“The Impact of Female-Centric Program in Livelihood Mission”
Chhattisgarh SRLM—The difference maker towards societal changes
Rudrrkahsi Pandey BA.LLB.(HONS)
G.D. Goenka University
Contact Info: +91 6263142811
Email: [email protected]
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“The Impact of Female-Centric Program in Livelihood Mission”
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
With great pride, I wish to acknowledge deep gratitude to our venerable Shri K. L. Chauhan
(IAS), Managing Director CG-SRLM (BIHAN), and Shri Shatrughan Prasad Verma Deputy
Commissioner/Administrative Officer CG-SRLM, who provided me opportunity and co-
operation for the internship.
I would like to thank Shri Rupesh Kumar Pandey, State Project
Manager CG-SRLM who has not only been strength and guide to me but also very tender in
providing me with his continuous direction and administrative support for completing the
research work in an appropriate form and gave my research his patience, guidance, direction and
provided his precious time to give my research work a complete form. I am deeply thankful for
his help and support.
I express deep gratitude to my CG-SRLM department whose continuous
and keen approach made co-operation and motivation by bringing all possible guidelines for my
study.
I was also fortunate enough to gain valuable advice and guidance from Shri Riman Singh,
C.E.O District Project Head Bilaspur.
During the period of the research work, I am extremely
thankful to the people who consented for the interview, who gave their immense co-operational
time for my study. I am also grateful to my acquaintance and colleagues who supported me. A
thank you note, it’s my pleasure and pride to thank all the respected CG-SRLM Department,
most of all my friends and supporters and those who directly & indirectly gave their support in
completing the study.
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“The Impact of Female-Centric Program in Livelihood Mission”
TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.No Page No.
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. RATIONALE
4. LITREATURE REVIEW
5. NATURE OF STUDY
6. SCOPE OF STUDY
7. LIMITATIONS
8. CONCLUSION
9. **Reference
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“The Impact of Female-Centric Program in Livelihood Mission”
ABSTRACT
The research holds forth the impact of the female-centric program conducted by State Rural
Livelihood Mission (SRLM) in the State of Chhattisgarh located in East-Central India. The state
was formed on November 1st, 2000 and was earlier part of its neighboring state, Madhya
Pradesh by partitioning ten Chhattisgarhi and six Gondi-speaking southeastern districts of
Madhya Pradesh. The capital city is Raipur, the domain of administration of the state. In
undivided Madhya Pradesh also, Chhattisgarh enjoyed a special place where women were
concerned. Unlike women in other parts of the country where the culture of exclusion and
seclusion seems to prevail, women in Chhattisgarh are articulate, visible, and play a major role
in public production. These aspects can be elucidated by the role that women portray in different
areas of livelihood systems. The objective of this research was to bring out women's pivotal
contribution in the livelihood program and its counter-effect on economic, social and socio-
psychological factors and the effectiveness of basic idea behind this program, in essence, to
organize the necessitous into SHG (Self Help Groups) groups and make them capable for self-
employment. The research would further review the findings and components of the analysis
based on qualitative methods which are concluded by conducting comprehensive individual
interviews with a small number of respondents to explore their perspectives on this particular
idea, program and the subsequent counteraction as a result.
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“The Impact of Female-Centric Program in Livelihood Mission”
INTRODUCTION
Though the discourse of inequalities and marginalization of women is well-documented
in the literature of Indian societies, case studies of women's experiences with colonization have
received little attention. It was only recently that the previously ignored responses by Indian
societies to the changing political and socio-economic situations have begun to get some
scholarly recognition.
Despite the exalted position given to women in some of India's religious texts and the
exceptional attainments of individual women in fields as diverse as statecraft, philosophy and
even warfare, the profile of the average woman through the ages has been that of a perpetually-
poor, pregnant and powerless being. Independent India has tried to redeem the situation by
proclaiming the equality of the sexes as a Fundamental Right under the Constitution and
directing state policy towards removing the various disabilities that thwart women in realising
their potential. Five decades of Independence have also seen a plethora of laws passed by the
State and Federal Governments to protect women from violence and discrimination and to
strengthen their entitlements in the social and economic fields. Numerous committees and
commissions have x-rayed the position of women, the advances made by them and the obstacles
faced by them, and they have made umpteen recommendations to improve the situation. Scores
of schemes have been floated by various Ministries of the Government to address women's
problems, particularly those relating to education, health, nutrition, livelihood and personal laws.
