The Enlightenment and the American Revolution (1700–1800)

MATCHING

Match the terms to the descriptions.

a. salon f. Montesquieu
b. Thomas Jefferson g. rococo
c. Diderot h. George Washington
d. George III i. Adam Smith
e. baroque j. popular sovereignty

1. light and delicate artistic style popular during the reign of Louis XV

2. principle that all government power comes from the people

3. proposed the idea of separation of powers in government

4. his government made policies that helped bring about the American Revolution

5. argued that the forces of supply and demand in a free market can regulate business
activity

6. informal social gathering where Enlightenment thinkers exchanged ideas

7. helped spread Enlightenment ideas by compiling articles by leading thinkers into a 28-
volume work

8. chosen to command the American forces during the American Revolution

9. principal author of the Declaration of Independence

10. grand, ornate style of art and architecture popular during the age of Louis XIV

MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. What rules discoverable by reason did Enlightenment thinkers try to apply to the study
of human behavior and society?
a. natural right c. natural law
b. social contract d. divine right

2. In A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Mary Wollstonecraft argued that women and
men should have equal
a. property rights. c. voting rights.
b. education. d. employment opportunities.

3. Physiocrats supported a government policy of

a. laissez faire. c. mercantilism.
b. tariffs. d. trade regulation.

4. Enlightenment writers often faced censorship because they

a. wrote fiction. c. supported traditional ideas.
b. challenged the old order. d. wrote in salons.

5. An enlightened despot was a ruler who

a. influenced political and social change.
b. gave up absolute power.
c. allowed limited voting rights.
d. wrote satire to expose corruption.

6. Which enlightened despot traveled among the peasants in disguise to learn about their
problems?
a. Catherine the Great c. Frederick the Great
b. Maria Theresa d. Joseph II

7. Because the American colonies were home to diverse reglious and ethnic groups,
a. the colonists tended to support British taxes.
b. the colonists tended to support British royalty.
c. social distinctions were more blurred than in Europe.
d. the colonists did not feel entitled to the rights of English citizens.

8. Britain passed the Navigation Acts to

a. support free trade in the colonies.
b. encourage world exploration.
c. crack down on smugglers.
d. regulate colonial trade and manufacturing.

9. The Battle of Saratoga marked a turning point in the American Revolution because
 a. it was the first American defeat in the war.
b. the American victory convinced France to support the Revolution.
c. it caused the British to sign the Treaty of Paris.
d. the French fleet helped the Americans triumph.

10. American leaders gathered in Philadelphia in 1787 to revise

a. the Magna Carta. c. the Articles of Confederation.
b. the Bill of Rights. d. the Declaration of Independence.

11. Enlightenment thinkers were influenced by the idea of natural law that emerged from the
a. Reformation. c. Scientific Revolution.
b. Glorious Revolution. d. Renaissance.

12. According to Thomas Hobbes, the best form of government is

a. a federal republic. c. a theocracy.
b. a democracy. d. an absolute monarchy.

13. The system of checks and balances in the United States Constitution was influenced by
the ideas of which Enlightenment thinker?
a. Montesquieu c. Rousseau
b. Voltaire d. Diderot

14. Diderot’s Encyclopedia was important because it

a. compiled classical Greek and Roman works.
b. spread Enlightenment ideas.
c. was the first publication printed with moveable type.
d. was the first publication to include articles by women.

15. Economist Adam Smith argued that, in a free market, business activity would be
regulated by the forces of
a. wages and prices. c. supply and demand.
b. saving and investment. d. manufacturing and trade.

16. What Enlightenment thinker argued that the purpose of government is to safeguard the
natural rights of the people?
a. Thomas Hobbes c. René Descartes
b. Voltaire d. John Locke

17.What statement best describes Voltaire’s novel Candide?

a. supports a society based on a class system
 b. advocates the divine right to rule
c. exposes corruption and hypocrisy
d. emphasizes heavenly reward for earthly suffering

18. Enlightenment writers sometimes tried to avoid censorship by

a. writing in Latin. c. putting false covers on their
books.
b. disguising their ideas as fiction. d. supporting a strict class system.

19. Elegant compositions by Handel, Haydn, and Mozart reflected a new musical style of the
Enlightenment known as
a. classical. c. folk.
b. baroque. d. romantic.

