CRIME DETECTION AND INVESTIGATION Bugging – the use of covert listening device (electronic

device) for purposes of overhearing other’s conversation

ULTIMATE FINAL COACHING
primarily to acquire information.
Wiretapping – the act of intercepting the telephone
CDI-1 - FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION conversation of others without their consent. (R.A.4200)
INTUITION – the ability to understand something Col. L. W. Atcherly – first person whodevised and
immediately without the need for conscious reasoning. developed Modus Operandi
DR. HANS GROSS – a noted Criminologist, Austrian August Vollmer – initiated the modus operandi approach
Jurist and Magistrate, once said that Criminal Investigation to criminal investigation. “Father of Modern Professional
is; 95% perspiration, 3% inspiration and 2% luck. Policing in US”.
Custodial Investigation –law enforcer focuses on a particular METHODS OF SEARCH:
suspect, invited or taken into custody; deprived of his/her Double Strip =modification of strip method
freedom of action where a process of interrogation is Spiral or circular = searcher enter one after the other from
undertaken to illicit incriminating statements. the outside proceeding inside.
Tactical Interrogation – questioning of a captured enemy or Wheel/Pie Method = searchers gathered at the center and
hostile witnesses. spread outward.
Field Inquiry - It is the general questioning of all persons at Quadrant/Zone or Sector Search – divided into 4
the crime scene/traffic accident, no need to recite the quadrants, each has an assigned searcher. (used in
Miranda doctrine. cumbersome areas)
Regular Sources- is acquired from open sources, records, Admission - is a statement by the accused regarding facts
files. pertinent to the crime. It tends, in connection with the
Cultivated Sources – acquired through informants and proof of other facts, to prove the suspect’s guilt.
informers. Mapp vs. Ohio (1961) - “Exclusionary rule” = excludes
Grapevines Sources- are information given by the from trial any evidence obtained illegally. (Under the 4th
underworld characters such as prisoners or criminals. Amendments of the U.S. Constitution, Bill of Rights).
MODERN TECHNIQUES OF INTERROGATION “Exclusionary Rule of Evidence”.
Rationalization- use of reasons w/c is acceptable to the Terry vs. Ohio (1968) - legality of “Stop & Frisk” and the
subject that led o the commission. concept of “Search incident to the arrest” (Chimel vs.
Projection- putting the blame to others. California, 1969)
Minimization- convincing the subject that confession will “Fruits of the Poisonous Tree” doctrine - evidence
reduce the offense & penalty. generated by or directly obtained from an illegal search
Sympathetic Appeal - The suspect is apparently in trouble also be excluded.
and may feel the need for sympathy or friendship. Miranda vs. Arizona (1966) - A case of an 18y/o girl
Emotional Appeal – the investigator should provide abducted and forcibly rape in Phoenix, Arizona by Ernesto
emotional stimuli that will prompt the subject to unburden Miranda which sensationalized the “Rights of the accused”
himself by confiding. RULES TO BE OBSERVED IN TAKING CONFESSION OR
Mutt and Jeff – two (2) agents are employed, one has a ADMISSION:
relentless personality and the other is a kindhearted. Confession or admission must be taken preferably in
(Sweet and Sour/Good cop-Bad cop/Friend or foe) writing and under oath
Sir Robert Peel – founded the Metropolitan Police or It must be written in the language known and understood
Scotland Yard. “Father of Modern Policing System”- by the accused, if not it must be clearly translated
(CLE1014) It must be freely and voluntary given by the accused
Eugene ‘Francois’ Vidocq – a former convict who became Under the New Constitution, it must be taken in the
a Paris Investigator who introduced the “trade protection presence of competent and independent counsel chosen
policy” which became the forerunner of credit card system. by the accused
Verbal Description- the physical description of unknown SPECIFIC KINDS OF SKETCHES
fugitive based on their perception. (speaking likeness) SKETCH OF THE GROUND- picture of the scene of the
General Photograph- Approximation of the nearest crime with its nearest physical surrounding such as
description of the unknown fugitive by showing different number of floors, rooms etc.
photograph of features of a person. SKETCH of DETAILS – the immediate scene only.