In the institutional area, independent administrative departments to give undivided attention to
women's problems have sprung up at the Centre as well as in the States. Development
corporations were an innovation of the Eighties to energise economic benefit schemes. The
Nineties saw the setting up of the National Commission for Women (NCW) and State
Commissions in various States to inquire into the working of various legal and constitutional
provisions concerning women, to investigate cases of violation of women's rights and generally
to advise on the socio-economic policy framework to mainstream women's concerns. In recent
years, the Governments, Central and State, have also articulated comprehensive policies for the
empowerment of women through a variety of instruments and approaches focusing on an explicit
vision of equal partnership of women in all parts of life.
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“The Impact of Female-Centric Program in Livelihood Mission”
Among the many government policies, Aajeevika - the National Rural Livelihoods Mission
(NRLM) was introduced by the Ministry of Rural Development,(MoRD), Government of India
in June 2011. The target of this scheme was to promote housing income through sustainable
livelihoods and improved access to financial services. NRLM has been set up to connect 7 crore
poor households, 600 districts, 6000 blocks, 2.5 lakh Gram Panchayats and 6 lakh villages across
the country through Self-Help Groups (SHGs) and self-help centres. Integrated and supported to
raise livelihoods over a period of 8-10 years. Alternatively, the poor will benefit from increased
access to social rights, rights and social services, a range of risks and better community
empowerment indicators. In November 2015, the program was renamed Deendayal Antayodaya
Yojana (DAY-NRLM). DAY-NRLM believes in using an internal cape to protect the poor and
equip them with skills, knowledge, tools, finances and integration to participate in the country's
growing economy.
The implementation of NRLM in the process of the operation empowers;
a. Transformation of the current allocation strategy to a demand-driven strategy which
enables the state to build subsistence-based livelihoods,
b. Focus on targets, outcomes and time-bound delivery,
c. provide the necessary skills and build connections to the living opportunities for the poor,
including those that arise in the organised sector, and
d. Direct monitoring and the consequences of poverty outcomes. As the NRLM pursues the
continuation of the strategic need, States have the flexibility to develop their perspective
toward supporting livelihoods and annual poverty alleviation programs. The overall plan
is within the range of state allocations based on inter-se poverty ratios.
The National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM) has been implemented in
Chhattisgarh with the mission of reducing poverty by building strong grassroots organizations of
the poor. These organizations enable the poor households to access beneficial self-employment
and opportunities of skilled wage employment, leading to a significant increase in their income,
on a sustainable basis. To introduce and implement NRLM in the state, the CGSRLM has set up
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“The Impact of Female-Centric Program in Livelihood Mission”
a dedicated State Mission Management Unit (SMMU) called Chhattisgarh Aajeevka Samvardhan
Samiti "Bihan", which is housed at the office of the Commissioner for Development; Rural
Development of Chhattisgarh Province has a team of full-time professional and support staff.
The SRLM is heavily involved in supporting the Department for Rural Development (RD) in
establishing systems and in providing technical assistance, seeks to provide more focus and
momentum to reduce poverty. In the long term, SRLM is established in the state to ensure the
broad basis of inclusive growth and to reduce disparities by spreading its benefits across
communities, sectors and the region.
In consideration of the aforesaid scenario, the problems encountered by women in Chhattisgarh
today begin to take the form of concrete. Women are at the junction of history today. They have
a high presence in the traditional economic life of the state, but the question is, will it be
maintained in the coming years? It is extremely important to try to preserve existing economic
spaces. Today, when the world market is at the doorstep, we must seriously consider our
traditional systems of crop diversity and food safety. Any efforts to magnify the possibilities of
the opportunities must be kept into consideration, that only a refund does not provide food
security. At the same time, it is important to ensure that women develop their skills and
educational opportunities. At the same time, women should have considerable access to
economic opportunities in the future. The policy has too often in the past given priority to
selective training and opportunities advancement of men, which should change if women are to
maintain their presence and a new social life.
