
 
0
 (ρ sin )2ρ2sindρddθ
0

ρ5 2 π / 2 64 cos3 π /2
2π   (1  cos2) d ( cos ) π cos 
 5 0 0 5  3 0
128
 π
15

(c) Use cylindrical coordinate.

Cone: zr
Cylinder: r  4 sin θ, 0  θπ
Base: z  0
π 4 sin θ r
1 π
Volume of D dxdydz   rdzdrdθ 
3 0
  (4 sin θ)3dθ
D 0 0 0

64 π 3 64  1 2 2 π
256
  sin θdθ   sin θcosθ cosθ  
3 0 3  3 3  0 9

- 17 -
 1 1
(d) Let u  x  y, v  x  y,x (u  v), y  (uv)
2 2
1 1
 2 2 
(xy)   1
 1  
(uv) 
1
2 2
2 
1 1 1
x2y2 (u  v)2 (uv)2 (u2v2)
4 4 2
1 3 2 2 2 1 1   u3  2 v33 13
(x 2
 y2
)dx dy 
2 0 0
    (u v  )
2
dudv    
4   3 0
 32  
 3 0  2
D

Question18.*** (Out of syllabus for fun only: Stochastic Calculus for Finance)
a
y2
 exp dy for a  0
1
(a) P (|WT|a)P (aWTa) 
2πT a  2T
P (|WT|a) 0  for a  0

(b) For a  0,  P (MTWTa)  0

For a  0,
P (MTWTa)

 P (0MTWTa)   fMW (m, w)dm dw

0mwa
m0

(2mw)2
  (2m  w)exp
2
  dm dw
T 2πT 0mwa  2T 
m0

(ym)  2 1 
Let y  2m  w,   1, 
(mw)  1 0 
P (MTWTa)
 ma
y2 y2 y2
  yexp  dy dm exp d dm
2 2
  
T 2πT 0yma  2T 2πT 0 m  2T  2T
m0


(ma)2 m2dm
 exp
2
  exp  
2πT 0   2T   2T 

(ma)2 m2dm
 exp
2
 exp  
2πT 0   2T   2T 
 
y2 m2 a
y2
 exp dy  exp dm   exp dy
2 2 2

2πT a  2T 2πT 0  2T 2πT 0  2T
 P (|WT|a)

- 18 -
Question19.* (Set Theory – Properties of Preimage)
(a) Let xf 1(V1 Vn), then f (x) V1 Vn. Hence f (x) Vifor alli 
x f 1(Vi) for alli, i.e. x  f 1(V1)  f 1(Vn).

(b) Let x f 1(V1)  f 1(Vn), then x f 1(Vi) for allif (x) Vifor alli.
Hence  f (x) V1 Vn   xf 1(V1 Vn).

1 1 1
(c) Hence f (V1 Vn )  f (V1)  f (Vn).

- 19 -