20. During the Enlightenment, what argument did government and church officials use to
justify their war of censorship?
a. A strict class system ensures social justice.
b. The old order reflects natural law.
c. God set up the old order.
d. The old order respects Roman tradition.

21. In the 1700s, British merchants gained enormous wealth by dominating what type of
trade with Spanish America?
a. tea c. cotton
b. molasses d. slaves

22. Which of the following British laws imposed taxes on such items as newspapers and
pamphlets in the American colonies?
a. Stamp Act c. Declaratory Act
b. Navigation Act d. Sugar Act

23. Which of the following was an advantage of the colonists in the American Revolution?
a. large money resources for military supplies
b. a large number of trained soldiers
c. allies among Native Americans and enslaved people
d. diverse geography

24.The Constitution created a federal republic, which divided power between

a. branches of the state government. c. two houses of parliament.
 b. national and state governments. d. the government and the people.

25. The idea of separation of powers in the Constitution was borrowed from Enlightenment
thinker
a. Voltaire. c. Rousseau.
b. Locke. d. Montesquieu.

SHORT ANSWER

1. Analyze Information Briefly summarize what the diagram shows. Based on the
diagram, what is the function of a veto? What is the check on veto power? What is one
way that the judicial branch can limit the power of the executive branch?

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2.Compare Points of View Compare the views of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke on human
nature. How did these views influence their ideas on the proper role of government?

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3. Summarize Summarize the reasons why Enlightenment ideas were slow to influence the
lives of most Europeans.

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 “No taxation without representation.”

4. Identify Central Issues What group of people used the phrase shown above? Why?
What key issue did the phrase reflect? What important event in history did this issue help
to bring about?
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“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they
are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are
Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights,
Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the
consent of the governed; That whenever any Form of Government becomes
destructive of these ends it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to
institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing
its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety
and Happiness.”
—Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776

5. Identify Point of View Enlightenment thinker John Locke influenced the ideas in the
Declaration of Independence. In the excerpt above, identify and describe the ideas that
reflect John Locke’s point of view.

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6.Identify Central Issues Identify three reforms made by enlightened despots.

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7.Summarize Summarize several reasons why Britain was able to become a global power by
the 1700s.

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The French Revolution and Napoleon (1789–1815)

MATCHING

Match the terms to the descriptions.

a. Robespierre f. bourgeoisie
b. Napoleonic Code g. guerrilla warfare
c. Marquis de Lafayette h. guillotine
d. Continental System i. Olympe de Gouges
e. ancien régime j. plebiscite

1. executed for demanding equal rights for French women

2. French middle class

3. war tactic in which Napoleon closed European ports to British goods

4. popular vote by ballot

5. war tactic involving hit-and-run raids

6. group of laws that reflecting Enlightenment principles

7. head of the French National Guard who fought alongside George Washington

8. one of the main leaders in the Reign of Terror

9. the old order in which France was divided into three social classes

10. method for carrying out executions during the Reign of Terror

MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. In France’s old order, the clergy belonged to the
a. First Estate. c. Third Estate.
b. Second Estate. d. Fourth Estate.

2. Louis XVI was forced to dismiss his financial advisor, Jacques Necker, when Necker
proposed
a. reimposing manor dues. c. abolishing tariffs on internal
trade.
b. reducing court spending. d. taxing the First and Second
estates.

3.One important result of the Estates-General was

a. tax reform. c. an agreement to close the
Bastille.
b. the National Assembly. d. the abolishing of serfdom.

4. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was modeled on the
a. United States Constitution.
b. British Magna Carta.
c. United States Bill of Rights.
d. American Declaration of Independence.

5. The National Assembly voted to pay off the huge government debt by
a. selling Church lands. c. raising taxes on property.
b. selling lands owned by Louis d. instituting an income tax.
XVI.

6. When the new National Convention met in 1792, what form of government did the
radicals create?
a. a constitutional monarchy c. a dictatorship
b. a republic d. an absolute monarchy

7. The Reign of Terror gave way to the Directory phase of the revolution in which the
dominant political force was the
a. Jacobins. c. bourgeoisie.
b. Girondins. d. Council of Virtue.