The popular well-being in Chhattisgarh is a mixture of gender equality and female subservience.
We must emphasize the positive aspects and limitations due to the negative ones. Today with ith
the development in urbanization, industrialization and immigration, many of the cultural
concomitants of female subservience is common all around India. We can enlist dowry practice
and female repression requirements in private areas formerly unknown to Chhattisgarh. It is
important to acknowledge these cultural influences and study cultural values to challenge the
seclusion of women in the new state of Chhattisgarh.
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“The Impact of Female-Centric Program in Livelihood Mission”
Although rich in resources, Chhattisgarh is home to a large number of poorest people in the
country. Development and industrialization earnings have gone to migrants and corresponded
'skilled' out-of-state labour. This has meant that the non-assets were either forced into working as
daily wage labourers or seeking out-of-state jobs. In the plains areas, in the absence of assured
irrigation and second crop over a large area, part-time rural people could only find part-time rural
employment in Chhattisgarh. Therefore, a large part of the labour is forced migrating seasonally
to other parts of the country from this region. The compelling seasonal out-migration is an
emotional as well as an economic issue in the state. The purpose of this research paper is to
address these problems of women and to assess how the SRLM policy has compelled women
towards socio-economic progress and evolution in the psyche of women furthermore the
limitations remain an urgent unfinished agenda.
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“The Impact of Female-Centric Program in Livelihood Mission”
RATIONALE
The fundamental reason for this proposal is to recognize the potential effect that SRLM's policy
and SHGs (Self Help Groups) may have on the lives of the female gender. The
acknowledgement of the subject provides apprehension on how the history of female societal
standards have had a cause and effect repercussion in the social and personal environment
accommodated for the women of Chhattishgarh.
Credits must be given to a strong women's organization that has often given a powerful
expression to women's aspirations and has joined all the legislative, executive, and judicial
organs of the state for reviewing patriarchal society's timeless prescriptions. After networking
effectively with the international community and forums in seeking unity around the world on
issues affecting women. These interactions have often changed the discourse idiom on women's
right to justice and development. Undoubtedly, the half-century of struggle and reform has had a
significant impact on the world of women. Some of the key development indicators have
increased significantly; women's life expectancy has risen; education levels have improved;
economic participation has grown. But there are also areas of darkness; crimes against women, at
home, workplaces and outside, remain unabated; traditional economic occupations have faded in
the face of global competition; the persona of women is increasingly rising and their image is
being mediated in the media market. The new economic regime, where Sensex boggles
sensationalism, has meant that the state is withdrawn from many areas leaving the weak,
including women, in the cold; even when laws change and evolve in accordance to the necessity
of the society; antecedent thoughts do not happen to be affected for the good. Therefore, between
progressive legislation and sensitive enforcement, there is a long shadow. Critics also point out
that whatever developments have been made remain restricted to urban India and the vast
hinterland is resistant to change. The complete picture is therefore mixed leaving the profile of
the average Indian woman unchanged. But in this vast land, there is no ordinary Indian woman.
Like all other stories, diversity marks the image of an Indian woman. the economy faces modern
power very different from region to region. The private spheres of the states provide challenges
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and opportunities; History gives its combination of values and momentum of change. Therefore
the regional profile is set at the national level, this is contributed historically and geographically
in each region or State so that progress can be measured at all times and in a place. In an effort to
raise the standard of practice of laggards to the State standard and compare the State standard
with the standard Interesting insights can also be obtained from the knowledge of
implementation agencies, both government and private SHGs, in addressing various issues.
Some of these are rooted in the soil of the area and may not be useful for replication, but many
others can be useful examples for emulation. That's how best practices become a common
practice. These studies are carried out by various studies. Groups with special knowledge and
interests in areas such as people, history, administration and cultural atmosphere They have
interacted with public institutions and major NGOs working with women in their respective
regions. SRLM is reaching out to help by providing information from the database and by
interacting with the state government to prepare for these exercises, but the results are in the
hands of the subject (women affiliated with SHGs and SRLM) itself.