Cartographic Sketch - It is the composite representation of EXPLODED/ CROSS PROJECTION – gives the clear
a drawing of the suspect’s face. impression of the scene in cases where blood stains or
Physical Show-up - only one person is shown to the bullet holes are found.
witness usually at the scene of the crime and made Reconstruction of crime - It is the assessment made by
immediately after the arrest of the suspect. the investigator after the crime scene investigation.
Eavesdropping - secretly listening to the private Physical Reconstruction – the reconstruction of the crime
conversation of others without their consent. The use of scene is through the direction of an eyewitness.
plain ears to overhear the conversation of others.(playing TYPES OF REPORT:
the role of a curious spectator and mix with the crowd to
listen to their conversation)

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 Alarm Report - for cases of theft, robbery,carnapping, hit Piracy in the High seas = committed by a stranger. If committed by a
and run committed against any of the parties of the passenger or members of the crew ship the crime would be robbery.
accident. Piracy in the Philippine Water = committed by anybody while
Information Report - cases initially taken cognizance by the vessel is in the Philippine Waters.
traffic enforcement but turnover to special operating unit. NOTES:
Spot Report - Immediate initial investigation or People VS Gabriel – the accused caught his wife and her
investigative report addressed to Higher Headquarters. paramour by peeping on the wall and anticipating. The
Progress Report - New details were gathered supplement accused was not held liable for the physical injuries inflicted.
to first report. People VS Gonzales – not necessary that the carnal act in
Final report - Conclusion of the investigation. Art. 247 happen in his own eyes. It is enough that the
LAWFUL WARRANTLESS SEARCHES AND SEIZURES: circumstances reasonably show that the carnal act is being
There is a consent or waiver committed or has just been committed.
Seized in “Plain view” People VS Bitnanan – mere sleeping on the same bed is not
Customs search included
Search of a moving vehicle Territorial Police Unit – responsible of crowd control
Border Check points or in the interest of national PRESCRIPTION PERIOD ON FILING THE CASE TO PJA:
security Light – not more than 12 hours
Stop-and- search or stop-and-frisk search Correctional – not more than 18 hours
Search incidental to a lawful arrest Afflictive – not more than 36 hours
MARKINGS OF EVIDENCE: Drug related case – not more than 24 hours
Screw Driver/Blade/Knife- Initial must be placed on the Suspected terrorist – not more than 72 hours
handle. Radial fracture – are cracks extending outward from the
Revolver- Frame, butt, cylinder, barrel or stock. point of impact.
Rifles- Barrel, frame, bolt, side. Concentric fracture – are cracks forming a circular pattern
Fired Empty shell/Misfired - Near inside open mouth, Near around the point of impact. They are usually in straight
outside open mouth and side or body. segments and terminate with an existing radial crack.
Bullets/Slugs - Ogive/Nose, Base
CDI2: SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION NOTE:
1. Abortion= killing of unborn fetus (it may either be intentional or Pubic Hair Male- 14-year-old
unintentional abortion) Pubic Hair Female- 13-year-old
Infanticide = killing an infant less than 3 days (less than 72 Mustache and Beard - 16 to 18-year-old
hrs.) old Breast - 13 to 14-year-old
Parricide = killing of one’s (1) Father, Mother and Child Voices - 16 to 18-year-old
(legitimate or illegitimate); (2) Other Legitimate Direct Pubic hair - (Gray) 30-year-old
Ascendants (Grandparents) and Direct Descendants Menstruation (Tropical) - 12-year-old
(Grandsons or grand-daughter); and (3) Legitimate Spouse. NOTE: If the person died as a result of Natural cause it should be
Murder = killing with the attendant of any of the aggravating buried within 48 hours if the body is NOT EMBALMED.