8. Which country was able to remain outside Napoleon’s European empire?

a. Britain c. Italy
b. Belgium d. the Netherlands
9. What war tactic helped the Russians defeat Napoleon?
 a. scorched-earth policy c. Waterloo Strategy
b. Continental System d. blockades

10. The Congress of Vienna promoted the principle of legitimacy by

a. restoring Napoleon to the throne. c. establishing a republic in France.
b. restoring hereditary monarchies. d. combining France and Belgium.

11. In France’s old order, which of the following groups were members of the bourgeoisie?
a. nobles c. peasants
b. clergy d. merchants

12. In 1789, the delegates to the Estates-General that broke away and declared themselves to
be the National Assembly were from the
a. First Estate. c. Third Estate.
b. Second Estate. d. Fourth Estate.

13. Participants in the Tennis Court Oath swore to continue meeting until they were able to
bring about
a. a reduction in taxes. c. a just constitution.
b. the overthrow of Louis XVI. d. the fall of the Bastille.

14. The poorest members of the Third Estate were

a. urban workers. c. nuns and priests.
b. bourgeois families d. philosophes.

15. The women who marched on Versailles refused to leave until the king agreed to
a. reduce the price of bread. c. open government jobs to the
poor.
b. return to Paris. d. give up the throne.

16. What form of government did the National Assembly create with the Constitution of
1791?
a. an absolute monarchy c. a theocracy
b. a republic d. a limited monarchy

17. In the Declaration of Pilnitz, the king of Prussia and emperor of Austria
a. declared war on the French revolutionaries.
b. declared their support for the French Revolution.
c. threatened to intervene to protect the French monarchy.
d. offered to take in the exiled French royal family.
18. When radicals took control of the Legislative Assembly in the fall of 1792, they
extended voting rights to
a. all citizens. c. all male property owners.
b. all male citizens. d. all male and female property
owners.
19. Robespierre believed that France could achieve a “republic of virtue” only through
a. extending suffrage to more c. the use of terror.
citizens.
b. electing a strong, absolute ruler. d. observing strict religious laws.

20. During the Reign of Terror, trials and executions were carried out under the authority of
a. Louis XVI. c. the Committee of Public Safety.
b. the National Assembly. d. Napoleon.

21. After overthrowing the Directory in 1799, Napoleon and his followers set up a three-man
governing board called the
a. Revolutionaries. c. Convention.
b. Assembly. d. Consulate.

22. Under the Napoleonic Code

a. men regained complete authority over their wives.
b. most Enlightenment principles were abandoned.
c. the practice of religion was banned.
d. many aspects of feudalism were restored.

23. The Continental System was a form of

a. government. c. social class system.
b. economic warfare. d. oppression through terror.

24. Napoleon’s final defeat was at the

a. Battle of Waterloo. c. Battle of Moscow.
b. Battle of the Nations. d. Battle of Austerlitz.

25. A major goal of the decision makers at the Congress of Vienna was to
a. restore the sans-culottes to power in France.
b. divide France among the victors.
c. suppress revolutionary uprisings throughout Europe.
d. destroy Napoleon’s forces at Waterloo.
SHORT ANSWER

1. Identify Point of View The cartoon above features Napoleon. The objects on each side
of him are a scepter, or staff, and an orb--all symbols of monarchy. The orb and scepter
are falling from Napoleon’s hands. What does this mean? The buildings on the right are
Russian. The buildings on the left are British. Why did the cartoonist include these
buildings? Write a title for this cartoon that reflects its meaning.

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2. Make Comparisons Compare and contrast the Jacobins and the sans-culottes. How
were they similar? How were they different?

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3. Draw Conclusions Do you think that actions of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
contributed to their own downfall? Explain.
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4. Express Problems Clearly Why were many nobles dissatisfied with the French
monarchy before the revolution? Why did the nobles want the king to call the Estates-
General?

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5. Draw Conclusions Before the French Revolution, Catherine the Great of Russia was an
enlightened despot. Early in her reign she read the works of the philosophes, exchanged
letters with Voltaire, and implemented some reforms. However, as the French
Revolution progressed, Catherine’s views changed. She burned Voltaire’s letters and
locked up her critics. Why do you think Catherine’s views toward Enlightenment ideas
changed?