The prevalence of women employment is much higher in the empowered population. The aim is
to study the correlation between social evolution and .self-evolution. Here I intend to combine
previous gender-based studies and evaluate their relevance. I wanted to explore these issues
because women are too indulged in self-doubt and their significance in the society, to overcome
the limitations and to study the benignant aspects through this research will allow us to focus and
evolve in the matter of essential elements of social structure, with this effort I target the
comprehension on development focused on key issues in women's lives which would further
allow comparison of regional and national outcomes and gaps of policymakers, scholars and
administrators.
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LITREATURE REVIEW
In Chhattisgarh women participate freely and fully in the economy. However, they are
concentrated in the primary sectors in agriculture and forest based collection in the rural areas
and in unskilled wage labour in the urban areas. The census of 2001 gives us the following
picture of the female workforce in the state.
Women in the workforce in Chhattisgarh
Persons/
Total/Rural/ Total Total Main Marginal Non-
Males/
Urban Population % Workers % Workers % Workers % workers %
Females
Persons 100 46.53 33.92 12.61 53.46
Total Males 50.27 52.97 45.43 7.54 47.03
Females 49.72 40.03 22.28 17.25 59.96
Persons 79.89 50.42 35.41 15.01 49.57
Rural Males 79.28 54.28 45.61 8.67 45.71
Females 80.51 46.59 25.26 21.32 53.40
Persons 20.10 31.08 27.98 3.10 68.91
Urban Males 20.71 47.95 44.76 3.18 52.04
Females 19.48 12.95 9.95 3.01 87.04
It will be seen that the female workforce is concentrated in the rural areas. The high percentage
of female non workers in the urban sector also indicates the concentration of women workers in
the primary sector. The census itself provides us with this information about the structure of the
workforce in Chhattisgarh:
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Sectoral distribution of workers in Chhattisgarh
Total/ Persons/ Total Workers Household
Agricultural Other
Rural/ Male/ (Main + Cultivators Industry
Labourers Workers
Urban Females Marginal) Workers
Persons 9685260 4316981 3088216 201591 2078472
Total Male 5542010 2482223 1249632 120116 1690039
Females 4143250 1834758 1838584 81475 388433
Persons 8384439 4259413 3018851 154315 951860
Rural Males 4502529 2443874 1219636 92549 746470
Females 3881910 1815539 1799215 61766 205390
Persons 1300821 57568 69365 47276 1126612
Urban Males 1039481 38349 29996 27567 943569
Females 261340 19219 39369 19709 183043
However, since much of the collection of minor forest produce (NTFP)is seasonal, many women
in the primary sector have been categorized in the marginal worker category on the basis the total
number of days they worked in the recall period. This does not give a comprehensive or fully
satisfactory picture for Chhattisgarh, since the NTFP collection in the state is known to be
concentrated in the hands of women, and mostly in the post monsoon and early summer months,
in both cases missing the recall period of the census.
Women have a poor representation in public sector service as is shown by the table 6.3 below.
They are also concentrated in the lesser paid and lower ranking segments.
Table – 6.3
Women in Public Service in Chhattisgarh
Sector Total workers Female Male
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Central government 44838 3507 41331
Central government –
104105 5825 98280
quasi
State government 125760 23374 102386
State government – quasi 19056 856 18200
Local bodies 11199 2509 8690
Private bodies 29486 4507 24989
Act 26886 3987 22899
Non act 2600 520 2080
(source: Directorate, Training and Employment
Women in government service it can be seen a concentrated in the class- 3 and class-4
categoreis. They are mostly employed as lower division teachers (LDTs), Anganbadi Workers,
Nurses and ANMs. This point is illustrated by table no. 6.4.