circumstances mentioned in Art 248, RPC. CONTUSION - injury to tissue usually without laceration
Homicide = simple killing; not falling under infanticide; ABRASION - rough object.
parricide; and murder. HEMATOMA - a mass of usually clotted blood that forms in
ROBBERY AND THEFT both involve an element of a tissue, organ, or body space as a result of a broken blood
“Animus Lucrandi” or intent to gain. What makes the vessel
difference is the manner by which property was taken. STAB WOUNDS –by sharp edged & sharp pointed
MALICIOUS MISCHIEF is the unlawful damaging of PUNCTURED WOUNDS –sharp-pointed.
others property for purposes of damaging and not LACERATED WOUNDS –blunt instrument.
gaining. NOTE:
ESTAFA OR SWINDLING is the crime of causing In rape cases, the victim’s pubic region should be combed
damage to others through deceit or abuse of confidence prior to collecting standards.
or false pretense. The hair must at least 10 stands with roots
KINDS OF RAPE: Root – the most important part of human hair
Statutory Rape = sexual intercourse with a woman less than
12 years old even with her consent.
Rape by sexual intercourse= committed against the will of a
woman 12 years and above.
Rape by Sexual Assault = when penis is inserted to the
Mouth, Anus or When an object is inserted to another’s BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES FOR DNA ANALYSIS:
vagina or anus against the will of the latter.
Marital Rape = when the husband had carnal knowledge DNA Evidence Quantities
against the will of his wife. (RA 8353) 1. Whole blood/Blood 1-2 ml/1 gram

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 stains 2. Start of Evasive Action – first action taken to avoid
2. Saliva/Buccal 4 cotton buds collision
Scrapings 3. Initial Contact – first accidental touching of traffic
3. Semen/Seminal Stains 3 swabs units
4. Maximum Engagement – greatest collapse/force is
4. Urine 100 ml in maximum
5. Hairs with Follicles or 5. Disengagement – separation of traffic units
Root At least 10 strands 6. Stopping – traffic unit come to rests
6. Muscle Tissues and Cells 7. Injury – receiving bodily harm
15 mg each NOTE:
7. Bones and Organ 1-5 grams Yellow Plate = Public Utility Vehicle
8. Sperm Cells 3 swabs Blue = Diplomatic
9. Dried Tissues 100 mg Red = Government
Green = private
CDI3: TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT TRAFFIC CITATION - made to compel violators to appear in
INVESTIGATION court in absence of arrest. Ticket issued to an erring driver
TRAFFIC SIGNS – device mounted or on a portable support apprehended for certain violations in exchange of his
where a message is conveyed by means of words or confiscated driver’s license for the period provided in the
symbols. ticket.
INFORMATIVE SIGNS - These signs are intended to guide TRAFFIC WARNING - an act reminding the driver of his
road users while traveling violation in order for him to not do it again. No arrest or
DANGER/WARNING SIGNS - These signs are intended to citation is made.
warn road users of danger that lies ahead of its nature. TYPES OF WARNING
6National road- right of way 20 to 120 meters A. VISUAL WARNING
Provincial road- link between to municipalities, ROW from Usually used when you observed minor violation
15 to 60 meters Using gestures and signals.
City road - interlink in the city, ROW not less than 15 meters B. VERBAL WARNING
Barangay road - from market to town not less than 2 meters Form of safety education
CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES: oral warning made when there is newly enacted law
PRIVATE – Not use hire under any circumstances C. WRITTEN WARNING
GOVERNMENT- Vehicles owned by the Philippine Combination verbal warning and citation.