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The Industrial Revolution Begins (1750–1850)

MATCHING

Match the terms to the descriptions.

a. turnpike f. Robert Owen
b. enterprise g. anesthetic
c. tenement h. urbanization
d. James Watt i. entrepreneurs
e. proletariat j. Jeremy Bentham

1. those who manage and assume the financial risk of new businesses

2. utopian socialist who set up a model community in New Lanark, Scotland

3. British philosopher and economist who advocated utilitarianism

4. the working class

5. the movement of people to cities

6. a business organization in areas such as shipping, mining, or factories

7. a private toll road

8. a drug that prevents pain during surgery, patented by a dentist

9. an apartment building for the working class

10. improved the steam engine in the late 1700s

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. During the Industrial Revolution, life changed in what basic way?

a. People migrated from villages to work on large farms.
b. People began selling their goods instead of trading them.
c. People learned to use machines to make their own clothes.
d. People migrated from rural areas to cities.

2. The cotton gin was a machine that could

a. spin thread. c. remove insects from raw cotton.
b. weave thread into cloth. d. separate seeds from raw cotton.

3. The first factories developed in what industry?

a. textiles c. coal mining
b. agriculture d. iron manufacturing

4. The Luddites were a

a. new religious movement. c. labor organization.
b. political party. d. secret socialist group.

5. In the early 1700s, Abraham Darby’s experiments led him to

a. develop methods for increasing crop yields.
b. patent a spinning machine called the water frame.
c. produce less expensive, better-quality iron.
d. harness new sources of energy.

6. Thomas Malthus discouraged vaccinations because

a. he feared that vaccinations would cause disease.
b. disease was a natural means of population control.
c. vaccinations were not yet effective enough to control disease.
d. vaccinations were too expensive for the poor.

7. Which of the following best describes David Ricardo’s “Iron Law of Wages?”
a. Wages will increase in direct proportion to the rise in prices.
b. Wages will continue to increase for the rich but not for the poor.
c. Wages will never increase as long as there are more workers than
available jobs.
d. Wage increases will not raise the standard of living of poor families.

8. “The greatest happiness for the greatest number” was a goal of

a. utilitarianism. c. capitalism.
b. socialism. d. communism.
 9. German socialists formed a social democracy in the 1860s in order to transition
gradually
a. from socialism to capitalism. c. from capitalism to socialism.
b. from socialism to communism. d. from communism to capitalism.

10. Karl Marx despised capitalism because he believed that it

a. limited the individual freedoms of the people.
b. created prosperity for a few and poverty for many.
c. discouraged labor unions.
d. prevented government from protecting workers.

11. Land enclosure in the 1600s and 1700s resulted in

a. more farms. c. larger farms.
b. more peasant farmers. d. more fenced farms.

12. Abraham Darby made better quality iron by

a. using charcoal to smelt the iron. c. using steam to smelt the iron.
b. using oil to smelt the iron. d. using coal to smelt the iron.

13. Steam became an efficient power source because of improvements made by

a. John Stuart Mill. c. Thomas Newcomen.
b. James Watt. d. Eli Whitney.

14. The slave trade contributed to the rise of industry in Britain by

a. creating a large factory c. providing cheap labor.
workforce.
b. bringing in investment capital. d. increasing the demand for goods.

15. The development of steam power enabled the growth of

a. railroads. c. the putting-out system.
b. canals. d. cottage industries.

16. In what way were railroads an improvement over canals?

a. Railroads could connect two rivers.
b. Railroads could connect an inland town to a coastal port.
c. Railroads did not have to follow the course of a river.
d. Railroads were the only form of overland transportation.
17. The putting-out system was a method of
a. removing iron from its ore. c. producing cloth in individual
homes.
b. separating seeds from cotton. d. spinning thread with water
power.

18. The people who lived in tenements in industrial cities were part of the
a. bourgeoisie. c. middle class.
b. upper class. d. working class.

19. Laws called “factory acts” were passed in the early 1800s to
a. provide free education for working children.
b. reform child labor.
c. allow workers to organize into unions.
d. provide the right to vote for working-class men.

20. Most early factory workers were women because

a. more women than men sought employment.
b. employers could pay women less than men.
c. women were less likely than men to have accidents.
d. women were more willing than men to work long hours.

21. Which of the following was a long-term result of the Industrial Revolution?
a. a general decline in the standard of living
b. the overall poverty of the working class
c. a general rise in the standard of living
d. an overall decline in population

22. According to laissez-faire economists, the cure for poverty was

a. welfare.
b. laws requiring factories to increase wages.
c. popular reform movements.
d. an unrestricted free market.