Table 6.4
Women in Government Service in the Districts of Chhattsgarh in different categories of
employment
Total Employee and Women Employee based on Service Rank
S. Class I Class II Class III Class IV Total
Districts Tota Wome Tota Wome
No. Women Total Women Total Total Women
l n l n
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)
1. Koriya 20 00 272 41 3646 462 581 72 4519 575
2. Sarguja 59 02 879 148 13124 1893 2274 195 16336 2238
3. Bilaspur 177 22 1190 304 14683 2439 1995 180 18045 2945
4. Janjgir-Champa 32 00 477 41 6408 403 766 60 7683 504
5. Korba 34 04 491 115 6023 883 997 81 7545 1083
6. Raigarh 71 06 442 59 10064 1082 1235 98 11812 1245
7. Jashpur 19 00 350 51 5414 947 702 68 6485 1066
8. Kawardha 10 01 157 08 2847 273 347 27 3361 309
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9. Rajnandgaon 55 04 626 118 9464 1474 1172 131 11317 1727
10. Durg 114 10 1005 260 15665 2531 1623 182 18407 2983
11. Raipur 716 86 1892 440 21999 3369 3653 408 28260 4303
12. Mahasamund 19 02 299 44 4188 527 574 57 5080 630
13. Dhamtari 61 13 298 35 4405 517 503 48 5267 613
14. Kanker 20 02 432 48 6262 940 751 85 7465 1075
Bastar
15. 100 07 627 87 12162 1993 1696 234 14585 2321
(Jagdalpur)
16. Dantewara 21 00 271 17 6959 852 826 78 8077 947
14331 1969 17424
Total 1528 159 9708 1816 20585 2004 24564
3 5 4
According to data from the Employment Exchange the number of women on its live rolls was as
follows.
Women on the Employment Exchange Roles
Women have a poor representation at the higher levels of the teaching profession, as can be seen
from table 6.6 that illustrates women’s employment in the universities of the state.
Women Employees in the Universities
Years Women
2000-2001 121011
2001-2002 117853
2002-2003 130747
2003-2004 141550
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Total
Women Employees in the Universities
Employee
S. Tota (4 to 7)
Service Rank Pt. Indira Kala
No. l Agriculture Gurughasidas
Ravishankar Art and Music
University University
University University
Raipur Bilaspur
Raipur Khairagah
Regular
1.0
Gazzeted
Class – I
1.1 191 05 07 07 00 19
Officer
Class – II
1.2 219 06 18 03 16 43
Officer
1.3 Other Officer 29 00 00 00 10 10
Un-Gazzeted
Class – III
1.4 826 26 16 03 16 61
Employee
Class – IV
1.5 469 11 42 06 07 66
Employee
Total 1.0 1734 48 83 19 49 199
Employment
2.0
on Emergency
2.1 Work Weight 100 05 00 05 00 10
Daily wages
2.2 113 05 02 00 00 07
regular
Daily Wages
2.3 376 17 08 05 04 34
un-regular
Total 2.0 589 27 10 10 4 51
Gross Total 2323 75 93 29 53 250
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(1.0+2.0)
% of women
9.31 13.60 15.10 8.27 10.76
Employees
Self Help Groups
Self Help groups have emerged as a preferred Solution in recent years to the problem of
livelihood s and economic empowerment of women.In Chhattisgarh the Swa Shakti project and
other initiatives have been launched and the SHG movement has gained considerable ground in
recent years. The movement is strongest in the Rajnandgaon district, and in several places, the
groups, after establishing themselves, have bid for construction contracts and building material
production contracts with the Panchayats. The Table below documents the current levels of
savings mobilization and activity level of SHGs in the state.
The success of Self-Help Groups in Rajnandgaon
The strongest SHG movement in Chhattisgarh is in the Rajnandgaon district. The federation of
self-help group by the name of “Ma Bamleshwari” has an extremely widespread and good
network in this district. In one village called Somni, the total no. of self-help groups is around
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12. This area alone has 25 self-help groups whose savings amount to more then Rs. 1 lac at
present.
The movement began with the initiative of the local worker of Women and Child Department.
The condition of women prior to the formation of the groups was characterized by total
economic dependence and the practice of taking frequent loans with heavy intrest. To stop this
the worker suggested savings at a very nominal rate. This resulted in women having some funds
of their own which the could spend according to the needs of the their family. This money was
under their control.