Government or nay of its political subdivisions It has more deterrence effect than verbal warning
DIPLOMATIC – Vehicles owned by Foreign government or LOI 229- Early Warning Device (4 Meters)
their diplomatic officers in Philippines LOI 112- Load capacity of Public Roads & Bridges
RA 6539 - Anti-Carnapping Act of 1972
PD 96- Declaring unlawful the use of Sirens NOTE:
RA 8749- Clean Air Act TYPES OF TRAFFIC CITATION
RA 8750- Seat Belt Law 1. Temporary Operator’s Permit (TOP)
FEEDER ROADS - Intended for farm-to-market roads. Issuing Agency - LTO
MAJOR HIGHWAY - Serves as main artery that caters on Jurisdiction: Entire Philippines
big volumes of vehicular traffic on national roadway. 72 hours, upon its issuance (RA 4136 as amended)
EXPRESSWAY - A through traffic for free-flow of vehicular 2. Traffic Violations Report (TVR)
movement. Issuing Agency - MMDA
TUNNEL ROAD - A passage of wide section cut through a Jurisdiction: Metro Manila
hill or sea to shorten circuitous roadway. Validity:72 Hours upon its issuance (RA 7924)
SUBWAY - An underground conduct running entirely under 3. Ordinance Violation’s Receipt (OVR)
the ground for fast travel route of commuters. Issuing Agency- Local Government
PROPERTY DAMAGE - It is any motor vehicle accident in Validity: 5 Days upon its issuance (RA 7160)
which there is no injury to any person but damage to the TRAFFIC OBSERVATION
motor vehicle, to other property including injury to animals. STATIONARY TRAFFIC OBSERVATION - officer is
FATAL - It is any motor vehicle accident that results in fatal assigned at specific place
injuries to one or more persons. VISIBLE TRAFFIC OBSERVATION – stationary observation
NOTE: that the observer is in full view
Skid mark - forward without rotating CONCEALED TRAFFIC OBSERVATION - observer is not
Scuff mark - forward as well as rotating visible to the public
Centrifugal skid - due to fast moving vehicle on a curve road. RIGHT OF WAY RULE
CHAIN OF EVENTS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENT (PSIMDSI) Intersection- when two or more vehicles is entering an
1. Perception of Hazard – the sensing that an intersection the one on the left will give way to the right
accident is about to happen. vehicle.

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 Pedestrian- drivers should yield to pedestrian crossing unverified reports and are subject for further monitoring,
except at intersection whereas the movement of vehicles is investigation and case build-up.
regulated by a police officer. THE INTERNATIONAL NOTICES SYSTEM:
Through highway/ railroad crossing- the driver shall bring to 1. Red Notice - based on national arrest warrants, are used to seek
a full stop before traversing to an intersection. If there is no the arrest and extradition of suspects.
hazard the driver may slowdown to 5mph. 2. Blue Notice - are used to seek information on the identity of
Police /emergency vehicle- all drivers should yield to persons or on their illegal activities related to criminal matters.
emergency vehicle, except as directed by traffic enforcer. 3. Green Notice -are used to provide warnings and criminal
Fire trucks are accepted to speed limit but they are intelligence about persons who have committed criminal offenses and
prohibited to have unnecessary speed. who are likely to repeat these crimes in other countries.
RA 10575 - “The Bureau of Corrections Act of 2013″. 4. Yellow Notice - are used to locate missing persons including
RA 10054 – “Mandatory Helmet Act of 2010” children, or help people to identify themselves.
5. Black Notice - are used to determine the identity of deceased
CDI4: ORGANIZED CRIME INVESTIGATION person.
ENFORCER – is the one who make arrangements for the CDI5: DRUG EDUCATION AND VICE CONTROL
killing the members or non-members 1. The amount of drug that produces untoward effect or symptoms of
CORRUPTER one who corrupts or bribes, intimidate or poisoning.
threatens, negotiate or “sweet talks” into a relationship with A. Minimal Dose C. Abusive Dose
public officials. B. Toxic Dose D. Maximal Dose
POLITICAL GRAFT - committed by political criminals for Minimal dose – the amount needed to treat or heal, that is,
purposes of gaining profit, though violence or force for the the smallest amount of drug that will produce a therapeutic
attainment of political goals effect.