23. Jeremy Bentham believed that

a. laws should be judged by whether they bring more pleasure than pain.
b. citizens should be willing to give up individual freedom for the good of
the majority.
c. government should play no role in the economy.
d. poverty was inevitable, in spite of wage increases for the working
class.
24. According to socialists, the solution to poverty and injustice was
a. armed revolution to overthrow the proletariat.
b. individual ownership of the means of production.
c. shared ownership by the people of the means of production.
d. the charity and good works of the religious community.

25. Which group established communities where all work is shared and all property is
owned in common?
a. Communists c. Utopians
b. capitalists d. Utilitarians

SHORT ANSWER

“While the engine runs, people must work—men, women, and children are yoked
together with iron and steam. The animal machine is chained fast to the iron machine,
which knows no suffering and weariness.”
—James Kay-Shuttleworth, 1832

1. Identify Point of View Read the quotation. Pay attention to the words the writer uses to
describe the workers. What comparison is the writer making in the quotation? What
point is he making about factory work during the Industrial Revolution?

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2. Synthesize Information Discuss how technological change and population growth
launched the Industrial Revolution in Britain.
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3. Demonstrate Reasoned Judgment Do you think the results of the Industrial Revolution
were worth the human cost? Explain your reasoning.
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4. Determine Relevance What was the significance of the development of steam power to
industrialization?

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5. Recognize Cause and Effect Explain how the invention of machines such as the
spinning jenny and water frame changed the location where people worked.

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6. Make Generalizations Describe some of the harsh living and working conditions the
working class endured in cities. How did industrial workers cope with these conditions?

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Revolutions in Europe and Latin America (1790–1848)

MATCHING

Match the terms to the descriptions.

a. recession f. Louis Kossuth
b. mulattoes g. peninsulares
c. radicals h. autonomy
d. ideology i. mestizos
e. Napoleon III j. Louis Philippe

1. a journalist who led a nationalist push for reform in Hungary

2. Latin Americans of Native American and European heritage

3. France’s “citizen king”

4. Spanish-born Latin Americans of the highest social class

5. self-rule

6. Latin Americans of African and European heritage

7. a period in which economic activity slows

8. a system of thought and belief

9. seized power in France using a plebiscite to win public approval

10. people who favor extreme change

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The Concert of Europe was an agreement to

a. support social reform. c. support the old order.
b. support political reform. d. support revolutions.

2. The ideas of liberals were sometimes called “bourgeois liberalism” because liberals
spoke mostly for the
a. common man. c. established church.
b. middle class. d. monarchy.

3. Creating a homeland for people who shared a common heritage was a major goal of
a. revolutionaries. c. conservatives.
b. liberals. d. nationalists.

4. After independence, Britain, France, and Russia pressured the Greeks to accept a
German king because
a. the European powers did not support the revolution’s nationalist ideals.
b. the European powers wanted to create a unified Europe.
c. the European powers did not believe the Greeks could successfully
govern themselves.
d. the European powers feared the Greeks would ally with Austria.

5. In 1815, why did the Congress of Vienna unite the Austrian Netherlands (present-day
Belgium) and the Kingdom of Holland?
a. The Belgians wanted to unite with Holland due to their similar
cultures.
b. The Dutch wanted to unite to expand trade.
c. The Congress wanted to create a strong barrier to French expansion.
d. Austria no longer wanted to rule over Belgian revolutionaries.

6. What major event occurred during “February Days” in France in 1848?

a. Charles X abdicated.
b. Louis Philippe abdicated.
c. Louis Napoleon was elected president.
d. Louis Napoleon became emperor.
 7. During the “June Days” in France, why did the peasants attack protesting socialist
workers?
a. They feared the socialists would take their land.
b. They were fighting to restore the monarchy.
c. They feared the socialists would take away their right to vote.
d. They feared the socialists would take away their right to start
businesses.

8. Toussaint L’Ouverture led a revolt that eventually resulted in independence for

a. Mexico. c. Haiti.
b. Brazil. d. Argentina.

9. Father Miguel Hidalgo’s “el Grito de Dolores” was a

a. call for the creoles to pray.
b. petition to the U.S. government to free the slaves.
c. call to fight for Mexican independence.
d. constitution for the United Provinces of Central America.