On seeing the benefit from the savings the women started savings larger amounts which at
present is in the range of Rs. 10 to Rs. 50 per month. Today they have a corpus fund of more
then Rs. 1 lack. This money is being constantly loaned out to the members at a below market
rate. This has helped the women immensely. They have freed themselves from the clutches of
money lender, high debts, selling of property to re-pay the debts and themselves from going
deeper in to the poverty circle. Through this they have enough money to educate their children.
They have also undertaken various developmental activities on behalf the whole group. With a
corpus fund of Rs. 10,000/- donated by a German Doctor they have sponsored education and
marriages of orphan girls in the village. The amount of help is given in a manner that the basic
fund always remains intact for the use of other girls.
Total number of Self Help Groups in Chhattisgarh:
Number of SHGs 27695
Savings Mobilized 4,84,88,451
Total Membership 3,59,549
Members from S.C. 37,814
Members from S.T. 1,14,381
Members from OBC 89,718
Other B.P.L. 18,065
Destitute-widows 10,083
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“The Impact of Female-Centric Program in Livelihood Mission”
NATURE OF STUDY
The nature of the study is interview-based and qualitative i.e. the research design for this study is
descriptive in the way that it produces a picture of the phenomenon we are interested in. The
design of descriptive studies includes the nature and source of the data, the nature of expected
results, and the analytical method. The data would be responses from a sample containing a large
number of sources. The basis of qualitative research lies in the interpretive approach to social
reality and in the description of the lived experience of human beings. The study used all the
presently available data on the women employment and their effects on the economic, social and
mental health of women so that there is no ambiguity in the inference.
Furthermore, the in-depth interviews, also known as unstructured interviews which are based on
the conversations conducted with the purpose of collecting data about the research study. These
interviews have the least number of questions as they lean more towards a normal conversation
but with a basic topic. The main objective of using this technique of unstructured interviews is
to build a bond with the respondents and there is a high probability that the respondents will be
100% true with their answers. The approach to participants was ethical to obtain as much
information as they possibly can for the research topic. We attempt to increase our understanding
of the issue by interpreting and making sense of women’s experiences and the gender-biased
society we live in. The study uses methods of unstructured interviews to explore the feelings and
experiences of women and what lies at the core of their lives. It is a comprehensive study. We
look into many studies and data from the statistics of thousands of women.
Simultaneously, the study aim to fill the gaps from the previous research, by making and testing
hypotheses, for this, we look into the study design that measured the mental health of
respondents in the years before presented for SHGs as well as the mental health of women after
they were accommodated under the livelihood mission. This helped us balance efficient data and
collection and in-depth analysis with the data that provides context. Our research is both
inductive and deductive in this sense. The study uses a systematic and empirical approach that is
completely unbiased. his helps us to understand the issue in a way that hasn't been investigated
before by exploring the prevalent trends further.
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This study is dealing with diametrically opposed epistemologies but this dynamic and ongoing
interplay is helpful to overcome the limitations and highlight the necessary interdependence of
different methodologies for understanding the impact of state employment policy on the
psychological aspect of women fully. The basic premise of our nature of the study is that such
integration of different methods permits a synergistic utilization of data to elucidate more
information.
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SCOPE OF STUDY
This study takes its approach from past studies, development studies and gender theories to
provide a framework with which to analyse women’s roles and status in Chhattisgarh. While the
major approach remained historical, to trace the history of the Chhattisgarh and to understand the
process that introduced changes in Chhattishgarh's society and women’s roles, the
anthropological approach was useful in describing the socio-cultural, economic, government
policy and political organizations. This research is based on analysis and synthesis of diverse
sources. Primary sources consisted of the government scheme related to handbooks, action plans
and previous research based on gender profile. The study relied on using traditional sources such
as statistical archival, previously unexplored interviews, and interviews conducted personally in
an attempt at teasing out ideas that speak to gender roles and relations in society within the
broader socio-economic and political forces of the past decade. Furthermore, the study focuses
on the cause, effect, crucial findings and limitations of the SRLM policies relating to the
livelihood mission. The materials also helped in understanding the administration of the SRLM,
including social, economic and political policies developed to ‘administer’ the state of
Chhattisgarh. Secondary literature consulted are books and articles in journals together with
other published sources that address various aspects of the Chhattisgarh society. These sources
are germane to gaining an understanding of broader issues about the discourse of socio-economic
and political marginalization in the post-colonial era.