MERCENARY/PREDATORY ORGANIZED CRIME - Maximal dose – the largest amount of a drug that will
perpetuated for the attainment of direct personal gainbut produce a desired therapeutic effect without any
prey upon unwilling victims. accompanying symptoms of toxicity.
SYNDICATED CRIMES - comes with a structure Abusive dose – the amount needed to produce the side
organization that participates in illicit activity in society using effects and action desired by an individual who improperly
force, or intimidation.KINDS OF TERRORIST uses it.
SEPARALIST = achieving political autonomy or religious Lethal dose – the amount of drug that will cause
freedom. deatHIMPORTANT DRUG TRAFFIC ROUTE
ETHNOCENTRIC = establishing a dominant or superior Middle East – discovery, plantation, cultivation, harvest
race that will be looked upon by the entire populace in the Turkey- preparation for distribution
world. Europe - manufacture, synthesis, refine
POLITICAL = aims in restructuring the society. USA – marketing
JIHAD - the term refers to the holy war waged by members COMMONLY ABUSED DRUGS
of the Islamic religion against the Jews. Sedatives Drugs which reduce anxiety and excitement such
IDEOLOGY- body of ideas affecting the social needs and as barbiturates, non-barbiturates, tranquilizers and alcohol.
aspirations of an individual or group, a class or a culture” Stimulants Drugs which increase alertness and activity such
WHITE-HAT HACKER identifies and exposes a weakness in as amphetamines, cocaine and caffeine.
a way that allows the system's owners to fix the breach Hallucinogens/Psychedelics Drugs which affect sensation,
before others take advantage of it. thinking, self-awareness and emotioN
GRAY-HATHACKER include network vigilantes who shut FIELD TEST FOR DANGEROUS DRUGS
down pornography sites. Marijuana Duquenois-Levine Test Red
NOTE: Shabu Symone’s Test Purple
Butt legging – illegal smuggling of cigarettes. LSD Van urk Test Blue Purple
STAGES OF MONEY LAUNDERING Opium Marquis Test Violet
Placement–placing the money into financial system by Amphetamines Marquis Test Red/Orange
smurfing or immersion Barbiturates Dilli Koppanvi/ Violet/Blue
Layering–converting into monetary instruments or tangible Zwikkers Test
assets Cocaine Cobalt Thiocynate Blue
Integration - When the money is returned to the regular
economy through purchase of investment NOTE: The head of the PDEA is assisted by 2 deputies Director
The Wanted/Priority List- List consisting of persons who can General, with the rank of Assistant Secretary, 1 for Operations and 1
be directly subject for arrest. For a person to be included in for Administration, also appointed by the President.
the wanted list, the latter must have an issued warrant of NOTE: DDB composed of 17 members wherein 3 of which are
arrest and accused of either organized or heinous crime. permanent members, the other 12 members are ex-officio capacity
The Watch List- List consists of persons suspected to have and 2 regular members.
committed organized or heinous crimes based from
Signed June 7, 2002

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 Published June 19, 2002 LIFE IMPRISONMENT 20 – 1 – LIFE 12 – 1- 20
SHABU – 50 grams or more SHABU – 10 to 49.9 SHABU - 9.9 grams and
grams below
CASE SITUATION: Mr. Edgar N. Parokya, a married man of his MJ – 500 grams or more MJ – 300 to 499.9 MJ – 299.9 grams and
grams below
20’s, was proven on due course that he is a drug user for the first
ADD> 10 grams or more ADD – 5 to 9.9 ADD> 4.9 grams and
time after he undergone screening test and later on confirmatory grams below
test.  Morphine – Friedrich Serturner
 LSD - Dr. Albert Hoffman
NOTE: If there is 0.05 percentor less by weight of alcohol in a
LSD - fungus claviceps purpurea
person’s blood, it shall be presumed that he is not under the influence
 Mescaline - dried tops of the peyote cactus
of intoxicating liquor.