10. What event spurred Simón Bolívar and his followers to begin the struggle for
independence?
a. the revolt in Haiti
b. the constitution forced on the Spanish king
c. the execution of Father Morelos
d. Napoleon’s occupation of Spain

11. What event in Europe in 1808 encouraged widespread rebellion in Latin America?
a. The Italian states set up independent republics.
b. Napoleon ousted the Spanish king.
c. Hungarian nationalists demanded independence.
d. Serbia rebeled against the Ottomans.

12. What was the result of the revolutionary uprising in Belgium in the 1830s?
a. Belgium became an independent state with a liberal constitution.
b. French forces invaded Belgium to suppress the rebellion.
c. British forces invaded Belgium to aid the rebels.
d. Belgium and Holland were united under the Dutch king.

13. Conservatives of the early 1800s believed in

a. natural rights. c. universal manhood suffrage.
b. constitutional government. d. the restoration of monarchies.
14. Liberals strongly supported laissez-faire economics as the best way to
a. improve the lives of working-class people.
b. help businesses succeed.
c. maintain social and political stability.
d. bring about national unity.

15. Milos Obrenovic was able to win Russian support for Serb independence because
a. he promised the Russians a portion of Serb territory in exchange for
their aid.
b. he promised the Russians that Serbs would support the Russian
Revolution.
c. the Russians and Serbs shared a common language and religion.
d. the Russians and Serbs both sought freedom from Ottoman rule.

16. Louis Philippe was called the “citizen king” because

a. he did not come from royal heritage.
b. he treated people of all classes equally.
c. unlike other kings, he was a native of France.
d. he owed his throne to the people.

17. The Second Republic in France ended when

a. Louis Napoleon became c. Louis Napoleon abdicated.
emperor.
b. Louis Philippe became emperor. d. the Third Republic began.

18. What was the result of the 1830 revolt in Poland?

a. Poland set up a constitutional monarchy.
b. Russian forces crushed the revolt.
c. Poland became an independent republic.
d. Russia, Austria, and Prussia divided up Poland.

19. What contributed to the overwhelming majority of French voters that supported Louis
Napoleon and his Second Empire?
a. His plans for a socialist state appealed to workers.
b. He promised to maintain the principles of the Second Republic.
c. Many voters thought a monarchy was more stable than a republic.
d. Many voters were impressed by his plans for universal suffrage.

20. Uprisings sparked by the dismantling of the Charter of French Liberties forced the
abdication of
a. Charles X. c. Louis XVIII.
b. Louis Philippe. d. Napoleon III.
21. In the 1700s, Latin American political and social life was dominated by the
a. creoles. c. mestizos.
b. mulattoes. d. peninsulares.

22. What was a goal of revolutionaries in the Italian states in 1848?

a. to unite the Italian states into one country
b. to overthrow King Frederick William IV
c. to end French occupation of northern Italy
d. to end Hapsburg domination and set up constitutional governments

23. For a short time after liberation from Spanish rule, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama
were part of a single nation called
a. the United Provinces of Central America.
b. Gran Colombia.
c. New Granada.
d. Hispaniola.

24. Unlike revolutions in other Latin American countries, Haiti’s fight for freedom was
a. achieved without bloodshed. c. carried out by slaves.
b. led by a priest. d. aided by British troops.

25. Which revolutionary leader helped Argentina win freedom from Spain?
a. Toussaint L’Ouverture c. José de San Martín
b. Agustín de Iturbide d. Simón Bolívar
SHORT ANSWER

1. Make Comparisons Compare the views of conservatives and liberals of the early 1800s
on the topic of government. Describe the type of government conservatives supported
and why. Describe the type of government liberals supported and why.

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2. Synthesize Information Throughout Latin America, the creole class enjoyed the
benefits of the existing social structure. Considering this, why do you think that many of
the revolutionary leaders in Latin America came from this class?

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 “When Paris sneezes, Europe catches cold.”
—Prince Clemens von Metternich, 1830

3. Draw Inferences In the quotation, Metternich was referring to what events of his time?
Based on what you know about Metternich, explain what he was saying about these
events.
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4. Recognize Ideologies In what ways did Enlightenment ideas influence liberal social and
political views in the early 1800s?

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5.Identify Central Issues Many creoles were influenced by the works of Enlightenment
thinkers and supported social change. Considering this, why do you think they generally
refused to support Father Hidalgo’s revolt in Mexico?

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