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LIMITATIONS
The National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM) was launched in 2011 to alleviate poverty by
empowering 70 million households living in poverty (BPL) to become self-reliant with
employment opportunities and income-generating skills for the poor by a timely and sensible
approach, through contextual strategies and efforts. This symbolizes the removal of the paradigm
from the old approaches to the fight against poverty. This approach aims to make the poor out of
poverty, rather than working on a spoon-feeding program. Responsibility for the establishment
and strengthening of the poor, and promote community and independence. Resources help
increase interventions. To allow this process by a dedicated NRLM fundraising organization, at
government and local levels, thus not loading the existing District, Rural Development, this has
no resources and incentives. Other NRLM structures create a financial sector and markets, as
well as engaging with various service delivery structures to make the poor access services and
rights, and to emphasize training and capacity building, as well as better testing and prognosis a.
of our work for the poor, and this is about more than just inclusive and accountable. UNDP thus
collaborates with NRLM to provide support for the effective implementation and inclusion of
this program by developing contextual and group-based strategies that will help groups achieve
NRLM better.
On the contrary to the efforts made by the government, the implementation of the policy in itself
is flawed because of various contentions such as inadequacy of effective utilization of resources
and its technology. Since the policy is to uplift unskilled workers, their inability to comprehend
the technical aspects of the functions of the production which includes ineffective logistics and
processing operation followed by insufficiency in backward and forward linkage which is
reflected in the outcome of the packaging and result of the products.
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CONCLUSION
This study explores the role of women and how these roles changed with the implementation of
livelihood mission, among other factors of socio-economic development. The ideology is, based
on gender and age, regulated powers and relationships between men and women in relation to
employment and social changes. It demonstrates that while the status of women was not
completely equal to that of men, the incorporation of the women in regards to state policy
bolstered the elements of pre-existing inequality.
Specifically, creation of the male native authority, commercialization and commoditisation of
livestock, and the implementation of post-World War II social reforms blurs the social status
women enjoyed before while enhancing male economic and political authority relative to that of
women. Together, these processes shifted the female domestic and male public spheres as
previously understood. This contributed to the marginalization of Chhattisgarh's women because
of their social position as pastoralists, colonized subjects, and females as was the case with other
pastoral women. Others looked at women in the context of development policies, democratic
movements, activities of non-governmental organizations and civil societies. While the extent to
which these movements have liberated women from oppressive structures is debatable, what is
clear is that women in developing countries, in general, have been further brought under the
forces of globalization and yet their struggles remain isolated and localized? This raises further
questions: with the advent of democratic movements and policies of equalization, what does
oppression mean for women in particular? This study further questions the significance of state
and global-centred approaches of many studies that have been done in general on Chhattisgarh
societies and especially women. My tentative take on this is that such approaches minimize the
roles of women as historical actors. A future case study of Chhattisgarh women of northern India
will address these questions by broadly situating their experiences in social, economic and
political changes and, most importantly, in the Chhattisgarh cultural context to reconstruct
women’s roles in the post-colonial era. This will bring a better understanding of the agency of
women such as Chhattisgarh who have been omitted from the historical record. This would be a
result of a socio-psychological development of women in the society ever since they had this
opportunity to be a part of the society and to contribute to the society for it to evolve & to evolve
1
“The Impact of Female-Centric Program in Livelihood Mission”
as an individual and to stimulate the social, economical and psychological conditions in the
locality for Chhattisgarh to have a simultaneous growth which has yet been considered as a
backward society.
1
“The Impact of Female-Centric Program in Livelihood Mission”
**Reference
http://ncwapps.nic.in/pdfReports/Gender_Profile_Chhattisgarh.pdf
https://aajeevika.gov.in/sites/default/files/nrlp_repository/The%20Challenge%20of
%20implementation_0.pdf
http://www.cgtransport.gov.in/RTO/login.aspx
https://www.3ieimpact.org/blogs/empowering-women-through-national-rural-
livelihoods-mission
http://bihan.gov.in/home.aspx