PD 449 – Cockfighting Law of 1974 – Approved May 9,
41. The person who manages houses of ill-refute where the business
1974.
of prostitution is conducted.
PD 483 - Penalizing Betting, Game-fixing or point shaving
A. Pimp C. prostitute
and Machinations in Sports Contents. Approved on June 13,
B. Knocker D. Maintainer
1974.
Pimp - One who provide gratification for the lust of others.
PD 1602 – Approved June 11, 1978. prescribing stiffer
White Slavery -The procurement and transportation of
penalties on illegal gambling.
women cross stateliness for immoral purposes.
 RA 9287 – Approved 2, 2004 An Act increasing the
Whores/Knocker - It is a name often used for all types of
penalties for illegal numbers games, amending certain
prostitute.
provisions of P.D. 1602, and for other purposes.
Prostitute - A woman who engage in discriminate sexual
NOTE: Three or more persons applied to other syndicated
intercourse or acts with males for hire.
crimes and organized crime except drug syndicate.
Slight Inebriation – there is reddening of the face. There is
no sign of mental impairment, in coordination and difficulty
NOTE: Unnecessary Prescription – 12 to 20 Years
of speech.
Drunk – the mind is confused, behavior is irregular and the
 Screening test = A rapid test performed to establish
movement is uncontrolled.
potential/presumptive positive result:
Very drunk – the mind is confused and disoriented. There is
NOTE:
difficulty in speech and marked motor incoordination and
24 hours- filling of information
often walking is impossible.
60 days- Trial period of the case
Coma – the subject is stuperous or in comatose condition.
15 days- Decision shall be rendered
NOTE:
15 days- If no appeal was taken the decision shall become
Section 12. Possession of Equipment, Instrument,
final.
Apparatus and Other Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs.
Section 14. Possession of Equipment, Instrument, CDI6: FIRE TECHNOLOGY AND ARSON
Apparatus and Other Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs INVESTIGATION
during Parties, Social Gatherings or Meetings.
Section 17. Maintenance and Keeping of Original Records of ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS – changes whereby energy
Transactions on Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled (heat) is absorbed or is added before the reaction takes place.
Precursors and Essential Chemicals. EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS – those that release or give off
Section 70. Probation or Community Service for a First Time energy (heat) thus they produce substances with less
Minor Offender In lieu of Imprisonment. energy than the reactants.
NOTE: CONDUCTION– solid materials by direct contact
24 hours- upon confiscation or seizure, quantitative or RADIATION – radiated heat moves in electromagnetic wave.
qualitative examination Combustible Liquids – these liquids have flash point at or above 37.8
24 hours-Certification of Examination results if the volume C (100F).
can’t be completed within the time frame extended for Corrosive Liquid - liquid which causes fire when in contact
another 24 hours. with organic matter or with certain chemicals.
72 hours- after filling of criminal case, court shall conduct METHODS OF EXTINGUISHMENT:
ocular inspection. Cooling/Quenching– heat absorption.
24 hours- order of destruction Separation – the removal of the fuel.
49. Rodrigo was arrested in a buy- bust operation conducted by the Smothering – by expelling oxygen inhibition or the
PDEA and found in his possession is eight (8) grams of shabu. What interruption of chemical chain reaction
is the penalty provided under RA 9165? RESCUE - any action taken by the firefighters to remove
A. 20 years and 1 day to life imprisonment occupants/ persons from building/ hazards to a safety place
B. 12 years and 1 day to 20 years SALVAGE - an action taken by the firefighters in preventing
C. Life imprisonment excessive damage by fire
D. Death Penalty OVERHAUL– searching a fire scene to detect hidden fires or
sparks that may rekindle and to identify the possible point of
POSSESSION OF DANGEROUS DRUGS (Sec.11) origin.

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 Plant – the preparation and or gathering of combustible Final Investigation Report (FIR) - accomplished by FAI upon
materials needed to start a fire. the completion of exhaustive investigation was made / shall
Trailer – the preparation of flammable substances in order to be submitted at soonest time the case was resolved by the
spread the fire. investigating office handling the case. The maximum
allowable time for the investigating body to submit FIR shall
OXYGEN SOURCES REQUIREMENTS be 30 to 45 days commencing from the first day of
21% - normal oxygen 12% - no fire investigation.
78% - nitrogen 14%-15% - flash point Fire Incident Investigation Report (FIIR) – can only be made
1% - other gases 16%-21% - fire point in such circumstances that the investigation report cannot
be completed for some reasons independent to the will of
LADDER TERMINOLOGY FAI. PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE OF ARSON
BED LADDER - the lowest section of an extension ladder Fire started simultaneously in more than one part of the
FLY LADDER - the top section of an extension ladder building or establishment
BUTT - the bottom end of a ladder Substantial amount of flammable substances or materials
HEEL - the part of the ladder that touches the ground are stored within the building note necessary in the business
HALYARD - a rope or cable used to raise the fly ladder Gasoline, kerosene, petroleum or other flammable or
PAWL OR DOG - the mechanism located at the end of the combustible substances or materials soaked therewith or
fly ladder that locks to the bed ladder containers thereof, or any mechanical, electrical, chemical,
TOP OR TIP - it is the top part of the ladder or electronic contrivance designed to start a fire
HOOKS - part of a ladder that is used to hook over a roof Building or property is insured for substantially more than its
peak, sills, or walls where the heel does not rest on a actual value
foundation. (roof type ladders) Withdrawal of valuables prior to the occurrence of fire
STOPS - made of metal or wood blocks used to prevent the 2 or more fires occurred on a property/building owned by the
fly of an extension ladder from extending out further from the same insured person.
ladder Prior demand of money
GUIDES - light metal strips of an extension ladder that NOTE: TRI-STAR, - CEFCF (RA 1110) LASSIFICATION OF FIRE
guides the fly ladder while it is being raised or lowered CAUSES (NAIU)
Flame Color – determines the intensity (degree of heat) of fire 1. Natural/Providential – w/o direct human intervention
Smoke Color– indicates the burning fuel involved. 2. Accidental – due to human error or negligence
Blue color - results from a burning alcohol 3. Incendiarism – fire was deliberately set, aka intentional
White smoke – results from a burning vegetable compounds, fire/arson
hay or phosphorous 4. Undetermined - cause is not proven
Yellow or brownish yellow – from film, nitric acid, sulfur, Note – It can only be considered as arson if the cause
hydrochloric acid or smokeless gunpowder incendiarism.
Black smoke – from petroleum or petroleum products
titanium and sodium. = END =
Biting smoke, irritating the nose and throat and causing
lacrymation and coughing indicates presence of chlorine.
Reddish-brown smoke indicates nitrocellulose, S1, H2, S04,
HN03, or HCI.
MEANING OF COLOR OF SMOKE AND FLAME:
Black smoke with deep red flame – petroleum products, tar,
rubber, plastics, etc.
Heavy brown with bright red flame – nitrogen products
White smoke with bright flame – magnesium products
Black smoke with red and blue green flame – asphalt
Purple-violet flame – potassium products
Greenish-yellow flame – Chloride or Manganese products
Bright reddish yellow flame – Calcium productSTAGES OF
FIRE
Overheating (Incipient Stage) – by friction or increase in
temperature, beginning of fire, temp 400 degrees Fahrenheit
to 800 degrees Fahrenheit.
Flaming (Free Burning Stage) – bursting into flames, the
peak of the fire, everything is burning, oxygen is 21%.
Smoldering Stage – presence of smoke and smolders, when
oxygen in the surrounding drops at 13%.
Progress Investigation Report (PIR) – accomplished by FAI
was made after the conduct of follow-up investigation / shall
be submitted within 7 to 15 days.

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